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aspergillus pcr in serum for the diagnosis, follow-up and prognosis of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients.we evaluated the usefulness of a serum aspergillus pcr assay for the diagnosis and prognosis of invasive aspergillosis in a study involving 941 patients for a total of 5146 serum samples. fifty-one patients had proven/probable aspergillosis. we compared galactomannan (gm), pcr and mycologic analysis of pulmonary samples in both neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients. pcr performed in serum yielded 66.7% sensitivity, 98.7% specificity, 75.6% positive predictive value and 98.0% negative predictiv ...201626899830
multi-azole resistant aspergillus fumigatus harboring cyp51a tr46/y121f/t289a isolated in japan.multi-azole resistant aspergillus fumigatus carrying tr46/y121f/t289a was isolated from a patient in japan in dec 2013. this strain grouped into the same clade of the ones which were clinically isolated in france and germany. a. fumigatus harboring this mutation could be rapidly diffused outside the eurasian continent.201626898666
three-dimensional structures of two heavily n-glycosylated aspergillus sp. family gh3 β-d-glucosidases.the industrial conversion of cellulosic plant biomass into useful products such as biofuels is a major societal goal. these technologies harness diverse plant degrading enzymes, classical exo- and endo-acting cellulases and, increasingly, cellulose-active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases, to deconstruct the recalcitrant β-d-linked polysaccharide. a major drawback with this process is that the exo-acting cellobiohydrolases suffer from severe inhibition from their cellobiose product. β-d-glucos ...201626894673
subchronic exposures to fungal bioaerosols promotes allergic pulmonary inflammation in naïve mice.epidemiological surveys indicate that occupants of mold contaminated environments are at increased risk of respiratory symptoms. the immunological mechanisms associated with these responses require further characterization.201626892490
raca-mediated ros signaling is required for polarized cell differentiation in conidiogenesis of aspergillus fumigatus.conidiophore development of fungi belonging to the genus aspergillus involves dynamic changes in cellular polarity and morphogenesis. synchronized differentiation of phialides from the subtending conidiophore vesicle is a good example of the transition from isotropic to multi-directional polarized growth. here we report a small gtpase, raca, which is essential for reactive oxygen species (ros) production in the vesicle as well as differentiation of phialides in aspergillus fumigatus. we found th ...201626890813
azide-enolate 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in the synthesis of novel triazole-based miconazole analogues as promising antifungal agents.seven miconazole analogs involving 1,4,5-tri and 1,5-disubstituted triazole moieties were synthesized by azide-enolate 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. the antifungal activity of these compounds was evaluated in vitro against four filamentous fungi, including aspergillus fumigatus, trichosporon cutaneum, rhizopus oryzae, and mucor hiemalis as well as three species of candida spp. as yeast specimens. these pre-clinical studies suggest that compounds 4b, 4d and 7b can be considered as drug candidates fo ...201626890112
prospective evaluation of a new aspergillus igg enzyme immunoassay kit for diagnosis of chronic and allergic pulmonary aspergillosis.anti-aspergillus igg antibodies are important biomarkers for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (cpa) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa). we compared the performance of a new commercial enzyme immunoassay (eia) (bordier affinity products) with that of the bio-rad and virion\serion eias. this assay is novel in its association of two recombinant antigens with somatic and metabolic antigens of aspergillus fumigatus in a prospective multicenter study, 436 serum samples ...201626888904
towards understanding the gliotoxin detoxification mechanism: in vivo thiomethylation protects yeast from gliotoxin cytotoxicity.gliotoxin (gt) is a mycotoxin produced by some species of ascomycete fungi including the opportunistic human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus. in order to produce gt the host organism needs to have evolved a self-protection mechanism. gt contains a redox-cycling disulfide bridge that is important in mediating toxicity. recently is has been demonstrated that a. fumigatus possesses a novel thiomethyltransferase protein called gtma that has the ability to thiomethylate gt in vivo, which aids the orga ...201628357342
novel illudalane sesquiterpenes from encephalartos villosus lehm. antimicrobial activity.phytochemical investigation of encephalartos villosus lehm. leaves afford two new illudalane sesquiterpenes namely encephaldiene 1 and encephaldiene 2 together with four known flavone glycosides, luteolin-7-rutinoside, luteolin-7-glucoside, luteolin-7-rhamnoside and apigenin-7-glucoside. the structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods including 1d and 2d nmr experiments along with hresims spectrometry. antimicrobial activity of chcl3 and meoh extracts w ...201627010619
a rare case of aspergillus pericarditis with associated myocardial abscess and echocardiographic response to therapy.myocardial abscess is an extremely rare entity and is often deadly in nature. we present a case of a patient with recent orthotopic liver transplant, on immunosuppression, who presented with cardiac tamponade due to aspergillus fumigatus pericarditis and associated myocardial abscess. the diagnosis was made based on computed tomography imaging, culture of pericardial fluid for aspergillus, and transthoracic echocardiography. the patient received antifungal therapy with clinical improvement and d ...201627009593
high prevalence of clinical and environmental triazole-resistant aspergillus fumigatus in iran: is it a challenging issue?triazole antifungal agents are the mainstay of aspergillosis treatment. as highlighted in numerous studies, the global increase in the prevalence of triazole resistance could hamper the management of aspergillosis. in the present three-year study, 513 samples (213 clinical and 300 environmental samples) from 10 provinces of iran were processed and screened in terms of azole resistance (4 and 1 mg l-1 of itraconazole and voriconazole, respectively), using selective plates. overall, 150 a. fumigat ...201627008655
hypoxia attenuates anti-aspergillus fumigatus immune responses initiated by human dendritic cells.aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic mould that causes invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa), a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients. during the course of ipa, localised areas of tissue hypoxia occur. bacterial infection models revealed that hypoxic microenvironments modulate the function of host immune cells. however, the influence of hypoxia on anti-fungal immunity has been largely unknown. we evaluated the impact of hypoxia on the human anti-a. fumigatus immune respo ...201627005862
