Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| clostridium difficile spore germination: an update. | endospore production is vital for the spread of clostridium difficile infection. however, in order to cause disease, these spores must germinate and return to vegetative cell growth. knowledge of germination is therefore important, with potential practical implications for routine cleaning, outbreak management and potentially in the design of new therapeutics. germination has been well studied in bacillus, but until recently there had been few studies reported in c. difficile. the role of bile s ... | 2010 | 20863888 |
| update: detection of a verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase in klebsiella pneumoniae --- united states, 2010. | in july 2010, cdc was notified of a patient with a carbapenem-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae strain that produced a verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (vim) carbapenemase not reported previously among enterobacteriaceae in the united states. the patient was a woman from the united states who became ill with diarrhea during a mediterranean cruise and was hospitalized in greece, where she received a diagnosis of sepsis and clostridium difficile infection. after 12 days in two hospital ... | 2010 | 20864922 |
| proteomic analysis of the insoluble subproteome of clostridium difficile strain 630. | clostridium difficile, a gram-positive spore-forming anaerobe, causes infections in humans ranging from mild diarrhoeal to potentially life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. the availability of genomic information for a range of c. difficile strains affords researchers the opportunity to better understand not only the evolution of these organisms but also their basic physiology and biochemistry. we used proteomics to characterize the insoluble subproteome of c. difficile strain 630. gel-base ... | 2010 | 20868380 |
| preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections: an executive summary of the association for professionals in infection control and epidemiology, inc, elimination guide. | the association for professionals in infection control and epidemiology (apic) began publishing their series of elimination guides in 2007. since then, 9 elimination guides have been developed that cover a range of important infection prevention issues, including the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (cautis), as well as mediastinitis surgical site surveillance. multidrug-resistant organisms, i ... | 2010 | 20868930 |
| epidemiology of community-onset clostridium difficile infection in a community in the south of england. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has traditionally been considered a hospital acquired infection but there are a rising number of infections in the community. this study estimates the prevalence of community-onset cdi (co-cdi), defined as onset of symptoms in a community setting and outside the hospital, and examines the risk factors for co-cdi in 2-64 year-olds. | 2010 | 20869672 |
| quantifying interhospital patient sharing as a mechanism for infectious disease spread. | assessments of infectious disease spread in hospitals seldom account for interfacility patient sharing. this is particularly important for pathogens with prolonged incubation periods or carrier states. | 2010 | 20874503 |
| incidence, case fatality and genotypes causing clostridium difficile infections, finland, 2008* | clin microbiol infect abstract: since 2000, the epidemiology of c. difficile infections (cdi) has changed in the us and europe. few population-based assessments of both incidence and case fatality of cdi have been performed. in this study, the finnish nationwide laboratory-based surveillance data from the year 2008 were analysed to assess the incidence and case fatality of cdi, and to detect regional differences in relation to molecular epidemiology. a total of 6201 episodes of cdi were identifi ... | 2010 | 20874814 |
| clostridium difficile infections among hospitalized children, united states, 1997-2006. | 2010 | 20875309 | |
| clostridium difficile knowledge in healthcare workers: conclusions in the absence of broader evaluation. | 2010 | 20883611 | |
| an outbreak case of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea among elderly inpatients of an intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in rio de janeiro, brazil. | the aim of this study was to investigate clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in an intensive care unit (icu) of a tertiary hospital in rio de janeiro, brazil, and to characterize epidemiologically c. difficile strains obtained from an outbreak of cdad. within almost a 4-year surveillance period, cdad incidence was determined for the first time in brazil, and a 3-fold increase was observed in the average rate of cdad, featuring an outbreak. about 80% of the patients were over 65 year ... | 2010 | 20884155 |
| fulminant clostridium difficile toxic megacolon in a pediatric heart transplant recipient. | patel a, gossett jj, benton t, rowell e, russell h, cham e, pahl e. fulminant clostridium difficile toxic megacolon in a pediatric heart transplant recipient. pediatr transplantation 2010: 00: 000-000. © 2010 john wiley & sons a/s. abstract: cd can be a cause of diarrhea in pediatric heart transplant recipients. fulminant colitis can develop in immunocompromised patients with cd and progress to toxic megacolon. we report a case of a 10-yr-old girl who developed cd diarrhea and subsequently fulm ... | 2010 | 20887401 |
| analysis of prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in kuwait over a 3-year period. | we conducted a prospective study to evaluate the prevalence and epidemiology of cdi in kuwait government hospitals over a 3-year period, january 2003 to december 2005, to determine the ribotypes responsible for cdi and to estimate the prevalence of ribotype 027. we also conducted a case-control study to identify the risk factors in our patient population. a total of 697 stool samples from patients with suspected cdi were obtained and sent to anaerobe reference laboratory, faculty of medicine, ku ... | 2010 | 20887795 |
