Publications

our first line of defense against bioterrorism. part 1.	health care's response to the anthrax outbreak highlights our critical need to enlist sophisticated information technology (it) tools in the defense against bioterrorism. part 1 of a two-part series explains what went wrong in the most recent attack and suggests how a national it infrastructure might help in the future.	2002	11923974
[affinity sorbents having magnetic properties in the clinical picture and diagnosis of communicable and non-communicable diseases].	affine magnetic sorbents which have no analogs in the practice of our country have been for the first time developed for the rapid diagnosis of various life-threatening diseases (plague, cholera, anthrax, glanders, meliodosis, tularemia, leptospirosis, dysentery, viral hepatitis a) and for the identification of their causative agents. the efficacy of new magnet-controlling test systems has been repeatedly confirmed by their applications in epidemiological events and emergencies: in the epidemiol ...	2002	11924124
preparing for bioterrorism.		2002	11924164
cdc director to step down march 31.		2002	11924204
the three faces of anthrax.		2002	11925586
[female patient with cutaneous anthrax in belgium].		2002	11925816
diagnosis and management of suspected cases of bioterrorism: a pediatric perspective.	since october 3, 2001, the centers for disease control and prevention and other organizations have been investigating potential bioterrorist-related anthrax cases. the pediatrician may be faced with complex issues related to diagnosis and treatment of illnesses caused by intentionally released biological agents. the agents that pose a major potential bioterrorist threat are reviewed by the clinical syndromes they produce: acute respiratory distress with fever, influenza-like illnesses, acute ras ...	2002	11927716
new york city, 2001: reaction and response.		2002	11937606
anthrax update.		2002	11944174
[infections by bacillus anthracis].		2002	11951140
tracking the anthrax attacks.		2002	11951313
bioterrorism watch. building a bridge over the abyss: will bioterrorism help bring disjointed health system together?		2002	11951727
bioterrorism watch. was anthrax mailer a bioweapons researcher?		2002	11951729
suspected cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker--texas, 2002.	on march 6, 2002, cdc's national institute for occupational safety and health (niosh) received a request for a health hazard evaluation from the director of laboratory a to assist in the evaluation of a worker who had been diagnosed with cutaneous anthrax. laboratory a, a provisionally approved laboratory response network level b laboratory, had been processing environmental samples for bacillus anthracis in support of cdc investigations of the bioterrorist attacks in the united states during fa ...	2002	11952281
developmental switch of s-layer protein synthesis in bacillus anthracis.	adjustment of the synthesis of abundant protein to the requirements of the cell involves processes critical to the minimization of energy expenditure. the regulation of s-layer genes might be a good model for such processes because expression must be controlled, such that the encoded proteins exactly cover the surface of the bacterium. bacillus anthracis has two s-layer genes, sap and eag, encoding the s-layer proteins sap and ea1 respectively. we report that the production and surface localizat ...	2002	11952909
calmodulin in action: diversity in target recognition and activation mechanisms.	recent structural studies on calmodulin complexes with anthrax adenylyl cyclase and rat ca2+-activated k+ channel have uncovered unexpected ways by which calmodulin interacts with target proteins.	2002	11955428
managing terror. public health officials learn lessons from bioterrorism attacks.	when a photo-journalist presented with the first case of inhalation anthrax in the united states in 23 years, it marked the worse case of biological terrorism in our nation's history. it also marked a significant management challenge for numerous local, state and federal officials. review what was learned and how we can better prepare for future attacks.	2002	11957420
oklahoma city and tulsa metropolitan medical response system.	the tragic loss of lives on september 11 followed by the anthrax contaminations reinforced the need for work already underway through the metropolitan medical response system (mmrs). through leadership from the medical director for the medical control board and emsa, oklahoma city and tulsa have been the beneficiaries of nearly $1.5 million dollars in funding to prepare for nuclear, chemical or bioterrorism. the two oklahoma cities were among the second wave of cities invited in 1999 to particip ...	2002	11957849
dynamic ct features of inhalational anthrax infection.		2002	11959702
