Publications

pharmacokinetics of 18f-labeled fluconazole in healthy human subjects by positron emission tomography.	the distribution of fluconazole in tissue of human volunteers was determined by positron emission tomographic scanning over a 2-h period following the infusion of a tracer dose of 18f-fluconazole (5 to 7 mci) plus 400 mg of unlabeled drug (the standard daily dose of fluconazole). previous studies have validated this approach for animals. from serial positron emission tomographic imaging and blood sampling, pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in tissue were determined. there was significant distribut ...	1993	8328777
susceptibilities of serial cryptococcus neoformans isolates from patients with recurrent cryptococcal meningitis to amphotericin b and fluconazole.	amphotericin b and fluconazole susceptibilities of 13 cryptococcus neoformans isolates from five patients with recurrent cryptococcal meningitis were determined. for each patient, serial isolates showed no increase in antibiotic resistance relative to the initial isolate. for these patients, recurrent disease was not due to drug resistance but may reflect changes in immune function and/or poor compliance.	1993	8328793
[cryptococcosis of the central nervous system and infection by hiv. clinical-evolutive characteristics in 13 cases].	cryptococcosis is the fourth cause of infection of the central nervous system in patients with infection by hiv. despite this fact, the series published in our country are referred to a limited number of cases. we describe the most relevant characteristics of 13 patients with meningitis by cryptococcus neoformans. we used as inclusion criteria a positive culture of the cephalorhachidian fluid (crf). we observed a significant reduction in the levels of cd4 lymphocytes in all patients, the absence ...	1993	8334202
differential host susceptibility to intracerebral infections with candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans.	to investigate the immune defense mechanisms employed against fungi in the brain, mice were experimentally infected by intracerebral inoculation of candida albicans or cryptococcus neoformans. parameters such as median survival time and numbers of yeast cells in the brains were assessed for naive and immunomodulated mice. we found that no mice survived either c. albicans or c. neoformans challenge at doses of > or = 10(6) yeast cells per mouse. however, when the inoculum size was decreased (< or ...	1993	8335378
pronounced enhancement of .no-dependent antimicrobial action by an .no-oxidizing agent, imidazolineoxyl n-oxide.	the antimicrobial action of .no against cryptococcus neoformans was investigated by using imidazolineoxyl n-oxide, which we recently reported removes .no via oxidation (t. akaike, m. yoshida, y. miyamoto, k. sato, m. kohno, k. sasamoto, k. miyazaki, s. ueda, and h. maeda, biochemistry 32:827-832, 1993). no appreciable fungicidal activity was observed in neutral .no solutions. imidazolineoxyl n-oxide induced or enhanced fungicidal action in neutral or acidic .no solutions, respectively. our resul ...	1993	8335388
correlation of in vitro azole susceptibility with in vivo response in a murine model of cryptococcal meningitis.	correlations between in vitro susceptibility and in vivo responses to fluconazole were sought in a mouse model of cryptococcal meningitis. twenty clinical isolates were used. two distinct populations were noted. eight high-virulence isolates had an ld50 of < or = 252 cfu of cryptococcus neoformans. twelve low-virulence isolates had an ld50 of > 252 cfu. for 7 low-virulence isolates, the ld50 was > 20,000 cfu. c. neoformans also had a broad range of in vitro susceptibilities (mics of 1.25 to > 80 ...	1993	8335995
pulmonary cryptococcosis mimicking methotrexate pneumonitis.	an 81-year-old man being treated with weekly low dose methotrexate (mtx) for psoriasis was admitted with a 2-month history of cough, shortness of breath and 7% eosinophilia in the peripheral blood. chest roentgenogram revealed bilateral alveolar and interstitial infiltrates. although the clinical presentation suggested mtx pneumonitis, a transbronchial lung biopsy established a diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis. pulmonary cryptococcosis should be included in the list of infectious processes ...	1993	8336316
intermittent third nerve palsy with cryptococcal meningitis.	in the several days before death, two aids patients with cryptococcal meningitis and increased intracranial pressure (icp) experienced episodic unilateral third nerve palsies seemingly related to transient peaks in icp. while cryptococcal neuritis may have predisposed the nerves to pressure effects, ct scans showed no evidence of tentorial herniation. these cases raise the possibility that severe elevations of icp can precipitate third nerve paresis on rare occasions.	1993	8340478
catastrophic visual loss due to cryptococcus neoformans meningitis.	we have reviewed our experience with 17 of our own patients with cryptococcal meningitis and 32 cases from the literature. although this complication is an uncommon event, patients with cryptococcal meningitis may develop visual loss in the absence of other ocular lesions (endophthalmitis or cryptococcomas in the visual pathway) that could explain the visual symptoms. there are 2 distinct patterns of visual loss: rapid visual loss and slow visual loss. rapid visual loss is characterized by onset ...	1993	8341139
[cutaneous manifestations of aids].	hiv destroys the immune system, causing group of clinical signs which are referred to as aids. some of these signs are cutaneous in nature. an acute rash on the trunk is associated with hiv seroconversion. it usually disappears in 8 days but can last for several hours or 30 days. infectious manifestations of hiv infection are common. candidiasis represents 90% of mycoses. it usually manifests on the tongue but can also occur on oral or genital mucosa. antifungal medication usually treats it ...	1993	8351723
evaluation of five commercial antifungal susceptibility testing systems.	five commercial antifungal susceptibility testing systems were studied for repeatability and reproducibility as well as concordance of results with the mics for ten reference strains belonging to six different species. repeatability was determined by testing each strain in triplicate on the same day, and reproducibility by repeating this triple determination on three different days. on the basis of 630 yeast-antifungal agent results for mycototal and mycostandard, 540 for candifast, and 450 for ...	1993	8354299