| [the microbiota and infectious diarrhea]. | understanding the importance of the fecal microbiota has been key in understanding the pathophysiology of some infectious diarrheas. in addition to normal protective measures of bile, gastric acid, and immune response, among others, we now know that the healthy gut flora protects us from some infectious diarrheas. antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) is an excellent example, as antibiotics perturb the normal flora; the resulting diarrhea may be due to changes in short chain fatty acid metabolism ... | 2010 | 20889002 |
| [recent advances in saccharomyces boulardii research]. | this review summarizes the probiotic mechanisms of action of saccharomyces boulardii (s. boulardii) against inflammatory and non-inflammatory diarrheal conditions. s. boulardii is distributed in lyophilized form in many countries and used for the prevention of diarrhea in children and adults, including clostridium difficile (c. difficile) associated infection. the main mechanisms of action of s. boulardii include inhibition of activities of bacterial pathogenic products, trophic effects on the i ... | 2010 | 20889007 |
| investigation of toxin gene diversity, molecular epidemiology, and antimicrobial resistance of clostridium difficile isolated from 12 hospitals in south korea. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the objective of this study was to characterize clinical isolates of c. difficile obtained from various regions in korea with regard to their toxin status, molecular type, and antimicrobial susceptibility. | 2010 | 20890081 |
| [antimicrobial activity of oral quinolones against clinical isolates of bifidobacterium group and clostridium difficile]. | administrations of antimicrobial agent influence human intestinal flora, and sometimes lead to cause clostridium difficile colitis (cdc). it has been well known that antimicrobial agents, such as clindamycin (cldm), ampicillin (abpc) and cephems, frequently cause c. difficile colitis, however, recently some respiratory quinolones, such as garenoxacin (grnx) and moxifloxacin (mflx), have paid to attention. bifidobacterium species would be highly associated with the preservation of normal intestin ... | 2010 | 20919497 |
| prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and association with toxin genes in clostridium difficile in commercial swine. | to estimate prevalence and determine association between antimicrobia resistance and toxin gene profile of clostridium difficile in commercial pigs at the preharvest food-safety level. | 2010 | 20919905 |
| in the clinic. clostridium difficile infection. | this issue provides a clinical overview of clostridium difficile infection focusing on prevention, diagnosis, treatment, practice improvement, and patient information. readers can complete the accompanying cme quiz for 1.5 credits. only acp members and individual subscribers can access the electronic features of in the clinic. non-subscribers who wish to access this issue of in the clinic can elect "pay for view." subscribers can receive 1.5 category 1 cme credits by completing the cme quiz that ... | 2010 | 20921540 |
| clostridium difficile infection and liver disease. | the rates of the predominantly hospital acquired infection, clostridium difficile, have increased throughout the world. several risk factors and susceptible patient populations have been identified. patients with pre-existing liver disease represent an important cohort; recent evidence suggests that clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is associated with a worse outcome and increased health care costs. this review focuses on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, treatment options and ou ... | 2010 | 20922196 |
| [epidemiology of severe clostridium difficile infections in hesse, germany in 2008-2009]. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of health care associated infections in industrialized countries. during the past decade, the incidence and clinical severity of c. difficile infections (cdi) have increased markedly. this increase has been associated with the emergence of a possibly highly virulent strain, the c. difficile pcr ribotype 027. we investigated the emergence of severe cdi and the associated pcr ribotypes in hesse, germany. | 2010 | 20922636 |
| potential value of repeat stool testing for clostridium difficile stool toxin using enzyme immunoassay? | the aim of this brief review is to summarize the literature as it relates to the potential value of repeat stool testing for clostridium difficile (c. difficile) toxin using an enzyme immunoassay (eia) for toxin a&b and also propose a potential newer algorithm for diagnosing c. difficile. | 2010 | 20923255 |
| intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection: a review. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased sharply in incidence, mortality rate, and burden on the healthcare system over the past decade. therefore, novel treatment modalities have been developed, including intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig). the level of immune response to clostridium difficile colonization is the major determinant of the magnitude and duration of clinical manifestations. this effect is mediated predominantly by serum igg anti-toxin a antibodies. based on this finding, ... | 2010 | 20924675 |
| a classification system for hospital-based infection outbreaks. | outbreaks of infection within semi-closed environments such as hospitals, whether inherent in the environment (such as clostridium difficile (c.diff) or methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) or imported from the wider community (such as norwalk-like viruses (nlvs)), are difficult to manage. as part of our work on modelling such outbreaks, we have developed a classification system to describe the impact of a particular outbreak upon an organization. this classification system may the ... | 2010 | 20924858 |
