Publications

the differential interaction of brucella and ochrobactrum with innate immunity reveals traits related to the evolution of stealthy pathogens.	during evolution, innate immunity has been tuned to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. however, some alpha-proteobacteria are stealthy intracellular pathogens not readily detected by this system. brucella members follow this strategy and are highly virulent, but other brucellaceae like ochrobactrum are rhizosphere inhabitants and only opportunistic pathogens. to gain insight into the emergence of the stealthy strategy, we compared these two phylogenetically close but biologically ...	2009	19529776
a genome map of salmonella enterica serovar agona: numerous insertions and deletions reflecting the evolutionary history of a human pathogen.	salmonella enterica serovar agona is an important zoonotic pathogen, causing serious human illness worldwide, but knowledge about its genetics and evolution, especially regarding the genomic events that might have contributed to the formation of s. agona as an important pathogen, is lacking. as a first step toward understanding this pathogen and characterizing its genomic differences with other salmonellae, we constructed a physical map of s. agona in strain sarb1 using i-ceui, xbai, avrii and t ...	2009	19533840
human infections due to salmonella napoli: a multicountry, emerging enigma recognized by the enter-net international surveillance network.	human infections caused by salmonella enterica serovar napoli are relatively uncommon in europe. napoli was ranked 22nd in the enter-net salmonella database for 2006 with 295 cases (0.28%) of the 105,635 from 29 european countries. for the 18 countries that provided data for all the years 2000-2006, the number of cases rose from 122 out of 116,915 (0.10%) in 2000 to 293 out of 80,318 (0.36%) in 2006-an increase of 140.2%. over 87% of cases came from three countries, france, italy, and switzerlan ...	2009	19534593
multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis of salmonella enterica serovar typhi.	multilocus variable-number tandem repeats (vntrs) are widely used as molecular markers to differentiate isolates of homogenous pathogenic clones. we explored the genomes of salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains ct18 and ty2 for potential vntrs. among the 43 potential vntrs screened, 2 were found to be polymorphic. together with seven polymorphic vntrs from previous studies, they were used to type 73 global serovar typhi isolates. a total of 70 multilocus vntr analysis (mlva) profiles were fo ...	2009	19535521
reliable means of diagnosis and serovar determination of blood-borne salmonella strains: quick pcr amplification of unique genomic loci by novel primer sets.	typhoid fever is becoming an ever increasing threat in the developing countries. we have improved considerably upon the existing pcr-based diagnosis method by designing primers against a region that is unique to salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar paratyphi a, corresponding to the sty0312 gene in s. typhi and its homolog spa2476 in s. paratyphi a. an additional set of primers amplify another region in s. typhi ct18 and s. typhi ty2 co ...	2009	19535522
first report of human infection with salmonella enterica serovar apapa resulting from exposure to a pet lizard.	we present the first documented human case of salmonella enterica serovar apapa infection, isolated concurrently from a hospital inpatient and a pet lizard. the isolates were identical by biochemical profiling and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. this rare serotype is known to be associated with reptiles. the current practice for avoiding reptile-associated infections is reviewed.	2009	19535527
mathematical modeling of regulation of type iii secretion system in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium by sira.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invades the intestinal epithelial cells using type three secretion system (ttss) encoded on salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (spi-1). the key regulator of this secretion system is hila, which is in turn regulated by hild, hilc and rtsa. it is also known that sira/bara system, a two-component regulatory system plays a crucial role in regulating hila. there are two different mechanisms that have been proposed earlier for regulation of hild-hilc-rtsa-hila ne ...	2009	19537165
magneto immunoseparation of pathogenic bacteria and electrochemical magneto genosensing of the double-tagged amplicon.	a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of food pathogenic bacteria is reported. in this approach, the bacteria are captured and preconcentrated from food samples with magnetic beads by immunological reaction with the specific antibody against salmonella. after the lysis of the captured bacteria, further amplification of the genetic material by pcr with a double-tagging set of primers is performed to confirm the identity of the bacteria. both steps are rapid alternatives to the time-consu ...	2009	19537709
global spread of mobile antimicrobial drug resistance determinants in human and animal escherichia coli and salmonella strains causing community-acquired infections.	antimicrobial drugs used in human infection treatment and animal husbandry may select for drug-resistant bacterial pathogens, which are increasingly observed worldwide. we sought to examine the extent to which identical mobile drug resistance elements are shared across common pathogens isolated from human and animal sources.	2009	19538087
a case of salmonella enterica serotype typhi in a patient without a history of international travel.	typhoid fever, endemic in the developing world, is associated with international travel in developed nations. we present a case of salmonella enterica infection in a patient without a history of international travel acquired from his traveling ex-wife. history of overseas travel in family members should be investigated when evaluating suspected cases.	2009	19538586
herd-level risk factors for faecal shedding of salmonella enterica in spanish fattening pigs.	herd-level risk factors for faecal shedding of salmonella enterica were investigated in a cross-sectional study on spanish finishing units. for this purpose, 10 faecal samples were collected from 10 different pens containing pigs close to market weight in a total of 232 fattening units. the total sample size was proportionally distributed according to the fattener census in each of the regions and provinces of the country in order to ensure a sample representative of the entire swine population. ...	2009	19539388
multidrug resistance related to class 1 integrons in human salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolates and emergence of atypical sul3-associated integrons.		2009	19539449
multiple redundant stress resistance mechanisms are induced in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in response to alteration of the intracellular environment via tlr4 signalling.	toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) senses bacterial lps and is required for the control of systemic salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in mice. the mechanisms of tlr4 activation and its downstream signalling cascades are well described, yet the direct effects on the pathogen of signalling via this receptor remain unknown. to investigate this we used microarray-based transcriptome profiling of intracellular s. typhimurium during infection of primary bone marrow-derived macrophages from wi ...	2009	19542004