pattern recognition of the pulmonary manifestations of aids on ct scans.	more than 50% of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) develop pulmonary disease during the course of their illness. the authors reviewed 96 computed tomographic (ct) scans of patients with aids in an attempt to describe disease entities by the patterns seen on the scans. such patterns included isolated ground-glass and interstitial infiltrates, which are suggestive of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). if pleural effusions or parenchymal nodules are also present, aids-relat ...	1993	8356267
effect of endothelial cells on phagocyte-mediated anticryptococcal activity.	the anticryptococcal activity of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) and monocytes was compared on plastic versus human umbilical vein endothelial cell surfaces. various amounts of pmn and monocytes were incubated on plastic or endothelial surfaces and then challenged for 18 h with cryptococcus neoformans. both phagocyte populations exhibited significantly more anticryptococcal activity on an endothelial cell monolayer than on plastic. prestimulating the endothelial cell monolaye ...	1993	8359903
differential binding of acapsulate and encapsulated strains of cryptococcus neoformans to human neutrophils.	investigations into mechanisms of binding of encapsulated and acapsulate strains of cryptococcus neoformans by human neutrophils were performed, using a monolayer assay. the two strains bound to neutrophils by different mechanisms although both had an absolute requirement for opsonization with complement components in normal human serum for binding to occur. neutrophil binding of encapsulated yeasts required conformational changes in actin yet did not appear to lead to phagocytosis of the organi ...	1993	8360810
opportunistic/nosocomial infections. treatment and developmental therapeutics. i. cryptococcosis.		1993	8361256
treatment of cryptococcosis with liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome) in 23 patients with aids.	to determine the safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin b (ambisome) in the primary treatment of aids-associated cryptococcosis.	1993	8363759
cryptococcal pleural effusion as first indicator of aids: a case report.		1993	8365820
phylogeny among the basidiomycetous yeasts inferred from small subunit ribosomal dna sequence.	the sequence of the small subunit nuclear ribosomal dna (18s rdna) was determined for seven selected species of the teliospore-forming yeasts and filobasidiaceae in the basidiomycetous yeasts. a phylogenetic tree, including published reference sequences, was inferred from 1623 sites which could be unambiguously aligned. the molecular phylogeny, using a chytridiomycete as an outgroup, divided the eight basidiomycetous yeasts into two groups which correlated well with both septal ultrastructure (s ...	1993	8371119
[opportunistic infections in aids. the pulmonary manifestations].	the initial and follow-up chest radiographs of 31 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) were reviewed to assess the spectrum and frequency of opportunistic pulmonary infections. in our series, the most common pulmonary infections seen on chest films were: pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) (n = 17), pcp associated with cytomegalovirus (cmv) (n = 2), pcp associated with mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (mai) (n = 1), mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 7), cmv (n = 2), mai ( ...	1993	8386841
dual organism infection in biopsy specimens from immunocompromised patients: two cases demonstrated by immunocytochemistry.	we report two cases in which immunocytochemistry demonstrated simultaneous infections within a single biopsy specimen obtained from each of two immunocompromised patients in whom multiple organism infection was not suspected. using a rapid immunocytochemical technique, pneumocystis carinii and cryptococcus neoformans were demonstrated in a transbronchial lung biopsy from the first patient; candida and cytomegalovirus were demonstrated in an endoscopic biopsy of the esophagus from the second pati ...	1993	8389846
dna- and pcr-fingerprinting in fungi.	dna-fingerprinting has been successfully used to detect hypervariable, repetitive dna sequences (minisatellites and microsatellites) in fungi. combined with methods used to identify random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd), conventional dna-fingerprinting hybridization probes can also be used as single primers to detect dna polymorphisms among fungal species and strains. the oligonucleotides (ca)8, (ct)8, (cac)5, (gtg)5, (gaca)4 and (gata)4, as well as the phage m13 and its core sequence, have be ...	1993	8400701
ultrastructural study of hepatic granulomas induced by cryptococcus neoformans by quick-freezing and deep-etching method.	the ultrastructure of hepatic granulomas induced by cryptococcus (c.) neoformans was studied by a quick-freezing and deep-etching (qf-de) method. viable yeast cells were inoculated intravenously into rats and the livers were prepared for qf-de replicas. two cytoskeletal components were identified in the cytoplasm of macrophages composing the cryptococcal granulomas. these were: intermediate filaments, mainly located in the perinuclear region, and actin filaments, which were extensively decorated ...	1993	8401817
accelerated decay of c3b to ic3b when c3b is bound to the cryptococcus neoformans capsule.	incubation of encapsulated and nonencapsulated cryptococcus neoformans in normal human serum (nhs) leads to activation and binding of potentially opsonic fragments of complement component c3 to the yeast cells. analysis of the molecular forms of c3 after incubation of encapsulated cryptococci in nhs showed that the percentage of bound c3 occurring as ic3b approached 100% after 8 min. the percentage of bound c3 occurring as ic3b on nonencapsulated cryptococci never exceeded 70%, even after 60 min ...	1993	8406826
the gene encoding phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase (ade2) is essential for growth of cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid.	a cryptococcal meningitis model in corticosteroid-treated rabbits was used to assess the requirement for the phosphoribosylaminoimidazole gene (ade2) for virulence of cryptococcus neoformans. a wild-type strain (h99), an ade2 auxotroph of h99 (m001), and a randomly selected prototrophic transformant of m001 (m001.1c) which had received the cloned ade2 cdna copy were inoculated intrathecally into immunosuppressed rabbits. while m001 was avirulent in the central nervous system model, virulence was ...	1993	8406836
