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complete assignment of the 1h- and 13c-n.m.r. spectra of the o-deacetylated glucuronoxylomannan from cryptococcus neoformans serotype b. 19911816923
detection of human pneumocystis carinii by the polymerase chain reaction.oligonucleotide primers were prepared from a clone (b12) which has been shown to be a repetitive sequence in the rat p. carinii genome. polymerase chain reaction was employed to amplify both rat and human p. carinii dna. the detection limit of the assay was approximately 600 ng of total nucleic acid. amplification products from both the rat and human isolates (ca. 780 bp) were characterized by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis after digestion with sau3a. no amplification products were obta ...19911818163
cryptococcus neoformans can be misidentified as a microsporidian: studies of lung lesions in leprosy patients.pulmonary lesions seen in autopsies of leprosy patients were initially thought to involve microsporidial infection. after immunohistochemical studies, it was concluded that the infectious microorganism was cryptococcus neoformans.19911818223
infection due to cryptococcus neoformans of unusual morphology in a patient with aids.cryptococcus neoformans with a rare morphology of hand-mirror appearance was demonstrated by direct microscopic preparation of both cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and sputum of a patient with aids. in addition, one to six blastoconidia were seen at the tip of a germ-tube like structure. cr. neoformans was isolated in pure culture and the identification was confirmed by biochemical and serological tests as well as by animal pathogenicity.19911820516
effects of cryptococcus neoformans-specific suppressor t cells on the amplified anticryptococcal delayed-type hypersensitivity response.cell-mediated immunity is an important host resistance mechanism against cryptococcus neoformans, the etiological agent of cryptococcosis. previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response as measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) is down-regulated by a cascade of antigen-specific t suppressor (ts) cells. recently, we have identified a population of cd4 t cells that up-regulate the anticryptococcal dth response (tamp cells). the tamp ...19911824761
t cell-mediated immunity in the lung: a cryptococcus neoformans pulmonary infection model using scid and athymic nude mice.t cells are important in systemic anticryptococcal defenses, but a role in controlling an initial pulmonary infection has not been demonstrated. a murine model with intratracheal inoculation was developed to study the acquisition and expression of pulmonary t cell-mediated immunity against cryptococcus neoformans. infections with four strains of c. neoformans (305, 68a, 613d, and 52d) in two strains of mice (balb/c and c57bl/6) were examined. unencapsulated strain 305 and slowly growing strain 6 ...19911825990
early events in initiation of alternative complement pathway activation by the capsule of cryptococcus neoformans.the capsule of cryptococcus neoformans is a powerful activator of the alternative complement pathway. this study examined the manner in which the cryptococcal capsule influences initiation of and early events in complement activation by c. neoformans. these studies examined the effects of the classical and alternative pathways on the kinetics and early sites for deposition of c3 fragments on encapsulated cryptococci, nonencapsulated cryptococci, and zymosan. the results showed that nonencapsulat ...19911831795
inhibition of i-a expression in rat peritoneal macrophages due to t-suppressor cells induced by cryptococcus neoformans.the expression of i-a antigen in rat peritoneal cells was significantly reduced during infection with cryptococcus neoformans. when studying the in vitro action of t-suppressor cells induced by the fungus, or a soluble factor from the t-suppressor cells, a significant decrease in i-a expression by the peritoneal cells was observed. this expression was partially restored by indomethacin.19911831842
immunosuppression in experimental cryptococcosis in rats. induction of efferent t suppressor cells to a non-related antigen.using a rat model, we have previously demonstrated that infection with cryptococcus neoformans can trigger the production of a series of suppressor cells that specifically inhibit the cell-mediated immune response to a non-related antigen, human serum albumin (hsa), that has been injected 7 days after the infection. we previously determined that the cryptococcal infection induces afferent suppressor or suppressor induction cells (ts1) to hsa. the primary objective of the present study was to inv ...19911832211
cryptococcal optic neuropathy in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.cryptococcus neoformans infection occurs frequently in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). cryptococcal meningitis can result in optic neuropathy. improvement in afferent visual system dysfunction has not been documented. we report three patients with aids who developed either unilateral (1) or bilateral (2) afferent visual system dysfunction. the bilaterally affected patients had visual field deficits compatible with chiasmal involvement. all patients had improvement i ...19911832692
[detection of capsular polysaccharide antigen of cryptococcus neoformans in patients with aids and neurocryptococcosis in são paulo, brazil].capsular polysaccharide antigen (agpc) of cryptococcus neoformans was detected by latex agglutination technique (la) in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with aids during their first central nervous system manifestation of the disease. direct mycological examination and culture were used as controls. sensitivity was 100% by la allowing an early specific treatment of cryptococcosis. initial titres of agpc in such patients can be > 1000000 and it appears that when such titres are present i ...19911844979
cutaneous cryptococcosis in athymic and beige-athymic mice.the dermotropism of cryptococcus neoformans slha in congenitally athymic (nu/nu) and doubly immunodeficient beige-athymic (bg/bg-nu/nu) mice is described. both bg/bg-nu/nu and nu/nu mice developed cutaneous cryptococcosis within 7 to 12 days following intravenous challenge with 10(4) encapsulated yeast cells. macroscopically, cutaneous lesions appeared as small subcutaneous nodules without ulceration. cryptococcal skin lesions were observed primarily on the flank of nu/nu mice, whereas skin lesi ...19911850380
pulmonary cryptococcoma. 19911853206
fluconazole treatment of persistent cryptococcus neoformans prostatic infection in aids. 19911854112
