Publications

influenza vaccine effectiveness assessment through sentinel virological data in three post-pandemic seasons.	influenza vaccination aims at reducing the incidence of serious disease, complications and death among those with the most risk of severe influenza disease. influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) through sentinel surveillance data from the pidirac program (daily acute respiratory infection surveillance of catalonia) during 2010-2011, 2011-2012, and 2012-2013 influenza seasons, with three different predominant circulating influenza virus (iv) types [a(h1n1)pdm09, a(h3n2) and b, respectively] was as ...	2015	25483540
ten years (2004-2014) of influenza surveillance in northern italy.	as the regional influenza reference centre operating within the italian network influnet, here we report data on virological and epidemiological surveillance of influenza, as well as on the vaccination coverage rates achieved in lombardy (northern italy) over 10 consecutive winter seasons (2004-2014). over the past 10 years, influenza vaccine coverage declined both in the general population (from 15.7% in 2004-2005 to 11.7% in 2013-2014) and in the vaccine-target population of individuals ≥65- ...	2015	25483536
computational insights into the inhibition of influenza viruses by rupestonic acid derivatives: pharmacophore modeling, 3d-qsar, comfa and comsia studies.	the pharmacophore modeling and 3d-qsar studies were performed on a series of amino alkyl rupestonates (rupestonic acid) derivatives reported for h1n1, h3n2 and influenza b virus, na inhibition. in order to improve the efficacy of amino alkyl rupestonates derivatives, a four point pharmacophore model with one acceptor and three hydrophobic regions was developed. furthermore, the 3d-qsar model was generated based on the pharmacophore hypothesis (ahhh) for each subtype. the hypothesis was more sign ...	2015	25483013
combination of multiplex reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification with an immunochromatographic strip for subtyping influenza a virus.	considering the fatal human victims and economic loss by the annual epidemic influenza virus, the development of a rapid and convenient genetic analysis methodology is demanding for timely on-site pathogen detection. in this study, we utilized reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) for multiplex target gene amplification, and the resultant amplicons were analyzed on the immunochromatographic strip (ics) for subtyping influenza a virus. through the optimized primer ...	2015	25467501
synergistic effect of nitazoxanide with neuraminidase inhibitors against influenza a viruses in vitro.	the emergence of drug-resistant influenza a virus (iav) strains represents a serious threat to global human health and underscores the need for novel approaches to anti-influenza chemotherapy. combination therapy with drugs affecting different iav targets represents an attractive option for influenza treatment. we have previously shown that the thiazolide anti-infective nitazoxanide (ntz) inhibits h1n1 iav replication by selectively blocking viral hemagglutinin maturation. herein we investigate ...	2015	25451059
a vero-cell-adapted vaccine donor strain of influenza a virus generated by serial passages.	a cell culture-based vaccine production system is preferred for the large-scale production of influenza vaccines and has advantages for generating vaccines against highly pathogenic influenza a viruses. vero cells have been widely used in human vaccine manufacturing, and the safety of these cells has been well demonstrated. however, the most commonly used influenza-vaccine donor virus, a/puerto rico/8/1934 (pr8) virus, does not grow efficiently in vero cells. therefore, we adapted the pr8 virus ...	2015	25448099
poly i:c adjuvanted inactivated swine influenza vaccine induces heterologous protective immunity in pigs.	swine influenza is widely prevalent in swine herds in north america and europe causing enormous economic losses and a public health threat. pigs can be infected by both avian and mammalian influenza viruses and are sources of generation of reassortant influenza viruses capable of causing pandemics in humans. current commercial vaccines provide satisfactory immunity against homologous viruses; however, protection against heterologous viruses is not adequate. in this study, we evaluated the protec ...	2015	25437101
multiplex rt-pcr and indirect immunofluorescence assays for detection and subtyping of human influenza virus in tunisia.	influenza viruses are negative stranded segmented rna viruses belonging to orthomyxoviridae family. they are classified into three types a, b, and c. type a influenza viruses are classified into subtypes according to the antigenic characters of the surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (h) and neuraminidase (n). the aim of the present study is to develop a fast and reliable multiplex rt-pcr technique for detecting simultaneously the subtypes a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 of influenza virus. our study include ...	2015	25366277