cytokine profiles associated with induction of the anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response.	previous studies with a murine model have shown that immunization with cryptococcal culture filtrate antigen (cnef) emulsified in complete freund adjuvant (cfa) induces two populations of anticryptococcal reactive cd4+ t cells. one population (tdh cells) transfers anticryptococcal delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth), and the other population (tamp cells) amplifies the anticryptococcal dth response of given to recipient mice at the time of immunization of the recipient. treatment of mice with cyc ...	1993	8406874
effect of mannose-binding protein on binding of cryptococcus neoformans to human phagocytes.	the capacity of human peripheral blood monocytes, neutrophils, and monocyte-derived macrophages to bind the yeast cryptococcus neoformans was increased when the phagocytes were cultured on surfaces containing recombinant human mannose-binding protein. in contrast, soluble mannose-binding protein had no effect on cryptococcal binding by phagocytes.	1993	8406891
hybridization probes for conventional dna fingerprinting used as single primers in the polymerase chain reaction to distinguish strains of cryptococcus neoformans.	in conventional dna fingerprinting, hypervariable and repetitive sequences (minisatellite or microsatellite dna) are detected with hybridization probes. as demonstrated here, these probes can be used as single primers in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to generate individual fingerprints. several conventional dna fingerprinting probes were used to prime the pcr, yielding distinctive, hypervariable multifragment profiles for different strains of cryptococcus neoformans. pcr fingerprinting wit ...	1993	8408543
false-negative cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal latex agglutination tests for patients with culture-positive cryptococcal meningitis.	three cases of false-negative cerebrospinal fluid latex agglutination test results for patients with culture-positive cryptococcal meningitis are reported. false-negative results occurred in settings of low cryptococcal antigen concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and were dependent on the latex agglutination test kit used. investigation of each case revealed that prozone phenomena or interference from bound antibody or protein could not account for the false-negative results.	1993	8408579
[disseminated trichosporon beigelii infection: report of nine cases and review].	trichosporon beigelii (formerly called trichosporon cutaneum) is an emerging pathogen of disseminated trichosporonosis in immunocompromised patients. we conducted postmortem microbiological examinations of lung aspirates and blood in the heart. t. beigelii was isolated from the samples of 7 (2.24%) of 313 patients. five of 7 patients isolated were diagnosed as having trichosporonosis based on histochemical and clinical findings. the other two were considered as colonization. immunohistochemical ...	1993	8409577
[in vitro pharmacological study of fluconazole. evaluation of an antifungal assay].	fluconazole is a new antifungal drug which is now very often used for the treatment of yeasts infections: mucocutaneous candidosis, systemic candidosis and cryptococcosis. some resistance seems to occur in clinical practice. it turns out now that it must be necessary to test the drug susceptibility in vitro of the yeast strains isolated from patients. unfortunately, a current laboratory technique to test this agent doesn't exist. in this work a useful method for minimal inhibitory concentration ...	1993	8414680
evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for detection of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.	the premier enzyme immunoassay (meridian diagnostics, inc., cincinnati, ohio) was compared with a latex agglutination assay (calas; meridian) for the ability to detect cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen (crag) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf). a total of 594 specimens (471 serum samples and 123 csf samples) obtained from 430 patients, most of whom were at risk for or had aids, were tested in parallel by both systems. both tests were independently evaluated for their ability to (i ...	1993	8417038
regulation of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide by iron.	iron is tightly controlled in mammalian tissues and regulates virulence factors in various pathogenic organisms. the influence of fe availability upon production of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide was studied. polysaccharide, measured as cell-bound glucuronyl residues, increased more than threefold as available fe in the culture medium was varied from repletion to tight sequestration and depletion in five incremental steps. since physiologic co2 concentration may serve as stimulus for crypt ...	1993	8418165
effect of polysaccharide capsule and methods of preparation on human lymphocyte proliferation in response to cryptococcus neoformans.	cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic encapsulated yeast that infects patients that have defective cell-mediated immunity, including aids patients. whole cryptococcal organisms that are killed by heating stimulate normal human lymphocytes to proliferate. however, strains of c. neoformans vary widely in virulence and therefore in their ability to cause disease in humans. to determine the effect of virulence factors such as the cryptococcal capsule, serotype, and the state of the organisms on th ...	1993	8423074
microbiology laboratory clues to the diagnosis of hiv infection.	microbiological investigations can provide an early clue to the possibility of unsuspected underlying hiv infection. these case studies were randomly selected from the author's clinical practice and do not represent unusual or uncommon occurrences; they highlight the constant need to ask could it be hiv? when interpreting laboratory results.	1993	8426547
cd8 cells mediate delayed hypersensitivity following intrapulmonary infection with cryptococcus neoformans.		1993	8428528
multicenter evaluation of a broth macrodilution antifungal susceptibility test for yeasts.	thirteen laboratories collaborated to optimize interlaboratory agreement of results of a broth macrodilution procedure for testing three classes of antifungal drugs against pathogenic yeasts. the activities of amphotericin b, flucytosine, and ketoconazole were tested against 100 coded isolates of candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida parapsilosis, candida lusitaniae, torulopsis (candida) glabrata, and cryptococcus neoformans. two starting yeast inoculum sizes (5 x 10(4) and 2.5 x 10(3) c ...	1993	8431016