anaerobic respiration of elemental sulfur and thiosulfate by shewanella oneidensis mr-1 requires psra, a homolog of the phsa gene of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2.	shewanella oneidensis mr-1, a facultatively anaerobic gammaproteobacterium, respires a variety of anaerobic terminal electron acceptors, including the inorganic sulfur compounds sulfite (so3(2-)), thiosulfate (s2o3(2-)), tetrathionate (s4o6(2-)), and elemental sulfur (s(0)). the molecular mechanism of anaerobic respiration of inorganic sulfur compounds by s. oneidensis, however, is poorly understood. in the present study, we identified a three-gene cluster in the s. oneidensis genome whose trans ...	2009	19542325
the pagn protein mediates invasion via interaction with proteoglycan.	heparan sulphate proteoglycans are major components of the mammalian cell membrane. here we show that pagn of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium utilizes heparinated proteoglycan to successfully invade mammalian cells. mutants defective in the production of the outer membrane protein pagn displayed similar levels of invasiveness of glycosylation-deficient pgsa-745 cells in comparison with wild-type salmonella. furthermore, pgsa-745 cells were invaded c. 400-fold less efficiently than cho-k1 ...	2009	19552707
long-term survival of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium reveals an infectious state that is underrepresented on laboratory media containing bile salts.	cells in desiccated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium rdar (red, dry, and rough) morphotype colonies were examined for culturability and infectivity after 30 months. culturability decreased only 10-fold; however, cells were underrepresented on salmonella selective media containing bile salts. these cells were mildly attenuated compared to the infectivity of freshly grown cells but still able to cause systemic infections in mice.	2009	19482950
redundancy in the requirement for the glycolytic enzymes phosphofructokinase (pfk) 1 and 2 in the in vivo fitness of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	to assess the role of the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase (pfk) in the in vivo fitness of the pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) we have generated single and double gene deletion mutants of the two known isoforms of this enzyme, pfka and pfkb. in a mouse model of typhoid fever, bacterial counts in the spleen and liver were similar between wild type and single pfka and pfkb mutant-infected mice. however, a double pfkab mutant was significantly attenuated for g ...	2009	19486643
enhanced vaccine antigen delivery by salmonella using antibiotic-free operator-repressor titration-based plasmid stabilisation compared to chromosomal integration.	live attenuated bacteria provide the potential to replace traditional needle-based vaccination with an orally administered vaccine. the heterologous antigen gene is usually transformed as a multi-copy plasmid into the bacterial cell, but plasmids in live bacterial vaccine strains are often unstable, so an alternative approach is to integrate the single-copy antigen gene into the bacterial chromosome. we report a comparison between the chromosomally integrated and the plasmid-borne bacillus anthr ...	2009	19490834
competition among isolates of salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar typhimurium: role of prophage/phage in archived cultures.	previously, we reported extensive diversity among survivors of salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar typhimurium that were stored for four decades in sealed agar stabs. thus raising the question: was there selection for greater fitness among eventual survivors? to address this, we cocultured archived lt2 survivors with nonarchived (parental) lt2 strains in competition experiments. selected archived strains outgrew a nonarchived lt2 sequenced strain. although we initially assumed this was the ...	2009	19493006
deletion of the gene encoding the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) alters morphology of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and decreases fitness in mice.	the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) (ec 5.3.1.1) plays a key role in central carbon metabolism yet few studies have characterized isogenic bacterial mutants lacking this enzyme and none have examined its role in the in vivo fitness of a bacterial pathogen. here we have deleted tpia in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and found that the mutant had an altered morphology, displaying an elongated shape compared with the wild type. in a mouse model of typhoid fever the tpia m ...	2009	19493007
10-undecanhydroxamic acid, a hydroxamate derivative of the undecanoic acid, has strong antimicrobial activity through a mechanism that limits iron availability.	undecanoic acid (uda) is a fatty acid with significant antimycotic activity. in this work we have synthesized 10-undecanhydroxamic acid, a hydroxamate derivative of the uda, and tested its antimicrobial activity on different microorganisms. our results demonstrate that this compound has higher efficacy than uda against a variety of fungi and bacteria. analysis of the intracellular concentration of protein involved in iron transport in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium suggests that its ant ...	2009	19493009
correlations between carbon metabolism and virulence in bacteria.	bacteria have developed several mechanisms which allow the preferred utilization of the most efficiently metabolizable carbohydrates when these organisms are exposed to a mixture of carbon sources. interestingly, the same or similar mechanisms are used by some pathogens to control various steps of their infection process. the efficient metabolism of a carbon source might serve as signal for proper fitness. alternatively, the presence of a specific carbon source might indicate to bacterial cells ...	2009	19494580
membrane-protein structure: piercing insights.		2009	19494904
lac repressor is an antivirulence factor of salmonella enterica: its role in the evolution of virulence in salmonella.	the genus salmonella includes many pathogens of great medical and veterinary importance. bacteria belonging to this genus are very closely related to those belonging to the genus escherichia. laczya operon and laci are present in escherichia coli, but not in salmonella enterica. it has been proposed that salmonella has lost laczya operon and laci during evolution. in this study, we have investigated the physiological and evolutionary significance of the absence of laci in salmonella enterica. us ...	2009	19495420
mapping markers linked to porcine salmonellosis susceptibility.	the goal of this study was to identify pig chromosomal regions associated with susceptibility to salmonellosis. genomic dna from pig reference populations with differences in susceptibility to salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis as quantified by spleen and liver bacterial colonization at day 7 post-infection (dpi; van diemen et al. 2002) was used. these samples belonged to the offspring of a sire thought to be heterozygous for genes involved in susceptibility to salmonellosis. amplified fra ...	2009	19496771