detection of novel reassortant influenza a (h3n2) and h1n1 2009 pandemic viruses in swine in hanoi, vietnam.	from may to september 2013, monthly samples were collected from swine in a vietnamese slaughterhouse for influenza virus isolation and serological testing. a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses and a novel h3n2 originating from reassortment between a(h1n1)pdm09 and novel viruses of the north american triple reassortant lineage were isolated. serological results showed low seroprevalence for the novel h3n2 virus and higher seroprevalence for a(h1n1)pdm09 viruses. in addition, serology suggested that other swine i ...	2015	25363845
canine susceptibility to human influenza viruses (a/pdm 09h1n1, a/h3n2 and b).	we investigated the infectivity and transmissibility of the human seasonal h3n2, pandemic (pdm) h1n1 (2009) and b influenza viruses in dogs. dogs inoculated with human seasonal h3n2 and pdm h1n1 influenza viruses exhibited nasal shedding and were seroconverted against the viruses; this did not occur in the influenza b virus-inoculated dogs. transmission of human h3n2 virus between dogs was demonstrated by observing nasal shedding and seroconversion in naïve dogs after contact with inoculated dog ...	2015	25312584
in vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activity of four neuraminidase inhibitors against clinical isolates of influenza virus in the japanese 2012-2013 season.	the neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu(®)), zanamivir (relenza(®)), laninamivir octanoate (inavir(®)), and peramivir (rapiacta(®)) have been available for the treatment of influenza in japan since 2010. the emergence of resistant virus to any of the nais is a great concern for influenza treatment. to assess the extent of viral resistance, we measured the 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) of each nai for influenza virus isolates in the 2012-2013 influenza season and ...	2015	25277670
natural t cell-mediated protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza. results of the flu watch cohort study.	a high proportion of influenza infections are asymptomatic. animal and human challenge studies and observational studies suggest t cells protect against disease among those infected, but the impact of t-cell immunity at the population level is unknown.	2015	25844934
electrochemical dna biosensor based on a tetrahedral nanostructure probe for the detection of avian influenza a (h7n9) virus.	a dna tetrahedral nanostructure-based electrochemical biosensor was developed to detect avian influenza a (h7n9) virus through recognizing a fragment of the hemagglutinin gene sequence. the dna tetrahedral probe was immobilized onto a gold electrode surface based on self-assembly between three thiolated nucleotide sequences and a longer nucleotide sequence containing complementary dna to hybridize with the target single-stranded (ss)dna. the captured target sequence was hybridized with a biotiny ...	2015	25844798
protective efficacy of the conserved np, pb1, and m1 proteins as immunogens in dna- and vaccinia virus-based universal influenza a virus vaccines in mice.	the conventional hemagglutinin (ha)- and neuraminidase (na)-based influenza vaccines need to be updated most years and are ineffective if the glycoprotein ha of the vaccine strains is a mismatch with that of the epidemic strain. universal vaccines targeting conserved viral components might provide cross-protection and thus complement and improve conventional vaccines. in this study, we generated dna plasmids and recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the conserved proteins nucleoprotein (np), p ...	2015	25834017
electrochemical assay to detect influenza viruses and measure drug susceptibility.	an electrochemical assay has been designed to rapidly diagnose influenza viruses. exposure of a glucose-bearing substrate to influenza viruses or its enzyme, neuraminidase (na), releases glucose, which was detected amperometrically. two methods were used to detect released glucose. first, we used a standard glucose blood meter to detect two viral nas and three influenza strains. we also demonstrated drug susceptibility of two antivirals, zanamivir and oseltamivir, using the assay. finally, we us ...	2015	25823546
[analysis of population immunity of residents of russian federation regions against seasonal and highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus].	determine the level of antibodies against socially significant types/serotypes of influenza virus in sera of individuals residing in various regions of russia.	2015	25816528
seroprotective antibodies to 2011 variant influenza a(h3n2v) and seasonal influenza a(h3n2) among three age groups of us department of defense service members.	in 2011, a new variant of influenza a(h3n2) emerged that contained a recombination of genes from swine h3n2 viruses and the matrix (m) gene of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus. new combinations and variants of pre-existing influenza viruses are worrisome if there is low or nonexistent immunity in a population, which increases chances for an outbreak or pandemic.	2015	25816244