purification of the 115-kilodalton exoantigen of cryptococcus neoformans and its recognition by immune sera.	a 115-kda exoantigen produced by cryptococcus neoformans recognized by the previously described murine monoclonal antibody 7c9 has been purified from culture filtrate by a combination of membrane ultrafiltration, isoelectric focusing, and preparative gel electrophoresis. it is produced in late-log-phase cultures and is present in greater amounts in cultures grown at 25 degrees c than in those grown at 37 degrees c. recognition of the antigen by 7c9 on immunoblots is abolished by the proteolytic ...	1993	8432820
serotyping of cryptococcus neoformans by using a monoclonal antibody specific for capsular polysaccharide.	the importance of epidemiological studies of cryptococcosis has increased since the beginning of the aids epidemic. cryptococcus neoformans exists in two varieties defining four serotypes, cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes a and d) and cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes b and c). the varieties are easy to distinguish by their differences of growth on diagnostic media. we propose here an easy serotyping method combining diagnostic media and a direct immunofluorescence ...	1993	8432823
evaluation of gen-probe's histoplasma capsulatum and cryptococcus neoformans accuprobes.	gen-probe's dna probes were evaluated for use in the identification of clinical isolates of histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum and cryptococcus neoformans. ninety-five mould-phase fungi were probed, including 41 isolates of h. capsulatum var. capsulatum. similarly, 98 yeasts, including 42 c. neoformans isolates, were examined by using the c. neoformans dna probe. in the study, both probes demonstrated 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity. their use in the clinical laboratory may significant ...	1993	8432829
diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis by ultrasound guided percutaneous aspiration.	ultrasound is useful for locating thoracic lesions and guiding biopsy procedures. the use of sonographic appearances and ultrasound guided needle aspiration has led to the diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis at this hospital.	1993	8434359
mannosyl transfer in cryptococcus neoformans.	a particulate enzyme preparation from cryptococcus neoformans transferred the mannosyl residue from gdp-mannose to an acceptor consisting of a commercial preparation of methyl 3-o-alpha-mannopyranosyl-alpha-mannopyranoside (containing 10% 2-o-alpha-mannopyranosyl-alpha-mannopyranoside). the configuration of the new bond was alpha by its susceptibility to alpha-mannosidase; the amount of product was dependent on the concentration of enzyme, of gdp-mannose, and of acceptor. the optimal temperature ...	1993	8439868
the alpha-mating type locus of cryptococcus neoformans contains a peptide pheromone gene.	the opportunistic fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans has two mating types, mata and mat alpha. the mat alpha strains are more virulent. mating of opposite mating type haploid yeast cells results in the production of a filamentous hyphal phase. the mat alpha locus has been isolated in this study in order to identify the genetic differences between mating types and their contribution to virulence. a 138-bp fragment of mat alpha-specific dna which cosegregates with alpha-mating type was isolat ...	1993	8441425
chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of jasonia candicans and j. montana.	the essential oils of the aerial parts of jasonia candicans and j. montana were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc/ms) technique. of twenty-one components identified in the volatile oil of j. candicans, intermediol was the main constituent. fifty-eight components were characterized in the essential oil of j. montana. camphor, borneol, bornyl acetate, chrysanthemol, intermediol, and 1,8-cineole were the major constituents in this oil. the two oils showed antibacterial activity a ...	1993	8441785
gene transfer in cryptococcus neoformans by use of biolistic delivery of dna.	a transformation scheme for cryptococcus neoformans to yield high-frequency, integrative events was developed. adenine auxotrophs from a clinical isolate of c. neoformans serotype a were complemented by the cryptococcal phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase gene (ade2) with a biolistic dna delivery system. comparison of two dna delivery systems (electroporation versus a biolistic system) showed notable differences. the biolistic system did not require linear vectors and transformed each auxot ...	1993	8444802
blastomycosis in transplant recipients: report of a case and review.	fungi cause serious, often fatal infections in immunocompromised hosts. recipients of solid organ and bone marrow transplants are predisposed to invasive fungal infections with candida species, aspergillus species, and cryptococcus neoformans. in contrast, infections with blastomyces dermatitidis have rarely been diagnosed in transplant recipients. we describe a patient who received an orthotopic heart transplant and developed recurrent disseminated blastomycosis. other reported cases of blastom ...	1993	8448319
cryptococcal meningitis in papua new guinea: ecology and the role of eucalypts.		1993	8450794
disseminated mycobacterium flavescens in a probable case of chronic granulomatous disease.	we report the case of a diabetic chinese male with no previous history of recurrent infections. his course was at first notable for relapsing salmonella blockley infections, following which he developed repeated soft-tissue infections and cryptococcus neoformans pneumonia. he was diagnosed as having chronic granulomatous disease and was treated with gamma interferon. during the latter stages of his illness he developed mycobacterium flavescens infection in soft tissues, joints, bones and lung. t ...	1993	8454891
molecular characterization of the humoral responses to cryptococcus neoformans infection and glucuronoxylomannan-tetanus toxoid conjugate immunization.	the molecular characteristics of the humoral immune response to a serotype a cryptococcus neoformans infection were compared with the response elicited by a cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan-tetanus toxoid (gxm-tt) conjugate. anticryptococcal monoclonal antibodies (mabs) isolated from both responses have previously been shown to recognize the same antigenic determinant of cryptococcal gxm. southern blot and sequence analyses indicate that the hybridomas isolated from each response arose from only ...	1993	8459205