slc11a1 limits intracellular growth of salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium by promoting macrophage immune effector functions and impairing bacterial iron acquisition.	the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1, slc11a1, is a phagolysosomal transporter for protons and divalent ions including iron that confers host protection against diverse intracellular pathogens including salmonella. we investigated and compared the regulation of iron homeostasis and immune function in raw264.7 murine phagocytes stably transfected with non-functional slc11a1 and functional slc11a1 controls in response to an infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. ...	2009	19500110
stress-induced prophage dna replication in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	salmonella typhimurium, a foodborne pathogen, is the cause of new outbreaks every year. the virulence of new pathogens is determined by their virulence genes, many of them carried on transferable elements, such as prophages. in bacteria harboring multiple prophages such as salmonella, the reassortment of these genes plays a major role in the emergence of new pathogens and consequently new epidemics. this gene transfer depends on prophage induction and the initiation of the phage lytic cycle. in ...	2009	19501196
escherichia coli o123 o antigen genes and polysaccharide structure are conserved in some salmonella enterica serogroups.	the serotyping of o and h antigens is an important first step in the characterization of salmonella enterica. however, serotyping has become increasingly technically demanding and expensive to perform. we have therefore sequenced additional s. enterica o antigen gene clusters to provide information for the development of dna-based serotyping methods. three s. enterica isolates had o antigen gene clusters with homology to the escherichia coli o123 o antigen region. o antigen clusters from two ser ...	2009	19502376
macrophage-specific overexpression of antimicrobial peptide pr-39 inhibits intracellular growth of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in macrophage cells.	although purified and synthesised pr-39 shows potent antibacterial effects in vitro, its ability to kill intracellular bacteria in macrophages, which are a major cause of refractory intracellular infection, has not yet been demonstrated. both to enhance its antimicrobial potential and to reduce systemic side effects, it would be desirable to deliver pr-39 into macrophage cells and to limit its activation to the site of infection. to address this issue, pr-39 dna was inserted into the eukaryotic ...	2009	19505806
mesenteric lymph nodes confine dendritic cell-mediated dissemination of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and limit systemic disease in mice.	in humans with typhoid fever or in mouse strains susceptible to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) infection, bacteria gain access to extraintestinal tissues, causing severe systemic disease. here we show that in the gut-draining mesenteric lymph nodes (mln), the majority of s. typhimurium-carrying cells show dendritic-cell (dc) morphology and express the dc marker cd11c, indicating that s. typhimurium bacteria are transported to the mln by migratory dcs. in vivo flt-3l-ind ...	2009	19506012
h-ns modulates multidrug resistance of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium by repressing multidrug efflux genes acref.	screening of salmonella mutants for the ability to increase beta-lactam resistance has led to the identification of a mutation in hns, which codes for the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (h-ns). in this study, we report that h-ns modulates multidrug resistance through repression of the genes that encode the acref multidrug efflux pump in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	2009	19506059
kinetic and functional analysis of l-threonine kinase, the pdux enzyme of salmonella enterica.	the pdux enzyme of salmonella enterica is an l-threonine kinase used for the de novo synthesis of coenzyme b(12) and the assimilation of cobyric acid. pdux with an n-terminal histidine tag (his(8)-pdux) was produced in escherichiacoli and purified. the recombinant enzyme was soluble and active. kinetic analysis indicated a steady-state ordered bi bi complex mechanism in which atp is the first substrate to bind. based on a multiple sequence alignment of pdux homologues and other ghmp (galactokina ...	2009	19509296
priming of salmonella enterica serovar typhi-specific cd8(+) t cells by suicide dendritic cell cross-presentation in humans.	the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), the etiologic agent of typhoid fever, has aggravated an already important public health problem and added new urgency to the development of more effective typhoid vaccines. to this end it is critical to better understand the induction of immunity to s. typhi. cd8(+) t cells are likely to play an important role in host defense against s. typhi by several effector mechanisms, including killing of infecte ...	2009	19517022
chlorine dioxide gas from an aqueous solution: reduction of salmonella in wounds on tomato fruit and movement to sinks in a treatment chamber.	chlorine dioxide (clo2) off-gassed from an aqueous solution and reacted incrementally with potassium iodide solutions (sinks). after 30 min, 45% of the initial dose was detected as chlorite ion in the sink, whereas 35% of the initial dose was still in the source. aqueous solutions of clo2 can be used as a source of clo2 gas in various laboratory experiments involving treatment of fruits or vegetables. movement from source to sink is continuous, which precludes the development of large headspace ...	2009	19517720
characterization of planktonic and biofilm communities of day-of-hatch chicks cecal microflora and their resistance to salmonella colonization.	recent concerns about the use of antimicrobials in food animals have increased interest in the microbial ecology and biofilms within their gastrointestinal tract. this work used a continuous-flow chemostat system to model the microbial community within the ceca from day-of-hatch chicks and its ability to resist colonization by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. we characterized the biofilm and planktonic communities from five cultures by using automated ribotyping. eight species from six d ...	2009	19517721
an outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype litchfield infection in australia linked to consumption of contaminated papaya.	an outbreak of 26 cases of salmonella litchfield infection occurred in the states of western australia and queensland between october 2006 and january 2007. a case-control study was conducted with 12 cases and 24 controls, and a significant association was found between illness and consumption of papaya (odds ratio, 32.8; 95% confidence interval, 2.71 to 883.5). papaya samples were collected from 26 stores in western australia, and 9 of 38 samples were contaminated with salmonella litchfield. th ...	2009	19517740
[characterisation of a phenotypic monophasic variant belonging to salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium from wild birds and its possible transmission to cats and humans].	in the last two years the national salmonella reference laboratory (nrl-salm) received an accumulating number of salmonellae with sero-formula 4,12:-:1,2 isolated from perished wild birds, particularly siskins. within these strains flagellar antigen of the first phase was phenotypically not detectable. by pcr a fragment could be amplified coding specifically for the h:i-flagellar antigen. consequently, this is a phenotypically monophasic variant of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typ ...	2009	19517930