early statistical detection of anthrax outbreaks by tracking over-the-counter medication sales.	the recent series of anthrax attacks has reinforced the importance of biosurveillance systems for the timely detection of epidemics. this paper describes a statistical framework for monitoring grocery data to detect a large-scale but localized bioterrorism attack. our system illustrates the potential of data sources that may be more timely than traditional medical and public health data. the system includes several layers, each customized to grocery data and tuned to finding footprints of an epi ...	2002	11959973
human antibodies against spores of the genus bacillus: a model study for detection of and protection against anthrax and the bioterrorist threat.	a naive, human single-chain fv (scfv) phage-display library was used in bio-panning against live, native spores of bacillus subtilis ifo 3336 suspended in solution. a direct in vitro panning and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based selection afforded a panel of nine scfv-phage clones of which two, 5b and 7e, were chosen for further study. these two clones differed in their relative specificity and affinity for spores of b. subtilis ifo 3336 vs. a panel of spores from 11 other bacillus species ...	2002	11959974
biodefence research.		2002	11961508
bioterrorism.		2002	11961869
anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management.	to review and update consensus-based recommendations for medical and public health professionals following a bacillus anthracis attack against a civilian population.	2002	11980524
modulating airway defenses against microbes.	prevention and treatment of respiratory infections remain an important health care challenge as the us population ages, contains more susceptible or high-risk people, and encounters new pathogens or antibiotic resistant bacteria. reasonably protective vaccines against very common microbes are available for childhood and adult immunization, but, generally, these are underutilized. a broader definition of higher risk individuals is evolving, which will include more for immunization. different appr ...	2002	11981302
anthrax: is there a risk of cross-infection during endoscopy?	bacillus anthracis is a large, gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium responsible for human anthrax. review of the medical literature indicates specific instrument reprocessing instructions addressing the prevention of b. anthracis transmission are limited. although nosocomial anthrax infection has not been reported, strict adherence to well-established instrument reprocessing guidelines for cleaning and high-level disinfection is recommended to prevent patient-to-patient transmission of b. anth ...	2002	11984163
bioterrorism's invisible threats: heightened awareness will help nurses identify real and suspected bioterrorism.	ready your nursing staff for potential bioterrorism with this review of the symptoms and treatment of anthrax, smallpox, plague, tularemia, and botulism.	2002	11984331
production, recovery and immunogenicity of the protective antigen from a recombinant strain of bacillus anthracis.	the protective antigen (pa) is one of the three components of the anthrax toxin. it is a secreted nontoxic protein with a molecular weight of 83 kda and is the major component of the currently licensed human vaccine for anthrax. due to limitations found in the existing vaccine formulation, it has been proposed that genetically modified pa may be more effective as a vaccine. the expression and the stability of two recombinant pa (rpa) variants, pa-snke-deltaff-e308d and pa-n657a, were studied. th ...	2002	11986925
from woolsorters to mail sorters: anthrax past, present, and future.		2002	11988429
the anthrax vaccine program: an analysis of the cdc's recommendations for vaccine use.	the anthrax vaccine was never proved to be safe and effective. it is one cause of gulf war illnesses, and recent vaccinees report symptoms resembling gulf war illnesses. the vaccine's production has been substandard. without adequate evaluation, the food and drug administration recently approved (retrospectively) significant changes made to the vaccine's composition since 1990. the vaccine's mandatory use for inhalation anthrax is "off-label." a skewed review of the vaccine literature by the cen ...	2002	11988433
anthrax and the wool trade. 1902.		2002	11988441
expected adverse events in a mass smallpox vaccination campaign.	recent anthrax attacks in the united states have raised concern about the nation's vulnerability to a smallpox attack. many strategies have been suggested to minimize the impact of such an attack, ranging from quarantine and vaccination of case contacts to resumption of routine vaccination. before the latter strategy is adopted, an understanding of the likely consequences of mass vaccination is essential. count: number of adverse events resulting from two vaccination campaigns: vaccinating perso ...	2002	11990216
