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generation and maintenance of listeria-specific cd8+ t cell responses in perforin-deficient mice chronically infected with lcmv.disruption of the perforin gene results in primary immunodeficiency and an increased susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens. perforin-deficient (pko) mice fail to clear primary lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv) armstrong, resulting in persistent infection and functional exhaustion of virus-specific cd8+ t cells. cd8+ t cell responses to listeria monocytogenes (lm) challenge within the first week after lcmv infection were diminished in both wt and pko mice, and correlated with enhanced ...200817936870
the non-canonical role of atg family members as suppressors of innate antiviral immune signaling.recent research on autophagy clearly demonstrates that the autophagosome-lysosome pathway plays essential roles in elimination of certain pathogens such as group a streptococcus, mycobacterium tuberculosis, listeria monocytogenes, and herpesvirus. (1-4) we have recently found that a key regulator of the autophagic process, the atg12-atg5 conjugate, associates with the signaling molecules retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i) and interferon-beta promoter stimulator 1 (ips-1), which are essential ...200817921696
mesothelin targeted cancer immunotherapy.mesothelin is a tumour differentiation antigen that is normally present on the mesothelial cells lining the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium. it is, however, highly expressed in several human cancers including malignant mesothelioma, pancreatic, ovarian and lung adenocarcinoma. the normal biologic function of mesothelin is unknown but recent studies have shown that it binds to ca-125 and may play a role in the peritoneal spread of ovarian cancer. the limited mesothelin expression in normal tis ...200817945478
the metalloprotease of listeria monocytogenes is activated by intramolecular autocatalysis.the metalloprotease (mpl) of listeria monocytogenes is a thermolysin-like protease that mediates the maturation of a broad-range phospholipase c, whose function contributes to the ability of this food-borne bacterial pathogen to survive intracellularly. mpl is made as a proprotein that undergoes maturation by proteolytic cleavage of a large n-terminal prodomain. in this study, we identified the n terminus of mature mpl and generated mpl catalytic mutants to investigate the mechanism of mpl matur ...200817965168
listeria monocytogenes is common in wild birds in helsinki region and genotypes are frequently similar with those found along the food chain.to evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of listeria monocytogenes in wild birds and to compare the genotypes with isolates previously collected from foods and food processing environments.200817953682
blockade of endogenous b7-h1 suppresses antibacterial protection after primary listeria monocytogenes infection.b7-h1 (also known as cd274 and pd-l1) is a cosignalling molecule regulating t-cell immunity positively or negatively in vivo. however, little is known about the role of endogenous b7-h1 in bacterial infection. we found that b7-h1 expression was up-regulated in various cell populations including cd4+ and cd8+ t cells, natural killer (nk) cells and macrophages following listeria monocytogenes infection. administration of the antagonistic b7-h1 monoclonal antibody resulted in a significant increase ...200817971153
reduction of bacteria on spinach, lettuce, and surfaces in food service areas using neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water.food safety issues and increases in food borne illnesses have promulgated the development of new sanitation methods to eliminate pathogenic organisms on foods and surfaces in food service areas. electrolyzed oxidizing water (eo water) shows promise as an environmentally friendly broad spectrum microbial decontamination agent. eo water is generated by the passage of a dilute salt solution ( approximately 1% nacl) through an electrochemical cell. this electrolytic process converts chloride ions an ...200817993375
rapid real-time pcr detection of listeria monocytogenes in enriched food samples based on the ssra gene, a novel diagnostic target.a real-time pcr assay was designed to detect a 162-bp fragment of the ssra gene in listeria monocytogenes. the specificity of the assay for l. monocytogenes was confirmed against a panel of 6 listeria species and 26 other bacterial species. a detection limit of 1-10 genome equivalents was determined for the assay. application of the assay in natural and artificially contaminated culture enriched foods, including soft cheese, meat, milk, vegetables and fish, enabled detection of 1-5 cfu l. monocy ...200817993379
the antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil, nisin, and their combination against listeria monocytogenes in minced beef during refrigerated storage.the antimicrobial effect of thyme essential oil (eo) at 0.3%, 0.6%, or 0.9%, nisin at 500 or 1000iu/g, and their combination against listeria monocytogenes was examined in both tryptic soy broth (tsb) and minced beef meat. thyme eo at 0.3% possessed a weak antibacterial activity against the pathogen in tsb, whereas at 0.9% showed unacceptable organoleptic properties in minced meat. thus, only the level of 0.6% of eo was further examined against the pathogen in minced meat. treatment of minced be ...200817993385
high-pressure processing and antimicrobial biodegradable packaging to control listeria monocytogenes during storage of cooked ham.the efficiency of combining high-pressure processing (hpp) and active packaging technologies to control listeria monocytogenes growth during the shelf life of artificially inoculated cooked ham was assessed. three lots of cooked ham were prepared: control, packaging with alginate films, and packaging with antimicrobial alginate films containing enterocins. after packaging, half of the samples were pressurized. sliced cooked ham stored at 6 degrees c experienced a quick growth of l. monocytogenes ...200817993392
isolation of the bacillus subtilis antimicrobial peptide subtilosin from the dairy product-derived bacillus amyloliquefaciens.to purify and characterize an antimicrobial protein (bacteriocin) isolated from the dairy product-derived bacillus amyloliquefaciens.200817976171
glycine betaine improves listeria monocytogenes tolerance to desiccation on parsley leaves independent of the osmolyte transporters betl, gbu and opuc.to investigate the effect of glycine betaine (gb) on the survival of listeria monocytogenes on leaf surfaces under low relative humidity (rh).200817976173
evidence of lethal and sublethal injury in food-borne bacterial pathogens exposed to high-intensity pulsed-plasma gas discharges.to apply scanning electron microscopy, image analysis and a fluorescent viability stain to assess lethal and sublethal injury in food-borne bacteria exposed to pulsed-plasma gas discharges (ppgd).200817983430
the development of a 'labeless' immunosensor for the detection of listeria monocytogenes cell surface protein, internalin b.electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (eis) is a widely used technique for probing bioaffinity interactions at the surfaces of electrically conducting polymers. eis methods can be employed to investigate 'labeless' detection of analytes via impedimetric transduction. this paper describes the development of a direct immunosensor for the detection of a cell-surface protein on listeria monocytogenes, an extremely important food-borne pathogen. l. monocytogenes are facultative anaerobic, non-sporin ...200817988853