[16 cases of infection by cryptococcosis neoformans in patients with aids].sixteen patients with aids (6% of the total aids patients) who had infection by cryptococcus neoformans were studied. most of these patients (94%) had cryptococcal meningitis. only 50% of the cases showed clinical manifestations of neurological involvement. blood cultures and antigen level measurement were the diagnostic techniques with best results due to their high percentage of positivity. sixty nine percent of patients survived the acute phase of the infection and only 3 of those who died in ...19911854856
tissue distribution and bioactivity of amphotericin b administered in liposomes to cancer patients.amphotericin b concentration was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc) and by bioassay in tissues of 11 cancer patients who died from infection and/or their underlying disease after having received amphotericin b entrapped into sonicated liposomes (ampholiposomes). these concentrations were compared to those measured in 28 patients who had only received the commercially available preparation of amphotericin b-na deoxycholate complex (fungizone). the fungistatic and fungicidal ti ...19911856132
persistence of cryptococcus neoformans in the prostate: failure of fluconazole despite high doses. 19911856498
comparison study of broth macrodilution and microdilution antifungal susceptibility tests.an evaluation of broth dilution antifungal susceptibility tests was performed by determining both the micro- and macrodilution mics of amphotericin b, flucytosine, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and cilofungin against 38 isolates of candida albicans, candida lusitaniae, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, cryptococcus neoformans, and torulopsis glabrata. the following preliminary antifungal working group recommendations of the national committee for clinical laboratory standards for broth macr ...19911864923
false-positive reactions in the latex agglutination test for cryptococcus neoformans antigen.the latex agglutination test for cryptococcus neoformans antigen is a simple and rapid procedure for the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. although the test is sensitive, care must be taken to prevent contamination of the sample, which may result in false-positive reactions. it was discovered in our laboratory that immersion of a platinum wire inoculating loop into a sample of cerebrospinal fluid prior to testing introduced interfering substances leading to nonspecific agglutination. after f ...19911864946
fluconazole. review and situation among antifungal drugs in the treatment of opportunistic mycoses of human immuno-deficiency virus infections.fluconazole is a novel triazole antifungal drug chiefly used in the treatment of opportunistic mycoses in immuno-compromised patients, particularly those with the acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (aids). in comparison with other antifungal drugs, fluconazole has outstanding physical and pharmacokinetic properties, such as an excellent aqueous solubility allowing a parenteral formulation, high bioavailability by the oral route, even distribution throughout the tissues, including the central ne ...19911870943
antimicrobial contact activity of econazole sulfosalicylate.the aim of this investigation was to compare the contact action of econazole sulfosalicylate (e-ssa) on mycetes (candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, aspergillus fumigatus, trichophyton rubrum, t. cutaneum, pityrosporum sp.), gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus faecalis) and gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii) with that exerted by econazole nitrate (e-nit). the results show e-ssa activity greater than e-nit (in particular against mycetes ...19911875229
skull, patella and thigh cryptococcosis after a crashing injury of the temporal bone.an unusual case of triple location (skull, patella and thigh) cryptococcus neoformans is described. the peculiarity of the case is based on the probability of direct post-traumatic bone inoculation, subsequent seeding from skull to patella, thigh and cerebral spinal fluid (csf), patella involvement, lack of evidence of lung involvement and lack of predisposing underlying disease. the response to surgery and a combination of amphotericin b and 5-flucytosine administration was favorable without re ...19911875233
optimal therapy of cryptococcosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.although amphotericin b (ab) is the primary therapeutic agent for cryptococcosis complicating the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), the total dose administered is extremely variable, and the end point of therapy has not been well defined. since these patients require life-long suppressive therapy following the primary therapy, the definition of treatment "end point" becomes crucial. to delineate more effective treatment approaches, we reviewed the medical records of 48 patients with cry ...19911876314
[opportunistic systemic mycoses].systemic fungal infections can be primary or opportunistic. the mycoses caused by opportunistic pathogens become increasingly more important. these infections are mainly caused by candida species, aspergillus species, cryptococcus neoformans, mucor etc. the predisposing factors to these diseases are numerous: neutropenia, organ transplantation, use of steroids, broad spectrum antibiotics, antineoplastic chemotherapy, parenteral nutrition, prolonged intravenous infusions, extensive surgery etc. m ...19911881662
comparison of serological and chemical characteristics of capsular polysaccharides of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans serotype a and cryptococcus albidus var. albidus.the antigenic formula and chemical structure of capsular polysaccharide (cps) of cryptococcus albidus var. albidus (c. albidus) were studied in relation to those of c. neoformans var. neoformans serotype a (c. neoformans a). the results of slide agglutination tests with factor sera and reciprocal adsorption experiments showed that antigenic formula of c. albidus was the same as that of c. neoformans a. the soluble cpss from the two species were obtained from culture supernatants by precipitation ...19911886490
overview: cryptococcosis in the patient with aids.cryptococcosis is currently the most common life threatening mycoses found in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). extrapulmonary involvement is most frequently seen, especially in the central nervous system and skin. clinical findings are non-specific, even in patients with meningitis. threshold for diagnosis of this infection should be low, with serum cryptococcal antigens, blood, urine and sputum cultures for cryptococcus neoformans performed in febrile aids patients. ...19911886640
activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by interleukin-2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to inhibit cryptococcus neoformans.the abilities of selected cytokines to activate human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) to inhibit and kill the opportunistic fungus cryptococcus neoformans were studied. pbmc were cultured for 7 days in cell wells containing no cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (tnf), gamma interferon (ifn-gamma), 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin d3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf), or interleukin-2 (il-2) and were then challenged for 24 h with a fixed number of cfu of c. ...19911894353
a monoclonal antibody to gamma interferon blocks augmentation of natural killer cell activity induced during systemic cryptococcosis.these studies demonstrate that the cytotoxic activity of splenic natural killer (nk) cells is augmented in both nu/nu and nu/+ mice during systemic cryptococcosis. both the kinetics and the regulation of nk cell activity differed in cryptococcus neoformans-infected nu/nu and nu/+ mice. greater augmentation was observed following challenge with 10(5) cells than with smaller inocula, and augmented nk cell activity was not always associated with enhanced control of systemic cryptococcosis. infectio ...19911898905
catecholamine uptake, melanization, and oxygen toxicity in cryptococcus neoformans.oxygen sensitivity mutations of cryptococcus neoformans were mapped to three genetic loci. three oxygen-sensitive mutants had mutations that appeared allelic and exhibited albinism tightly linked to oxygen sensitivity; these three and a fourth exhibited defects in catechol uptake and catechol oxidation to melanin. catecholamine metabolism appears to protect c. neoformans from oxidants.19911898925
intrapulmonary growth and dissemination of an avirulent strain of cryptococcus neoformans in mice depleted of cd4+ or cd8+ t cells.the contribution of t lymphocyte subpopulations to intrapulmonary and systemic resistance against an opportunistic strain of cryptococcus neoformans was examined. it was found that c. neoformans was destroyed when introduced into the lungs of normal mice, but disseminated to the brains of mice treated with an antibody that depleted them of cd4+ t cells. depletion of either cd8+ or cd4+ t cells impaired the ability of the host to clear the yeast from the lung. these results, together with the obs ...19911900084
ultrasensitive assays for endogenous antimicrobial polypeptides.we developed two sensitive methods for identifying antimicrobial molecules in leukocytes and other tissues. one method uses a gel overlay technique and was designed to identify antimicrobial polypeptides in samples subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the other, a radial diffusion assay, allows multiple fractions obtained by chromatographic procedures to be tested for antimicrobial activity conveniently. when we used e. coli ml-35p or salmonella typhimurium 14028s as test organisms i ...19911901580
interferon-gamma activates rat alveolar macrophages for anticryptococcal activity.cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast causing disease predominantly in immunosuppressed patients. c. neoformans is acquired by the pulmonary route, where the alveolar macrophage (am) is a resident mechanism of host defense. the ability of rat am to be activated by products of the immune response for enhanced anticryptococcal effect has not previously been demonstrated. rat am could be activated in vitro for anticryptococcal activity by medium conditioned by concanavalin a-stimulated sple ...19911908686
temperature regulation of the cryptococcal phenoloxidase.melanin formation at 37 degrees c has been proposed as a virulence factor in cryptococcus neoformans. however, whereas catecholamine uptake is maintained at this temperature, phenoloxidase, which catalyses the oxidation of catecholamine to melanin, is severely decreased in most wild type strains cultivated at 37 degrees c.19911908897
use of alpha-aminoadipate and lysine as sole nitrogen source by schizosaccharomyces pombe and selected pathogenic fungi.alpha-aminodipate, an intermediate of the lysine biosynthetic pathway of fungi, or lysine when used as the sole nitrogen source in the medium was growth inhibitory and toxic to saccharomyces cerevisiae. the fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe and pathogenic fungi candida albicans, filobasidiella neoformans and aspergillus fumigatus grew in the medium containing alpha-aminoadipate as the sole nitrogen source. c. albicans, a. fumigatus, and one of the strains of f. neoformans also grew in the ...19911908900
rapid method to extract dna from cryptococcus neoformans.a rapid and easy method for the extraction of total cellular dna from cryptococcus neoformans is described. this procedure modifies and considerably simplifies previously reported methods. numerous steps were either eliminated or replaced, including preincubations with cell wall permeability agents such as beta-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol. the commercially available enzyme preparation novozyme 234 was found to contain a potent concentration of dnases which actively degrade dna. degradatio ...19911909713
cutaneous cryptococcosis and aids. 19911918476
cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in a patient with hodgkin's lymphoma: successful treatment with fluconazole.the authors report a case of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in a 22-year-old male with hodgkin's disease at third stage b. cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from cerebral spinal fluid (csf) and blood specimens. latex antigen agglutination tests and india ink preparations also were positive for this pathogenic yeast. drug treatment for a week with 20 mg i.v./day of amphotericin b in combination with 2.5 g i.v./day of 5-fluorocytosine did not lead to any improvement in the patient. the patien ...19911922191
retinitis following disseminated cryptococcosis in a renal allograft recipient. efficacy of oral fluconazole.a case of retinitis following disseminated cryptococcus neoformans infection in a renal allograft recipient is reported. therapy with oral fluconazole showed a remarkable improvement at the end of 8 weeks. this is the first report of the use of fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcal retinitis.19911927328
treatment of experimental cryptococcosis with sch 39304 and fluconazole.the efficacy of two triazoles, sch 39304 and fluconazole, in the treatment of disseminated cryptococcosis in wistar rats was determined. a total of 160 rats were inoculated intracardiacally with 2 x 10(5) cells of cryptococcus neoformans. both drugs were administered by gavage once daily, at three doses (8, 16, and 32 mg/kg/day). two treatment schedules were followed: (i) treatment began 1 week after infection and continued for 3 weeks and (ii) prophylaxis treatment began 3 days before infection ...19911929309