| spores of clostridium difficile in hospital air. | 2010 | 20925506 | |
| effect of ceftobiprole on the normal human intestinal microflora. | ceftobiprole is a new broad-spectrum pyrrolidinone cephem active against meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecalis and gram-negative bacteria such as enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas spp. the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of administration of ceftobiprole on the normal intestinal microflora. twelve healthy subjects (six males and six females) aged 20-31 years received ceftobiprole 500 mg by intravenous infusion every 8h ... | 2010 | 20926263 |
| rifampin plus metronidazole for clostridium difficile infection. | 2010 | 20929305 | |
| global epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in 2010. | the past decade has been characterized by an epidemic of clostridium difficile infection in north america and europe that threatens to extend to the rest of the world. the epidemic is due in part to the emergence of a previously rare and now more lethal c. difficile strain variously named group bi, ribotype 027, and north american pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis type 1. | 2010 | 20929364 |
| detection of clostridium difficile infection. | there has been a recent surge of interest in clostridium difficile infection, which reflects an impressive increase in the number and severity of these infections. this review addresses some of the newer methods for detection of c. difficile infection at the bedside and in the laboratory. particularly important are the new rapid diagnostic tests that detect toxigenic c. difficile using polymerase chain reaction and the combination tests that, either simultaneously or sequentially, screen for c. ... | 2010 | 20929365 |
| prevention of healthcare‐associated clostridium difficile infection: what works? | prevention of clostridium difficile infection has become extremely important because of increases in its incidence and severity. unfortunately, efforts at c. difficile infection prevention are hampered by lack of data to support optimal prevention methods, especially for endemic c. difficile infection. studies are needed to define the optimal prevention practices and to investigate novel prevention methods. | 2010 | 20929366 |
| sequencing of superbugs seen as key to combating their spread. | 2010 | 20930725 | |
| medical microbiology: a toxin contest. | 2010 | 20930831 | |
| impact of clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been increasing in incidence among those with underlying inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and is associated with substantial morbidity, the need for surgery and even mortality. the similar clinical presentation between cdi and a flare of underlying ibd makes prompt diagnosis essential to prevent deterioration which would accompany an escalation of immunosuppression in the absence of appropriate antibiotic therapy. classical risk factors (antibiotic or he ... | 2010 | 20932144 |
| nosocomial infections and multidrug-resistant bacterial organisms in the pediatric intensive care unit. | nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units (picus) caused by multidrug-resistant bacterial organisms are increasing. this review attempts to report on significant findings in the current literature related to nosocomial infections in picu settings with an international perspective. the types of nosocomial infections are addressed, including catheter-related bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections and post-surgica ... | 2010 | 20936380 |
| [clostridium difficile]. | 2010 | 20942043 | |
| evaluation of the cepheid xpert clostridium difficile epi assay for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection and typing of the nap1 strain at a cancer hospital. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of health care-associated diarrhea. accurate and rapid diagnosis is essential to improve patient outcome and prevent disease spread. we compared our two-step diagnostic algorithm, an enzyme immunoassay for glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) followed by the cytotoxin neutralization test (cyt) with a turnaround time of 24 to 48 h, versus the cepheid xpert c. difficile epi assay, a pcr-based assay with a turnaround time of <1 h. in the first phase of the st ... | 2010 | 20943860 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a tertiary care medical center. | this retrospective, case-control study aimed to identify variables associated with the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in acute care facilities and to specifically identify the relationship of fluoroquinolones and acid suppressive agents in the development of cdad. seventy-one symptomatic patients positive for c. difficile toxin a or b hospitalized for at least 72 hours were compared with 142 control patients hospitalized for at least 72 hours who were not positive ... | 2010 | 20944758 |
| susceptibility of clostridium difficile toward antimicrobial agents used as feed additives for food animals. | a total of 65 toxigenic clostridium difficile strains isolated from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea were tested for susceptibility to avilamycin, flavomycin, monensin, and salinomycin. except for flavomycin the substances showed in vitro efficacy comparable to reports of the currently most commonly used drugs for treatment of c. difficile. this indicates that these old compounds may be useful for the treatment of c. difficile infections in man and perhaps for other bacterial causes ... | 2010 | 20950192 |
| the diverse sporulation characteristics of clostridium difficile clinical isolates are not associated with type. | clostridium difficile causes diarrhoeal diseases ranging from asymptomatic carriage to a fulminant, relapsing, and potentially fatal colitis. endospore production plays a vital role in transmission of infection, and in order to cause disease these spores must then germinate and return to vegetative cell growth. type bi/nap1/027 strains of c. difficile have recently become highly represented among clinical isolates and are associated with increased disease severity. it has also been suggested tha ... | 2010 | 20950700 |