epigallocatechin gallate inhibits intracellular survival of listeria monocytogenes in macrophages.epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), the major tea catechin, is known as a potent anti-microbial and anti-tumor compound. the effects of egcg on host defense mechanisms against listeria monocytogenes infection were examined in vitro using mouse peritoneal exudate cells. the study showed that egcg inhibited the intracellular growth of l. monocytogenes in macrophages. the enhancement of in vitro anti-l. monocytogenes activity by egcg is not due to the modulation of reactive oxygen intermediates or the ...200817996193
community-acquired bacterial meningitis in cirrhotic patients.the hospital universitari de bellvitge (barcelona, spain) records all cases of bacterial meningitis in a 120-variable database. the characteristics of bacterial meningitis in cirrhotic patients are not well-known, and all cases of community-acquired bacterial meningitis occurring in cirrhotic patients were therefore identified. during 1977-2002, there were 602 episodes of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults, of which 29 (4.8%) occurred in cirrhotic patients. compared to non-cirrhot ...200818005179
controlling listeria monocytogenes in cottage cheese through heterologous production of enterocin a by lactococcus lactis.enterocin a is an example of a class iia bacteriocin with potent anti-listerial activity. this study was initiated with a view to harnessing this activity, through heterologous production by a lactococcal starter strain, to limit levels of listeria monocytogenes in a food (cottage cheese).200818005345
the role of apoptosis in listeria monocytogenes neural infection: listeriolysin o interaction with neuroblastoma neuro-2a cells.listeria monocytogenes is the etiological agent of meningitis that affects individuals at high risk such as pregnant women, neonates, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. infection by this intracellular pathogen can be lethal if not diagnosed and treated. mouse neuroblastoma neuro-2a cells, a neuron-like cell line, were infected with l. monocytogenes. in this study apoptotic changes of neuroblastoma neuro-2a cells infected with strains of listeria producing different listeriolysin o le ...200818024235
comparative analysis of the sigma b-dependent stress responses in listeria monocytogenes and listeria innocua strains exposed to selected stress conditions.the alternative sigma factor sigma(b) contributes to transcription of stress response and virulence genes in diverse gram-positive bacterial species. the composition and functions of the listeria monocytogenes and listeria innocua sigma(b) regulons were hypothesized to differ due to virulence differences between these closely related species. transcript levels in stationary-phase cells and in cells exposed to salt stress were characterized by microarray analyses for both species. in l. monocytog ...200818024685
ft-ir microspectroscopy: a promising method for the rapid identification of listeria species.this work presents a pilot study to investigate the potential of fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) microspectroscopy for rapid identification of listeria at the species level. using this technique, ft-ir spectra were acquired from 30 strains from five listeria species. the ft-ir spectra were analysed using stepwise canonical discriminant analysis and partial least-squares regression in a stepwise identification scheme. the results showed that 93% of all the samples were assigned to the correct ...200818053065
effects of sub-lethal concentrations of hexanal and 2-(e)-hexenal on membrane fatty acid composition and volatile compounds of listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella enteritidis and escherichia coli.in recent years, the interest in the possible use of natural alternatives to food additives to prevent bacterial and fungal growth has notably increased. plants and plant products can represent a source of natural alternatives to improve the shelf-life and the safety of food. some of these compounds, i.e. hexanal, hexanol, 2-(e)-hexenal and 3-(z)-hexenol, produced throughout the lipoxygenase pathway have important roles in plant defence with a protective action towards microbial proliferation in ...200818055050
development of a mast cell-based biosensor.a mast cell-based biosensor has been developed to enable the use of these cells in numerous applications including pharmaceutical screening, environmental monitoring, clinical diagnosis and homeland security. rat basophilic leukemia (rbl) mast cells offer excellent potential for biosensor applications because they are robust and undergo a dramatic exocytotic response within minutes of antigen addition. to monitor mast cell activation, fluorescent dyes were loaded into the cells and used as indic ...200818055192
listeria monocytogenes desensitizes immune cells to subsequent ca2+ signaling via listeriolysin o-induced depletion of intracellular ca2+ stores.listeriolysin o (llo), the pore-forming toxin of listeria monocytogenes, is a prototype of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (cdcs) secreted by several pathogenic and nonpathogenic gram-positive bacteria. in addition to mediating the escape of the bacterium into the cytosol, this toxin is generally believed to be a central player in host-pathogen interactions during l. monocytogenes infection. llo triggers the influx of ca(2+) into host cells as well as the release of ca(2+) from intracellula ...200818056478
detection, quantification and vitality of listeria monocytogenes in food as determined by quantitative pcr.in this paper we describe the development of a quantitative pcr (qpcr) technique to detect, quantify and determine the vitality of listeria monocytogenes in foods. the method was based on the amplification of the intergenic region spacer (igs) between the 16s and 23s rrna genes. a panel of more than 100 strains of listeria spp. and non-listeria was used in order to verify the specificity of the primers and taqman probe and amplification signals were obtained only when l. monocytogenes dna and rn ...200818061295
a deterministic model for the processing and presentation of bacteria-derived antigenic peptides.the amount and the dynamics of antigen supply to the cellular antigen processing and presentation machinery differ largely among diverse microbial antigens and various types of antigen presenting cells. the precise influence, however, of antigen supply on the antigen presentation pattern of cells is not known. here, we provide a basic deterministic mathematical model of antigen processing and presentation of microbial antigens. the model predicts that different types of antigen presenting cells ...200818061621
proteomic analyses of a listeria monocytogenes mutant lacking sigmab identify new components of the sigmab regulon and highlight a role for sigmab in the utilization of glycerol.in listeria monocytogenes the alternative sigma factor sigmab plays important roles in both virulence and stress tolerance. in this study a proteomic approach was used to define components of the sigmab regulon in l. monocytogenes 10403s (serotype 1/2a). using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and the recently developed isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation technique, the protein expression profiles of the wild type and an isogenic delta sigb deletion strain were compared. overa ...200818065622