case study: ed acts quickly after anthrax.	after last year's anthrax attacks, eds at capital health system in trenton, nj, had to address decontamination of large numbers of patients. patients who didn't require decontamination were sent to the hospital's employee health facility so they could bypass the ed. clinicians, nursing staff, educators, and paramedics were trained in the decontamination process. direct communication with first responders was established with a portable scanner.	2002	11995230
the lethal and edema factors of anthrax toxin bind only to oligomeric forms of the protective antigen.	the three proteins that comprise anthrax toxin, edema factor (ef), lethal factor (lf), and protective antigen (pa), assemble at the mammalian cell surface into toxic complexes. after binding to its receptor, pa is proteolytically activated, yielding a carboxyl-terminal 63-kda fragment (pa(63)) that coordinates assembly of the complexes, promotes their endocytosis, and translocates ef and lf to the cytosol. pa(63) spontaneously oligomerizes to form symmetric ring-shaped heptamers that are capable ...	2002	11997437
mapping the lethal factor and edema factor binding sites on oligomeric anthrax protective antigen.	assembly of anthrax toxin complexes at the mammalian cell surface involves competitive binding of the edema factor (ef) and lethal factor (lf) to heptameric oligomers and lower order intermediates of pa(63), the activated carboxyl-terminal 63-kda fragment of protective antigen (pa). we used sequence differences between pa(63) and homologous pa-like proteins to delineate a region within domain 1' of pa that may represent the binding site for these ligands. substitution of alanine for any of seven ...	2002	11997439
a peptide-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay for bacillus anthracis lethal factor protease.	a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay has been developed for monitoring bacillus anthracis lethal factor (lf) protease activity. a fluorogenic 16-mer peptide based on the known lf protease substrate mek1 was synthesized and found to be cleaved by the enzyme at the anticipated site. extension of this work to a fluorogenic 19-mer peptide, derived, in part, from a consensus sequence of known lf protease targets, produced a much better substrate, cleaving approximately 100 times more effici ...	2002	11997440
bioterrorism in australia.		2002	11999254
bioterrorism watch. winds of war: researchers track airborne anthrax.		2002	12001564
from the centers for disease control and prevention. suspected cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker--texas, 2002.		2002	12001943
post-traumatic stress disorder.		2002	12001959
variation in rrna operon number as revealed by ribotyping of bacillus anthracis strains.	ribotyping of various bacillus strains with one restriction enzyme (acci) revealed significant similarity between bacillus anthracis strains, bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus cereus strains, which are all members of the bacillus cereus group. a further ribotyping study of 10 virulent and 8 attenuated b. anthracis strains, using 4 endonucleases and both 23s and 16s probes independently, was performed. the discrimination index d of hunter and gaston showed that the best combination for future l ...	2002	12002563
follow-up on "symptoms associated with anthrax exposure: suspected 'aborted' anthrax".		2002	12003462
comparative genome sequencing for discovery of novel polymorphisms in bacillus anthracis.	comparison of the whole-genome sequence of bacillus anthracis isolated from a victim of a recent bioterrorist anthrax attack with a reference reveals 60 new markers that include single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), inserted or deleted sequences, and tandem repeats. genome comparison detected four high-quality snps between the two sequenced b. anthracis chromosomes and seven differences among different preparations of the reference genome. these markers have been tested on a collection of anth ...	2002	12004073
genomics and microbiology. microbial forensics--"cross-examining pathogens".		2002	12004075
anthrax sequence. useful data but no smoking gun.		2002	12004096
a primer on sampling for biological contaminants--part one: science and theory.		2002	12004589
post september 11: some reflections on the role of environmental health in terrorism response.		2002	12004594
our first line of defense against bioterrorism part 2.	in march, part 1 of this two-part series examined the challenges with identifying bioterrorism-specifically the anthrax outbreak. part 2 explains what's being done to equip america's health care providers to recognize and respond to future attacks, while protecting the public.	2002	12006878