antimicrobial activity of the pygidial gland secretion of three ground beetle species (insecta: coleoptera: carabidae).the antimicrobial properties of the pygidial gland secretions released by the adults of the three ground beetle species, carabus ullrichii, c. coriaceus, and abax parallelepipedus, have been tested. microdilution method was applied for detection of minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics), minimal bactericidal concentrations (mbcs), and minimal fungicidal concentrations (mfcs). additionally, morpho-histology of the pygidial glands is investigated. we have tested 16 laboratory and clinical strain ...201627000261
anti-aspergillus immunoglobulin-g testing in serum of hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.pulmonary invasive aspergillosis (ia) is a major clinical problem in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-hsct). acquisition of ia during allo-hsct by inhalation of spores is the rationale for the widespread use of air filtration systems. recent data suggest that activation of fungal growth in already colonized patients is a relevant factor, and a recent study found a positive correlation of serum immunoglobulin responses against purified recombinant asper ...201626998687
the hypoxia-induced dehydrogenase hora is required for coenzyme q10 biosynthesis, azole sensitivity and virulence of aspergillus fumigatus.aspergillus fumigatus is the predominant airborne pathogenic fungus causing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. during infection a. fumigatus has to adapt to oxygen-limiting conditions in inflammatory or necrotic tissue. previously, we identified a mitochondrial protein to be highly up-regulated during hypoxic adaptation. here, this protein was found to represent the novel oxidoreductase hora. in saccharomyces cerevisiae a homologue was shown to play a role in biosynthesis of c ...201626991818
bronchiectasis: current concepts in pathogenesis, immunology, and microbiology.bronchiectasis is a disorder of persistent lung inflammation and recurrent infection, defined by a common pathological end point: irreversible bronchial dilatation arrived at through diverse etiologies. this suggests an interplay between immunogenetic susceptibility, immune dysregulation, bacterial infection, and lung damage. the damaged epithelium impairs mucus removal and facilitates bacterial infection with increased cough, sputum production, and airflow obstruction. lung infection is caused ...201626980162
[tslpr/stat5 signaling modulates innate immunity in corneal fibroblasts triggered by aspergillus fumigatus].to study the primary role of tslpr/stat5 signaling in inflammatory responses triggered by aspergillus fumigatus(af) in telomerase-immortalized human stromal fibroblasts (thsf).201626979118
comparison of reflectance confocal microscopy and two-photon second harmonic generation microscopy in fungal keratitis rabbit model ex vivo.fungal keratitis is an infection of the cornea by fungal pathogens. diagnosis methods based on optical microscopy could be beneficial over the conventional microbiology method by allowing rapid and non-invasive examination. reflectance confocal microscopy (rcm) and two-photon second harmonic generation microscopy (tpshgm) have been applied to pre-clinical or clinical studies of fungal keratitis. in this report, rcm and tpshgm were characterized and compared in the imaging of a fungal keratitis r ...201626977371
proteomic profiling of serological responses to aspergillus fumigatus antigens in patients with invasive aspergillosis.aspergillus fumigatus is the species that most commonly causes the opportunistic infection invasive aspergillosis (ia) in patients being treated for hematological malignancies. little is known about the a. fumigatus proteins that trigger the production of aspergillus-specific igg antibodies during the course of ia. to characterize the serological response to a. fumigatus protein antigens, mycelial proteins were separated by 2-d gel electrophoresis. the gels were immunoblotted with sera from pati ...201626974881
detection of a serum siderophore by lc-ms/ms as a potential biomarker of invasive aspergillosis.invasive aspergillosis (ia) is a life-threatening systemic mycosis caused primarily by aspergillus fumigatus. early diagnosis of ia is based, in part, on an immunoassay for circulating fungal cell wall carbohydrate, galactomannan (gm). however, a wide range of sensitivity and specificity rates have been reported for the gm test across various patient populations. to obtain iron in vivo, a. fumigatus secretes the siderophore, n,n',n"-triacetylfusarinine c (tafc) and we hypothesize that tafc may r ...201626974544
isolated orbital aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients: a multicenter study.to report clinicopathologic features, radiologic findings, and treatment outcomes of isolated, orbital aspergillosis.201626973050
functional analysis of the gene controlling hydroxylation of festuclavine in the ergot alkaloid pathway of neosartorya fumigata.bioactive ergot alkaloids produced by several species of fungi are important molecules in agriculture and medicine. much of the ergot alkaloid pathway has been elucidated, but a few steps, including the gene controlling hydroxylation of festuclavine to fumigaclavine b, remain unsolved. festuclavine is a key intermediate in the fumigaclavine branch of the ergot alkaloid pathway of the opportunistic pathogen neosartorya fumigata and also in the dihydrolysergic acid-based ergot alkaloid pathway of ...201626972831
subcellular compartmentalization and trafficking of the biosynthetic machinery for fungal melanin.protection by melanin depends on its subcellular location. although most filamentous fungi synthesize melanin via a polyketide synthase pathway, where and how melanin biosynthesis occurs and how it is deposited as extracellular granules remain elusive. using a forward genetic screen in the pathogen aspergillus fumigatus, we find that mutations in an endosomal sorting nexin abolish melanin cell-wall deposition. we find that all enzymes involved in the early steps of melanin biosynthesis are recru ...201626972005
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of bis-[4-methoxy-3-(6-aryl-7h-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazin-3-yl)phenyl]methanes and bis-[(triazolo[3,4-b]thiadiazipin-3-yl)phenyl]methanes.a series of novel bis-[4-methoxy-3-(6-aryl-7h-[1,2,4]tria zolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazin-3-yl)phenyl]methanes and bis-[(triazolo[3,4-b]thiadiazipin-3-yl)phenyl]methanes ( 5a-e & 6a-e ) has been synthesized and characterized by ir, (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, ms and elemental analysis. all the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, klobsinella aerogenes and chromobacteriumviolaceum and antifungal activity against candid ...201626970802