interaction of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin with wild type and mutated quinolone-resistance-determining region of dna gyrase a.	the quinolones exert their anti-bacterial activity by binding to dna gyrase a (gyra), an essential enzyme in maintenance of dna topology within bacterial cell. the mutations conferring resistance to quinolones arise within the quinolone-resistance-determining region (qrdr) of gyra. therefore, quinolones interaction with wild and mutated gyra can provide the molecular explanation for resistance. resistant strains of salmonella enterica of our hospital have shown mutations in the qrdr of gyra of s ...	2009	19517991
conservation and divergence among salmonella enterica subspecies.	genome sequencing efforts of taxonomically proximate organisms successfully divulged proteomic diversity embedded within closely related organisms. the salmonella enterica subspecies represents a group of enterobacteric pathogens known to share similar genomic content yet possess diverse host specificity and distinct disease symptoms. study of salmonella enterica subspecies proteomes reports an overestimation of the proximity among the subspecies. interestingly, orthology comparison among salmon ...	2009	19519479
novel role of the nitrite transporter nirc in salmonella pathogenesis: spi2-dependent suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in activated macrophages.	activation of macrophages by interferon gamma (ifn-gamma) and the subsequent production of nitric oxide (no) are critical for the host defence against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection. we report here the inhibition of ifn-gamma-induced no production in raw264.7 macrophages infected with wild-type salmonella. this phenomenon was shown to be dependent on the nirc gene, which encodes a potential nitrite transporter. we observed a higher no output from ifn-gamma-treated macrophages ...	2009	19520723
dna microarray for molecular epidemiology of salmonella.	salmonellosis is a common infection estimated to affect 3 billion people and to cause 200,000 deaths every year. infections can appear as enteric fever, gastroenteritis, bacteremia, or extraintestinal focal infection. the course of the disease depends on a variety of factors, including infective dose, immune status of the host, and the genetic background of both the host and the pathogen. it has been recognized that certain salmonella types play a major role in the epidemiology of salmonella. he ...	2009	19521880
lactobacilli stimulate the innate immune response and modulate the tlr expression of ht29 intestinal epithelial cells in vitro.	the potentially probiotic strain lactobacillus plantarum bfe 1685 isolated from a child's faeces and the probiotic strain lactobacillus rhamnosus gg were investigated for their capability to influence the innate immune response of ht29 intestinal epithelial cells towards salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. furthermore, their capacity to modulate toll-like receptor expression of ht29 cells was investigated at the mrna and protein levels. tnf-alpha was used in cell culture with ht29 cells to ...	2009	19523707
a comparison of two pcr-based typing methods with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.	two novel molecular typing methods, multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats (vntr) analysis (mlva) and multiple amplification of phage loci typing (maplt), were compared with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) for the discrimination of 128 salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) isolates. selected epidemiologically unrelated isolates represented a cross-section of phage types routinely isolated in australia and included 28 isolates that could not be assigned a phage t ...	2009	19217348
[evolutionary engineering in salmonella: emergence of hybrid virulence-resistance plasmids in non-typhoid serotypes].	an example of evolutive engineering in bacterial pathogens is the emergence of hybrid virulence-resistance (vr) plasmids in salmonella enterica, resulting from an association between antimicrobial resistance determinants and specific virulence plasmids of the s. typhimurium and s. choleraesuis serotypes. vr plasmids all possess the spv (salmonella plasmid virulence) operon, which is involved in systemic infection; however, they differ in the presence of other virulence determinants and in the re ...	2009	19218002
subspecies iiia and iiib salmonellae are defective for colonization of murine models of salmonellosis compared to salmonella enterica subsp. i serovar typhimurium.	non-subspecies i salmonellae are commensals of cold-blooded vertebrates and cause sporadic disease in mammals. the reasons why non-subspecies i salmonellae do not circulate in populations of warm-blooded vertebrates, but instead only cause occasional disease in this niche, are unknown. we examined the ability of salmonella enterica subsp. iiia (subsp. arizonae) and subsp. iiib (subsp. diarizonae) isolates to grow competitively with subspecies i (serovar typhimurium) atcc 14028 in vitro, to colon ...	2009	19218378
role of fimw, fimy, and fimz in regulating the expression of type i fimbriae in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	type i fimbriae in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium are surface appendages that facilitate binding to eukaryotic cells. expression of the fim gene cluster is known to be regulated by three proteins--fimw, fimy, and fimz--and a trna encoded by fimu. in this work, we investigated how these proteins and trna coordinately regulate fim gene expression. our results indicate that fimy and fimz independently activate the p(fima) promoter which controls the expression of the fim structural genes. ...	2009	19218381
regulation of igaa and the rcs system by the mvia response regulator in salmonella enterica.	igaa is a membrane protein that prevents overactivation of the rcs regulatory system in enteric bacteria. here we provide evidence that igaa is the first gene in a sigma(70)-dependent operon of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium that also includes yrfg, yrfh, and yrfi. we also show that the lon protease and the mvia response regulator participate in regulation of the igaa operon. our results indicate that mvia regulates igaa transcription in an rpos-dependent manner, but the results also su ...	2009	19218385
antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of salmonella enterica serotypes recovered from pens of commercial feedlot cattle using different types of composite samples.	salmonella enterica in cattle production systems may be associated with important human and animal disease issues. however, tremendous diversity exists among salmonella recovered, and more information is needed about strains of greatest potential health concern, particularly those that are multidrug resistant (mdr). by characterizing salmonella isolates from commercial feedlot pens, this study aimed to evaluate the strain diversity and prevalence of mdr salmonella from different types of composi ...	2009	19219500
global regulators and environmental adaptation in gram-negative pathogens.	a powerful combination of single-gene studies and whole genome approaches has provided a wealth of information about the regulatory circuits used by bacteria to adapt to the environmental changes that are encountered during infection. the facultative intracellular pathogen salmonella enterica will be used to illustrate how global regulators such as the nucleoid-associated proteins fis and h-ns collaborate with fluctuations in the superhelicity of the dna template to modify the gene expression pr ...	2009	19220355