expression of anthrax lethal factor gene by osmolyte induction.	the anthrax toxin consists of protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf) and edema factor (ef). pa mediates the entry of lf and ef to the cytosol where they exert their effects. although pa is the major component of the vaccines against anthrax, lf has also been found to play an important role in enhancing protective immunity. we have developed an osmolyte-inducible lf expression system. the protein expression system contributed no additional amino acids to the recombinant lf making it suitable ...	2002	12007822
monitoring anthrax vaccine safety in us military service members on active duty: surveillance of 1998 hospitalizations in temporal association with anthrax immunization.	we compared 1998 hospitalizations in active-duty us military personnel for possible temporal association with anthrax immunization. immunization, demographic, and hospitalization data were analyzed using cox proportional hazards modeling for hospitalization within 42 days of vaccination. discharge diagnoses were aggregated into 14 international classification of disease, ninth revision, clinical modification (icd-9-cm) categories. approximately 11% of subjects received one or more doses of vacci ...	2002	12009293
progress in rapid screening of bacillus anthracis lethal factor activity.		2002	12011416
mailborne transmission of anthrax: modeling and implications.	a mathematical model is developed to analyze the transmission of inhalational anthrax through the postal system by cross-contamination of mail. the model consists of state vectors describing the numbers of cross-contaminated letters generated, the numbers of anthrax spores on these letters, the numbers of resulting infections in recipients, and matrices of transition probabilities acting on these vectors. the model simulates the recent outbreak in the united states, and provides a general framew ...	2002	12011462
[evaluation of the relation between the traditional index on the identification of bacillus anthracis and its virulence determinant genes].	to evaluate the significance of traditional index on the identification of bacillus anthracis and its correlation with pathogenic strains.	2002	12015097
inhalational anthrax.	until recently, inhalational anthrax was a medical curiosity in both the western medical literature and clinical practice. the post-september 11, 2001 outbreak of this disease in the eastern united states that spread through the mail, however, instantly changed the appreciation of this disease and the appreciation of biological terrorism/warfare in general. the microbiology, epidemiology, clinical, and therapeutic/preventative aspects of this entity, classically known as "wool sorter's disease" ...	2002	12015917
cutaneous anthrax: an overview.	the recent acts of bioterrorism have raised new questions about this uncommon disease. clinicians are puzzled as to why some of the victims exposed to bacillus anthracis spores developed the cutaneous form of the disease and others the inhalational form. despite these questions, cutaneous anthrax remains relatively simple to treat effectively. the real clinical challenge lies in the diagnosis, especially being able to distinguish it from a spider bite.	2002	12017087
recognition and management of anthrax.		2002	11907299
cutaneous anthrax infection.		2002	11907300
the anthrax scare: us healthcare as usual.		2002	11965205
["biological" but deadly. potential biological weapons].		2002	11968178
antibody response to a delayed booster dose of anthrax vaccine and botulinum toxoid.	we evaluated the prevalence and concentration of serum antibodies 18-24 months after primary inoculation with anthrax and botulinum vaccines, and assessed the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a significantly delayed booster dose of these vaccines. five hundred and eight male active-duty military personnel received one, two or three inoculations with anthrax vaccine and/or botulinum toxoid in 1990/1991 in preparation for operations desert shield/desert storm. subjects were vaccinated with the ...	2002	11972980
the esat-6/wxg100 superfamily -- and a new gram-positive secretion system?	esat-6 is a small secreted protein of unknown function from mycobacterium tuberculosis that is of fundamental importance in virulence and protective immunity. a psi-blast search has identified distant homologues of esat-6 in more tractable bacteria, including bacillus subtilis, bacillus anthracis, staphylococcus aureus and clostridium acetobutylicum. the genes for esat-6-like proteins often cluster with genes encoding homologues of b. subtilis yuka. i speculate that the esat-6-like and yuka-like ...	2002	11973144
many leads, many dead ends. frustration inside the fbi's anthrax investigation: a so-far perfect crime.		2002	11974548