inhibition of toll-like receptor signaling in primary murine microglia.microglial cells respond to the herpes simplex virus (hsv)-1 by producing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. after this inflammatory burst, these cells undergo apoptotic cell death. we have recently demonstrated that both virus-induced immune mediator production and apoptosis were induced through toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) signaling. based upon these findings, we hypothesized that the inhibition of tlr2 signaling may serve as a means to alleviate excessive neuroinflammation. in the prese ...200818066668
a bacterial pore-forming toxin forms aggregates in cells that resemble those associated with neurodegenerative diseases.listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial, facultative intracellular pathogen, which secretes a pore-forming toxin called listeriolysin o (llo). llo mediates the dissolution of the phagosomal membrane allowing l. monocytogenes to reach and grow in the host cytosolic compartment. in this study we report the localization of llo secreted in infected cells. we described that llo (i) forms small perinuclear aggregates, (ii) accumulates in large autophagosome-like structures and (iii) sequesters to large ...200818067608
inhibition of listeria monocytogenes in dairy products using the bacteriocin-like peptide cerein 8a.the efficacy of the antimicrobial peptide cerein 8a to control the development of listeria monocytogenes in milk and soft cheese was investigated. the addition of 160 au ml(-1) cerein 8a to uht milk resulted in a decrease of 3 log cycles in viable cells within the 14-day period at 4 degrees c. the viable counts of l. monocytogenes in pasteurized milk samples containing cerein 8a was lower than those observed in controls without bacteriocin. addition of cerein 8a to minas-type soft cheese caused ...200818068253
a significant role for sigma b in the detergent stress response of listeria monocytogenes.to investigate the contribution of the alternative sigma factor sigma b to detergent stress in listeria monocytogenes upon exposure to the surface-active agents, benzalkoniumchloride (bc), cetylpyridinium chloride (cpc) and sodium docecyl sulfate (sds).200818069984
virulence characterization and genotypic analyses of listeria monocytogenes isolates from food and processing environments in eastern china.in this study, twenty l. monocytogenes food-related isolates collected from eastern china zhejiang province were compared by in vivo ld50 assays as well as in vitro cytopathic plaque forming assay. nineteen l. monocytogenes isolates (19/20) were as virulent as reference strain 10403s, while the isolate m4 had low pathogenicity. the unique isolate m4 fell into lineage iii based on the partial nucleotide variations of acta, while the other isolates belonged to the more common lineages i and ii. l. ...200818045718
requirement of secondary lymphoid tissues for the induction of primary and secondary t cell responses against listeria monocytogenes.activation of naive t cells is tightly controlled and depends on cognate interactions with professional antigen-presenting cells. we analyzed dependency on secondary lymphoid tissues for the activation of naive and memory cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells following primary and secondary listeria monocytogenes infection, respectively. in splenectomized lymphotoxin-beta receptor-deficient mice, lacking all secondary lymphoid tissues, oral infection with l. monocytogenes failed to induce bacteria-specific ...200818050270
dose-response model for listeria monocytogenes-induced stillbirths in nonhuman primates.a dose-response model using rhesus monkeys as a surrogate for pregnant women indicates that oral exposure to 10(7) cfu of listeria monocytogenes results in about 50% stillbirths. ten of 33 pregnant rhesus monkeys exposed orally to a single dose of 10(2) to 10(10) cfu of l. monocytogenes had stillbirths. a log-logistic model predicts a dose affecting 50% of animals at 10(7) cfu, comparable to an estimated 10(6) cfu based on an outbreak among pregnant women but much less than the extrapolated esti ...200818070908
foodborne zoonoses due to meat: a quantitative approach for a comparative risk assessment applied to pig slaughtering in europe.foodborne zoonoses have a major health impact in industrialised countries. new european food safety regulations were issued to apply risk analysis to the food chain. the severity of foodborne zoonoses and the exposure of humans to biological hazards transmitted by food must be assessed. for meat, inspection at the slaughterhouse is historically the main means of control to protect consumers. however, the levels of detection of biological hazards during meat inspection have not been established i ...200818073088
effect of relative inoculum concentration on listeria monocytogenes growth in co-culture.growth suppression of multi-species bacterial populations in batch cultures by a single 'dominant' strain has been referred to in the literature as the 'jameson effect'. the effect is often attributed to production of specific inhibitors of growth by one species against another. to explore its basis, we hypothesised that the jameson effect is often a non-specific interaction and that growth inhibition of species in co-culture can be controlled by manipulation of inoculum concentration and growth ...200818083261
activation of cytosolic phospholipase a2alpha in resident peritoneal macrophages by listeria monocytogenes involves listeriolysin o and tlr2.eicosanoid production by macrophages is an early response to microbial infection that promotes acute inflammation. the intracellular pathogen listeria monocytogenes stimulates arachidonic acid release and eicosanoid production from resident mouse peritoneal macrophages through activation of group iva cytosolic phospholipase a2 (cpla2alpha). the ability of wild type l. monocytogenes (wtlm) to stimulate arachidonic acid release is partially dependent on the virulence factor listeriolysin o; howeve ...200818083708
transient transfection of echinococcus multilocularis primary cells and complete in vitro regeneration of metacestode vesicles.a major limitation in studying molecular interactions between parasitic helminths and their hosts is the lack of suitable in vitro cultivation systems for helminth cells and larvae. here we present a method for long-term in vitro cultivation of larval cells of the tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis. primary cells isolated from cultivated metacestode vesicles in vitro showed a morphology typical of echinococcus germinal cells, displayed an echinoc ...200818086473
use of nisin-coated plastic films to control listeria monocytogenes on vacuum-packaged cold-smoked salmon.cold-smoked (salmo salar) salmon samples were surface-inoculated with a cocktail of three nisin-resistant strains of l. monocytogenes (psu1, psu2 and psu21) to a level of approximately 5 x 10(2) or 5 x 10(5) cfu/cm2 of salmon surface. the inoculated smoked salmon samples were vacuum-packaged with control film (no nisin) or nisin-coated plastic films and stored at either 4 or 10 degrees c. when the inoculated smoked salmon samples were packaged with film coated with 2000 iu/cm2 of nisin, a reduct ...200818086503