novel broad-spectrum metal-based antifungal agents. correlations amongst the structural and biological properties of copper (ii) 2-acetylpyridine n4-dialkylthiosemicarbazones.copper(ii) complexes of the type [cu(l)x], where l = tridentate anion of 2-acetylpyridine n4-diethyl thiosemicarbazone and x = c1 or br, were screened against seven fungal strains pathogenic to man viz. aspergillus niger, aspergillus fumigatus, candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, tricophyton rubrum, epidermophyton floccosum and microsporum canis. the greater growth inhibition exhibited by the bromo complex can be explained on the basis of its lower cu(ii)/cu(i) redox couple and greater co ...19911931432
[a case of acute cerebellar encephalitis due to cryptococcus neoformans].a case of acute cryptococcal cerebellar encephalitis with ct enhancement confined to the cerebellum is reported. a 46-year-old man with hepatoma was admitted with chief complaints of headache, fever and dizziness. on admission, cerebellar signs (disturbance of finger-to-nose test and of heel-to-knee test, intention tremor, and truncal ataxia) were neurologically noted. however, there were no brainstem signs. head ct showed swelling and enhancement of the cerebellar cortex and dilatation of the c ...19911934783
cryptococcal thyroiditis: report of a case diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology.a 54-yr-old female diabetic presented with a febrile illness and respiratory distress associated with bilateral alveolar infiltration. the left lobe of the thyroid gland was enlarged and failed to concentrate pertechnetate. the patient was euthyroid. cryptococcus neoformans was recognized in a fine-needle aspirate and was confirmed by culture; it was also grown in blood culture. death was attributed to the respiratory condition. this report emphasizes the emergence of mycotic infections of the t ...19911935520
[therapy of systemic mycoses in immunodeficiency].fungal infections have gained importance recently. the major reason for this is the increasing number of patients with immunodeficiency. systemic treatment of invasive fungal infections up to now has been based on relatively few antimycotic agents (amphotericin b, flucytosine, as well as the azole derivatives fluconazole and itraconazole). only a few number of fungi cause the majority of opportunistic fungal infections. candida albicans leads to severe mucosal infections in cases of immunodefici ...19911937558
encapsulation of cryptococcus neoformans impairs antigen-specific t-cell responses.the encapsulated yeast cryptococcus neoformans is a significant cause of opportunistic infection in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity. the major virulence determinant of the organism is an antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule synthesized after entry into the host. using both an encapsulated virulent strain and an acapsular avirulent mutant, we have demonstrated the reduced ability of the encapsulated strain to stimulate specific t-cell responses in vitro. this reduction was mediated ...19911937747
opportunistic and pathogenic fungi.the number of fungal species reported to cause disease in man is increasing rapidly. very few of these fungi are capable of infecting a normal host. important progress has been achieved in an understanding of fungal pathogenicity including the mechanisms of adherence to host tissues, penetration of tissues, multiplication within the host, and the interaction of fungal cells with host effector cells. in addition to the increase in infections by opportunistic and pathogenic fungi in compromised pa ...19911938702
fungal disease in hiv-infected persons: cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and coccidioidomycosis.the aids epidemic has profoundly influenced the expression of deep-seated fungal disease in this country over the past 10 years. previously an uncommon etiology of life threatening disease, deep-seated fungal infections with cryptococcus neoformans, histoplasma capsulatum, and coccidioides immitis accounted for nearly 3000 aids index diagnoses in 1990. as the epidemic matures, symptomatic hiv infection can be expected to rise in areas of endemic fungal infection resulting in further recognition ...19911942195
significance of cryptococcal antigen titers in patients with aids.we have described a patient with aids and cryptococcal antigen titers of 1:262,144 in csf and 1:268,435,456 in serum. although the prognosis is poor in aids patients with high cryptococcal antigen titers, this patient responded well to treatment and has been free of clinical recurrence of cryptococcal infection for 2 years.19911948238
treatment of murine cryptococcal meningitis with an sch 39304-amphotericin b combination.cryptococcal meningitis was induced in balb/c mice by intracerebral infection with cryptococcus neoformans. drug therapy was initiated 1 day later, with mice receiving amphotericin b (amb), sch 39304, combination therapy, or no drug therapy (controls). most, but not all, combinations showed additive benefits, significantly prolonging survival and reducing organism counts in tissues compared with those in controls and groups which received the drugs independently. optimum protection was obtained ...19911952837
[pulmonary pseudotumor caused by cryptococcus neoformans].since 1923, eight cases of cryptococcosis have been described in norway, all with meningeal affection. a distinct, solitary infiltration in the upper lobe of the right lung was discovered in a 68 year-old woman. the lobe was extirpated. microbiological and histological investigations showed infection with cryptococcus neoformans. no antimycotic treatment was given. four months later the patient developed osteomyelitis of the skull due to cryptococcosis, and was treated successfully with amphoter ...19911957287
[foudroyant course of generalized cryptococcosis without signs of immune deficiency]. 19911960021
killing of cryptococcus neoformans strains by human neutrophils and monocytes.the susceptibility of various strains of cryptococcus neoformans to killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns) and monocytes was investigated. five previously characterized strains of c. neoformans serotype a, a capsule-free mutant, and six recent clinical isolates were compared. pmns and monocytes were isolated from normal peripheral blood and allowed to adhere to the flat-bottom wells of microtiter plates. yeast cells of c. neoformans were added in the presence of normal human serum, ...19911987038