[aspergillus fumigatus mediastinitis in an immunocompetent pediatric patient after heart surgery].postsurgical aspergillosis occurs primarily in immunocompetent patients whose main predisposing factor is the loss of skin and mucosal integrity during surgery. local infection tends to be destructive and refractory to treatment and relapses are common. it is important to consider aspergillosis in the differential diagnosis of slowly progressive and destructive surgical site infections with negative bacterial cultures. we present the case of a child who developed aspergillus fumigatus mediastini ...201626965883
pkc-δ activation in neutrophils promotes fungal clearance.the c-type lectin receptor dectin-1 and the integrin mac-1 have key roles in controlling fungal infection. here, we demonstrate that dectin-1- and mac-1-induced activation of protein kinase cδ in neutrophils, independent of the card9 adaptor, is required for reactive oxygen species production and for intracellular killing upon candida albicans uptake. protein kinase cδ was also required for zymosan-induced cytokine generation in neutrophils. in macrophages, protein kinase cδ deficiency prevented ...201626965632
inhibition of trem-1 and dectin-1 alleviates the severity of fungal keratitis by modulating innate immune responses.to explore the possibility that inhibiting triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (trem-1) and dendritic cell-associated c-type lectin-1(dectin-1) could modulate the innate immune response and alleviate the severity of corneal fungal keratitis.201626963514
spacer-free bodipy fluorogens in antimicrobial peptides for direct imaging of fungal infection in human tissue.fluorescent antimicrobial peptides are promising structures for in situ, real-time imaging of fungal infection. here we report a fluorogenic probe to image aspergillus fumigatus directly in human pulmonary tissue. we have developed a fluorogenic trp-bodipy amino acid with a spacer-free c-c linkage between trp and a bodipy fluorogen, which shows remarkable fluorescence enhancement in hydrophobic microenvironments. the incorporation of our fluorogenic amino acid in short antimicrobial peptides doe ...201626956772
distinct roles of myosins in aspergillus fumigatus hyphal growth and pathogenesis.myosins are a family of actin-based motor proteins found in many organisms and are categorized into classes based on their structures. class ii and v myosins are known to be important for critical cellular processes, including cytokinesis, endocytosis, exocytosis, and organelle trafficking, in the model fungi saccharomyces cerevisiae and aspergillus nidulans however, the roles of myosins in the growth and virulence of the pathogen aspergillus fumigatus are unknown. we constructed single- and dou ...201626953327
expression of s100b during the innate immune of corneal epithelium against fungi invasion.to explore the expression of s100b in corneal epithelial cells under aspergillus stimulation both in vivo and in vitro.201626949634
co-regulation of dectin-1 and tlr2 in inflammatory response of human corneal epithelial cells induced by aspergillus fumigates.to investigate the co-regulation of dendritic cell-associated c-type lectin-1 (dectin-1), toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2), and relative chemotactic factors in the telomease-immortalized human corneal epithelial (thce) cells after exposure to aspergillus fumigatus (af) hyphae.201626949633
comparison of the composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of green branches and leaves of egyptian navel orange (citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck var. malesy).the essential oils isolated from the leaves and green branches of the egyptian navel orange trees were analyzed by gc and gc/ms. a total of 33 and 24 compounds were identified from the oils of the leaves and branches accounting for 96.0% and 97.9%, respectively, of the total detected constituents. the major ones were sabinene (36.5; 33.0%), terpinen-4-ol (8.2; 6.2%), δ-3-carene (7.0; 9.4%), limonene (6.8; 18.7%), trans-ocimene (6.7; 6.1%), and β-myrcene (4.5; 4.4%). the antimicrobial activities ...201626948682
multiple brain abscesses due to aspergillus fumigatus in a patient with liver cirrhosis: a case report.invasive cerebral aspergillosis always developed in immunocompromised host. early diagnosis may save life in this critical condition; however, it is difficult to reach. herein, we presented an unusual case of invasive cerebral aspergillosis in a cirrhotic patient. a 47-year-old man presented with progressive deterioration of consciousness for three days. the patient had a history of alcoholic liver cirrhosis, child-pugh class c. magnetic resonance imaging (mri) of brain showed multi-focal parenc ...201626945363
[identification of microorganisms related to chronic rhinosinusitis in adult patients with variable common immunodeficiency].the prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis in adult patients with common variable immunodeficiency (cvid) is 52%. the patients with cvid show higher incidence of chronic rhinosinusitis, which is an inflammatory disease that affects the lining of one or more paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.201626943827
in silico analysis revealed high-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms in human pentraxin-3 gene and their impact on innate immune response against microbial pathogens.pentraxin-3 (ptx-3) protein is an evolutionary conserved protein that acts as a soluble pattern-recognition receptor for pathogens and plays important role in innate immune response. it recognizes various pathogens by interacting with extracellular moieties such as glactomannan of conidia (aspergillus fumigatus), lipopolysaccharide of pseudomonas aeruginosa, streptococcus pneumonia and salmonella typhimurium. thus, ptx-3 protein helps to clear these pathogens by activating downstream innate immu ...201626941719
inducible epithelial resistance protects mice against leukemia-associated pneumonia.despite widespread infection prevention efforts, pneumonia remains the leading cause of death among patients with acute leukemia, due to complex disease- and treatment-dependent immune defects. we have reported that a single inhaled treatment with a synergistic combination of toll-like receptor 2/6 (tlr 2/6) and tlr9 agonists (pam2-odn) induces protective mucosal defenses in mice against a broad range of pathogens. as pam2-odn-induced protection persists despite depletion of several leukocyte po ...201627317793
a fluorescence-based high-throughput screening assay to identify growth inhibitors of the pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus.due to the advancements in modern medicine that have resulted in an increased number of immunocompromised individuals, the incidences and the associated mortality of invasive aspergillosis have continued to rise over the past three decades despite appropriate treatment. as a result, invasive aspergillosis has emerged as a leading cause of infection-related mortality in immunocompromised individuals. utilizing the resazurin to resorufin conversion fluorescence readout to monitor cell viability, h ...201627316995