14-deoxy-11,12-dehydroandrographolide exerts anti-influenza a virus activity and inhibits replication of h5n1 virus by restraining nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes.	the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus has become a worldwide public health threat, and current antiviral therapies have limited activity against the emerging, resistant influenza viruses. therefore, effective drugs with novel targets against influenza a viruses, h5n1 strains in particular, should be developed. in the present study, 14-deoxy-11,12-dehydroandrographolide (dap), a major component of the traditional chinese medicine andrographis paniculata, exerted potent anti-influenza a ...	2015	25800824
influenza a virus infection in brazilian swine herds following the introduction of pandemic 2009 h1n1.	influenza a virus (fluav) infections are endemic in pork producing countries worldwide but in brazil it was not considered an important pathogen in pigs. since the emergence of 2009 pandemic h1n1 (h1n1pdm) fluav, many outbreaks of respiratory disease were observed in pig herds. the aim of this study was to evaluate fluav infection in swine in 48 pig farms located in seven brazilian states with previous reports of influenza-like signs by clinical, serological and virological cross-sectional studi ...	2015	26345257
viral dominance of reassortants between canine influenza h3n2 and pandemic (2009) h1n1 viruses from a naturally co-infected dog.	since avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) was first identified in south korea in 2008, the novel influenza virus has been reported in several countries in asia. reverse zoonotic transmission of pandemic h1n1 (2009) influenza virus (ph1n1) has been observed in a broad range of animal species. viral dominance and characterization of the reassortants of both viruses was undertaken in the present study.	2015	26336880
development of high-yield influenza a virus vaccine viruses.	vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways to prevent infection. influenza vaccines propagated in cultured cells are approved for use in humans, but their yields are often suboptimal. here, we screened a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8) virus mutant libraries to develop vaccine backbones (defined here as the six viral rna segments not encoding haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that support high yield in cell culture. we also tested mutations in the coding and regulatory regions of the virus, and c ...	2015	26334134
reconstruction of the evolutionary dynamics of a(h3n2) influenza viruses circulating in italy from 2004 to 2012.	influenza a viruses are characterised by their rapid evolution, and the appearance of point mutations in the viral hemagglutinin (ha) domain causes seasonal epidemics. the a(h3n2) virus has higher mutation rate than the a(h1n1) virus. the aim of this study was to reconstruct the evolutionary dynamics of the a(h3n2) viruses circulating in italy between 2004 and 2012 in the light of the forces driving viral evolution.	2015	26331945
clinical characteristics are similar across type a and b influenza virus infections.	studies that aimed at comparing the clinical presentation of influenza patients across virus types and subtypes/lineages found divergent results, but this was never investigated using data collected over several years in a countrywide, primary care practitioners-based influenza surveillance system.	2015	26325069
antiviral activity of an aqueous extract derived from aloe arborescens mill. against a broad panel of viruses causing infections of the upper respiratory tract.	a number of antiviral therapies have evolved that may be effectively administered to treat respiratory viral diseases. but these therapies are very often of limited efficacy or have severe side effects. therefore there is great interest in developing new efficacious and safe antiviral compounds e.g. based on the identification of compounds of herbal origin.	2015	26321740
novel reassortant human-like h3n2 and h3n1 influenza a viruses detected in pigs are virulent and antigenically distinct from swine viruses endemic to the united states.	human-like swine h3 influenza a viruses (iav) were detected by the usda surveillance system. we characterized two novel swine human-like h3n2 and h3n1 viruses with hemagglutinin (ha) genes similar to those in human seasonal h3 strains and internal genes closely related to those of 2009 h1n1 pandemic viruses. the h3n2 neuraminidase (na) was of the contemporary human n2 lineage, while the h3n1 na was of the classical swine n1 lineage. both viruses were antigenically distant from swine h3 viruses t ...	2015	26311895
incidence of medically attended influenza during pandemic and post-pandemic seasons through the influenza incidence surveillance project, 2009-13.	since the introduction of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) to the usa in 2009, the influenza incidence surveillance project has monitored the burden of influenza in the outpatient setting through population-based surveillance.	2015	26300111