antigen delivered by anthrax lethal toxin induces the development of memory cd8+ t cells that can be rapidly boosted and display effector functions.memory cd8+ t cells are essential for protective immunity against many intracellular pathogens; therefore, stimulation of this population of cells is an important goal of vaccination. we have previously shown that a detoxified derivative of bacillus anthracis anthrax lethal toxin (lt) can deliver heterologous cd8+ t-cell epitopes to the major histocompatibility complex class i processing and presentation pathway of murine host cells and that immunization of mice with these lt-antigen fusion prot ...200818086810
isolation and purification of enterocin e-760 with broad antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.strain nrrl b-30745, isolated from chicken ceca and identified as enterococcus durans, enterococcus faecium, or enterococcus hirae, was initially identified as antagonistic to campylobacter jejuni. the isolate produced a 5,362-da bacteriocin (enterocin) that inhibits the growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, s. enterica serovar choleraesuis, s. enterica serovar typhimurium, s. enterica serovar gallinarum, escherichia coli o157:h7, yersinia enterocolitica, citrobacter freundii, klebs ...200818086839
characterization of a listeria monocytogenes protein interfering with rab5a.listeria monocytogenes (lm) phagocytic strategy implies recruitment and inhibition of rab5a. here, we identify a listeria protein that binds to rab5a and is responsible for rab5a recruitment to phagosomes and impairment of the gdp/gtp exchange activity. this protein was identified as a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) from listeria (p40 protein, lmo 2459). the p40 protein was found within the phagosomal membrane. analysis of the sequence of lm p40 protein revealed two enzymatic d ...200818088303
multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis of listeria monocytogenes using multicolour capillary electrophoresis and comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing.the multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (mlva) method for genotyping has proven to be a fast and reliable typing tool in several bacterial species. mlva is in our laboratory the routine typing method for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium and escherichia coli o157. the gram-positive bacteria listeria monocytogenes, while not isolated as frequent as s. typhimurium and e. coli, causes severe illness with an overall mortality rate of 30%. thus, it is importan ...200818096258
sequential exposure to carbon nanotubes and bacteria enhances pulmonary inflammation and infectivity.carbon nanotubes (cnt), with their applications in industry and medicine, may lead to new risks to human health. cnt induce a robust pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress in rodents. realistic exposures to cnt may occur in conjunction with other pathogenic impacts (microbial infections) and trigger enhanced responses. we evaluated interactions between pharyngeal aspiration of single-walled cnt (swcnt) and bacterial pulmonary infection of c57bl/6 mice with listeria monocytogenes (lm). mice ...200818096873
antimicrobial activity of nisin, reuterin, and the lactoperoxidase system on listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus in cuajada, a semisolid dairy product manufactured in spain.the inhibitory activity of nisin (n), reuterin (r), and the lactoperoxidase system (lps), added individually or in combination, against listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus was investigated in "cuajada" (curdled milk), a semisolid dairy product manufactured in spain. cuajada was manufactured from uht skim milk separately inoculated with l. monocytogenes and staph. aureus, each at approximately 4 log cfu/ml, and held under conditions of temperature abuse (10 degrees c). on d 3, a syne ...200818096926
use of results of microbiological analyses for risk-based control of listeria monocytogenes in marinated broiler legs.microbial risk assessment provides a means of estimating consumer risks associated with food products. the methods can also be applied at the plant level. in this study results of microbiological analyses were used to develop a robust single plant level risk assessment. furthermore, the prevalence and numbers of listeria monocytogenes in marinated broiler legs in finland were estimated. these estimates were based on information on the prevalence, numbers and genotypes of l. monocytogenes in 186 ...200818155311
ammonia disinfection of animal feeds --laboratory study.animal feeds may be contaminated, accidentally or maliciously, with a number of zoonotic bacteria. animal infections with these bacterial agents, whether or not they cause animal disease, may lead to human illnesses. anhydrous ammonia was introduced on farms in developed countries as a high-nitrogen soil amendment, but later found use in enhancing crude protein in low-quality roughage fed to ruminants and in neutralizing mycotoxins in fungus-infested feed grains. although ammonia has been known ...200818155794
the inhibitory spectrum of thermophilin 9 from streptococcus thermophilus lmd-9 depends on the production of multiple peptides and the activity of blpg(st), a thiol-disulfide oxidase.the blp(st) cluster of streptococcus thermophilus lmd-9 was recently shown to contain all the genetic information required for the production of bacteriocins active against other s. thermophilus strains. in this study, we further investigated the antimicrobial activity of s. thermophilus lmd-9 by testing the susceptibility of 31 bacterial species (87 strains). we showed that lmd-9 displays an inhibitory spectrum targeted toward related gram-positive bacteria, including pathogens such as listeria ...200818156339
folding thermodynamics and kinetics of the leucine-rich repeat domain of the virulence factor internalin b.although the folding of alpha-helical repeat proteins has been well characterized, much less is known about the folding of repeat proteins containing beta-sheets. here we investigate the folding thermodynamics and kinetics of the leucine-rich repeat (lrr) domain of internalin b (inlb), an extracellular virulence factor from the bacterium lysteria monocytogenes. this domain contains seven tandem leucine-rich repeats, of which each contribute a single beta-strand that forms a continuous beta-sheet ...200818156467
periaortic endograft infection due to listeria monocytogenes treated with graft preservation.a 67-year-old man presented to our hospital with general malaise, fever and diffuse abdominal and lower back pain 7 weeks after endovascular aneurysm repair. blood samples showed a leukocyte count of 10.9 x 10(9)/l and a c-reactive protein of 239 mg/l. the computed tomography (ct)-scan showed fluid collections behind the proximal part of the endovascular graft and dorsal to the aorta. ct-guided translumbar needle aspiration of these collections yielded growth with listeria monocytogenes. prosthe ...200818295117
a "retrocidal" plasmid in enterococcus faecalis: passage and protection.enterococcus faecalis mc4 harbors a 130 kb conjugative, pheromone (ccf10)-responding plasmid, pams1, conferring chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline resistances. a plasmid-borne class iia bacteriocin (mc4-1) determinant and cognate immunity gene were present, but not expressed in mc4. however, pams1 transfer to e. faecalis jh2-2 (but not to the non-isogenic og1ss) generated the surprising ability to express bacteriocin activity against the plasmid donor, mc4. the bacteriocin target spe ...200818295881