thrombin-induced rabbit platelet microbicidal protein is fungicidal in vitro.	platelet microbicidal protein (pmp) is released from platelets in response to thrombin stimulation. pmp is known to possess in vitro bactericidal activity against staphylococcus aureus and viridans group streptococci. to determine whether pmp is active against other intravascular pathogens, we evaluated its potential fungicidal activity against strains of candida species and cryptococcus neoformans. anionic resin adsorption and gel electrophoresis confirmed that the fungicidal activity of pmp re ...	1993	8460923
evaluation of commercially available acridinium ester-labeled chemiluminescent dna probes for culture identification of blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, cryptococcus neoformans, and histoplasma capsulatum.	four commercially available acridinium ester-labeled dna probes directed against rrna were evaluated for their ability to identify blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, histoplasma capsulatum, and cryptococcus neoformans in culture. rrna was extracted by sonication of 1- to 2-mm2 portions of cultures of fungi in two chaotropic reagents with glass beads. following a heat inactivation step, the extracts were hybridized in solution with probes specific for each pathogen. the acridinium es ...	1993	8463395
two cases of hiv-associated cryptococcosis due to the variety gattii in rwanda.		1993	8465398
cloning, expression, and characterization of cryptococcus neoformans dihydrofolate reductase.	the cryptococcus neoformans dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene has been isolated from cdna and genomic dna libraries. the 690-base pair coding sequence codes for a 25,152-da protein, which is the largest monofunctional dhfr yet reported. the gene contains two introns, and several putative regulatory sequences have been identified. the coding sequence was placed in a puc-based expression vector, which expresses c. neoformans dhfr in escherichia coli at a level of about 5% of the total soluble ex ...	1993	8473332
direct interactions of human lymphocytes with the yeast-like organism, cryptococcus neoformans.	lymphocytes, especially cd4+ t cells, are essential for clearance of the yeast-like organism cryptococcus neoformans from the infected host. the mechanism(s) by which the lymphocytes facilitate elimination of cryptococci has not been elucidated. it is generally thought, however, that lymphocytes reactive with c. neoformans indirectly function by production of lymphokines to enhance clearance of the organism by natural effector cells such as macrophages. in the present study, we assessed the abil ...	1993	8473499
ultrastructural study of cryptococcus neoformans by quick-freezing and deep-etching method.	the three-dimensional ultrastructure of cryptococcus neoformans was studied by quick-freezing and deep-etching (qf-de) method. c. neoformans, strain cdc551, was cultured on agar. the viable yeast cells (10(7) cells) were inoculated into each mouse from the tail vein. three weeks after the inoculation, the brains of the mice were perfused with fixatives, quickly frozen, freeze-fractured, deeply etched and rotary shadowed with platinum and carbon. in addition, the viable cells of c. neoformans on ...	1993	8474529
antibody-mediated protection in mice with lethal intracerebral cryptococcus neoformans infection.	the fungus cryptococcus neoformans is an important opportunistic pathogen for patients with aids. c. neoformans infections frequently involve the brain and are often fatal. in the setting of aids c. neoformans infections are incurable and new treatment strategies are urgently needed. passive administration of antibody is a potential therapeutic option for the prevention and treatment of c. neoformans. the igg1 murine monoclonal antibody 2h1 to the capsular polysaccharide of c. neoformans was stu ...	1993	8475112
pleural effusions in hospitalized patients with aids.	to determine the incidence, cause, and characteristics of pleural effusions in hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids).	1993	8480960
conditions affecting the adherence of cryptococcus neoformans to rat glial and lung cells in vitro.	conditions affecting the adherence of clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans to rat glial and lung cell cultures were studied. adherence to glial cells was a time-dependent process that was affected by the yeast culture age and growth temperature. the most adherent yeasts were those from 48 h cultures grown at 37 degrees c. formalin-treating the yeasts did not affect adherence but formalin-treating the glial monolayers prevented yeast binding. treating the yeasts with trypsin reduced adher ...	1993	8483058
cryptococcosis produced by a urease negative strain of cryptococcus neoformans.	a urease negative strain of cryptococcus neoformans was isolated form a patient with aids. the identification of the yeast was confirmed by physiological and pathogenicity tests. clinically, the disseminated cryptococcal infection in our patient was identical to those reported in other patients with aids.	1993	8483060
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-like illness associated with systemic mycoplasma fermentans infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative homosexual man.	a 35-year-old homosexual man developed a composite nodal kaposi's sarcoma and peripheral t-cell lymphoma that were associated with a peripheral blood cd4-positive lymphocyte count of only 43/mm3. the patient subsequently developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis and eventually died due to disseminated cryptococcus neoformans. numerous premortem tests for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2 were negative by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, viral i ...	1993	8491493
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presenting as marrow cryptococcosis.	disseminated cryptococcal infection is an uncommon initial manifestation in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the most common sites of involvement by cryptococci are the central nervous system and the lungs, and involvement of the marrow is rare. there are few descriptions in the literature on the cytologic findings of marrow cryptococcosis. we report a patient with disseminated cryptococcosis in which cytologic examination of the marrow provides the first clue to the diagnos ...	1993	8493992
sesquiterpene-derived metabolites from the deep water marine sponge poecillastra sollasi.	six sesquiterpene-derived compounds, 1-6, which we call sollasins a-f, have been isolated from a deep water specimen of the sponge poecillastra sollasi. the structures were elucidated by comparison of spectral data to related metabolites and confirmed using spectroscopic methods. the compounds inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungi candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans and the p-388 and a-549 tumor cell lines. compounds 3 and 4 show weak inhibition of binding of [125i] angiotensin ii ...	1993	8496702