biodegradative activities of selected environmental fungi on a polyester polyurethane varnish and polyether polyurethane foams.polyurethane (pu) is widely used in many aspects of modern life because of its versatility and resistance. however, pu waste disposal generates large problems, since it is slowly degraded, there are limited recycling processes, and its destruction may generate toxic compounds. in this work, we isolated fungal strains able to grow in mineral medium with a polyester pu (ps-pu; impranil dln) or a polyether pu (pe-pu; poly lack) varnish as the only carbon source. of the eight best impranil-degrading ...201627316963
variation in copy number of the 28s rdna of aspergillus fumigatus measured by droplet digital pcr and analog quantitative real-time pcr.droplet digital pcr (ddpcr) after dna digestion yielded a 28s rdna copy number of 61 to 86 copies/genome when testing 10 unrelated aspergillus fumigatus isolates, higher than with quantitative pcr. unfortunately, ddpcr after dna digestion did not improve the sensitivity of our pcr assay when testing serum patients with invasive aspergillosis.201627316653
candidacidal activity of selected ceragenins and human cathelicidin ll-37 in experimental settings mimicking infection sites.fungal infections, especially those caused by antibiotic resistant pathogens, have become a serious public health problem due to the growing number of immunocompromised patients, including those subjected to anticancer treatment or suffering from hiv infection. in this study we assessed fungicidal activity of the ceragenins csa-13, csa-131 and csa-192 against four fluconazole-resistant candida strains. we found that ceragenins activity against planktonic candida cells was higher than activity of ...201627315208
sinus aspergillosis due to an azole-resistant aspergillus fumigatus strain carrying the tr34/l98h mutation in immunocompetent host. 201627315172
cerebral aspergillosis and pulmonary tuberculosis in a child with chronic granulomatous disease.chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) is an immune disorder that affects phagocytes. it is characterized by recurrent or persistent bacterial and fungal infections. reports of tuberculosis (tb) in patients with cgd are rare. in developing countries, where tb is endemic, possibility of other chronic infections is often overlooked by physicians.201627308089
gh16 and gh81 family β-(1,3)-glucanases in aspergillus fumigatus are essential for conidial cell wall morphogenesis.the fungal cell wall is a rigid structure because of fibrillar and branched β-(1,3)-glucan linked to chitin. softening of the cell wall is an essential phenomenon during fungal morphogenesis, wherein rigid cell wall structures are cleaved by glycosylhydrolases. during the search for glycosylhydrolases acting on β-(1,3)-glucan, we identified seven genes in the aspergillus fumigatus genome coding for potential endo-β-(1,3)-glucanase. eng1 (previously characterized and named engl1, mouyna et al., ) ...201627306610
antimicrobial activity of new 2-thioxo-benzo[g]quinazolin-4(3h)-one derivatives.the antimicrobial activity of a synthesized series of 28 2-thioxo-benzo[g]quinazolin-4(3h)-one derivatives was evaluated in vitro against five gram-positive bacteria, including bacillus subtilis, enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis and streptococcus pyogenes. the antibacterial activity was extended to include five gram-negative bacteria: pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella oxytoca and enterobacter cloacae. furthermore, the ...201627306606
pu.1 is involved in the immune response to aspergillus fumigatus through upregulating dectin-1 expression.invasive aspergillosis is a life-threatening disease, and its incidence has increased in the recent past. dectin-1 recognizes β-glucans and mediates innate immune responses to aspergillus fumigatus. transcription factor pu.1 has been the focus of recent research due to its role in inflammation and infection. however, its role in dectin-1 regulation during a. fumigatus infection remains to be elucidated.201627306059
culturable fungi in potting soils and compost.in the present study the spectrum and the incidence of fungi in potting soils and compost was investigated. since soil is one of the most important biotopes for fungi, relatively high concentrations of fungal propagules are to be expected. for detection of fungi, samples of commercial soils, compost and soils from potted plants (both surface and sub-surface) were suspended and plated onto several mycological media. the resulting colonies were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. the resul ...201627354488
microbial biofilms in pulmonary and critical care diseases.microbial biofilms can colonize medical devices and human tissues, and their role in microbial pathogenesis is now well established. not only are biofilms ubiquitous in natural and human-made environments, but they are also estimated to be associated with approximately two-thirds of nosocomial infections. this multicellular aggregated form of microbial growth confers a remarkable resistance to killing by antimicrobials and host defenses, leading biofilms to cause a wide range of subacute or chro ...201627348071
important factors mediates the adhesion of aspergillus fumigatus to alveolar epithelial cells with e-cadherin.aspergillus is widely distributed in the earth's biosphere. it has strong adaptive capacity, and lives as saprophytic or parasitic life. this study aims to investigate the role of e-cadherin for adhesion of aspergillus fumigatus blastospores in a human epithelial cell line (a549) and search the correlated molecule in aspergillus. a. fumigatus blastospores were incubated with the total protein of a549 to investigate the binding of e-cadherin and blastospores followed by an affinity purification p ...201627347350
krüppel-like factor 4 modulates interleukin-6 release in human dendritic cells after in vitro stimulation with aspergillus fumigatus and candida albicans.invasive fungal infections are associated with high mortality rates and are mostly caused by the opportunistic fungi aspergillus fumigatus and candida albicans. immune responses against these fungi are still not fully understood. dendritic cells (dcs) are crucial players in initiating innate and adaptive immune responses against fungal infections. the immunomodulatory effects of fungi were compared to the bacterial stimulus lps to determine key players in the immune response to fungal infections ...201627346433
correction for de heer et al., detection of airway colonization by aspergillus fumigatus by use of electronic nose technology in patients with cystic fibrosis. 201627343292
contribution of molecular tools for the diagnosis and epidemiology of fungal chronic rhinosinusitis.chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) rank second at chronic inflammatory diseases in industrialized countries and are an important public health concern. diagnosis relies on a set of arguments including clinical signs, imaging, histopathologic and mycological analyses of sinus specimens, collected during nasal endoscopy. the sensitivity of fungal cultures is reported to be poor, even when direct examination is positive, thus the epidemiology of fungal chronic sinusitis is ill-known. this study evaluated ...201627335058