| outcomes of emergency colectomy for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile has become increasingly a common cause of nosocomial infection with increasing antibiotic usage. recently there has been an increase in the incidence of patients undergoing colectomy for fulminant c. difficile colitis (fcdc). early surgical consultation is necessary to avoid delay in diagnosis. we present a retrospective review of the outcomes of colectomies for fcdc at our large district general hospital. | 2010 | 20950772 |
| the safety of drugs used in acid-related disorders and functional gastrointestinal disorders. | medicines are frequently used in the management of acid-related disorders and functional gastrointestinal disorders. with the exception of complicated peptic ulcer disease, these disorders are not associated with appreciable mortality. drug treatments have consequently been held to the highest standards of safety. some medicines have been withdrawn or restricted based on assessments and perceptions of risk. however, the risk of serious toxicity is low for most of the agents discussed in this art ... | 2010 | 20951916 |
| clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: understanding the evolving relationship. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi) is the leading identifiable cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. while there is an alarming trend of increasing incidence and severity of cdi in the united states and europe, superimposed cdi in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) has drawn considerable attention in the gastrointestinal community. the majority of ibd patients appear to contract cdi as outpatients. c. difficile affects disease course of ibd in several ways, inclu ... | 2010 | 20954275 |
| recurrent haemophagocytic syndrome in an hiv-infected patient. | we describe a case of recurrent haemophagocytic syndrome (hs) in an hiv-infected patient.the first episode was associated with active human herpesvirus 8 infection and progressive kaposi's sarcoma which was successfully treated with splenectomy, foscarnet and chemotherapy. the second episode was triggered by a clostridium difficile colitis and resolved completely after treatment with metronidazole only. recurrent hs has rarely been described in adult patients out of the setting of relapsing mali ... | 2010 | 20954469 |
| clostridium difficile infection in cancer patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | clostridium difficile has become the most common bacterial cause of nosocomial diarrhea. high rates of c. difficile infection (cdi) coupled with increasing morbidity and mortality attributed to cdi have sparked a renewed interest in this disease. emergence of hypervirulent strains, rising rates of severe and recurrent infection and associated infection control challenges, and diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas are major issues in the non-oncology population. scant data on cdi exist in the cance ... | 2010 | 20954878 |
| an update on clostridium difficile infection and its management. | 2010 | 20955528 | |
| reducing the incidence of clostridium difficile infections: can we do it? | 2010 | 20957908 | |
| comment: the relationship between inpatient fluoroquinolone use and clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2010 | 20959498 | |
| audit of the laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection in the uk. | a uk-wide audit of the laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) was undertaken by the association of clinical pathologists and the royal college of pathologists, in conjunction with keele university. a postal questionnaire was sent out to all consultant microbiologists, with eighty responses available for analysis. there was considerable variation in laboratory practices. in particular, only 56% of laboratories gave guidance on follow-up testing of toxin-negative samples, 68 ... | 2010 | 20965100 |
| mapping interactions between germinants and clostridium difficile spores. | germination of clostridium difficile spores is the first required step in establishing c. difficile-associated disease (cdad). taurocholate (a bile salt) and glycine (an amino acid) have been shown to be important germinants of c. difficile spores. in the present study, we tested a series of glycine and taurocholate analogs for the ability to induce or inhibit c. difficile spore germination. testing of glycine analogs revealed that both the carboxy and amino groups are important epitopes for rec ... | 2010 | 20971909 |
| recent epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. | given the limited information on clostridium difficile infection (cdi) during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct), we examined the recent epidemiology of cdi in hsct recipients at our institution. during the two-yr retrospective study period (2005-2006), 361 transplants were performed: 60% allogeneic and 40% autologous. among all hospitalized patients in a non-outbreak setting, cdi rates in hsct recipients were ninefold higher than those in general patients and 1.4-fold higher than th ... | 2010 | 20973823 |
| identification of a genetic locus responsible for antimicrobial peptide resistance in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile causes chronic intestinal disease, yet little is understood about how the bacterium interacts with and survives in the host. to colonize the intestine and cause persistent disease, the bacterium must circumvent killing by host innate immune factors, such as cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps). in this study, we investigated the effect of model camps on growth and found that c. difficile is not only sensitive to these compounds but also responds to low levels of camps by ... | 2010 | 20974818 |