osmoregulated periplasmic glucans are needed for competitive growth and biofilm formation by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in leafy-green vegetable wash waters and colonization in mice.	osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs) are major periplasmic constituents of gram-negative bacteria. the role of opgs has been postulated in symbiotic as well as pathogenic host-microorganism interactions. here, we report the role of opgs from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium during growth and biofilm formation in leafy-green vegetable wash water. the opggh mutant strain, which was defective in opg biosynthesis, initiated the growth at a slower rate in wash waters obtained from spinach, ...	2009	19222578
development of non-antibiotic-resistant, chromosomally based, constitutive and inducible expression systems for aroa-attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	live-vaccine delivery systems expressing two model antigens from mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, f2(p97) (adh) and nrdf, were constructed using salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium aroa (stm-1), and immunogenicity in mice was evaluated. recombinant plasmid-based expression (pbe) and chromosomally based expression (cbe) systems were constructed. the pbe system was formed by cloning both antigen genes into pjla507 to create an operon downstream of temperature-inducible promoters. constitutive cbe was ...	2009	19223478
emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance among non-typhi salmonella enterica isolates from humans in the united states.	plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants are emerging among gram-negative pathogens. here we report results of a retrospective study investigating the prevalence of aac(6')-ib-cr, qepa, and qnr genes among 19,010 human isolates of non-typhi salmonella enterica collected in the united states from 1996 to 2006.	2009	19223618
screening and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the surface antigens of listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b.	this study aims to develop and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with high specificity and affinity for surface antigens of an epidemiologically important serotype 4b of listeria monocytogenes.	2009	19226395
coordinated regulation of virulence during systemic infection of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	to cause a systemic infection, salmonella must respond to many environmental cues during mouse infection and express specific subsets of genes in a temporal and spatial manner, but the regulatory pathways are poorly established. to unravel how micro-environmental signals are processed and integrated into coordinated action, we constructed in-frame non-polar deletions of 83 regulators inferred to play a role in salmonella enteriditis typhimurium (stm) virulence and tested them in three virulence ...	2009	19229334
salmonella paratyphi c: genetic divergence from salmonella choleraesuis and pathogenic convergence with salmonella typhi.	background: although over 1400 salmonella serovars cause usually self-limited gastroenteritis in humans, a few, e.g., salmonella typhi and s. paratyphi c, cause typhoid, a potentially fatal systemic infection. it is not known whether the typhoid agents have evolved from a common ancestor (by divergent processes) or acquired similar pathogenic traits independently (by convergent processes). comparison of different typhoid agents with non-typhoidal salmonella lineages will provide excellent models ...	2009	19229335
genome-wide analysis of the prea/preb (qseb/qsec) regulon of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the salmonella prea/preb two-component system (tcs) is an ortholog of the qsebc tcs of escherichia coli. in both salmonella and e. coli, this system has been shown to affect motility and virulence in response to quorum-sensing and hormonal signals, and to affect the transcription of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) pmrab operon, which encodes an important virulence-associated tcs.	2009	19236707
risk factors for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica contamination in 519 french laying hen flocks at the end of the laying period.	a cross-sectional study was carried out to identify risk factors for salmonella spp. contamination in french laying hen flocks at the end of the laying period. five hundred and nineteen flocks were studied between october 2004 and september 2005. the salmonella status of the flocks was assessed from 5 faeces samples (pooled faeces samples from cage flocks and foot swabs from flocks kept on the floor, i.e. in a barn, outdoors and on organic farms) and 2 dust samples analysed using a classical bac ...	2009	19237216
contribution of flagellin pattern recognition to intestinal inflammation during salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium infection.	salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium causes acute inflammatory diarrhea in humans. flagella contribute to intestinal inflammation, but the mechanism remains unclear since most mutations abrogating pattern recognition of flagellin also prevent motility and reduce bacterial invasion. to determine the contribution of flagellin pattern recognition to the generation of innate immune responses, we compared in two animal models a nonmotile, but flagellin-expressing and -secreting serotype typhimuri ...	2009	19237529
interactions of salmonella enterica with lettuce leaves.	to investigate the interactions of salmonella enterica with abiotic and plant surfaces and their effect on the tolerance of the pathogen to various stressors.	2009	19239550
integron-mediated multidrug resistance in a global collection of nontyphoidal salmonella enterica isolates.	salmonella enterica bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents, partly as a result of genes carried on integrons. clonal expansion and horizontal gene transfer may contribute to the spread of antimicrobial drug-resistance integrons in these organisms. we investigated this resistance and integron carriage among 90 isolates with the acssut phenotype (resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline) in a global collection of s. en ...	2009	19239750
a case of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi treated with a bench to bedside approach.	we report a relapsed case of a 25 year-old man with multi-drug resistant salmonella serovar typhi (mdrst) bacteremia who had recently returned from travel in india. due to unresponsiveness to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, we examined the strain's resistance to quinolones and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls). the strain had a single gyra mutation at codon 83 (ser83phe), which explains its decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolone and resistance to nalidixic acid. in the screening test ...	2009	19259362
pseudoinfection due to mislabeling.		2009	19260813
comparative functional analysis of the rcsc sensor kinase from different enterobacteriaceae.	the rcs phosphorelay is an important signalling pathway that is conserved throughout the enterobacteriaceae. the rcs phosphorelay is composed of the rcsc sensor kinase, a membrane-localized hpt-containing protein rcsd and the cytoplasmic response regulator rcsb. in this study we were interested in studying the degree of functional conservation between the different enteric rcsc homologues. therefore, we tested for the ability of rcsc homologues from pathogenic escherichia coli, salmonella enteri ...	2009	19260968