sialic acid-dependent interactions between influenza viruses and streptococcus suis affect the infection of porcine tracheal cells.	bacterial co-infections are a major complication in influenza-virus-induced disease in both humans and animals. either of the pathogens may induce a host response that affects the infection by the other pathogen. a unique feature in the co-infection by swine influenza viruses (siv) and streptococcus suis serotype 2 is the direct interaction between the two pathogens. it is mediated by the haemagglutinin of siv that recognizes the α2,6-linked sialic acid present in the capsular polysaccharide of ...	2015	26297001
establishment of functional influenza virus-specific cd8(+) t cell memory pools after intramuscular immunization.	the emergence of the avian-origin influenza h7n9 virus and its pandemic potential has highlighted the ever-present need to develop vaccination approaches to induce cross-protective immunity. in this study, we examined the establishment of cross-reactive cd8(+) t cell immunity in mice following immunization with live a/puerto rico/8/1934 (pr8; h1n1) influenza virus via two non-productive inoculation routes. we found that immunization via the intramuscular (im) route established functional influen ...	2015	26277069
evaluation of the activity of influenza and influenza-like viruses in the epidemic season 2013/2014.	infections caused by respiratory viruses can have different clinical symptoms, while specific set of symptoms can be induced by different viruses. despite usually mild course of disease, some viruses causing certain disease entity can result in serious complications. therefore, quick and appropriate diagnostic is crucial for administering proper treatment. in the epidemic season 2013/2014, 2,497 specimens were tested. infections caused by influenza viruses were confirmed in 9.8%, while infection ...	2015	25786402
integrated sentinel surveillance linking genetic, antigenic, and epidemiologic monitoring of influenza vaccine-virus relatedness and effectiveness during the 2013-2014 influenza season.	canada's sentinel physician surveillance network links genetic, antigenic, and vaccine effectiveness (ve) measures in an integrated platform of influenza monitoring, described here for the 2013-2014 influenza season of resurgent a(h1n1)pdm09 and late-season type b activity.	2015	25784728
antibody responses to influenza viruses in paediatric patients and their contacts at the onset of the 2009 pandemic in mexico.	on april 2009, the mexican ministry of health received notification of cases of severe pneumonia mostly affecting young healthy people; this was the beginning of the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. the nature of the immune response to the influenza a(h1n1)2009 pandemic strain in mexico at the beginning of the pandemic outbreak has not been completely defined. we describe the serological response to the 2009 pandemic influenza virus in paediatric patients with influenza-like illness ...	2015	25771463
swine influenza virus pa and neuraminidase gene reassortment into human h1n1 influenza virus is associated with an altered pathogenic phenotype linked to increased mip-2 expression.	swine are susceptible to infection by both avian and human influenza viruses, and this feature is thought to contribute to novel reassortant influenza viruses. in this study, the influenza virus reassortment rate in swine and human cells was determined. coinfection of swine cells with 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus (huh1n1) and an endemic swine h1n2 (a/swine/illinois/02860/09) virus (swh1n2) resulted in a 23% reassortment rate that was independent of α2,3- or α2,6-sialic acid distribution on the cells ...	2015	25762737
sparse serological evidence of h5n1 avian influenza virus infections in domestic cats, northeastern china.	today the cross-species transmission of avian influenza viruses (aiv) are a great concern. a number of aiv strains are now enzootic among poultry, with h9n2 and highly pathogenic h5n1 aiv strains prevalent in china. h5n1 strains have been recognized to infect zoo and domestic feline species. in this serological study we sought to examine evidence that h5n1 strains have infected domestic cats in northeastern china. in 2013, we conducted a cross-sectional serological study of 916 healthy cats in h ...	2015	25752867
global update on the susceptibility of human influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors, 2013-2014.	four world health organization (who) collaborating centres for reference and research on influenza and one who collaborating centre for the surveillance, epidemiology and control of influenza (who ccs) tested 10,641 viruses collected by who-recognized national influenza centres between may 2013 and may 2014 to determine 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) data for neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir and laninamivir. in addition, neuraminidase (na) sequence data, ava ...	2015	25721488