high-throughput sequencing reveals unprecedented diversities of aspergillus species in outdoor air.this study used the illumina miseq to analyse compositions and diversities of aspergillus species in outdoor air. the seasonal air samplings were performed at two locations in seoul, south korea. the results showed the relative abundances of all aspergillus species combined ranging from 0·20 to 18% and from 0·19 to 21% based on the number of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1) and β-tubulin (bena) gene sequences respectively. aspergillus fumigatus was the most dominant species with the mean ...201627333577
antifungal activity of plasmacytoid dendritic cells against cryptococcus neoformans in vitro requires expression of dectin-3 (clec4d) and reactive oxygen species.conventional dendritic cells (cdcs) are critical for protection against pulmonary infection with the opportunistic fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans; however, the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) is unknown. we show for the first time that murine pdcs have direct activity against c. neoformans via reactive oxygen species (ros), a mechanism different from that employed to control aspergillus fumigatus infections. the anticryptococcal activity of murine pdcs is independent of opso ...201627324480
treatment with rhdnase in patients with cystic fibrosis alters in-vitro chit-1 activity of isolated leucocytes.recent data suggest a possible relationship between cystic fibrosis (cf) pharmacotherapy, aspergillus fumigatus colonization (ac) and/or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa). the aim of this study was to determine if anti-fungal defence mechanisms are influenced by cf pharmacotherapy, i.e. if (1) neutrophils form cf and non-cf donors differ in their ability to produce chitotriosidase (chit-1); (2) if incubation of isolated neutrophils with azithromycin, salbutamol, prednisolone or rhdn ...201627324468
proteomic analysis of aspergillus fumigatus - clinical implications.aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous saprophytic fungus capable of producing small airborne spores, which are frequently inhaled by humans. in healthy individuals, the fungus is rapidly cleared by innate mechanisms, including immune cells. however, in individuals with impaired lung function or immunosuppression the spores can germinate and prompt severe allergic responses, and disease with limited or extensive invasiveness.201627324303
acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis: our experience with 18 cases.acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (aifrs) is a rapidly progressive life threatening infection that is seen most commonly among immunocompromised patients. we present a case series of 18 patients clinically and histopathologically diagnosed with aifrs with a mean follow-up of 9.11 ± 2.51 months (range 6-17). demographic data, apparent symptoms and signs, underlying disorders, and outcomes are discussed. the mean age was 39.56 ± 20.66 years (range 2-75). the most common underlying diseases were ...201627272179
the extracellular matrix of fungal biofilms.a key feature of biofilms is their production of an extracellular matrix. this material covers the biofilm cells, providing a protective barrier to the surrounding environment. during an infection setting, this can include such offenses as host cells and products of the immune system as well as drugs used for treatment. studies over the past two decades have revealed the matrix from different biofilm species to be as diverse as the microbes themselves. this chapter will review the composition an ...201627271680
microbial pathogens in source and treated waters from drinking water treatment plants in the united states and implications for human health.an occurrence survey was conducted on selected pathogens in source and treated drinking water collected from 25 drinking water treatment plants (dwtps) in the united states. water samples were analyzed for the protozoa giardia and cryptosporidium (epa method 1623); the fungi aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus niger and aspergillus terreus (quantitative pcr [qpcr]); and the bacteria legionella pneumophila (qpcr), mycobacterium avium, m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis, and mycobacterium intrace ...201627260619
beneficial effect of lactococcus lactis ncc 2287 in a murine model of eosinophilic esophagitis.eosinophilic esophagitis (eoe) is a severe inflammatory disease of the esophagus which is characterized histologically by an eosinophilic infiltration into the esophageal tissue. the efficacy of probiotics in the context of atopic diseases has been well investigated but, to date, there has been no study which has evaluated probiotic effects on eoe inflammation. this study sought to identify a probiotic which improves esophageal inflammation in experimental eoe.201627259693
new advances in invasive aspergillosis immunobiology leading the way towards personalized therapeutic approaches.invasive aspergillosis (ia) remains a devastating disease in immune compromised patients despite significant advances in our understanding of fungal virulence and host defense mechanisms. in this review, we summarize important research advances in the fight against ia with particular focus on early events in the interactions between aspergillus fumigatus and the host that occur in the respiratory tract. advances in understanding mechanisms of immune effector cell recruitment, antifungal effector ...201627253487
aspergillus cell wall chitin induces anti- and proinflammatory cytokines in human pbmcs via the fc-γ receptor/syk/pi3k pathway.chitin is an important cell wall component of aspergillus fumigatus conidia, of which hundreds are inhaled on a daily basis. previous studies have shown that chitin has both anti- and proinflammatory properties; however the exact mechanisms determining the inflammatory signature of chitin are poorly understood, especially in human immune cells. human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from healthy volunteers and stimulated with chitin from aspergillus fumigatus transcription and pr ...201627247234
fungal infection of cystic fibrosis patients - single center experience.cystic fibrosis (cf) is the most common monogenetic autosomal recessive disease in the human population. this systemic disease is characterized by changes in multiple organs, mainly in the lung tissue and digestive tract. more than 59% of cf patients become sensitized to fungal spores, mostly aspergillus fumigatus. 5-15% of cf patients develop allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. the aim of the study was to analyse the occurrence of yeast and filamentous fungi of the respiratory infections i ...201627238177
delay of antifungal therapy influences the outcome of invasive aspergillosis in experimental models of infection.the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of delayed antifungal therapy on the outcome of invasive aspergillosis due to aspergillus fumigatus in experimental models of infection.201627231274