restricted expression of c-type lectin-like natural killer receptors by cd8 t cells in the murine small intestine.the intestinal mucosa represents a challenging environment for cd8+ t cells, which must tolerate nutrient antigens and commensal microorganisms while responding efficiently to pathogens. consequently, specific regulatory mechanisms apply for cd8+ t cells in the intestinal environment, which should also be reflected in a tissue-specific gene expression profile of these cells. this study investigates whether such tissue-specific gene expression can be observed in cd8+ t cells primed during bacteri ...200818298548
detection of sublethal thermal injury in salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and listeria monocytogenes using fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy (4000 to 600 cm(-1)).fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy (4000 to 600 cm(-1)) was utilized to detect sublethally heat-injured microorganisms: salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium atcc 14028, a gram-negative bacterium, and listeria monocytogenes atcc 19113, a gram-positive bacterium. a range of heat treatments (n= 2) at 60 degrees c were evaluated: 0d (control), 2d, 4d, 6d, and 8d using a d(60 degrees c) (s. enterica serotype typhimurium atcc 14028 = 0.30 min, l. monocytogenes atcc 19113 = 0.43 min). ...200818298736
control of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella anatum on the surface of smoked salmon coated with calcium alginate coating containing oyster lysozyme and nisin.this study investigated the antimicrobial effect of oyster lysozyme with or without nisin added to calcium alginate (caalg) coated on the surface of smoked salmon against listeria monocytogenes and salmonella anatum. l. monocytogenes or s. anatum inoculated smoked salmon samples (1 g) were dipped into caalg with either oyster lysozyme (oysl) or hen egg white lysozyme (hewl), with or without added nisin (n), then stored at 4 degrees c for 35 d. our results indicated that the effectiveness of oyst ...200818298738
inactivation of listeria innocua on frankfurters that contain potassium lactate and sodium diacetate by flash pasteurization.listeria monocytogenes, a psychrotrophic foodborne pathogen, is a recurring postprocess contaminant on ready-to-eat meat (rte) products, including frankfurters. potassium lactate (pl) and sodium diacetate (sda) are fda-approved antimicrobials that inhibit the growth of l. monocytogenes when incorporated into the formulation of fine emulsion sausage. flash (steam) pasteurization (fp) has been shown to reduce levels of l. monocytogenes, and its surrogate l. innocua, on frankfurter surfaces. the ab ...200818298739
comparison of the in vitro efficacies of moxifloxacin and amoxicillin against listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes severe infections associated with a high mortality rate. moxifloxacin presents extended activity against gram-positive bacteria and has recently been suggested to be a potential alternative in the treatment of listeriosis. we evaluated the in vitro efficacy of moxifloxacin against l. monocytogenes using a combination of epidemiological and experimental approaches. the median mic of moxifloxacin for a large collection of ...200818299415
quantitative evaluation of interleukin-12 p40 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.the heterodimeric cytokine il-12 (composed of a p35 and a p40 subunit) is produced primarily by monocytes, macrophages and b cells. in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated the crucial role of il-12 in initiating and establishing both innate immunity and t cell-mediated resistance to intracellular pathogens, including leishmania donovani, toxoplasma gondii, listeria monocytogenes, and mycobacterium tuberculosis. assessment of cytokine expression has thus become crucial to understand ho ...200818300039
monocyte-mediated defense against microbial pathogens.circulating blood monocytes supply peripheral tissues with macrophage and dendritic cell (dc) precursors and, in the setting of infection, also contribute directly to immune defense against microbial pathogens. in humans and mice, monocytes are divided into two major subsets that either specifically traffic into inflamed tissues or, in the absence of overt inflammation, constitutively maintain tissue macrophage/dc populations. inflammatory monocytes respond rapidly to microbial stimuli by secret ...200818303997
potential antimicrobials to control listeria monocytogenes in vacuum-packaged cold-smoked salmon pâté and fillets.in the wake of recent outbreaks associated with listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods and an increasing desire for minimally processed foods, there has been a burgeoning interest in the use of natural antimicrobials by the food industry to control this pathogen. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of nisin and salts of organic acids (sodium lactate (sl), sodium diacetate (sd), sodium benzoate (sb), and potassium sorbate (ps)) against twelve strains of l. monocytogenes in a tsbye ...200818308410
multiple point mutations in virulence genes explain the low virulence of listeria monocytogenes field strains.in order to understand the causes of the low virulence of listeria monocytogenes field strains, five low-virulence strains were analysed. these five strains showed changes in relation to invasion, phosphatidyl-inositol phospholipase c (pi-plc) activity, plaque formation and in vivo virulence. molecular analyses revealed the same mutations in the plca, inla and inlb genes in all five strains. the thr262ala substitution in the pi-plc protein was responsible for the absence of pi-plc activity. this ...200818310040
interactions between food-borne pathogens and protozoa isolated from lettuce and spinach.the survival of salmonella enterica was recently shown to increase when the bacteria were sequestered in expelled food vacuoles (vesicles) of tetrahymena. because fresh produce is increasingly linked to outbreaks of enteric illness, the present investigation aimed to determine the prevalence of protozoa on spinach and lettuce and to examine their interactions with s. enterica, escherichia coli o157:h7, and listeria monocytogenes. glaucoma sp., colpoda steinii, and acanthamoeba palestinensis were ...200818310421
optical tweezers cause physiological damage to escherichia coli and listeria bacteria.we investigated the degree of physiological damage to bacterial cells caused by optical trapping using a 1,064-nm laser. the physiological condition of the cells was determined by their ability to maintain a ph gradient across the cell wall; healthy cells are able to maintain a ph gradient over the cell wall, whereas compromised cells are less efficient, thus giving rise to a diminished ph gradient. the ph gradient was measured by fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy by incorporating a ph-sensi ...200818310432