cross-reactivity of immunoglobulin a secreted on the nasal mucosa in mice nasally inoculated with inactivated h1n1 influenza a viruses in the presence of d-octaarginine-linked polymers.	we evaluated cross-reactivity of immunoglobulin a (iga) secreted on the nasal mucosa in mice that were nasally inoculated 4 times with a mixture of inactivated h1n1 influenza a viruses and poly(n-vinylacetamide-co-acrylic acid) (pnva-co-aa) bearing d-octaarginine at 7-day intervals. three viral strains (a/puerto rico/8/34, a/new caledonia/20/99 ivr116, and a/solomon islands/03/2006) and d-octaarginine-linked polymers with different molecular weights were used as antigens and their carriers, resp ...	2015	25720816
positive selection drives preferred segment combinations during influenza virus reassortment.	influenza a virus (iav) has a segmented genome that allows for the exchange of genome segments between different strains. this reassortment accelerates evolution by breaking linkage, helping iav cross species barriers to potentially create highly virulent strains. challenges associated with monitoring the process of reassortment in molecular detail have limited our understanding of its evolutionary implications. we applied a novel deep sequencing approach with quantitative analysis to assess the ...	2015	25713211
development and characterization of a panel of cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies generated using h1n1 influenza virus.	to characterize the antigenic epitopes of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of h1n1 influenza virus, a panel consisting of 84 clones of murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were generated using the ha proteins from the 2009 pandemic h1n1 vaccine lysate and the seasonal influenza h1n1(a1) vaccines. thirty-three (39%) of the 84 mabs were found to be strain-specific, and 6 (7%) of the 84 mabs were subtype-specific. twenty (24%) of the 84 mabs recognized the common ha epitopes shared by 2009 pandemic h1 ...	2015	25708705
analysis of potential changes in seriousness of influenza a and b viruses in hong kong from 2001 to 2011.	continued monitoring of the seriousness of influenza viruses is a public health priority. we applied time-series regression models to data on cardio-respiratory mortality rates in hong kong from 2001 to 2011. we used surveillance data on outpatient consultations for influenza-like illness, and laboratory detections of influenza types/subtypes to construct proxy measures of influenza activity. in the model we allowed the regression coefficients for influenza to drift over time, and adjusted for t ...	2015	25703399
characterization of co-circulating swine influenza a viruses in north america and the identification of a novel h1 genetic clade with antigenic significance.	multiple genetically and antigenically distinct hemagglutinin genes of the h1 and h3 influenza a virus (iav) subtypes co-circulate in north american swine. this diversity has evolved by repeated transmission of iavs from humans to swine and subsequent antigenic drift in swine. to understand the evolutionary dynamics of these diverse ha lineages in north american swine, we undertook a phylogenetic analysis of 1576 h1 and 607 h3 ha gene segments, as well as 834 n1 and 1293 n2 na gene segments, and ...	2015	25701742
heterosubtypic protection conferred by the human monoclonal antibody pn-sia28 against influenza a virus lethal infections in mice.	pn-sia28 is a human monoclonal antibody (hu-mab) targeting highly conserved epitopes within the stem portion of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) (n. clementi, et al, plos one 6:e28001, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028001). previous in vitro studies demonstrated pn-sia28 neutralizing activities against phylogenetically divergent influenza a subtypes. in this study, the protective activity of pn-sia28 was evaluated in mice inoculated with lethal influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1), a/ ...	2015	25691648
ha1-specific indirect elisa for serological detection of canine influenza virus h3n2 infection in dogs.	an indirect elisa using recombinant ha1 protein of canine influenza virus (civ) as a coating antigen was developed and characterized for its application to serosurveillance in dogs. the civ h3n2-specific indirect elisa was developed using recombinant ha1 protein (baculovirus-expression system) as a coating antigen. a total of 65 civ h3n2-positive or negative canine sera were tested by the indirect elisa for receiver operating characteristic (roc) analysis and results compared to those generated ...	2015	25682751
molecular epidemiology and evolution of influenza a and b viruses during winter 2013-2014 in beijing, china.	in this study, we investigated the molecular epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses from patients infected during the 2013-2014 influenza season in beijing. a phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) sequences of influenza a and b viruses from 18 patients (6 a(h1n1)pdm09, 4 h3n2, and 8 influenza b virus) was performed. among the influenza a viruses, a(h1n1)pdm09 was the dominant subtype, whereas the b/yamagata lineage was predominant for influenza b. the in ...	2015	25676826