high-throughput molecular determination of salmonella enterica serovars by use of multiplex pcr and capillary electrophoresis analysis.	salmonella enterica is a leading cause of food-borne illness worldwide and is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality in domestic and wild animals. in the current study, a high-throughput molecular assay was developed to determine the most common clinical and nonhuman serovars of s. enterica in the united states. sixteen genomic targets were identified based on their differential distribution among common serovars. primers were designed to amplify regions of each of these targets in a sing ...	2009	19261787
[reptile-associated salmonellosis in infants in germany].	salmonellosis is an important disease in childhood. increasing infections caused by meat and raw egg consumption starts in the second year of life. the transmission from reptiles to infants is an alternative route. reptile-associated salmonellosis is becoming more significant for pediatricians and microbiologists due to the increasing numbers of household exotic pets. investigations of routes of infections in connection with the local health authorities including microbiological, serological and ...	2009	19263324
[reptile-associated salmonellosis in a breastfed infant].	although salmonellosis is one of the most common childhood illnesses associated with enteric bacteria, breastfed babies do not often get infected with salmonella. in such cases it is therefore necessary to look carefully for the source of infection.	2009	19263326
cytoprotective function of heme oxygenase 1 induced by a nitrated cyclic nucleotide formed during murine salmonellosis.	signaling mechanisms of no-mediated host defense are yet to be elucidated. in this study, we report a unique signal pathway for cytoprotection during salmonella infection that involves heme oxygenase 1 (ho-1) induced by a nitrated cyclic nucleotide, 8-nitroguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cgmp). wild-type c57bl/6 mice and c57bl/6 mice lacking inducible no synthase (inos) were infected with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2. ho-1 was markedly up-regulated during the infecti ...	2009	19265153
fate of the h-ns-repressed bgl operon in evolution of escherichia coli.	in the enterobacterial species escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, expression of horizontally acquired genes with a higher than average at content is repressed by the nucleoid-associated protein h-ns. a classical example of an h-ns-repressed locus is the bgl (aryl-beta,d-glucoside) operon of e. coli. this locus is "cryptic," as no laboratory growth conditions are known to relieve repression of bgl by h-ns in e. coli k12. however, repression can be relieved by spontaneous mutations. here, w ...	2009	19266030
purified recombinant phage lysin lysmp: an extensive spectrum of lytic activity for swine streptococci.	bacteriophage lysin has attracted considerable attentions as possible antimicrobial agents for solution of antibiotic resistance. smp was a streptococcus suis serotype 2 bacteriophage isolated from nasal swabs of healthy bama minipigs. the putative smp bacteriophage lysin, designated lysmp, was recombinantly expressed in escherichia coli bl21, and chromatographically purified. treated with 0.8% of beta-mercaptoethanol, lysmp exhibited an extensive lysin spectrum than those of whole phage against ...	2009	19267155
a filtration-based real-time pcr method for the quantitative detection of viable salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes in food samples.	we developed a novel filtration-based method that can eliminate dead or severely damaged salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes in food samples. this new method can recover all viable bacteria in less than 30 min, and can be coupled with a subsequent bacterial dna extraction and real-time pcr. no statically significant differences (p<0.01) were found between real-time pcr results obtained separately from s. enterica and l. monocytogenes when different ratios of living and dead cells were ...	2009	19269574
bilateral periprosthetic joint infection caused by salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis, and identification of salmonella sp using molecular techniques.	salmonella septic arthritis is rare. our objective was to identify bacterial species from joint fluid using a broad-range real-time pcr and pyrosequencing technique. we describe a case of bilateral salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis infection of right and left total knee arthroplasties. dna was extracted from the joint fluid of the left knee, amplified by pcr, and the amplicons were evaluated by pyrosequencing. the patient was treated with ciprofloxacin, and the polyethylene liners were re ...	2009	19269872
percolation and survival of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in soil amended with contaminated dairy manure or slurry.	the effect of cattle manure and slurry application on percolation and survival of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium was investigated for different soil depths after the addition of water. four treatments were chosen for the first set of experiments: (i) addition of inoculated farmyard manure on the soil surface, (ii) mixing of inoculated farmyard manure with the top 10 cm of soil, (iii) addition of inoculated slurry on the soil surface, and (iv) injection of in ...	2009	19270130
influence of a probiotic strain of enterococcus faecium on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104 infection in a porcine animal infection model.	the beneficial effects of probiotic enterococcus spp. in different hosts, such as mice and humans, have previously been reported in several studies. however, studies of large domestic animals, as well as challenge studies with pathogenic microorganisms, are very rare. here, we investigated the influence of oral treatment of pigs with the probiotic bacterium enterococcus faecium ncimb 10415 on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104 infections in weaning piglets. clinical symptoms, fecal ex ...	2009	19270131
ciprofloxacin selects for multidrug resistance in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium mediated by at least two different pathways.	the aim of this study was to understand the role of rama in conferring multidrug resistance (mdr) in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	2009	19270312
environmental salmonella surveillance in the ohio state university veterinary teaching hospital.	sampling was conducted at the ohio state university's veterinary teaching hospital (osu-vth) to evaluate the extent of environmental contamination with salmonella enterica, at 1-week intervals beginning march 19, 2007, through may 21, 2007. environmental samples were collected from various surface and floor locations in the equine and food animal areas using sterile moistened gauze sponges. all samples were processed using standard bacteriologic culture to identify the presence of salmonella spp ...	2009	19272003