bacterial diseases of farmed deer and bison.	the most important aerobic bacterial diseases of farmed deer and bison include bovine tuberculosis, johne's disease (paratuberculosis), yersiniosis, leptospirosis, brucellosis, pasteurellosis, anthrax, salmonellosis and colibacillosis. anaerobic bacterial infections affecting the same animals include necrobacillosis and a number of clostridial diseases such as tetanus, blackleg, malignant oedema and pulpy kidney. the relative importance of these diseases will vary throughout the world according ...	2002	11974613
anthrax and wildlife.	although livestock anthrax is declining in many parts of the world, with an increasing number of countries probably truly free of the disease, anthrax remains enzootic in many national parks and even in some game ranching areas. these infected areas can present a persistent risk to surrounding livestock, which may otherwise be free of the disease, as well as a public health risk. the authors use as examples the national parks in southern africa, the wood buffalo national park in northern alberta ...	2002	11974621
biodefense. new anthrax vaccine gets a green light.		2002	11976419
iom deems anthrax vaccine safe, effective.		2002	11977853
characterization of mpf and mapk activities during meiotic maturation of xenopus tropicalis oocytes.	resumption of meiosis in oocytes of xenopus tropicalis required translation but not transcription, and was marked by the appearance of a white spot and a dark ring, coincident with entry into metaphase i and the onset of anaphase i, respectively. cyclin b(2)/p34(cdc2) activity increased prior to the first meiotic division, declined at the onset of anaphase i, and subsequently increased again. the capacity of egg cytoplasm to induce germinal vesicle breakdown (gvbd) was inhibited by cycloheximide ...	2002	11977986
sporulation and delta-endotoxin synthesis by bacillus thuringiensis.	bacillus thuringiensis is distinguished from the very closely related bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis by the presence of several plasmid-encoded delta-endotoxin genes. these delta-endotoxins, synthesized as protoxins, are produced in large quantities during sporulation and are packaged into intracellular inclusions. ingestion of the inclusions by insect larvae leads to protoxin solubilization and conversion to toxins each specific for one of several orders of insects. the toxins form cati ...	2002	11964120
anthrax attack at the united states capitol. front line thoughts.	one great fear was realized on october 15, 2001 when united states citizens witnessed firsthand the unprecedented release of anthrax into a community. although the office of the attending physician to congress had been preparing for such an unthinkable act, lessons were learned as the events unfolded. the following is a summary of the findings: preparation, planning, and frequent review of bioterrorism response procedures are essential. effective communication remains the key to successful team ...	2002	11979645
planning for biological disasters. occupational health nurses as "first responders".	1. as a result of recent terrorist events, there is an immediate need for occupational nurses to review their disaster plans and to develop strategies to cope with bioterrorism in their workplaces. 2. the centers for disease control and prevention has identified three major categories of biological weapons. category a, which is the highest priority category (and the focus of this article), includes smallpox, anthrax, botulism, plague, tularemia, filoviruses, and adenoviruses. dealing with bioter ...	2002	11979646
on the risk of mortality to primates exposed to anthrax spores.	current events have heightened the importance of understanding the risks from inhalation exposure to small numbers of spores of bacillus anthracis. previously reported data sets have not been fully assessed using current understanding of microbial dose response. this article presents an assessment of the reported primate dose-response data. at low doses, the risk to large populations of low doses of inhaled spores (e.g., < 100) is not insignificant.	2002	12022669
[fingerprints of anthrax bacteria].		2002	12025199
biological weapons, war crimes, and wwi.		2002	12025830
[sporicidal activities of disinfectants against bacillus anthracis spores].		2002	12030029
active systemic anthrax infection or lingering anthrax infection of cerebrospinal compartment?		2002	12033752
effect of nasal immunization with protective antigen of bacillus anthracis on protective immune response against anthrax toxin.	anthrax toxin consists of three proteins: protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf) and edema factor (ef). pa in combination with lf (lethal toxin) is lethal to mammalian cells and is the major component of human anthrax vaccine. immunization with pa elicits the production of neutralizing antibodies that form a major component of the protective immunity against anthrax. recent reports have shown that neutralizing antibody titres can serve as a reliable surrogate marker for protection against a ...	2002	12034111