reducing hypoxia and inflammation during invasive pulmonary aspergillosis by targeting the interleukin-1 receptor.hypoxia as a result of pulmonary tissue damage due to unresolved inflammation during invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa) is associated with a poor outcome. aspergillus fumigatus can exploit the hypoxic microenvironment in the lung, but the inflammatory response required for fungal clearance can become severely disregulated as a result of hypoxia. since severe inflammation can be detrimental to the host, we investigated whether targeting the interleukin il-1 pathway could reduce inflammation a ...201627215684
binding mode of dihydroquinazolinones with lysozyme and its antifungal activity against aspergillus species.aspergillosis is one of the infectious fungal diseases affecting mainly the immunocompromised patients. the scarcity of the antifungal targets has identified the importance of n-myristoyl transferase (nmt) in the regulation of fungal pathway. the dihydroquinazolinone molecules were designed on the basis of fragments responsible for binding with the target enzyme. the aryl halide, 1(a-g), aryl boronic acid and potassium carbonate were heated together in water and dioxane mixture to yield new cc b ...201627214045
fungistatic activity of all-trans retinoic acid against aspergillus fumigatus and candida albicans.fungal infections are a major complication in hematologic and neoplastic patients causing severe morbidity and mortality. aspergillus fumigatus and candida albicans are among the most invasive opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients, and classic antifungal drugs are frequently unsuccessful in these patients. recent reports hypothesize that the antifungal efficacy of all-trans retinoic acid (atra) is mainly related to its strong capacity to stimulate monocyte-mediated immunity, but ...201627199548
predictors of deterioration of lung function in polish children with cystic fibrosis.severity of lung disease varies in patients with the same cftr genotype. it suggests that other factors affect the severity of cystic fibrosis (cf). the aim of the study was to identify risk factors that determine lung function decline in polish cystic fibrosis children.201627186187
lc3-associated phagocytosis: a crucial mechanism for antifungal host defence against aspergillus fumigatus.lc3-associated phagocytosis (lap) is a non-canonical autophagy pathway involved in the maturation of single-membrane phagosomes and subsequent killing of ingested pathogens by phagocytes. this pathway is initiated following recognition of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors and leads to the recruitment of lc3 into the phagosomal membrane. this form of phagocytosis is utilized for the antifungal host defence and is required for an efficient fungal killing. here, we provide an overview of t ...201627185357
comparative transcriptome analysis revealing dormant conidia and germination associated genes in aspergillus species: an essential role for atfa in conidial dormancy.fungal conidia are usually dormant unless the extracellular conditions are right for germination. despite the importance of dormancy, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying entry to, maintenance of, and exit from dormancy. to gain comprehensive and inter-species insights, transcriptome analyses were conducted across aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus niger, and aspergillus oryzae.201627185182
cd11c.dtr mice develop a fatal fulminant myocarditis after local or systemic treatment with diphtheria toxin.to assess the role of alveolar macrophages (ams) during a pulmonary aspergillus fumigatus infection ams were depleted by intratracheal application of diphtheria toxin (dtx) to transgenic cd11c.dtr mice prior to fungal infection. unexpectedly, all cd11c.dtr mice treated with dtx died within 4-5 days, whether being infected with a. fumigatus or not. despite measurable impact of dtx on lung functional parameters, these constrictions could not explain the high mortality rate. instead, dtx-treated cd ...201627184067
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis under adalimumab therapy: a case report.a 77-year-old woman with a 15-year history of rheumatoid arthritis (ra) was admitted to our hospital because of a wet cough that persisted for 1 month. the patient had been taking methotrexate (mtx) and adalimumab (ada) for the past 3 years, and disease activity of ra was low. discontinuation of ada and mtx and treatment with oral levofloxacin were not effective. on admission, laboratory examinations showed eosinophilia (2539/μl), elevated serum total immunoglobulin e (538.0 iu/ml) and aspergill ...201627181240
an epidemiological study of animals dermatomycoses in iran.to determine the fungal species isolated from skin lesions of different animals suspected of having dermatomycoses and their prevalence in different regions of iran.201627180290
aspergillus infections in cystic fibrosis.patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) suffer from chronic lung infection and airway inflammation. respiratory failure secondary to chronic or recurrent infection remains the commonest cause of death and accounts for over 90% of mortality. bacteria as staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cepacia complex have been regarded the main cf pathogens and their role in progressive lung decline has been studied extensively. little attention has been paid to the role of aspergillus s ...201627177733
[prevalence of sensitization to allergens in school children with asthma residents from guadalajara metropolitan area].allergic sensitization is dependent on the geographical and climatic conditions in each region; therefore, identify agents most commonly sensitized children with asthma is important for planning prevention measures.201627174756
[clinical profile of sensitization to fungi in medellin, colombia].fungi sensitization correlates with patologies like asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis and dermatitis. in general it is associated with other sensitizations. in medellin the multisystemic pattern is associated with fungi sensitization.201627174755
ultrasound- and molecular sieves-assisted synthesis, molecular docking and antifungal evaluation of 5-(4-(benzyloxy)-substituted phenyl)-3-((phenylamino)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3h)-thiones.a novel series of 5-(4-(benzyloxy)substituted phenyl)-3-((phenyl amino)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3h)-thione mannich bases 6a-o were synthesized in good yield from the key compound 5-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3h)-thione by aminomethylation with paraformaldehyde and substituted amines using molecular sieves and sonication as green chemistry tools. the antifungal activity of the new products was evaluated against seven human pathogenic fungal strains, namely, candida albicans atcc 2 ...201627171073