clinical experience with intravenous zanamivir under an emergency ind program in the united states (2011-2014).	since the emergence of 2009 h1n1 virus, intravenous (iv) zanamivir has been authorized as an investigational treatment for patients with serious and life-threatening influenza through an emergency investigational new drug application (eind). this review encompasses the fda's eind database from may 2011 to june 2014.	2015	25667992
protection against h5n1 by multiple immunizations with seasonal influenza vaccine in mice is correlated with h5 cross-reactive antibodies.	current seasonal influenza vaccines are believed to confer protection against a narrow range of virus strains. however, their protective ability is commonly estimated based on an in vitro correlate of protection that only considers a subset of anti-influenza antibodies that are typically strain specific, i.e., hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies. here, we evaluate the breadth of protection induced with a seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine (composition h1n1 a/california/07/09, h3n2 a/victori ...	2015	25659276
distribution of antibodies against influenza virus in pigs from farrow-to-finish farms in minas gerais state, brazil.	swine influenza virus (siv) is the cause of an acute respiratory disease that affects swine worldwide. in brazil, siv has been identified in pigs since 1978. after the emergence of pandemic h1n1 in 2009 (h1n1pdm09), few studies reported the presence of influenza virus in brazilian herds.	2015	25648743
molecular epidemiology of influenza a virus infection among hospitalized children in vietnam during post-pandemic period.	genetic variability makes influenza virus to escape the immunity and causes yearly epidemics. monitoring those changes is necessary for vaccine selection. in addition, h3n2 viruses were considered to be seeded from southeast asia before spreading globally. this study described the molecular epidemiology of influenza a during the post-pandemic season 2010-2011 in vietnam. nasopharyngeal samples were collected from children with respiratory infections at children's hospital 2, ho chi minh city. th ...	2015	25648607
physical detection of influenza a epitopes identifies a stealth subset on human lung epithelium evading natural cd8 immunity.	vaccines eliciting immunity against influenza a viruses (iavs) are currently antibody-based with hemagglutinin-directed antibody titer the only universally accepted immune correlate of protection. to investigate the disconnection between observed cd8 t-cell responses and immunity to iav, we used a poisson liquid chromatography data-independent acquisition ms method to physically detect pr8/34 (h1n1), x31 (h3n2), and victoria/75 (h3n2) epitopes bound to hla-a*02:01 on human epithelial cells follo ...	2015	25646416
molecular surveillance of antiviral drug resistance of influenza a/h3n2 virus in singapore, 2009-2013.	adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) are two classes of antiviral drugs available for the chemoprophylaxis and treatment of influenza infections. to determine the frequency of drug resistance in influenza a/h3n2 viruses in singapore, large-scale sequencing of neuraminidase (na) and matrix protein (mp) genes was performed directly without initial culture amplification. 241 laboratory-confirmed influenza a/h3n2 clinical samples, collected between may 2009 and november 2013 were included ...	2015	25635767
serological evidence of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 virus in pigs, west and central africa.	besides birds, pigs are another important reservoir of influenza a viruses that can be transmitted to human, as highlighted by the emergence and spread of the pandemic (h1n1) virus (pdm/09) in 2009. surveillance in pigs is therefore necessary for public health and influenza pandemic preparedness. nevertheless, there is a serious lack of data on influenza in africa, especially in swine. we therefore collected serum samples from pigs in nigeria (2009, 2012) and cameroon (2011) in which the presenc ...	2015	25631252
2012/13 influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalised influenza a(h1n1)pdm09, a(h3n2) and b: estimates from a european network of hospitals.	while influenza vaccines aim to decrease the incidence of severe influenza among high-risk groups, evidence of influenza vaccine effectiveness (ive) among the influenza vaccine target population is sparse. we conducted a multicentre test-negative case-control study to estimate ive against hospitalised laboratory-confirmed influenza in the target population in 18 hospitals in france, italy, lithuania and the navarre and valencia regions in spain. all hospitalised patients aged ≥18 years, belongin ...	2015	25613779