bioterrorism: an update with a focus on anthrax.		2002	12034576
biological agents as weapons 1: smallpox and botulism.	1. early recognition by clinicians of illnesses suggesting a biological attack is integral to the public health response. 2. the four biological agents of most concern are smallpox virus, botulinum toxin, and anthrax and plague bacteria. 3. smallpox is distinguishable from chickenpox by the prominent prodromal period and lesions that develop at the same pace and, on any part of the body, appear identical to each other, evolve slowly and are peripherally distributed. 4. the degree of protection c ...	2002	12056996
occurrence of anthrax in kars district, turkey.	the aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of anthrax by bacteriologic methods in cattle and sheep between january 2000 and september 2001 and to determine the distribution of this zoonotic disease in humans in kars district, turkey. bacillus anthracis was isolated and identified in 34 out of 38 (91%) cattle and 11 out of 17 (64%) sheep samples obtained from organs suspected of anthrax. the records of the governmental health branch showed that 89 cases of cutaneous anthrax were diagn ...	2002	12061231
self-reported changes in subjective health and anthrax vaccination as reported by over 900 persian gulf war era veterans.	a 1999 study of united kingdom servicemembers by unwin, et al. recently found significant relationships between anthrax and other vaccinations, reactions to those vaccines, and later health problems for male current or former active military gulf war veterans. likewise, in 2000 steele and in 1998 gilroy found possible adverse effects of vaccinations on gulf war veterans. however, the role of such vaccinations remains controversial; more recent government reports continue to dispute the existence ...	2002	12061608
development and application of an analytical method for the determination of squalene in formulations of anthrax vaccine adsorbed.	specific lots of anthrax vaccine adsorbed, administered to members of the us armed forces, have been described on various internet sites and in news articles as a source of squalene, a chemical purported by these media to be associated with the gulf war syndrome. we have developed and validated a method using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for the determination of squalene in anthrax vaccine preparations. the method has a limit of detection of 140 parts per bil ...	2002	12062677
bioterrorism: what is and what may never be. part 1.		2002	12063832
update: cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker--texas, 2002.	on april 5, 2002, cdc reported a case of suspected cutaneous anthrax in a worker at laboratory a who had been processing environmental samples for bacillus anthracis in support of cdc investigations of the 2001 bioterrorist attacks in the united states. since the initial report, the worker had serial serology performed at the cdc laboratory. a greater than fourfold rise from baseline in the concentration of immunoglobulin g to protective antigen was demonstrated. the peak antibody level was obse ...	2002	12064454
biological agents as weapons 2: anthrax and plague.	although most naturally occurring infections with anthrax and plague are cutaneous, both organisms are most likely to be deliberately disseminated in aerosolised form, resulting in severe pulmonary illness. mortality from both would be high and rapid in the absence of early and effective treatment, making swift and effective liaison between alert clinicians and public health authorities crucial to an effective response. differentiating features include mediastinal widening (anthrax) and haemopty ...	2002	12064962
after september 11: rethinking public health federalism.		2002	12066598
sequence analysis of the genes encoding for the major virulence factors of bacillus anthracis vaccine strain 'carbosap'.	this study was performed to analyse the molecular characteristics of genes encoding for the major virulence factors in bacillus anthracis vaccine strain 'carbosap' compared with the wild b. anthracis strain, to evaluate the basis of attenuation.	2002	12067380
bioterrorism: better safe than sorry.		2002	12068488
bioterrorism watch. they don't call it bioterror for nothing: fear is the foe when anthrax spores are found within hospital walls.		2002	12068508
the 1979 anthrax epidemic in the ussr: applied science and political controversy.		2002	12068904
antibiotic susceptibilities of 96 isolates of bacillus anthracis isolated in france between 1994 and 2000.	ninety-six isolates of bacillus anthracis recovered in france between 1994 and 2000 were tested for their susceptibilities to 25 different antibiotics. resistance to penicillin g and amoxicillin was 11.5%. all of the isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole and susceptible to doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, levofloxacin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, clindamycin, imipenem, and rifampin.	2002	12069996