analysis of time-resolved scattering from macroscale bacterial colonies.we investigate the relationship of incubation time and forward-scattering signature for bacterial colonies grown on solid nutrient surfaces. the aim of this research is to understand the colony growth characteristics and the corresponding evolution of the scattering patterns for a variety of pathogenic bacteria relevant to food safety. in particular, we characterized time-varying macroscopic and microscopic morphological properties of the growing colonies and modeled their optical properties in ...200818315368
listeria monocytogenes activated dendritic cell based vaccine for prevention of experimental tumor in mice.the use of dendritic cells (dcs) as a cellular adjuvant provides a promising approach in immunotherapy of cancer. it has been demonstrated that listeria monocytogenes activated dcs pulsed ex vivo with tumor antigens trigger a systemic th1-biased specific immune response and a single dose of this vaccine will cause a considerable anti tumor immunity.200818319523
application of pcr-sscp for molecular epidemiological studies on the exposure of farm children to bacteria in environmental dust.the environmental exposure of farm children to microorganisms in dust has become a focus of interest, since microbial exposure on farms has been related to a reduced prevalence of asthma and atopic diseases in children. previous studies almost exclusively focused on the determination of microbial counts using conventional culturing or the determination of microbial compounds i.e. endotoxins. in this study pcr-sscp (single-strand conformation polymorphism) was modified for characterising bacteria ...200818321601
role of interleukin-12 in determining differential kinetics of invariant natural killer t cells in response to differential burden of listeria monocytogenes.invariant (i) natural killer (nk) t cells are unique t lymphocytes expressing nkr-p1b/c (nk1.1), which recognize glycolipids, notably alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-galcer) presented by cd1d. the characteristic phenotype of these inkt cells undergoes dramatic changes following listeria monocytogenes infection, and interleukin (il)-12 is involved in these alterations. here we show that liver inkt cells in mice are differentially influenced by the load of infection. liver alpha-galcer/cd1d tetram ...200818321748
deviation from a strong th1-dominated to a modest th17-dominated cd4 t cell response in the absence of il-12p40 and type i ifns sustains protective cd8 t cells.the differentiation of naive cd4 t cells into specific effector subsets is controlled in large part by the milieu of cytokines present during their initial encounter with ag. cytokines that drive differentiation of the newly described th17 lineage have been characterized in vitro, but the cytokines that prime commitment to this lineage in response to infection in vivo are less clear. listeria monocytogenes (lm) induces a strong th1 response in wild-type mice. by contrast, we demonstrate that in ...200818322221
ifn-beta increases listeriolysin o-induced membrane permeabilization and death of macrophages.type i ifn (ifn-i) signaling is detrimental to cells and mice infected with listeria monocytogenes. in this study, we investigate the impact of ifn-i on the activity of listeriolysin o (llo), a pore-forming toxin and virulence protein released by l. monocytogenes. treatment of macrophages with ifn-beta increased the ability of sublytic llo concentrations to cause transient permeability of the plasma membrane. at higher llo concentrations, ifn-beta enhanced the complete breakdown of membrane inte ...200818322222
antibacterial activity of tannin constituents from phaseolus vulgaris, fagoypyrum esculentum, corylus avellana and juglans nigra.tannins were fractionated from acetonic extract preparations of phenolic compounds from phaseolus vulgaris, fagoypyrum esculentum, corylus avellana and juglans nigra. wide variations in antibacterial activities ranging from mics of 62.5 to 500 microg/ml were apparent. of particular note was a relatively high level of activity (62.5 to 125 microg/ml) for all extracts against listeria monocytogenes.200818325686
microbiological safety of sandwiches from hospitals and other health care establishments in the united kingdom with a focus on listeria monocytogenes and other listeria species.in the united kingdom between 1999 and 2004, there were four outbreaks of listeria monocytogenes infection associated with sandwiches purchased from or provided in hospitals. elderly or immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to infection; therefore, the focus of this study was on sandwiches served in health care establishments. of 3,249 sandwich samples collected between april 2005 and march 2006, 3.3% were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality because o ...200818326180
antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin against foodborne pathogenic bacteria incorporated into edible chitosan film.the objectives of this research were to develop and characterize edible chitosan film containing lactoferrin as a natural antimicrobial agent, and to investigate the combination effects of lactoferrin with lysozyme in chitosan film against the growth of escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes. chitosan films containing lactoferrin, lysozyme, or nisin were fabricated, and the antimicrobial concentrations were 0.5, 1, or 2 mg in a circular disc of chitosan film. three concentrations of ...200818326181
growth inhibitory effects of kimchi (korean traditional fermented vegetable product) against bacillus cereus, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus.kimchi is a unique korean traditional vegetable product that is fermented by lactic acid bacteria (lab) and is mainly consumed as a side dish with boiled rice. its main ingredients are brined chinese cabbage, red pepper powder, and fermented fish sauce, and these are combined with many spices such as garlic, green onion, ginger, and some seaweed. the relationship between the concentration of lab or the ph and the growth of three gram-positive foodborne pathogens (bacillus cereus, listeria monocy ...200818326182
foodnet survey of food use and practices in long-term care facilities.foodborne illness is an important problem among the elderly. one risk factor for foodborne illness and diarrhea-associated mortality among the elderly is residence in a long-term care facility (ltcf); thus, these facilities must implement measures to ensure safe food. to assess safe food practices, knowledge, and policies, we used a mailed, self-administered questionnaire to survey food service directors at ltcfs that were certified to receive medicare or medicaid at eight foodborne diseases act ...200818326188
contributions of two-component regulatory systems, alternative sigma factors, and negative regulators to listeria monocytogenes cold adaptation and cold growth.the ability of listeria monocytogenes to grow at refrigeration temperatures is critical for transmission of this foodborne pathogen. we evaluated the contributions of different transcriptional regulators and two-component regulatory systems to l. monocytogenes cold adaptation and cold growth. l. monocytogenes parent strain 10403s and selected isogenic null mutants in genes encoding four alternative sigma factors (sigb, sigh, sigc, and sigl), two regulators of sigmab (rsbt and rsbv), two negative ...200818326199