two-site comparison of broth microdilution and semisolid agar dilution methods for susceptibility testing of cryptococcus neoformans in three media.	this study evaluated the inter- and intralaboratory agreement between results of the semisolid agar dilution and broth microdilution methods of antifungal susceptibility testing of cryptococcus neoformans. three media were tested in two laboratories. the drugs tested were amphotericin b, flucytosine, itraconazole, fluconazole, and schering 39304. analysis by kappa statistics revealed good agreement between the laboratories for the two methods. the highest level of inter- and intralaboratory agre ...	1993	8501245
evidence for interference by immune complexes in the serodiagnosis of cryptococcosis.	the latex agglutination test was used to compare cryptococcal antigen titers before and after protease treatment in 19 patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis. antigen was detected by the la test in 13 of 33 serum samples before protease treatment, and in an additional 13 samples following treatment. of 26 antigen-positive serum samples, 22 (84.6%) showed an increased antigen titer after protease treatment. using the cell slide agglutination test, antibody was detected in 3 of 19 cases. in one of ...	1993	8502177
fungal infections in solid-organ transplantation.	fungal infections following solid-organ transplantation remain a major cause of morbidity and death. their incidence ranges from 5% among recipients of kidney transplants to as high as 40% among recipients of liver transplants. species of candida and aspergillus account for more than 80% of fungal episodes. moreover, more than 80% of fungal infections occur within the first 2 months after transplantation, with a resulting mortality of 30%-100%. the pathogenesis of infection and the risk factors ...	1993	8507760
cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in india.	an examination of 18 clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans from india revealed that 15 belonged to c. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype a = 13 isolates, serotype ad = two isolates) and three belonged to c. neoformans var. gattii (serotype b). this is the first documented record of the var. gattii and serotype ad of the var. neoformans occurring in india.	1993	8509953
miliary pulmonary cryptococcosis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	a 33 year old man with aids presented with fever, dyspnoea, cough and a miliary pattern on the chest radiograph. cryptococcus neoformans infection was diagnosed from bronchoalveolar lavage bronchoscopy. this case supports the principle that, in patients with aids, pulmonary infections can exhibit variable radiographic features and that definitive diagnosis should always be considered.	1993	8511742
meningitis simultaneously due to cryptococcus neoformans and mycobacterium tuberculosis.		1993	8513072
human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnancy.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in women is an increasing problem. world wide, at least 25% of all infections occur in adolescent or adult women, most of whom are of child-bearing age. the commonest modes of acquisition of hiv infection are sexual contact with an hiv-infected male and sharing needles during injecting drug use. vertical transmission is the major route of hiv infection in infants and children and can occur in utero, intrapartum, through exposure to infected blood or s ...	1993	8513646
characterization of cellular infiltrates and cytokine production during the expression phase of the anticryptococcal delayed-type hypersensitivity response.	cryptococcosis, an increasingly important opportunistic infection caused by the encapsulated yeast-like organism cryptococcus neoformans, is limited by an anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune (cmi) response. gaining a thorough understanding of the complex anticryptococcal cmi response is essential for developing means of controlling infections with c. neoformans. the murine cryptococcosis model utilizing footpad swelling to cryptococcal antigen (delayed-type hypersensitivity [dth]) has proven t ...	1993	8514388
effects of strain variation, serotype, and structural modification on kinetics for activation and binding of c3 to cryptococcus neoformans.	incubation of encapsulated cells of cryptococcus neoformans in normal human serum leads to activation of the alternative complement pathway and deposition of opsonic fragments of c3 into the capsule. we determined whether the variation in capsular structure that occurs among the four major cryptococcal serotypes was reflected in the kinetics for activation and binding of c3. we also examined the effects on activation kinetics of de-o-acetylation or periodate oxidation of the capsule. binding kin ...	1993	8514401
antimicrobial proteins of murine macrophages.	three murine microbicidal proteins (mumps) were purified from cells of the murine macrophage cell line raw264.7 that had been activated by gamma interferon. similar proteins were also present in nonactivated raw264.7 cells, in cells of the murine macrophage cell line j774a.1, and in resident and activated murine peritoneal macrophages. mump-1, mump-2, and mump-3 killed salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes, mycobacterium fortuitum, and cryptococc ...	1993	8514411
purification, characterization, and lytic activity against naegleria fowleri of two amoebicins produced by bacillus licheniformis a12.	bacillus licheniformis a12 produces two amoebolytic substances (amoebicins a12-a and a12-b) in liquid media during sporulation. both substances have been purified and characterized. they are heat- and protease-resistant peptides containing aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, proline, and tyrosine in a molar ratio of 5:2:2:2:2. no fatty acids or carbohydrates have been detected. their molecular weight is 1,430. purified amoebicins a12-a and a12-b exhibit amoebolytic action against naegleria fow ...	1993	8517742
immunological methods for the detection of structural components and metabolites of bacteria and fungi in blood.	this review compares the clinical usefulness of immunological methods for the detection of structural components and metabolites of bacteria and fungi. bacterial antigens (especially those of mycobacterium, neisseria, staphylococcus aureus, yersinia enterocolitica, escherichia coli, salmonella, chlamydia, and brucella) are best detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. methods involving antibodies are more expensive and are effective only when performed in series. the detection of antibodie ...	1993	8214814