| murine model of clostridium difficile infection with aged gnotobiotic c57bl/6 mice and a bi/nap1 strain. | the increased incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in older adults (age, ≥65 years) corresponds with the emergence of the bi/nap1 strain, making elucidation of the host immune response extremely important. we therefore infected germ-free c57bl/6 mice aged 7-14 months with a bi/nap1 strain and monitored the mice for response. infected mice were moribund 48-72 h after infection and developed gross and histological cecitis and colitis and elevated concentrations of kerati ... | 2010 | 20977342 |
| management of clostridium difficile infection: thinking inside and outside the box. | treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has relied on 2 antimicrobial agents, metronidazole and vancomycin, since the recognition of this disease entity. while effective, these "inside the box" approaches to cdi management have the disadvantage of further microbial disruption of the host indigenous microflora. "outside the box" therapies use non-antimicrobial approaches to management and are theoretically less prone to causing recurrent cdi episodes. recent advances in understanding o ... | 2010 | 20979491 |
| comparison of real-time pcr techniques to cytotoxigenic culture methods for diagnosing clostridium difficile infection. | in the past decade, the incidence of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) with a more severe course has increased in europe and north america. assays that are capable of rapidly diagnosing cdi are essential. two real-time pcrs (lumc and lvi) targeting c. difficile toxin genes (tcdb, and tcda and tcdb, respectively) were compared with the bd geneohm pcr (targeting the tcdb gene), using cytotoxigenic culture as a gold standard. in addition, a real-time pcr targeting the tcdc frameshift mutation ... | 2010 | 20980562 |
| what is the current role of algorithmic approaches for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection? | with the recognition of several serious outbreaks of clostridium difficile infection in the industrialized world coupled with the development of new testing technologies for detection of this organism, there has been renewed interest in the laboratory diagnosis of c. difficile infection. two factors seem to have driven much of this interest. first, the recognition that immunoassays for detection of c. difficile toxins a and b, for many years the most widely used tests for c. difficile infection ... | 2010 | 20980568 |
| follicular fluid high-density lipoprotein-associated sphingosine 1-phosphate (s1p) promotes human granulosa lutein cell migration via s1p receptor type 3 and small g-protein rac1. | coordinated migration and progesterone production by granulosa cells is critical to the development of the corpus luteum, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. sphingosine 1-phosphate (s1p), which is associated with follicular fluid high-density lipoprotein (ff-hdl), was previously shown to regulate ovarian angiogenesis. we herein examined the effects of s1p and ff-hdl on the function of granulosa lutein cells. both ff-hdl and s1p induced migration of primary human granulosa lutein cells ... | 2010 | 20980685 |
| risk factors for treatment failure and recurrence after metronidazole treatment for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | the incidence of treatment failure or recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) following metronidazole treatment has increased recently. we studied the treatment failure, recurrence rate, and risk factors predictive of treatment failure and recurrence after metronidazole treatment for cdad. | 2010 | 20981209 |
| statewide experience with clostridium difficile colitis in academic and nonacademic medical centers (*). | abstract background: clostridium difficile colitis is a nosocomial infection that can present as minor, readily treated symptoms or as fulminant colitis leading to death. risk factors for c. difficile colitis have been defined, and certain populations of hospitalized patients appear to be particularly susceptible. however, most information on c. difficile colitis is from large tertiary-care medical centers. whether the community hospital experience is similar to that of large referral centers is ... | 2010 | 21028991 |
| regulatory oversight and safety of probiotic use. | depending on intended use of a probiotic (drug vs. dietary supplement), regulatory requirements differ greatly. for dietary supplements, premarketing demonstration of safety and efficacy and approval by the food and drug administration are not required; only premarket notification is required. saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic regulated as a dietary supplement intended for use by the general healthy population, not as a drug to prevent, treat, or mitigate disease. however, since recent incr ... | 2010 | 21029521 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients in dhahran, saudi arabia. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is an important healthcare-associated infection. however, there are no data from saudi arabia on this disease. a two-year prospective, observational study on the incidence of cdad in a hospital in saudi arabia was carried out. stool analysis for c. difficile toxins a and b was carried out by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. medical and laboratory records were reviewed. of the total number of patients, there were 53.3% male and the mean age wa ... | 2010 | 21030314 |
| evaluation of sporicidal activities of selected environmental surface disinfectants: carrier tests with the spores of clostridium difficile and its surrogates. | the emergence of clostridium difficile as a major nosocomial pathogen points to the need for safe, effective, and fast-acting environmental sporicides for infection prevention and control. available and fast-acting sporicides are generally corrosive and unsafe for both humans and the environment. | 2010 | 21034981 |