heat shock induces barotolerance in listeria monocytogenes.the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heat shock on the resistance of listeria monocytogenes to high pressure processing (hpp). l. monocytogenes atcc 19115 was grown to stationary phase at 15 degrees c and inoculated into whole ultrahigh-temperature milk at approximately 10(7) cfu/ml. milk samples (5 ml) were placed into plastic transfer pipettes, which were heat sealed and then heated in a water bath at 48 degrees c for 10 min. immediately after heat shock, the milk was cooled ...200818326200
listeria monocytogenes internalins bind to the human intestinal mucin muc2.listeria monocytogenes cross the intestinal barrier causing systemic infections with high mortality rates. intestinal infection triggers release of intestinal mucus. we show that three l. monocytogenes internalins, inlb, inlc and inlj all bound to muc2 (the major component of intestinal mucus), but not to the cell surface mucin muc1. binding was strongest to inlb>inlc>inlj (p < 0.001). listerial internalins are characterized by their internalin domain, composed by leucine rich repeats (lrr) foll ...200818327567
[perparation and characterization of the monoclonal antibodies against listeriolysin o].to prepare the monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against listeriolysin o (llo), which is the major virulence factor of listeria monocytogenes.200818328183
inhibition of rock activity allows inlf-mediated invasion and increased virulence of listeria monocytogenes.listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes life-threatening disease. the mechanisms used by l. monocytogenes to invade non-professional phagocytic cells are not fully understood. in addition to the requirement of bacterial determinants, host cell conditions profoundly influence infection. here, we have shown that inhibition of the rhoa/rock pathway by pharmacological inhibitors or rna interference results in increased l. monocytogenes invasion of murine fibroblasts ...200818331468
keratinocyte growth factor and androgen blockade work in concert to protect against conditioning regimen-induced thymic epithelial damage and enhance t-cell reconstitution after murine bone marrow transplantation.myeloablative conditioning results in thymic epithelial cell (tec) injury, slow t-cell reconstitution, and a high risk of opportunistic infections. keratinocyte growth factor (kgf) stimulates tec proliferation and, when given preconditioning, reduces tec injury. thymocytes and tecs express androgen receptors, and exposure to androgen inhibits thymopoiesis. in this study, we have investigated whether tec stimulation via preconditioning treatment with kgf and leuprolide acetate (lupron), 2 clinica ...200818334670
on the nature of antimicrobial activity: a model for protegrin-1 pores.we conducted over 150 ns of simulation of a protegrin-1 octamer pore in a lipid bilayer composed of palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (pope) and palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (popg) lipids mimicking the inner membrane of a bacterial cell. the simulations improve on a model of a pore proposed from recent nmr experiments and provide a coherent understanding of the molecular mechanism of antimicrobial activity. although lipids tilt somewhat toward the peptides, the simulated protegrin ...200818335931
crystal structure and standardized geometric analysis of inlj, a listerial virulence factor and leucine-rich repeat protein with a novel cysteine ladder.we report on the crystal structure of the internalin domain of inlj, a virulence-associated surface protein of listeria monocytogenes, at 2.7-a resolution. inlj is a member of the internalin family of listerial cell surface proteins characterized by a common n-terminal domain. inlj bears 15 leucine-rich repeats (lrrs), the same number as in inla, the prototypical internalin family member. the lrrs of inlj differ from those of other internalins by having 21, rather than 22, residues and by replac ...200818343406
qnr-like pentapeptide repeat proteins in gram-positive bacteria.to study the role of qnr-like pentapeptide repeat proteins (prps) from several gram-positive species with quinolone resistance in vitro.200818343805
a comparison between polymeric microsphere and bacterial vectors for macrophage p388d1 gene delivery.the purpose of this study was to compare bacterial and polymeric gene delivery devices for the ability to deliver plasmid dna to a murine macrophage p388d1 cell line.200818343983
survival and growth of foodborne microorganisms in processed and individually wrapped cheese slices.the objectives of the research reported here were to determine the growth, survival, or inactivation of selected microorganisms on individually wrapped processed cheese (iwc) slices stored at 5 degrees c and 22 degrees c, and to compare quality indices. iwc slices were spot-inoculated with foodborne pathogenic bacteria (listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, and salmonella spp.), spoilage bacteria (pseudomonas spp. and lactobacillus spp.), and spoilage molds (penicillium spp. and cladosp ...200818348389
virulence of listeria monocytogenes isolated from the cheese dairy environment, other foods and clinical cases.the virulence potential of 51 listeria monocytogenes isolates, including strains from cheese, cheese production environments and from human cases of listeriosis, was evaluated in this study. the isolates were used to infect ht-29 cell monolayers in an in vitro test of virulence, based on a plaque-forming assay (pfa). fifteen selected isolates were used for subcutaneous footpad inoculation in mice and subsequent recovery of the bacterium from the spleen 3 days after inoculation. in the pfa, two i ...200818349357
[neonatal septicemia caused by listeria monocytogenes: report of 6 cases].neonatal listeriosis is a relatively rare but serious disease with a high mortality rate. this study was conducted to analyze the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of 6 cases with listeria monocytogenes septicemia confirmed by positive blood cultures.200818353233
trail deficiency does not rescue impaired cd8+ t cell memory generated in the absence of cd4+ t cell help.ag-specific cd8(+) t cells immunized in the absence of cd4(+) t cell help, so-called "unhelped" cd8(+) t cells, are defective in function and survival. we investigated the role of the proapoptotic molecule trail in this defect. we first demonstrate that trail does not contribute to the cd8(+) t cell response to listeria monocytogenes strain expressing ova (lmova) in the presence of cd4(+) t cells. secondly, we generated mice doubly deficient in cd4(+) t cells and trail and analyzed their cd8(+) ...200818354179
the inflammasome: a key player in the inflammation triggered in response to bacterial pathogens. 200818354318
comparison of primary predictive models to study the growth of listeria monocytogenes at low temperatures in liquid cultures and selection of fastest growing ribotypes in meat and turkey product slurries.this study compared the performance of four primary mathematical models to study the growth kinetics of listeria monocytogenes ribotypes grown at low temperature so as to identify the best predictive model. the parameters of the best-fitting model were used to select the fastest growing strains with the shortest lag time and greatest growth rate. nineteen food, human and animal l. monocytogenes isolates with distinct ribotype were grown at 4, 8, and 12 degrees c in tryptic soy broth and slurries ...200818355671