mobility of human neutrophils in response to cryptococcus neoformans cells, culture filtrate antigen, and individual components of the antigen.	the mobility of human neutrophils (pmn) in response to encapsulated or nonencapsulated cryptococcus neoformans cells or cryptococcal culture filtrate (cnef) and its components was studied by using a 48-well modified boyden chamber. encapsulated c. neoformans (isolate 184a) cells and cnef-184a stimulated directed migration of human pmn in the absence of serum (direct chemotactic activity) and activated a heat-labile component(s) in fresh human serum to become a chemoattractant(s) for human pmn (i ...	1993	8225584
isolation, structures, and antifungal activities of new aureobasidins.	aureobasidins are a group of cyclic depsipeptides with antifungal activity and are produced by aureobasidium pullulans. aureobasidins are composed of eight amino acids and one hydroxy acid such as 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid (hmp), and highly lipophilic. five new aureobasidins, s1, s2a, s2b, s3 and s4, which have higher hydrophilicity in reversed phase hplc than the known aureobasidins a-r, were discovered in a fermentation broth of a. pullulans r106 by means of on-line liquid chromatograph ...	1993	8226313
biological properties of aureobasidin a, a cyclic depsipeptide antifungal antibiotic.	aureobasidin a (aba) is a novel cyclic depsipeptide antifungal antibiotic. the antifungal activity of aba was studied in vitro and in vivo in comparison with clinically effective antifungal agents, amphotericin b and fluconazole. aba was highly active in vitro against many pathogenic fungi, including candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, blastomyces dermatitidis and histoplasma capsulatum. the activity was superior to amphotericin b in most cases. aba exhibited fungicidal action toward grow ...	1993	8226319
antioxidant function of fungal melanin.	polyphenols have been implicated in the virulence and oxidant resistance of cryptococcus neoformans. although monomeric polyphenols did not protect against the prooxidant, plumbagin, polymeric dopamine-melanin conferred resistance both to hypochlorite and to permanganate. the physiologic antioxidant capacity conferred by melanin was found to be 21.3 x 10(-15) mole-equivalents per cell, a value which approximates oxidant production by stimulated macrophages.	1993	8226653
pancreatic disease in aids--a review.	patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) can develop pancreatic disease from causes unrelated to aids as well as aids-specific lesions. aids-specific causes include opportunistic infection, aids-associated neoplasia, and medications used to treat complications of aids. reported pancreatic opportunistic pathogens include mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium intracellulare, cryptococcus neoformans, candida, aspergillus, toxoplasma gondii, pneumocystis carinii, cytomeg ...	1993	8228089
increasing incidence of cryptococcosis in the united kingdom.	the incidence of infection with cryptococcus neoformans in the united kingdom during the years between 1953 and 1981 is compared with that between 1982 and 1991. the patients were those from whom samples were submitted to the phls mycological reference laboratory (mrl), or those in whom the disease was confirmed elsewhere in the united kingdom and reported to phls communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc). in all, 83 cases were identified between 1953 and 1981 and 322 between 1982 and 1991 ...	1993	8228302
[clinical studies in three cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis].	we report three cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis in which one community acquired and two nosocomial infections were suspected. clinical studies were focused on histological and immunological diagnosis and antifungal chemotherapy. the first case was initially suspected of having primary cryptococcosis. the second case was first suspected to have boop on the basis of clinical and radiological findings. the third was initially suspected of having lung cancer because of an enlarging mass lesion in ...	1993	8230897
managing aids-related meningitis.		1993	8235325
natural killer cells and cryptococcus neoformans.		1993	8237604
idiopathic cd4+ t-lymphocytopenia in two patients.		1993	8242507
activation of the complement system by the capsule of cryptococcus neoformans.	in vitro studies indicate that encapsulated cryptococci are among the most powerful particulate activators of the complement system reported to date. the capsule itself is the site at which activation occurs. activation occurs solely via the alternative complement pathway. initiation occurs at apparently random focal sites in the capsule that expand through alternative pathway amplification to fill the capsule with c3 fragments. the c3 fragments are rapidly converted to ic3b, suggesting that pha ...	1993	8242797
[diagnosis and therapy of pulmonary mycoses].		1993	8245643
the cell wall of the oleaginous yeast trichosporon cutaneum.	the cell wall of trichosporon cutaneum consists of 11% protein, 63% neutral carbohydrate, 9% glucosamine and 13% glucuronic acid. the sugars include glucose (32%), mannose (6%) and traces of xylose and galactose. the cell wall was fractionated with alkali to yield a mixture of alkali-soluble matrix components, and an alkali-insoluble glucan associated with chitin. the alkali-insoluble glucan contained a mixture of (1-3) and (1-6) glycosidic linkages. it was only partly susceptible to digestion b ...	1993	8245838
ophthalmic manifestations of infections with cryptococcus neoformans in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	the present study was undertaken to determine the nature and the prevalence of ophthalmic manifestations of infections with cryptococcus neoformans in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive patients and to analyze whether the presence or absence of ocular signs is associated with improved survival. eighty human immunodeficiency virus seropositive patients with cryptococcal infection were enrolled. we observed papilledema in 26 of the 80 patients (32.5%). visual loss and abducens nerve palsy o ...	1993	8250075