development of triclosan and antibiotic resistance in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the possible association between the use of triclosan and the development of antibiotic resistance was examined in triclosan-resistant mutants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. these mutants were obtained from a sensitive parental strain and from ciprofloxacin-resistant isogenic strains using spontaneous mutagenesis or selection after one short exposure or continuous exposure to low concentrations of triclosan. the results showed that triclosan in the environment does not increase the ...	2009	19273638
novel plasmid-encoded ceftazidime-hydrolyzing ctx-m-53 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from salmonella enterica serotypes westhampton and senftenberg.	we describe the characterization of a novel ctx-m beta-lactamase from salmonella enterica. four s. enterica isolates (three of serotype westhampton and one of serotype senftenberg) resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftazidime) were recovered in 2004 from living cockles in three supermarkets located in distant geographic areas in france, which got their supplies from the same fishery. the isolates were found to produce a novel extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) b ...	2009	19273683
chromosomal integration of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene blactx-m-15 in salmonella enterica serotype concord isolates from internationally adopted children.	we report the emergence of salmonella enterica isolates of serotype concord (and its monophasic variant 6,7:l,v:-) producing the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) shv-12 and ctx-m-15 in france and norway between 2001 and 2006 (43 in france and 26 in norway). the majority of these isolates were from adopted children from ethiopia, most of whom were healthy carriers. several symptomatic secondary cases were found in the adoptive families and health care facilities in france. serotype conco ...	2009	19273688
genetic lines differ in toll-like receptor gene expression in spleens of chicks inoculated with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.	toll-like receptors (tlr) recognize evolutionarily conserved molecular motifs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) of infectious microbes and initiate innate immune response upon activation with relevant pathogens. this study investigated the acute effect of salmonella enteritidis challenge on tlr mrna expression in cecum and spleen of birds from 3 distinct genetic lines. chicks from broiler, leghorn, and fayoumi lines were inoculated or mock-inoculated with salmonella enteritidis. the mrna ...	2009	19276417
antimicrobial susceptibilities, phage types, and molecular characterization of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis from chickens and chicken meat in turkey.	thirty-eight salmonella enteritidis isolates from chickens and chicken meat in turkey were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility, xbai pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns, phage types, plasmid profiles, and resistance genes. seven different pfge patterns were observed, with the most common accounting for 71% (x1). the most common phage type was pt4, followed by pt7, pt16, pt1, pt6, and pt35. different phage types shared the same pfge pattern. twenty-one isolates were susceptible ...	2009	19278340
nontyphoidal salmonella serovars cause different degrees of invasive disease globally.		2009	19281309
multistate outbreak of salmonella typhimurium and saintpaul infections associated with unpasteurized orange juice--united states, 2005.	infection due to salmonella species causes an estimated 1.4 million illnesses and 400 deaths annually in the united states. orange juice is a known vehicle of salmonellosis, for which regulatory controls have recently been implemented. we investigated a nationwide outbreak of salmonella infection to determine the magnitude of the outbreak and to identify risk factors for infection.	2009	19281328
genome expression analyses revealing the modulation of the salmonella rcs regulon by the attenuator igaa.	intracellular growth attenuator a (igaa) was identified as a salmonella enterica regulator limiting bacterial growth inside fibroblasts. genetic evidence further linked igaa to repression of the rcscdb regulatory system, which responds to envelope stress. how igaa attenuates this system is unknown. here, we present genome expression profiling data of s. enterica serovar typhimurium igaa mutants grown at high osmolarity and displaying exacerbated rcs responses. transcriptome data revealed that ig ...	2009	19124574
characterization of a monoclonal antibody directed against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and serovar [4,5,12:i:-].	flagellar extracts of salmonella enterica serovars expressing phase 2 h1 antigenic complex (h:1,2, h:1,5, h:1,6, and h:1,7) and a mutant flagellin obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of the fljb gene from serovar typhimurium at codon 218, transforming threonine to alanine, expressed in escherichia coli (fljb218(a)) were used to analyze the h1 antigenic complex. cross-reactions were detected by western blotting and dot blotting using commercial polyclonal antibodies against the different wild-t ...	2009	19124586
distribution, diversity, and seasonality of waterborne salmonellae in a rural watershed.	salmonella outbreaks from contaminated water and nonanimal foods (e.g., produce) are increasingly reported. to address the environment as a potential source of pathogenic salmonella, we investigated levels of salmonellae and the geographic and temporal variation of salmonella serotypes from surface waters in a region of georgia (united states) with a history of high salmonellosis case rates. monthly water samples were collected from six stations in the little river (upper suwannee basin) for 12 ...	2009	19124594
interleukin-17 in host defence against bacterial, mycobacterial and fungal pathogens.	the mammalian immune system is intricately regulated, allowing for potent pathogen-specific immunity to be rapidly activated in response to infection with a broad and diverse array of potential pathogens. as a result of their ability to differentiate into distinct effector lineages, cd4 t cells significantly contribute to pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses. through the production of effector cytokines, cd4 t helper (th) cells orchestrate the precise mobilization of specific immune cells ...	2009	19125888
the salmonella pathogenicity island (spi) 1 contributes more than spi2 to the colonization of the chicken by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (typhimurium) is an important pathogen that infects a broad range of hosts. in humans, typhimurium causes a gastroenteritis characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pains. typhimurium infection occurs mainly through the ingestion of contaminated food including poultry, pork, eggs, and milk. chickens that are asymptomatic carriers of typhimurium constitute a potential reservoir for infection. the type three secretion systems encoded by salmonella ...	2009	19126220
structural and functional analysis of the c-terminal dna binding domain of the salmonella typhimurium spi-2 response regulator ssrb.	in bacterial pathogenesis, virulence gene regulation is controlled by two-component regulatory systems. in escherichia coli, the envz/ompr two-component system is best understood as regulating expression of outer membrane proteins, but in salmonella enterica, ompr activates transcription of the ssra/b two-component system located on salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi-2). the response regulator ssrb controls expression of a type iii secretory system in which effectors modify the vacuolar memb ...	2009	19126546