| real-time pcr and typing of clostridium difficile isolates colonizing mare-foal pairs. | clostridium difficile infection can occur in the dams of sick foals, but it is unknown if mares and foals share the same isolates. in this study, c. difficile isolates from fecal samples of 11 mares paired with 11 foals were genotyped by arbitrarily primed pcr; two mares and three foals in five mare-foal pairs had diarrhea. fecal immunoassays were utilized to detect c. difficile common antigen and toxin a. quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) systems were developed to detect genes for toxins a and ... | 2010 | 21035363 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile in retail pork. | clostridium difficile was isolated from 1.8% (7/393) of retail pork samples obtained from 4 canadian provinces. five ribotypes and 3 toxinotypes were identified. three isolates were indistinguishable from the international outbreak strain ribotype 027 and were toxinotype iii. although the implications for food safety practices remain elusive, the frequency of toxigenic isolates and isolates indistinguishable from known human pathogenic strains suggests contaminated pork may be a source of c. dif ... | 2010 | 21037888 |
| a homology model for clostridium difficile methionyl trna synthetase: active site analysis and docking interactions. | treatment of c. difficile infection is one of the most difficult biomedical challenges. to develop novel antibacterials, researchers have been targeting bacterial molecular functions that are essential for its growth. the methionyl trna synthetase (metrs) is strictly required for protein biosynthesis and success was reported in developing antibacterials to inhibit this enzyme. the present study was aimed at building and analyzing a homology model for c. difficile metrs in the context of drug des ... | 2010 | 21042822 |
| autoproteolytic cleavage mediates cytotoxicity of clostridium difficile toxin a. | toxin a and toxin b from clostridium difficile are the causative agents of the antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. they are of an a/b structure type and possess inositol hexakisphosphate-inducible autoproteolytic activity to release their glucosyltransferase domain to the cytoplasm of target cells. in this study, we investigated the effect of extracellular and intracellular autoproteolytic cleavage on the function of tcda. extracellular cleavage led to functional inactivation albeit ... | 2010 | 21046073 |
| interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy - 50th annual meeting - research on promising new agents: part 1. | the 50th annual interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (icaac), held in boston, included topics covering new therapeutic developments in the field of infectious disease. this conference report highlights selected presentations on research with novel antimicrobial agents. investigational drugs discussed include the dicationic porphyrin derivative xf-73 (destiny pharma), the tetracycline analog tp-434 (tetraphase pharmaceuticals), an elongation factor tu inhibitor (novart ... | 2010 | 21046515 |
| [environmental contamination by clostridium difficile]. | 2010 | 21046723 | |
| comparative metagenomic study of alterations to the intestinal microbiota and risk of nosocomial clostridum difficile-associated disease. | this study investigated the relationship between hospital exposures, intestinal microbiota, and subsequent risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), with use of a nested case-control design. the study included 599 patients, hospitalized from september 2006 through may 2007 in montreal, quebec, from whom fecal samples were obtained within 72 h after admission; 25 developed cdad, and 50 matched controls were selected for analysis. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotic ... | 2010 | 21050115 |
| clostridium difficile infections in patients with severe burns. | with improved survival in burn patients, clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remains a significant potential complication. the incidence of, risk factors for, and outcomes of cdi in severely burned patients are poorly studied and remain unclear. this study involves retrospective case control and cohort studies using electronic medical records from february 1, 2002 to january 31, 2009 at the us department of defense's only burn unit. demographic, risk factor, and outcome data were collected for ... | 2010 | 21050662 |
| inhibition of rho-kinase abrogates migration of human transitional cell carcinoma cells: results of an in vitro study. | migration of cells involves a complex signaling network. the aim of the present study was to elucidate the impact of rho-kinase (rok) on g protein-coupled receptor-induced migration of human transitional cell carcinoma cells in an in vitro experimental setting. | 2010 | 21051874 |
| interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care. | health care-associated infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. hand hygiene is regarded as an effective preventive measure. | 2010 | 20824842 |
| when diarrhea gets deadly: a look at gastroenteritis outbreaks in nursing homes. | 2010 | 20825307 | |
| [gut translocation septicemia in infant]. | intestinal microbiotype necessary for life is a source of complications in childhood. bacterial translocation is responsible of endogenous septicaemia and invasive complications. we report five cases of severe invasive infections associated with diarrhoea, digestive bleeding or sepsis. biological parameters for inflammation are highly positive, and blood cultures reveal bacterial identification: salmonella enteridis, enterobacter cloacae, campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli or clostridium dif ... | 2010 | 20826329 |
| clostridium difficile in a nursing home patient. | 2010 | 20827932 | |