effects of essential oil combinations on pathogenic yeasts and moulds.essential oils (eos) can be used as alternative or complementary antifungal agents against human pathogenic moulds and yeasts. to reduce the effective dose of antimicrobial agents, eos are combined which can lead to synergistic or additive effect. in this study the anti-yeast and anti-mould activities of selected eos were investigated, alone and in combinations, against clinical isolates of candida albicans, c. parapsilosis, aspergillus fumigatus, a. terreus, rhizopus microsporus, fusarium solan ...201627165531
biomedical and catalytic applications of gold and silver-gold alloy nanoparticles biosynthesized using cell-free extract of bacillus safensis lau 13: antifungal, dye degradation, anti-coagulant and thrombolytic activities.this study investigated the green biosynthesis of gold (au) and silver-gold alloy (ag-au) nanoparticles using cell-free extract of bacillus safensis lau 13 strain (genbank accession no: kj461434). the biosynthesized aunps and ag-aunps were characterized using uv-vis spectroscopy, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. evaluation of the antifungal activities, degradation of malachite green, anti-coagulation of blood, and thrombolysis of human blood clot by ...201627164598
nanoscale mo- moo3 entrapped in engineering thermoplastic: inorganic pathway to bactericidal and fungicidal action.in our contemporary endeavor, metallic molybdenum (mo) and semiconducting molybdenum trioxide (moo3) nanostructures have been simultaneously generated via solid state reaction between molybdenum (iii) chloride (mocl3) and polyphenylene sulfide (pps) at 285 (°)c in unimolar ratio for different time durations, namely, 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h. the resultant nanocomposites (ncs) revealed formation of predominantly metallic mo for all the samples. however, moo3 gradually gained prominent position as seco ...201627164597
expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in a murine model of aspergillus fumigatus keratitis.to observe the presence and expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido) during the corneal immunity to aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus) in the murine models.201627162718
analysis of peritoneal galactomannan for the diagnosis of aspergillus peritonitis.here, we report a patient developing a postoperative peritoneal infection by aspergillus fumigatus. while galactomannan serum levels were negative throughout the time course, galactomannan levels in peritoneal fluids yielded high results. serological testing of peritoneal fluids for fungal antigens might be a useful and easily applicable tool to support diagnosis of intraabdominal aspergillosis, which represents a rare type of invasive fungal infection.201627160571
cell wall integrity signalling in human pathogenic fungi.fungi are surrounded by a rigid structure, the fungal cell wall. its plasticity and composition depend on active regulation of the underlying biosynthesis and restructuring processes. this involves specialised signalling pathways that control gene expression and activities of biosynthetic enzymes. the cell wall integrity (cwi) pathway is the central signalling cascade required for the adaptation to a wide spectrum of cell wall perturbing conditions, including heat, oxidative stress and antifunga ...201627155139
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis complicating swyer-james-macleod's syndrome: case report and review of literature.allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa) is a pulmonary disorder that results from immune responses mounted against antigens of aspergillus fumigatus, resulting in non-specific respiratory symptoms and structural lung damage. classically defined in individuals suffering from bronchial asthma and cystic fibrosis, abpa has recently been described in other lung diseases including copd, pulmonary tuberculosis, idiopathic bronchiectasis and others. herein, we report the first case of abpa compl ...201627152607
data-based reconstruction of gene regulatory networks of fungal pathogens.in the emerging field of systems biology of fungal infection, one of the central roles belongs to the modeling of gene regulatory networks (grns). utilizing omics-data, grns can be predicted by mathematical modeling. here, we review current advances of data-based reconstruction of both small-scale and large-scale grns for human pathogenic fungi. the advantage of large-scale genome-wide modeling is the possibility to predict central (hub) genes and thereby indicate potential biomarkers and drug t ...201627148247
application of zno nanoparticles for improving the thermal and ph stability of crude cellulase obtained from aspergillus fumigatus aa001.cellulases are the enzymes which are responsible for the hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass. in this study thermal and ph stability of crude cellulase has been investigated in the presence of zinc oxide (zno) nanoparticles. we synthesized zno nanoparticle by sol-gel method and characterized through various techniques including, x-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscope, field emission scanning electron microscope and high resolution scanning electron microscope. the crude thermostable ce ...201627148203
detection of aspergillus fumigatus in blood samples from critically ill patients in intensive care units by use of the septifast assay.we retrospectively analyzed the performance and relevance of the septifast assay in detecting aspergillus fumigatus dna in whole blood samples from 38 critically ill intensive care unit (icu) patients with probable or proven invasive aspergillosis (ia) and 100 icu patients without ia. the assay exhibited 66% sensitivity, 98% specificity, a 93% positive predictive value, and an 88% negative predictive value. a. fumigatus dnaemia was associated with poor outcome.201627147727
decreased cell wall galactosaminogalactan in aspergillus nidulans mediates dysregulated inflammation in the chronic granulomatous disease host.invasive aspergillosis is a major threat to patients suffering from impaired neutrophil function, with aspergillus fumigatus being the most common species causing this life-threatening condition. patients with chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) not only develop infections with a. fumigatus, but also exhibit a unique susceptibility to infection with the normally nonpathogenic species aspergillus nidulans. in this study, we compared the inflammatory cytokine response of peripheral blood mononucle ...201627142572
antimicrobial activity of synthesized 2-methylthiobenzo[g][1,2,4]- triazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline derivatives.the present study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a synthesized 2-methylthio-benzo[g][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- a]quinazoline series. the compounds (1-21) were tested against a variety of gram-positive bacterial species including bacillus subtilis (rcmb 01001 69-3), enterococcus faecalis (rcmb 0100154-2), staphylococcus aureus (rcmb 0100183-9), staphylococcus epidermidis (rcmb 0100183-9) and streptococcus pyogenes (rcmb 0100172-5). in addition, gram-negative bacteria were als ...201627140181