distribution of antibody titer against salmonella enterica among healthy individuals in nepal.	enteric fever is an endemic problem in nepal and widal agglutination test is widely used for its diagnosis but a normal baseline titer in healthy population and cutoff values have not been established.	2009	19128506
changes in antimicrobial resistance among salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar pullorum isolates in china from 1962 to 2007.	there are few data available for the trends of antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar pullorum (s. pullorum) in china and other parts of the world. thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in antimicrobial resistance of s. pullorum isolated from diseased chickens in china from 1962 to 2007. a total of 450 s. pullorum isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 17 antimicrobials in a disk diffusion method. 39-95% of the isolates displ ...	2009	19128897
bacterial particle endocytosis by epithelial cells is selective and enhanced by tumor necrosis factor receptor ligands.	bacterial pathogens use virulence strategies to invade epithelial barriers, but active processes of epithelial cells may also contribute to the endocytosis of microbial particles. to focus on the latter, we studied the uptake of fixed and fluorescently labeled bacterial particles in intestinal and bronchoepithelial cell cultures and found it to be enhanced in caco-2bbe and nci-h292 cells after treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha and an agonist antibody against the lymphotoxin beta recepto ...	2009	19129472
discovery of novel 2',3',4'-trihydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone derivatives as anti-gram-positive antibacterial agents.	a number of 2',3',4'-trihydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone derivatives were synthesized and examined for growth inhibition of several kinds of bacteria. 2',3',4'-trihydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone itself exhibited no antibacterial activity, but some of its derivatives showed various antibacterial activities depending on functional groups introduced on the 2-phenyl ring. eighteen out of 24 compounds synthesized in this study appeared to possess antibacterial activities against at least two gram-positive s ...	2009	19129641
a sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based assay for quantitation of amino-containing moieties in lipid a.	a novel sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based assay was developed for the quantitation of aminosugars, including 2-amino-2-deoxyglucose (glucosamine, glcn), 2-amino-2-deoxygalactose (galactosamine, galn), and 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose (aminoarabinose, aran), and for ethanolamine (etn), present in lipid a. this assay enables the identification and quantitation of all amino-containing moieties present in lipopolysaccharide or lipid a from a single sample. the method was applied to ...	2009	19130491
tlr2 and tlr4 signaling shapes specific antibody responses to salmonella typhi antigens.	tlr directly induce innate immune responses by sensing a variety of microbial components and are critical for the fine-tuning of subsequent adaptive immune responses. however, their impact and mechanism of action on antibody responses against bacterial antigens are not yet fully understood. salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) porins have been characterized as inducers of long-lasting specific antibody responses in mice. in this report, we show that immunization of tlr4-deficient (tlr4(- ...	2009	19130558
is rotavirus contributing to an increase of diarrhoea in a region of spain?	diarrhoeal illnesses are the most frequent of notifiable diseases in aragon. physicians notify diarrhoea cases with presumed infectious origin on a weekly basis. following an increase in 2005-2006, we aimed to identify the responsible organism(s) in order to inform control measures. we described seasonality of diarrhoea notifications for 1998-2004 and 2005-2006. we calculated correlations between diarrhoea notifications and enteric pathogens diagnosed in two aragonese laboratories, and applied l ...	2009	19134236
involvement of the cra global regulatory protein in the expression of the iscrsua operon, revealed during studies of tricarballylate catabolism in salmonella enterica.	in salmonella enterica, tricarballylate (tcb) catabolism requires function of tcub, a membrane-bound protein that contains [4fe-4s] clusters and heme. tcub transfers electrons from reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide in the tcb dehydrogenase (tcua) to electron acceptors in the membrane. we recently showed that functions needed to assemble [fe-s] clusters (i.e., the iscrsua-hscba-fdx operon) compensate for the lack of apbc during growth of an apbc strain on tcb. apbc had been linked to [fe-s] clu ...	2009	19136587
the proteome of salmonella typhimurium grown under in vivo-mimicking conditions.	to successfully infect a host, it is a prerequisite for enteric pathogens such as salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to adapt to their environment, in casu the gastrointestinal tract. the adoption of an appropriate lifestyle is triggered by environmental signals such as the low oxygen availability and high osmolarity prevalent in the gut. in order to gain more insight in the changes that are induced when s. typhimurium is adapting to these particular conditions, we used 2-d dige technology ...	2009	19137547
campylobacter jejuni drives myd88-independent interleukin-6 secretion via toll-like receptor 2.	gastrointestinal disease caused by campylobacter jejuni is characterized by localized inflammation and the destruction of the epithelial cell barrier that forms host innate protection against pathogens. this can lead to an imbalance in fluid transport across the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in severe diarrhea. the mechanisms of host cell receptor recognition of c. jejuni and downstream immune signaling pathways leading to this inflammatory disease, however, remain unclear. the aim of this s ...	2009	19139198
recovery of salmonella from bermudagrass exposed to simulated wastewater.	most confined swine (sus scrofa) feeding operations in the southeastern united states hold manure in lagoons and apply effluent on bermudagrass [cynodon dactylon (l.) pers.] as fertilizer. salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (ex kauffman and edwards) le minor and popoff, has been reported in mississippi lagoons, but levels and potential for contamination of bermudagrass were unknown. a laboratory method was developed to examine salmonella contamination of bermudagrass and levels of salmonella we ...	2009	19141824
comparative structural and molecular characterization of ribitol-5-phosphate-containing streptococcus oralis coaggregation receptor polysaccharides.	the antigenically related coaggregation receptor polysaccharides (rps) of streptococcus oralis strains c104 and sk144 mediate recognition of these bacteria by other members of the dental plaque biofilm community. in the present study, the structure of strain sk144 rps was established by high resolution nmr spectroscopy as [6galfbeta1-6galnacbeta1-3galalpha1-2ribitol-5-po(4)(-)-6galfbeta1-3galbeta1](n), thereby indicating that this polysaccharide and the previously characterized rps of strain c10 ...	2009	19151140