facilitated isolation, purification, and analysis of glucuronoxylomannan of cryptococcus neoformans.cryptococcus neoformans was cultured in a chemically defined medium. the culture was adjusted to 0.25% formaldehyde or autoclaved after 5 days of growth at 35 degrees c, and a cell-free supernatant was obtained by centrifugation. solid calcium acetate was added to the supernatant to give a 5% solution, and the ph was adjusted to approximately 5 with glacial acetic acid. the polysaccharide (ps) was precipitated by the addition of 3 volumes of 95% ethanol. the ps was dissolved in 0.2 m nacl, and i ...19911987064
utility of bronchoscopic sampling techniques for cryptococcal disease in aids.although cryptococcal pneumonia is a well recognized complication of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, optimal diagnostic approaches remain to be defined. during a 32-month period (october 1984 to june 1987), 11 patients were diagnosed with cp at our institution. the diagnosis was established in all 11 patients from specimens obtained via fiberoptic bronchoscopy (ten) and/or double-lumen catheter lavage (one). direct stains of sedimented bronchoalveolar lavage were positive for organisms c ...19911989797
binding of cryptococcus neoformans by human cultured macrophages. requirements for multiple complement receptors and actin.we studied the receptors on human cultured macrophages (mo-m phi) responsible for binding encapsulated and isogenic mutant acapsular strains of cryptococcus neoformans, and whether such binding leads to a phagocytic event. both strains required opsonization with complement components in normal human serum in order for binding to occur. binding of the acapsular, but not the encapsulated, strain led to phagocytosis. mab directed against any of the three defined complement receptors (cr) on mo-m ph ...19911991837
demonstration of a cell wall antigen cross-reacting with cryptococcal polysaccharide in experimental disseminated trichosporonosis.patients with disseminated infections caused by trichosporon beigelii have a circulating antigen that cross-reacts with the polysaccharide capsule of cryptococcus neoformans. we studied the localization of this antigen by immunoelectron microscopy in a rabbit model of experimental disseminated trichosporonosis. deparaffinized lung sections were examined by using a murine monoclonal anti-cryptococcal polysaccharide antibody and colloidal gold particles coated with goat antibody to murine immunogl ...19911993757
[cage and domestic birds as excreters of cryptococcus neoformans]. 19912001657
l-687,781, a new member of the papulacandin family of beta-1,3-d-glucan synthesis inhibitors. i. fermentation, isolation, and biological activity.a new beta-1,3-d-glucan synthesis inhibitor, l-687,781 is produced by the cultivation of dictyochaeta simplex atcc 20960. l-687,781 exhibits potent in vitro antifungal activity as well as anti-pneumocystis activity in a rat model.19912001985
binding interactions of murine natural killer cells with the fungal target cryptococcus neoformans.murine natural killer (nk) cells have been shown to inhibit the growth of the yeastlike organism cryptococcus neoformans both in vivo and in vitro. an essential first step in nk cell-mediated damage of cryptococcal cells is the binding of the nk cell to the cryptococcal cell. the studies presented here focused on the binding event. electron photomicrographs and three-dimensional reconstructions of nk cell-c. neoformans conjugates show that nk cells bind to cryptococci through many microvilli. th ...19912004826
responses of murine natural killer cells to binding of the fungal target cryptococcus neoformans.natural killer (nk) cells bind to and inhibit the growth of the fungal target cryptococcus neoformans. since c. neoformans is structurally and chemically distinct from the standard tumor cell target used in the model of nk cell-mediated cytotoxicity, this study was designed to investigate the nk cell response after binding to cryptococci. transmission electron micrographs and three-dimensional reconstructions of nk cell-cryptococci conjugates demonstrated focusing of the nk cell centrioles and g ...19912004827
effect of hydrogen peroxide on growth of candida, cryptococcus, and other yeasts in simulated blood culture bottles.the addition of hydrogen peroxide to blood contained in liquid culture medium increased the dissolved-o2 partial pressure in direct proportion to the volume injected. the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the growth of subcultured clinical isolates of candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, torulopsis glabrata, and other yeasts and on the growth of blood culture isolates of representative pathogenic bacteria was compared with its effect on their growth in vented and unvented stationary bottles. ...19912007641
pancreatic involvement in human immunodeficiency virus infection.involvement of the pancreas by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has not been adequately addressed and is the object of this review. i analyzed the english language literature, including single case reports of pancreatic involvement and larger series reporting detailed pathological findings of patients with hiv infection. nonspecific pathological changes in the pancreas are frequently seen at autopsy of hiv-infected patients, but are not more common than in controls. several types of ...19912007747
environmental isolation of cryptococcus neoformans gattii from california. 19912010649
in vitro susceptibility of 119 yeast isolates to fluconazole, 5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin b and ketoconazole.the in vitro activity of fluconazole was tested against 13 yeast species (119 strains) isolated from clinical specimens during a 3-month period. for comparative purposes, three other antifungal compounds (5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin b and ketoconazole) were also tested. the tests were carried out using a microautomated method previously developed in our laboratory. the method allowed us to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of the four antifungal drugs used. for each of the ...19912013239
comparative in vitro effects of liposomal amphotericin b, amphotericin b-deoxycholate, and free amphotericin b against fungal strains determined by using mic and minimal lethal concentration susceptibility studies and time-kill curves.multilamellar liposomal amphotericin b (l-amb) was generally less active in vitro against yeast strains than was amphotericin b-deoxycholate or free amphotericin b, although continual agitation of the broth disproportionately increased the activity of l-amb. time-kill studies also demonstrated a slower onset of action of l-amb and supported the hypothesis that liposomes may act as reservoirs for free amphotericin b, which is the active moiety.19912014976
manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.cryptococcosis is a common opportunistic infection in patients with aids. meningitis is the most frequent manifestation of infection with cryptococcus neoformans; pneumonia due to this organism, though less frequently recognized, is also a significant entity. a retrospective review was performed of all patients seen at duke university medical center between january 1981 and july 1989 who were infected with both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and c. neoformans. of 31 patients with these conc ...19912017634
concurrent systemic cryptococcosis and haemangiosarcoma in a dog.a young dog with progressive neurological signs was humanely killed by the injection of barbiturate for postmortem examination. lesions in the nose, lung, pancreas, lymph nodes, kidneys and the meninges were heavily infiltrated with cryptococcus neoformans. in addition, haemangiosarcoma was detected in the right atrium. the finding of systemic mycosis and neoplasia together in a young dog suggests an immunosuppressed state.19912019671
killing of cryptococcus neoformans by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated in culture.since cell-mediated immunity (cmi) is critical for host defenses against the encapsulated fungus cryptococcus neoformans, the production of human antifungal effector cells as a consequence of the cmi response was investigated. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were stimulated in culture with killed c. neoformans. stimulated (but not unstimulated) pbmc killed a subsequent inoculum of live encapsulated organisms, with maximal killing seen after 3-7 days. killing required the presence of bo ...19912019758
improved amphotericin b activity by a monoclonal anti-cryptococcus neoformans antibody: study during murine cryptococcosis and mechanisms of action.current therapy of cryptococcosis is unsatisfactory, particularly in patients with aids. experimental cryptococcosis models in dba/2 mice were used to determine whether the murine monoclonal anticryptococcal antibody (designated e1) might potentiate the chemotherapeutic effect of amphotericin b (amb). according to the inoculum size, these mice died spontaneously from acute pneumonia (high inoculum) or from brain swelling (lower inoculum). amb and e1 together significantly improved the survival o ...19912019759
cryptococcal meningitis in auckland 1969-89.twenty-six patients with cryptococcal meningitis were seen in auckland between 1969 and 1989. the incidence of cryptococcal meningitis in auckland residents was 0.12 cases/100,000/year. ten (38%) of the patients were maori or pacific island polynesians. nineteen (73%) had a predisposing cause, including immunosuppressive therapy in nine and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in seven. the most common presenting syndrome was a subacute or chronic meningitis. other clinical syndromes in ...19912020443
cryptococcal pleural effusion preceding cryptococcal meningitis in aids.the authors report a case in which a small cryptococcal pleural effusion preceded the development of severe cryptococcal meningitis in an hiv-positive patient. the appearance of an isolated transient pleural effusion is a very unusual presentation for aids-related complications. the authors suggest that cryptococcal infection be considered in this setting.19912021155
lydicamycin, a new antibiotic of a novel skeletal type. i. taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological activity.a novel antibiotic, designated lydicamycin, was isolated from the fermentation broth of an actinomycete strain identified as streptomyces lydicus. lydicamycin was active against gram-positive bacteria and a certain yeast, but inactive against gram-negative bacteria.19912026553
inflammatory responses to cryptococcosis in congenitally athymic mice.histopathology revealed that nu/nu mice developed both acute and chronic inflammatory responses following infection with cryptococcus neoformans. in comparison to inflammatory responses in nu/+ mice, the responses in nu/nu mice were delayed, less intense, contained predominantly more polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns) than macrophages (m phi s), and did not develop into granulomas. in addition, nu/nu mice developed cryptococcal skin lesions demonstrating that c. neoformans is dermatotropic in a ...19912026961
successful treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with liposomal amphotericin b after failure of treatment with fluconazole and conventional amphotericin b. 19912031700
susceptibility of beige mutant mice to candidiasis may be linked to a defect in granulocyte production by bone marrow stem cells.the beige mutation in mice has a pervasive effect on mechanisms of host resistance to infectious agents. best characterized are defects in granulocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis, which are associated with increased susceptibility to bacteria, and a deficiency in the levels of natural killer (nk) cells, which has been linked to decreased resistance to both murine cytomegalovirus and the yeast cryptococcus neoformans. the objective of the present experiments was to explore the cellular basis of t ...19912037375
inhibition of cryptococcus neoformans replication by nitrogen oxides supports the role of these molecules as effectors of macrophage-mediated cytostasis.activated macrophages are able to inhibit the replication of intracellular microbes and tumor cells. in the murine system, this cytostatic effect is associated with the oxidation of l-arginine to l-citrulline, nitrite, and nitrate and is thought to be mediated by an intermediate of this reaction, possibly nitric oxide (no.). by exposing replicating cryptococcus neoformans cells to conditions under which no. is chemically generated, we have observed a cytostatic effect similar to that caused by a ...19912050398
production of species-specific murine monoclonal antibodies against cryptococcus neoformans which recognize a noncapsular exoantigen.three monoclonal antibodies (mabs), designated 7c5, 7c9, and 5g8, against a cytoplasmic antigen of cryptococcus neoformans were produced. mabs 7c5 and 7c9 recognize culture filtrate antigen (exoantigen) of both encapsulated and nonencapsulated isolates of this pathogen, which suggests that they do not recognize capsular polysaccharide material. this is supported by immunofluorescence data which show reactivity of all 3 mabs to cytoplasm and cell membranes only. mab 7c9 also recognized c. neoform ...19912056065
[synthesis and antifungal activity of butenafine hydrochloride (kp-363), a new benzylamine antifungal agent].in screening of new antifungal agents, bis(naphthalenemethyl)amines were found to have more potent antifungal activity than clotrimazole. studies on their structure-activity relationships indicated that benzylamines had potent antifungal activity. among them, butenafine hydrochloride (n-p-tert-butylbenzyl-n-methyl-1-naphthalenemethylamine hydrochloride, kp-363) has proved to show the strongest activity. it exhibits a wide spectrum activity in vitro against particularly dermatophytes (87 strains; ...19912056447