a non-canonical melanin biosynthesis pathway protects aspergillus terreus conidia from environmental stress.melanins are ubiquitous pigments found in all kingdoms of life. most organisms use them for protection from environmental stress, although some fungi employ melanins as virulence determinants. the human pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus and related ascomycetes produce dihydroxynaphthalene- (dhn) melanin in their spores, the conidia, and use it to inhibit phagolysosome acidification. however, biosynthetic origin of melanin in a related fungus, aspergillus terreus, has remained a mystery bec ...201627133313
calcineurin inhibitors impair neutrophil activity against aspergillus fumigatus in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.neutrophils are key effectors against the widely distributed mold aspergillus fumigatus, which is a major threat for immunocompromised patients, including allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients. yet little is known about neutrophil activity over time after cell transplantation, especially regarding a fumigatus.201627132218
new applications for known drugs: human glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors as modulators of aspergillus fumigatus growth.invasive aspergillosis (ia) is one of the most severe forms of fungi infection. ia disease is mainly due to aspergillus fumigatus, an air-borne opportunistic pathogen. mortality rate caused by ia is still very high (50-95%), because of difficulty in early diagnostics and reduced antifungal treatment options, thus new and efficient drugs are necessary. the aim of this work is, using aspergillus nidulans as non-pathogen model, to develop efficient drugs to treat ia. the recent discovered role of g ...201627131621
biofilm exopolysaccharides of pathogenic fungi: lessons from bacteria.exopolysaccharides play an important structural and functional role in the development and maintenance of microbial biofilms. although the majority of research to date has focused on the exopolysaccharide systems of biofilm-forming bacteria, recent studies have demonstrated that medically relevant fungi such as candida albicans and aspergillus fumigatus also form biofilms during infection. these fungal biofilms share many similarities with those of bacteria, including the presence of secreted ex ...201627129222
two-color widefield fluorescence microendoscopy enables multiplexed molecular imaging in the alveolar space of human lung tissue.we demonstrate a fast two-color widefield fluorescence microendoscopy system capable of simultaneously detecting several disease targets in intact human ex vivo lung tissue. we characterize the system for light throughput from the excitation light emitting diodes, fluorescence collection efficiency, and chromatic focal shifts. we demonstrate the effectiveness of the instrument by imaging bacteria (pseudomonas aeruginosa) in ex vivo human lung tissue. we describe a mechanism of bacterial detectio ...201627121475
structures of pathogenic fungal fkbp12s reveal possible self-catalysis function.invasive fungal infections remain difficult to treat and require novel targeting strategies. the 12-kda fk506-binding protein (fkbp12) is a ubiquitously expressed peptidyl-prolyl isomerase with considerable homology between fungal pathogens and is thus a prime candidate for future targeting efforts to generate a panfungal strategy. despite decades of research on fkbps, their substrates and mechanisms of action remain unclear. here we describe structural, biochemical, and in vivo analyses of fkbp ...201627118592
fungal biofilms: update on resistance.over the past decade, the emergence of biofilm-related invasive fungal diseases has been the subject of numerous studies focused on antifungal resistance and its impact on antifungal therapy in severely ill patients. the majority of the studies investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in antifungal resistance and pathogenicity of biofilm production by candida albicans and aspergillus fumigatus, the most common etiologic agents of yeast and mold invasive infections. the main mechanism chara ...201627115411
insights from the molecular dynamics simulation of cellobiohydrolase cel6a molecular structural model from aspergillus fumigatus nitdgpka3.global demand for bioethanol is increasing tremendously as it could help to replace the conventional fossil fuel and at the same time supporting the bioremediation of huge volume of cellulosic wastes generated from different sources. ideal genetic engineering approaches are essential to improve the efficacy of the bioethanol production processes for real time applications. a locally isolated fungal strain aspergillus fumigatus nitdgpka3 was used in our laboratory for the hydrolysis of lignocellu ...201627109185
a green ultrasound synthesis, characterization and antibacterial evaluation of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles tethering bioactive benzothiazole nucleus.the synthesis of n-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-substituted-1h-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acetamides 5a-r via the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between 2-azido-n-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)acetamide derivatives 3a-c and different alkynes were performed in the presence and absence of ultrasound irradiation. the synthesis was carried out using t-buoh/h₂o (1:1, v/v) as reaction solvents and cuso₄·5h₂o/sodium ascorbate as the catalyst. the copper catalyst was implemented to provide the regioselective 1,4-dis ...201627096862
hide, keep quiet, and keep low: properties that make aspergillus fumigatus a successful lung pathogen.representatives of the genus aspergillus are opportunistic fungal pathogens. their conidia can reach the alveoli by inhalation and can give rise to infections in immunocompromised individuals. aspergillus fumigatus is the causal agent of invasive aspergillosis in nearly 90% of the cases. it is not yet well-established what makes this fungus more pathogenic than other aspergilli such as a. niger. here, we show that a. fumigatus and a. niger conidia adhere with similar efficiency to lung epithelia ...201627092115
azole-resistant aspergillus fumigatus in denmark: a laboratory-based study on resistance mechanisms and genotypes.azole-resistant aspergillus fumigatus originating from the environment as well as induced during therapy are continuously emerging in danish clinical settings. we performed a laboratory-based retrospective study (2010-2014) of azole resistance and genetic relationship of a. fumigatus at the national mycology reference laboratory of denmark. a total of 1162 clinical and 133 environmental a. fumigatus isolates were identified by morphology, thermotolerance and/or β-tubulin sequencing. screening fo ...201627091095
voriconazole-susceptible and voriconazole-resistant aspergillus fumigatus coinfection. 201627082535
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