the role of t lymphocytes in pulmonary microbial defense mechanisms.	understanding how lung immunity develops against pulmonary pathogens should lead to more rational approaches in vaccine design and to the use of recombinant cytokines in lung disease. t lymphocytes are central to the development of effective immune responses; therefore, understanding how lung immunity develops will require a study of how and where t cells respond to respiratory antigens. our laboratory has helped define the phenotype and function of lung dendritic cells, which likely play an ess ...	1993	8250693
pulmonary mycosis.		1993	8204975
the isolation of cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings and serotyping of naturally and clinically sourced isolates in china.	this is the first report on the isolation of cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings in china and their serotypes. c. neoformans colonies which produced brown colonies on caffeic acid-cornmeal agar were found in twenty-five out of thirty-six samples of pigeon droppings. fifty-one colonies randomly picked from the positive samples were identified as c. neoformans by a commercially available kit for carbon source assimilation test and christensen's urea agar. forty (78%) out of the 51 strain ...	1993	8159213
turbidimetric and visual criteria for determining the in vitro activity of six antifungal agents against candida spp. and cryptococcus neoformans.	the drug concentration which inhibited 50% of growth (ic50), the lowest drug concentration at which growth was less than 30% of that in a positive control well (ic30), the visual minimal inhibitory concentration (mic), and the minimum fungicidal concentration (mfc), were applied to study the effects of fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, flucytosine, and amphotericin b against 36 isolates of candida spp. and cryptococcus neoformans by a broth microdilution technique. when the re ...	1993	8159215
microbial contaminants found in low egg passage rabies vaccine used in nigeria.	bacteriological and mycological examinations (cultural and biochemical characteristics) identified 4 pathogenic organisms as contaminants in 6 out of 7 lep batch 20 rabies vaccines produced 1990 in nigeria. cryptococcus neoformans and penicillium spp. were isolated from 5 vaccine samples, while one sample additionally also contained rhizopus and pseudomonas. one vaccine sample was negative for microbial contaminants. improper conditions of vaccine production and storage are discussed.	1993	8128801
fluconazole-resistant cryptococcus neoformans var gattii in an aids patient.	we describe a case of meningitis due to cryptococcus neoformans var gattii in an aids patient. the reasons for the observed predominance of c. neoformans var neoformans infections in aids patients living in areas endemic for the gattii variety are not understood thus far. treatment with fluconazole resulted in poor clinical and mycological response. in vitro sensitivity testing of the fungus revealed high minimal inhibitory concentrations, suggesting fluconazole resistance. treatment with amphot ...	1993	8128821
cryptococcosis in domestic mammals.	after a brief review of cryptococcosis in dogs and cats from the literature from 1980 to 92, three cases in dogs (two epidemiologically strictly connected) and two in cats are reported. in the three dogs and in one of the two cats lesions were seen in many sites, but only one dog and one cat had a central nervous system localization. the cutis was affected in the three dogs and in one cat; in two of the dogs it was probably the primary lesion, and in the cat it was the only lesion. an unidentifi ...	1993	8264712
identification of the perfect state of cryptococcus neoformans from 195 clinical isolates including 84 from aids patients.	filobasidiella neoformans is the teleomorphic state of cryptococcus neoformans and it is a heterothalic. the purpose of this study was to establish the proportions of each mating types (a, alpha) from among 195 strains of c. neoformans isolated from clinical material. the culture medium used was sunflower agar. cultures were incubated at 20-22 degrees c for 15 days and observed periodically for one month. non-reactive strains were mated several times with different reactive strains. under these ...	1993	8264768
high detection rates of cryptococcal antigen in pulmonary cryptococcosis by eiken latex agglutination test with pronase pretreatment.	two different kits for the detection of serum cryptococcal antigen in patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis were evaluated. the eiken test (the eiken co., tokyo), which uses pronase for pretreatment of serum, was compared with the crypto-la test (international biological laboratories, cranbury, nj), which did not use pronase prior to testing. cryptococcal antigen was detected in 21 of 23 patients (91%) with the eiken test and in only 10 of 23 patients (43%) with the crypto-la test (p < 0.01 by ...	1993	8264770
the presence of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide increases the sensitivity of hiv-1 coculture in children.		1993	8267279
cryptococcal peritonitis: report of a case developing during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and review of the literature.	a patient developed cryptococcal peritonitis with systemic dissemination during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd). this case prompted a search of the literature for cases of cryptococcal peritonitis; 19 previously reported cases were identified. on the basis of their clinical characteristics, these cases were divided into two groups. group 1 included 10 cases developing during capd. treatment consisted of removal of the peritoneal dialysis catheter and administration of a short co ...	1993	8268358
antifungal susceptibility testing.	unlike antibacterial susceptibility testing, reliable antifungal susceptibility testing is still largely in its infancy. many methods have been described, but they produce widely discrepant results unless such factors as ph, inoculum size, medium formulation, incubation time, and incubation temperature are carefully controlled. even when laboratories agree upon a common method, interlaboratory agreement may be poor. as a result of numerous collaborative projects carried out both independently an ...	1993	8269392
a strain of urease negative cryptococcus neoformans isolated from the environment in china.	this is the first report of a strain of urease negative cryptococcus neoformans isolated from the environment in china. the colonies of this isolate showed brown pigmentation on cornmeal agar with 300 micrograms/ml caffeic acid, but failed to hydrolyze urea. microbiological identification and pathogenicity tests in mice confirmed this as a strain of c. neoformans. a similar strain had reportedly been isolated from an aids patient.	1993	8274725