[anthrax--the past, present and future].	anthrax has been known since ancient times. besides some references in the old testament, there is evidence of plagues in ancient egypt, as well as descriptions of the disease by the roman poet virgil. etiology: anthrax is caused by bacillus anthracis, unmovable, aerobic, gram-positive rods. it forms spores, which can survive for years in the environment.	2002	12070927
fatal case of inhalational anthrax mimicking intra-abdominal sepsis.	in this report, we discuss the second fatal case of inhalational anthrax related to the use of bacillus anthracis spores as a biological weapon in the united states. this case highlights two of the major characteristics of inhalational anthrax: the fulminating nature of the infection and the difficulty of promptly establishing a diagnosis. in the patient discussed here, gastrointestinal symptoms and findings were so impressive that the patient was thought to have a primary intra-abdominal condit ...	2002	12071107
anthrax in adults and children: a review of 132 cases in turkey.	in this retrospective study, 132 cases of anthrax observed in a turkish hospital over a 14-year period (october 1986 to october 2000) were evaluated with respect to clinical features, therapy, and outcome. the results show that anthrax is a disease of significance in the eastern anatolian region of turkey. preventive measures such as education of the population and vaccination of animals against anthrax would reduce the incidence of the disease.	2002	12072935
2001 anthrax crisis in washington, d.c.: clinic for persons exposed to contaminated mail.	an anthrax prophylaxis clinic is described. in october 2001, four workers from the u.s. postal service's brentwood facility in washington, d.c., were hospitalized with inhalational anthrax; many others may have been exposed to anthrax spores. u.s. public health service (usphs) teams were deployed to establish an anthrax prophylaxis clinic that would provide education and medication to workers and people who visited the mail facility. the temporary clinic was set up at d.c. general hospital and w ...	2002	12073860
2001 anthrax crisis in washington, d.c.: pharmacists' role in screening patients and selecting prophylaxis.	pharmacists' development and use of a worksheet facilitating their rapid selection of patient-appropriate prophylactic antimicrobials in an anthrax clinic is described. a clinic housed at d.c. general hospital, in washington, d.c., treated most of the people--many of them postal workers--who may have been exposed to anthrax in that city during the 2001 anthrax crisis. a form was needed to assist pharmacists in the rapid selection of prophylactic antimicrobials and in patient education and counse ...	2002	12073861
summary report of the experiments conducted at pouilly-le-fort, near melun, on the anthrax vaccination, 1881.		2002	12074483
terrorism from a public health perspective.	the use of biological and chemical weapons as agents of warfare and terrorism has occurred sporadically, but recent events demonstrate the increasing risk and possibility that terrorist groups with grievances against the government or groups may employ them. historically, most evaluations of the potential risk for biological weaponry have focused on the military, but the recent release of anthrax in the united states demonstrates that civilian populations are also at risk. more likely than not, ...	2002	12074484
bacterial pathogens as biological weapons and agents of bioterrorism.	bacterial pathogens have been identified as agents that have been, or could be, used as weapons of biological warfare and/or biological terrorism. these agents are relatively easily obtained, prepared, and dispersed, either as weapons of mass destruction or for more limited terrorist attacks. although phylogenetically diverse, these agents all have the potential for aerosol dissemination. physicians in the united states and most of the developed world have never encountered most of these agents ...	2002	12074485
rethink anti-bioterrorism plans.		2002	12075302
group i self-splicing intron in the reca gene of bacillus anthracis.	self-splicing introns are rarely found in bacteria and bacteriophages. they are classified into group i and ii according to their structural features and splicing mechanisms. while the group i introns are occasionally found in protein-coding regions of phage genomes and in several trna genes of cyanobacteria and proteobacteria, they had not been found in protein-coding regions of bacterial genomes. here we report a group i intron in the reca gene of bacillus anthracis which was initially found b ...	2002	12081963