| [practical experience with the detection clostridium difficile]. | clostridium difficile is an important pathogen causing nosocomial diarrhoea and colitis which, in severe cases, may result in pseudomembranous colitis and eventually death. the main pathogenicity factors for c. difficile are toxins referred to as a and b. the diagnosis of diseases caused by c. difficile is based on detection of the toxins, together with culture and determination of susceptibility of c. difficile strains to antibiotics. the article reports results of tests of kits for detecting c ... | 2010 | 20640985 |
| [experience with the use of new tests for detecting clostridium difficile]. | in recent years, clostridium difficile has been among the most important nosocomial pathogens. it causes intestinal infectious diseases detectable by numerous laboratory methods. given the severity of the diseases, some tests have proved inadequately sensitive. the article summarizes the first experience with the latest kits for early and sensitive detection of toxic strains of clostridium difficile. | 2010 | 20640986 |
| [approach to the treatment of intestinal infectious diseases caused by clostridium difficile]. | the treatment of infections caused by clostridium difficile requires a comprehensive approach. the administration of antibiotics of choice (vancomycin or metronidazole) is crucial. the choice of particular agents is based on the severity and course of the disease. besides antibiotics, alternative approaches continue to be of interest, especially in forms inadequately responding to antibiotic therapy and in case of recurring infections. | 2010 | 20640987 |
| clostridium difficile: (re)emergence of zoonotic potential. | 2010 | 20642350 | |
| clostridium difficile in food and domestic animals: a new foodborne pathogen? | clostridium difficile infection is increasingly recognized as a cause of diarrhea in outpatients and persons with no apparent health care facility contacts. in contrast to c. difficile infection acquired in health care settings, few risk factors for development of community-associated c. difficile infection are known. foodborne transmission of c. difficile has been hypothesized as a possible source for community-associated infections; however, the evidence to confirm or refute this hypothesis is ... | 2010 | 20642351 |
| interpreting adverse drug reaction (adr) reports as hospital patient safety incidents. | what is already known about this subject: adverse drug reactions (adrs) are a reporting category in the national patient safety agency (npsa) incident reporting system, though the medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency (mhra) pharmacovigilance system is the more established method for collecting adr data. | 2010 | 20642552 |
| longitudinal investigation of clostridium difficile shedding in piglets. | a longitudinal study of clostridium difficile colonization in piglets was performed on a conventional swine farm in ontario, canada. fecal samples were collected from 10 sows prior to their expected farrowing date, and then from all their piglets on days 2, 7, 30, 44 and 62 of life. c. difficile was isolated from 4/10 (40%) of sows prior to farrowing, 90/121 (74%) piglets on day 2, 66/117 (56%) on day 7, 45/113 (40%) on day 30, 23/101 (23%) on day 44 and 2/54 (3.7%) on day 62. there was a signif ... | 2010 | 20708700 |
| integration of metabolism and virulence by clostridium difficile cody. | cody, a global regulatory protein that monitors the nutrient sufficiency of the environment by responding to the intracellular levels of gtp and the branched-chain amino acids, was previously shown to be a potent repressor of toxin gene expression in clostridium difficile during growth in rich medium. in the intestinal tract, such derepression of toxin synthesis would lead to destruction of epithelial cells and the liberation of potential nutrients for the bacterium. cody is likely to play an im ... | 2010 | 20709897 |
| demonstration of conjugative transposon (tn5397)-mediated horizontal gene transfer between clostridium difficile and enterococcus faecalis. | antibiotic-resistant enterococcus faecalis and clostridium difficile are responsible for nosocomial infections in humans, in which they inhabit the same niche. here, we demonstrate transfer of the conjugative transposon tn5397 from c. difficile 630 to e. faecalis jh2-2, the first reported gene transfer between these two bacteria. furthermore, transfer from the e. faecalis ef20a transconjugant to the epidemic ribotype 027 c. difficile strain r20291 was also demonstrated. tn5397 was shown to use a ... | 2010 | 20713671 |
| failure of tigecycline to treat severe clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection is an emerging and often difficult-to-treat iatrogenic complication. recent data suggest that tigecycline, a novel antibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, can be used successfully to treat patients with severe clostridium difficile infection. we report a 70-year-old man who developed severe clostridium difficile infection, was admitted to the intensive care unit and eventually succumbed to complications of his illness despite receiving tigecycline f ... | 2010 | 20715744 |
| durable alteration of the colonic microbiota by the administration of donor fecal flora. | to determine whether fecal bacteriotherapy results in a durable beneficial change in the colonic microbiota of patients with flora-related disorders. | 2010 | 20716985 |
| diagnostic approach to clostridium difficile infection. | 2010 | 20717859 | |
| [inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile: be prepared]. | in this report we describe 3 female patients, aged 38, 29 and 91, with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and suffering from an episode of abdominal symptoms and diarrhoea. this raised suspicion of a flare-up of ibd, but all three proved to have clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). this diagnosis led to a change in management, medication being changed from ciprofloxacin into metronidazole in 2 patients. patients known to have ibd often present with abdominal pain and diarrhoea. in such ... | 2010 | 20719011 |