case report 664. cryptococcus neoformans osteomyelitis. 19912057800
cryptococcosis in beige mice: the effect of congenital defects in innate immunity on susceptibility.the influence of the beige (bg/bg) mutation on susceptibility to cryptococcosis was assessed by mortality, quantitative culturing, and histopathology of infected organs from bg/bg and bg/+ mice. immunodeficient bg/bg mice were more susceptible to systemic cryptococcosis than immunocompetent bg/+ mice. differences in susceptibility of bg/bg and bg/+ mice corresponded with temporal differences in histopathology. in contrast to bg/+ mice, inflammatory responses in infected tissues from bg/bg mice c ...19912059919
aids-associated cryptococcosis in bujumbura, burundi: an epidemiological study.cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was isolated from domestic dust in 54% of houses occupied or recently occupied by aids+ cryptococcosis patients and in 20% of control houses randomly chosen in bujumbura, burundi. it was not isolated from wards of similar patients in the university hospital. this seems to prove that patients could not contaminate their own environment and that the presence of c. neoformans var. neoformans had another origin. in 40% of the cases, patients admitted contact w ...19912061793
[antifungal and fungicidal activities of tea extract and catechin against trichophyton].we examined tea extract, (-) epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) and theaflavin digallate (tf3) for their antifungal and fungicidal activities against trichophyton mentagrophytes, t. rubrum, candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans. tea extract (2.5%) inhibited completely the growth of both t. mentagrophytes and t. rubrum. egcg at 2.5 mg/ml failed to inhibit their growth, whereas tf3 at 0.5 mg/ml inhibited the growth. egcg (1mg/ml) showed no fungicidal activity against trichophyton. tf3 (1mg/ml) ...19912062004
differences in cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide structure influence assembly of alternative complement pathway c3 convertase on fungal surfaces.binding of complement component c3 and factor b to cryptococcus neoformans serotypes a through d via the alternative complement pathway was measured in a system containing fresh nonimmune human serum. serotypes b and c (c. neoformans var. gattii) bound approximately half as many molecules of both complement components as serotypes a and d (c. neoformans var. neoformans). in contrast, removal of xylosyl and glucuronyl side chains from the mannan main chain of capsular polysaccharide by the smith ...19912062324
[the excretion of cryptococcus neoformans (sanfelice) vuillemin 1894 by pet birds].a survey on taxonomy, diagnosis, distribution and pathogenicity of cryptococcus neoformans is given. the investigation presented here concerns 1046 fecal samples of avian species, which can be kept in the living area of humans. all together only 15 strains have been isolated, 9 of which originated from the same breeder.19912065610
murine monoclonal antibodies recognizing a non-capsular antigen that distinguishes between cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and c. neoformans var. gattii.a panel of 4 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) of the igg1 subclass have been made against a cytoplasmic antigen of cryptococcus neoformans. mab 4e2 recognized isolates of c. neoformans var. gatti by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), whilst the other antibodies did not recognize these antigens. by western blot 4e2 recognized determinants at 110-125, 65-70, 45-50 and 36-38 kda. mabs 9e6, 7c7 and 5d9 recognized bands at 36-38 and approximately 30 kda. all 4 mabs (4e2, 9e6, 7c7 and 5d9) recogni ...19912068741
amphotericin b lipid complex therapy of experimental fungal infections in mice.the amphotericin b lipid complex (ablc), which is composed of amphotericin b and the phospholipids dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, was evaluated for its acute toxicity in mice and for its efficacy in mice infected with a variety of fungal pathogens. ablc was markedly less toxic to mice when it was administered intravenously; it had a 50% lethal dose of greater than 40 mg/kg compared with a 50% lethal dose of 3 mg/kg for fungizone, the desoxycholate form of a ...19912069367
combined therapy with fluconazole and flucytosine in murine cryptococcal meningitis.to assess the possible beneficial effects of combined therapy (fluconazole and flucytosine) in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in the immunocompromised host, we compared therapy with fluconazole and flucytosine, individually and combined, in the experimental murine model. balb/c athymic (nu/nu) mice were infected intracerebrally with 150 to 300 cfu of cryptococcus neoformans. in mortality studies, treatment was initiated 24 h postinfection and continued for 10 to 14 days with either flu ...19912069378
[mycological and clinical study of cryptococcosis in yokohama city university hospital during the period from 1965 to 1989].among patients examined at the central laboratory of yokohama city university hospital over the 25 years from 1965 to 1989, those whose clinical samples showed cryptococcus were studied in greater detail. the following findings were obtained. of 16 patients who were found to have cryptococcosis, 14 (87.5%) were treated at the department of internal medicine, and one each at the departments of neurosurgery and dermatology. a study of these patients in terms of clinical type revealed 10 patients ( ...19912071957
role of natural killer cells in resistance to systemic cryptococcosis.these studies demonstrate that cryptococcus neoformans infection induced a dose-dependent augmentation of splenic natural killer (nk) cell activity by bg/+, but not bg/bg mice. to directly assess the role of nk cells in resistance to c. neoformans, bg/+ and bg/bg mice were treated with anti-nk-1.1 monoclonal antibody (mab). anti-nk-1.1-treatment abrogated the augmented nk cell activity observed during c. neoformans infection in bg/+ mice. anti-nk-1.1-treated bg/+ mice had higher c. neoformans co ...19912072032
spectrum of in vitro antifungal activity of ditiocarb sodium.the immunomodulator ditiocarb sodium (sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, dtc, cas 148-18-5) is finding increasing use in treating aids-patients. using a macro broth dilution method the minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal fungicidal concentrations of dtc were studied for 76 fungal strains (54 species) and a broad spectrum of direct antifungal activity was found. all 6 candida albicans strains tested were inhibited by 1.2 micrograms dtc/ml, a concentration achievable by i.v. administration o ...19911650228