potential of a nisin-containing bacterial cellulose film to inhibit listeria monocytogenes on processed meats.a bacterially produced cellulose film containing nisin was developed and used in a proof-of-concept study to control listeria monocytogenes and total aerobic bacteria on the surface of vacuum-packaged frankfurters. bacterial cellulose pellicles were produced by gluconacetobacter xylinus k3 in corn steep liquor-mannitol medium and were subsequently purified before nisin was incorporated into them. investigations into the effect of nisin concentrations and contact times on incorporation of nisin i ...200818355672
combination of high-intensity pulsed electric fields with natural antimicrobials to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms and extend the shelf-life of melon and watermelon juices.the effect of high-intensity pulsed electric field (hipef) combined with citric acid (0.5-2.0%, w/v) or cinnamon bark oil (0.05-0.30%, w/v) against populations of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enteritidis and listeria monocytogenes in melon and watermelon juices were evaluated. microbiological shelf-life and sensory attributes were also determined. populations of e. coli o157:h7, s. enteritidis and l. monocytogenes were reduced by more than 5.0log(10)cfu/ml in hipef-processed melon (35kv/ ...200818355673
edible chitosan films on ready-to-eat roast beef for the control of listeria monocytogenes.the use of chitosan as an edible film was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against listeria monocytogenes (lm) on the surface of ready-to-eat (rte) roast beef. l. monocytogenes, decimally diluted to give an initial inoculation of >6.50logcfu/g, was inoculated onto the surface of rte roast beef cubes, and air-dried. the samples were dipped into chitosan (high or low molecular weights) solutions dissolved with acetic or lactic acid at 0.5% (w/v) or 1% (w/v) then bagged and refrigerated at ...200818355679
rapid culling of the cd4+ t cell repertoire in the transition from effector to memory.requirements for cd4+ t cell memory differentiation were analyzed with adoptively transferred smarta t cell receptor (tcr) transgenic cells specific for alymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv) epitope. lcmv-induced effector and memory differentiation of smarta cells mimicked the endogenous cd4+ t cell response. in contrast, infection with a recombinant listeria expressing the lcmv epitope, although resulting initially in massive smarta expansion, led to loss of effector function and rapid cel ...200818356084
modeling transfer of listeria monocytogenes from slicer to deli meat during mechanical slicing.listeria monocytogenes has been implicated in several listeriosis outbreaks linked to the consumption of presliced ready-to-eat (rte) deli meats. the possible contamination of sliced rte meats by l. monocytogenes during the slicing process has become a public health concern. the objectives of this study were to investigate the transfer phenomena of l. monocytogenes between a meat slicer and ham slices, and to develop empirical models to describe the transfer during slicing. a six-strain cocktail ...200818361687
[relations of the causative agents of plague and listeriosis during their simultaneous stay in the flea citellophilus tesquorum at different environmental temperatures].experiments were carried out to determine the persistence of a plague microbe with varying praline labeling (isolated in the central caucasian mountain focus of plague in the fleas citellophilus tesquorum of a mountain subspecies) in the contamination of the mixed culture of the plague microbe and listeria. inoculation of fleas with a suspension of a plague microbe and listeriae demonstrates the manifest signs of antagonism between both species of microorganisms. this is evidenced by the reducti ...200818368716
evolution, expression and effectiveness in a cluster of novel bovine beta-defensins.the anti-microbial peptides beta-defensins constitute a large family of innate immune effector molecules, conserved across a wide species range. in this paper, we describe a systematic search of the sequenced bovine genome to characterise this extensive gene family in bos taurus, providing an insight into the pattern of conservation of beta-defensin genes between species. we have sequenced a sub-set of these newly discovered bovine beta-defensin genes and also report expression data for these ge ...200818369613
polyclonal and antigen-specific responses of t cells and t cell subsets.evaluation of the functional responses of t cells is of importance in determining the mechanism(s) of immunodeficiency resulting from chronic alcohol abuse and other conditions that lead to immune dysfunction. mice that are chronically exposed to 20% (w/v) ethanol in water develop immunodeficiency and have t cells with abnormal activation profiles, reduced total numbers, increased cd4/cd8 ratios, and an increased memory/naïve phenotype ratio. these cells also have abnormal antigen-specific respo ...200818369925
bioluminescence imaging to evaluate infections and host response in vivo.the continued prospect of emerging pathogens and recent events including the acceptance of widespread drug resistance and threats of bioterrorism have introduced the necessity be creative in our development of therapies for bacterial infections. many pathogens have both acute and persistent phases. there is a need to understand these pathogens throughout their entire life cycle within the host and determine the role that the host response including innate immunity plays in the establishment and ...200818370150
[identification of proteins determining the virulence of listeria monocytogenes using the bioinformation analysis].the postgenomic stage of biotechnology allows the bioinformation approaches to be used for revealing previously unknown factors involved in different processes. in this work, bioinformation approaches were applied to analysis of factors involved in the l. monocytogenes virulence. several open reading frames (orfs) were identified in l. monocytogenes genome, which encode proteins with high level homology to bacterial peptidases and which meets the developed criteria. the influence of the orfs on ...200818376476
the antimicrobial efficacy of plant essential oil combinations and interactions with food ingredients.the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of plant essential oils (eos) in combination and to investigate the effect of food ingredients on their efficacy. the eos assessed in combination included basil, lemon balm, marjoram, oregano, rosemary, sage and thyme. combinations of eos were initially screened against bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes and pseudomonas aeruginosa using the spot-on-agar test. the influence of varying concentrations of eo combinations ...200818378032
assessing genetic heterogeneity within bacterial species isolated from gastrointestinal and environmental samples: how many isolates does it take?strain typing of bacterial isolates is increasingly used to identify sources of infection or product contamination and to elucidate routes of transmission of pathogens or spoilage organisms. usually, the number of bacterial isolates belonging to the same species that is analyzed per sample is determined by convention, convenience, laboratory capacity, or financial resources. statistical considerations and knowledge of the heterogeneity of bacterial populations in various sources can be used to d ...200818378649
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