| assessment of clostridium difficile infections by quantitative detection of tcdb toxin by use of a real-time cell analysis system. | we explored the use of a real-time cell analysis (rtca) system for the assessment of clostridium difficile toxins in human stool specimens by monitoring the dynamic responses of the hs27 cells to tcdb toxins. the c. difficile toxin caused cytotoxic effects on the cells, which resulted in a dose-dependent and time-dependent decrease in cell impedance. the rtca assay possessed an analytical sensitivity of 0.2 ng/ml for c. difficile toxin b with no cross-reactions with other enterotoxins, nontoxige ... | 2010 | 20720023 |
| the abc's for eliminating clostridium difficile. | 2010 | 20722322 | |
| clostridium difficile infection: an emerging epidemic with more questions than answers. | 2010 | 20722592 | |
| a new macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin (opt-80), causes less alteration to the bowel microbiota of clostridium difficile-infected patients than does vancomycin. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common identifiable cause of diarrhoea in hospitalized patients. current therapies rely on the administration of metronidazole or vancomycin, which reduce vegetative populations of c. difficile in the bowel. recurrence of the disease when treatment with these antibiotics ceases indicates that metronidazole and vancomycin affect not only c. difficile but also commensal populations that normally mediate competitive exclusion. fidaxomicin is a new a ... | 2010 | 20724385 |
| oritavancin: a novel lipoglycopeptide active against gram-positive pathogens including multiresistant strains. | oritavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic under investigation for the treatment of serious infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. oritavancin has demonstrated rapid dose-dependent bactericidal activity towards vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant enterococci, meticillin-susceptible and -resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-intermediate s. aureus (visa), heteroresistant visa (hvisa), vancomycin-resistant s. aureus (vrsa) and small-colony variants of s. aureus. it is also active a ... | 2010 | 20729040 |
| clostridium difficile infection in the republic of ireland: results of a 1-month national surveillance and ribotyping project, march 2009. | 2010 | 20731596 | |
| is gastrointestinal endoscopy a risk factor for clostridium difficile associated diarrhea? | 2010 | 20736117 | |
| evaluation of a chromogenic culture medium for isolation of clostridium difficile within 24 hours. | rapid and effective methods for the isolation of clostridium difficile from stool samples are desirable to obtain isolates for typing or to facilitate accurate diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. we report on the evaluation of a prototype chromogenic medium (id c. difficile prototype [idcd]) for isolation of c. difficile. the chromogenic medium was compared using (i) 368 untreated stool samples that were also inoculated onto clo medium, (ii) 339 stool samples that were subjected to al ... | 2010 | 20739493 |
| a statewide assessment of surgical site infection following colectomy: the role of oral antibiotics. | to determine the utility of adding oral nonabsorbable antibiotics to the bowel prep prior to elective colon surgery. | 2010 | 20739852 |
| clostridium difficile infections: what every clinician should know. | the leading cause of nosocomial enteric infections in the us is a potentially lethal condition that influences the daily care of medical and surgical patients across all specialties. the incidence is increasing because of the emergence of a new virulent strain, the development of antibiotic resistance, and an increase in infection rates within populations once believed to be at low risk. current strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are cited. transmission can be minimized with ... | 2010 | 20740115 |
| does the handling time of unrefrigerated human fecal specimens impact the detection of clostridium difficile toxins in a hospital setting? | the stability of clostridium difficile toxins is an important factor in determining the accuracy of the enzyme immunoassay (eia). the centers for disease control has stated that c. difficile toxins may become undetectable in unrefrigerated stool specimens within 2 h after collection. | 2010 | 20740339 |
| use of purified clostridium difficile spores to facilitate evaluation of health care disinfection regimens. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease in many parts of the world. in recent years, distinct genetic variants of c. difficile that cause severe disease and persist within health care settings have emerged. highly resistant and infectious c. difficile spores are proposed to be the main vectors of environmental persistence and host transmission, so methods to accurately monitor spores and their inactivation are urgently needed. here we describe simple qua ... | 2010 | 20802075 |
| adverse effects of proton pump inhibitor drugs: clues and conclusions. | to review evidence relating to the strength of associations that have appeared in largely observational studies, between high-dose or long-term use of proton pump inhibitor drugs and certain possibly attributable side-effects, which emerge from studies confounded by other variables. in retrospective studies not designed to assess safety, evidence of causality is generally lacking. | 2010 | 20802330 |
| intra-abdominal hypertension in fulminant clostridium difficile infection--an under-recognized treatable complication. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in adults, with recent reports of increased severity and case fatality. intra-abdominal hypertension (iah) and abdominal compartment syndrome (acs) are increasingly recognized and treatable complications of severe illness in medical patients, and are independent predictors of mortality. patients with severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are at increased risk for iah and acs. however, acs has been only rarely ... | 2010 | 20802420 |