[in vitro antifungal activity of itraconazole, a new triazole antifungal agent, against clinical isolates from patients with systemic mycoses].the in vitro antifungal activity of itraconazole (itz), a new oral triazole antifungal agent, against clinical isolates from patients with systemic mycoses were compared with those of existing systemic antifungals, viz. ketoconazole (kcz), miconazole or amphotericin b. the studies were performed with 65 isolates of pathogenic yeasts and 13 isolates of aspergillus spp. using the agar dilution method on casitone agar. itz showed the most potent antifungal activities against isolates of pathogenic ...19911652654
[the therapeutic effects of itraconazole, a new triazole antifungal agent, for experimental fungal infections].the therapeutic efficacy of itraconazole (itz), and oral triazole antifungal agent, was studied using several experimental fungal infections in animals. the following results were obtained: 1. ed50 values of itz and ketoconazole (kcz) in a murine model of systemic candidiasis produced by intravenous challenge of candida albicans alls were 32.9 mg/kg and 224 mg/kg, respectively. itz suppressed the proliferation of candida experimentally colonized in the gi-tract of mice and/or a secondary dissemi ...19911652657
surgical pathology of the liver in hiv infection.in the 6-year period 1984-1989, 101 liver biopsies or 'needle necropsies' from human immunodeficiency virus positive patients were examined histologically. of these, only nine showed no abnormality whatsoever. the commonest histological findings were either fatty change or changes related to co-existent chronic viral hepatitis. granulomas were seen in 15 cases, four of which were positive for acid-fast bacilli. a range of organisms were recorded: cytomegalovirus (4); histoplasma capsulatum (1); ...19911653181
fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole in-vitro activity. a comparative study.we compared in-vitro activity of fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole by evaluating their minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) for 100 fungal strains isolated from different biological specimens of arc/aids patients. a semisolid agar medium was used: this method is suitable for testing molds and yeasts, and can be applied to all azole antifungal drugs. fluconazole had higher mics than two other tested drugs, especially for candida krusei strains; however it never had a mic higher than ...19911655990
modulation of human alveolar macrophage properties by ozone exposure in vitro.we have investigated changes in human alveolar macrophage (ham) function after exposure in vitro to ozone (o3) (0.1-1.0 ppm for 2-4 hr). the functions studied reflect concern that o3 is detrimental to host defense mechanisms in the bronchoalveolar spaces. exposure of ham to o3 caused a concentration-dependent increase in release of prostaglandin e2 (pge2), an important modulator of inflammation, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst. although phagocytosis of particulate immune complexes was decrease ...19911658983
[therapy of systemic mycoses in neutropenic patients using itraconazole. a comparative, randomized study with amphotericin b].systemic mycosis constitute a serious threat for the patient with granulocytopenia. the most important causative agents are candida spp., aspergillus spp. and, to a lesser extent, cryptococcus neoformans, mucoraceae and pseudoallescheria boydii. treatment of such infections with amphotericin b is difficult, because of the many side-effects of this medicine, such as hypotension, fever, shivering, thrombophlebitis, nephrotoxicity, renal tubular acidosis, hypokalaemia, anaemia and thrombocytopenia. ...19911663200
[purification and antimicrobial activity of human neutrophil defensins].neutrophils are one of the weapons of host defenses against microbial infection. their ability to kill the invading microorganisms depends on two principle mechanisms. one depends on production of reactive oxygen intermediates (roi) by stimulated neutrophils, and the other depends on the delivery of antimicrobial contents of the neutrophils' cytoplasmic granules, oxygen-independent. the defensins have the highest concentration in the neutrophils, and the broadest antimicrobial spectrum, being ca ...19911666973
immunity to a pulmonary cryptococcus neoformans infection requires both cd4+ and cd8+ t cells.the role of cd4+ and cd8+ t cells in mediating pulmonary clearance of a cryptococcal infection was investigated. intratracheal inoculation of balb/c and c.b-17 mice with a moderately virulent strain of cryptococcus neoformans (52d) resulted in a pulmonary infection, which was cleared by a t cell-dependent mechanism. during this clearance, there was a significant influx of both cd4+ and cd8+ t cells into the lungs. depletion of cd4+ t cells by injections of cd4-specific monoclonal antibody (mab) ...19911672543
the mouse antibody response to infection with cryptococcus neoformans: vh and vl usage in polysaccharide binding antibodies.cryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous fungus that can cause serious infections in humans. the fungus has a polysaccharide (c. neoformans capsular polysaccharide; cnps) capsule that contributes to its pathogenicity and can elicit an antibody response. nevertheless, only 4 of 60 balb/c mice chronically infected with c. neoformans had a detectable increase in serum anti-cnps. the sera of three responder mice contained both igm and igg anti-cnps antibody, and the titers of lambda and kappa anti-cn ...19911676047
cryptococcal infection presenting with lumbosacral polyradiculopathy: report of a case.cryptococcal infection presenting primarily as lumbosacral polyradiculopathy is rare. we report on a 57-year-old man with lumbosacral polyradiculopathy, and in which a culture from the cerebrospinal fluid grew cryptococcus neoformans. a serum cryptococcal antigen study showed a positive reaction. biopsy specimens from the spinal nerve rootlet showed evidence of arachnoiditis and direct involvement of the nerve root by cryptococcus neoformans. it is important to remember that localized lumbosacra ...19911686893
murine natural killer cells are fungicidal to cryptococcus neoformans.murine natural killer (nk) cells have been shown to bind to and inhibit the growth of cryptococcus neoformans in vitro and to contribute to clearance of the organism in vivo. however, it is unclear whether nk cells actually kill cryptococci or simply inhibit proliferation of the fungal target. therefore, the studies presented here were designed to determine whether nk cells are fungicidal to c. neoformans targets. c. neoformans viability was determined on the basis of the metabolic function of t ...19911708359
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