influenza viruses with receptor-binding n1 neuraminidases occur sporadically in several lineages and show no attenuation in cell culture or mice.	in nearly all characterized influenza viruses, hemagglutinin (ha) is the receptor-binding protein while neuraminidase (na) is a receptor-cleaving protein that aids in viral release. however, in recent years, several groups have described point mutations that confer receptor-binding activity on na, albeit in laboratory rather than natural settings. one of these mutations, d151g, appears to arise in the na of recent human h3n2 viruses upon passage in tissue culture. we inadvertently isolated the s ...	2015	25609803
integrated centrifugal reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification microdevice for influenza a virus detection.	an integrated reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) microdevice which consists of microbead-assisted rna purification and rt-lamp with real-time monitoring by a miniaturized optical detector was demonstrated. the integrated rt-lamp microdevice includes four reservoirs for a viral rna sample (purified influenza a viral rna or lysates), a washing solution (70% ethanol), an elution solution (rnase-free water), and an rt-lamp cocktail, and two chambers (a waste chamb ...	2015	25569879
comparison of multiplex rt-pcr with virus isolation for detection, typing and sub-typing of influenza virus from influenza-like illness cases.	influenza epidemics and periodic pandemics occur worldwide resulting in significant mortality, morbidity and economic loss. there is need for a sensitive, rapid and cost-effective assay to detect, type and sub-type influenza viruses, as cell culture has a long turnaround time.	2015	25560005
mouse lung slices: an ex vivo model for the evaluation of antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza viruses.	the influenza a virus is notoriously known for its ability to cause recurrent epidemics and global pandemics. antiviral therapy is effective when treatment is initiated within 48h of symptom onset, and delaying treatment beyond this time frame is associated with decreased efficacy. research on anti-inflammatory therapy to ameliorate influenza-induced inflammation is currently underway and seems important to the impact on the clinical outcome. both antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs with novel ...	2015	26022197
serological evidence and risk factors for swine influenza infections among chinese swine workers in guangdong province.	during july to september 2014, we performed a controlled, cross-sectional, seroepidemiologic study among 203 swine workers and 115 control subjects in guangdong province. sera were tested using a hemagglutination inhibition assay against locally-isolated swine h3n2 and h1n1 viruses and commercially-obtained human influenza viral antigens. we found swine workers had a greater prevalence and odds of seropositivity against the swine h3n2 virus (17.3% vs. 7.0%; adjusted or, 3.4; 95% ci, 1.1 -10.7). ...	2015	26016740
[monitoring of influenza and other respiratory diseases causative agents in children, hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia in 2012-2013 epidemic season].	study the circulation of respiratory viruses in children with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) during the period from october 2012 to may 2013.	2015	26016346
microneedle patch delivery to the skin of virus-like particles containing heterologous m2e extracellular domains of influenza virus induces broad heterosubtypic cross-protection.	a broadly cross-protective influenza vaccine that can be administrated by a painless self-immunization method would be a value as a potential universal mass vaccination strategy. this study developed a minimally-invasive microneedle (mn) patch for skin vaccination with virus-like particles containing influenza virus heterologous m2 extracellular (m2e) domains (m2e5x vlps) as a universal vaccine candidate without adjuvants. the stability of m2e5x vlp-coated microneedles was maintained for 8weeks ...	2015	26003039
egg-adaptive mutations in h3n2v vaccine virus enhance egg-based production without loss of antigenicity or immunogenicity.	the recently detected zoonotic h3n2 variant influenza a (h3n2v) viruses have caused 343 documented cases of human infection linked to contact with swine. an effective vaccine is needed for these viruses, which may acquire transmissibility among humans. however, viruses isolated from human cases do not replicate well in embryonated chicken eggs, posing an obstacle to egg-based vaccine production. to address this issue, we sought to identify egg-adaptive mutations in surface proteins that increase ...	2015	25999284
humoral and cellular immune responses after influenza vaccination in patients with postcancer fatigue.	the aim of this study was to compare humoral and cellular immune responses to influenza vaccination in cancer survivors with and without severe symptoms of fatigue. severely fatigued (n = 15) and non-fatigued (n = 12) disease-free cancer survivors were vaccinated against seasonal influenza. humoral immunity was evaluated at baseline and post-vaccination by a hemagglutination inhibition assay. cellular immunity was evaluated at baseline and post-vaccination by lymphocyte proliferation and activat ...	2015	25996472
influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing inpatient and outpatient cases in a season dominated by vaccine-matched influenza b virus.	studies that have evaluated the influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) to prevent laboratory-confirmed influenza b cases are uncommon, and few have analyzed the effect in preventing hospitalized cases. we have evaluated the influenza ve in preventing outpatient and hospitalized cases with laboratory-confirmed influenza in the 2012-2013 season, which was dominated by a vaccine-matched influenza b virus. in the population covered by the navarra health service, all hospitalized patients with influenz ...	2015	25996366
haemagglutinin mutations and glycosylation changes shaped the 2012/13 influenza a(h3n2) epidemic, houston, texas.	while the early start and higher intensity of the 2012/13 influenza a virus (iav) epidemic was not unprecedented, it was the first iav epidemic season since the 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic where the h3n2 subtype predominated. we directly sequenced the genomes of 154 h3n2 clinical specimens collected throughout the epidemic to better understand the evolution of h3n2 strains and to inform the h3n2 vaccine selection process. phylogenetic analyses indicated that multiple co-circulating clades and c ...	2015	25990233
age-specific epidemic waves of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in a subtropical city.	both influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are active throughout the year in subtropical or tropical regions, but few studies have reported on age-specific seasonal patterns of these viruses. we examined the age-specific epidemic curves of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza a (subtyped into seasonal a(h1n1), a(h3n2), and pandemic virus a(h1n1)pdm09), influenza b and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), in subtropical city hong kong from 2004 to 2013. we found that different types an ...	2015	25981824
computational identification of antigenicity-associated sites in the hemagglutinin protein of a/h1n1 seasonal influenza virus.	the antigenic variability of influenza viruses has always made influenza vaccine development challenging. the punctuated nature of antigenic drift of influenza virus suggests that a relatively small number of genetic changes or combinations of genetic changes may drive changes in antigenic phenotype. the present study aimed to identify antigenicity-associated sites in the hemagglutinin protein of a/h1n1 seasonal influenza virus using computational approaches. random forest regression (rfr) and s ...	2015	25978416
[estimation of hospitalization rate of laboratory confirmed influenza cases in jingzhou city, hubei province, 2010-2012].	to estimate the hospitalization rate of severe acute respiratory infection (sari) cases attributable to influenza in jingzhou city, hubei province from 2010 to 2012.	2015	25975397
genetic variation in the hemagglutinin of a(h1n1) 09pdm and a(h3n2) influenza viruses in the beijing area from 2009 to 2014.	a(h1n1) 09pdm and a(h3n2) influenza viruses are the main cause of occasional influenza pandemics and seasonal influenza epidemics around the world. unfortunately, the understanding of long-term genetic variation in these viruses remains limited.	2015	25974995
etiological role of ortho- and paramyxoviruses in acute respiratory tract infections among children aged < 4 years in bulgaria.	influenza viruses (family orthomyxoviridae); respiratory-syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), and parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) type 1, 2 and 3 (family paramyxoviridae) are among the most common causes of acute respiratory tract infections (arti) in infants and young children. the aim of this study was to determine the contribution of these viruses in cases of arti requiring medical attention among children aged < 4 years during the 2012/13 and 2013/14 winter seasons in bulgaria.	2015	25974986
sesquiterpenes from the roots of illicium oligandrum.	two new sesquiterpenes, oligandrin (1) and oligandric acid (2), together with three analogues, tashironin a (3), tashironin (4), and oplodiol (5), were isolated from the roots of illicium oligandrum. the structures of new compounds were determined based on 1d and 2d nmr experiments and x-ray diffraction. compound 1 represents a presumed biosynthetic precursor of seco-prezizaane sesquiterpenes which consists of a novel 6/6/5 tricarbocyclic skeleton. compound 2 is the first example of chamipinene- ...	2015	25966312
cross-reactive neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies elicited by immunization with recombinant neuraminidase proteins of h5n1 and pandemic h1n1 influenza a viruses.	neuraminidase (na), an influenza virus envelope glycoprotein, removes sialic acid from receptors for virus release from infected cells. for this study, we used a baculovirus-insect cell expression system to construct and purify recombinant na (rna) proteins of h5n1 (a/vietnam/1203/2004) and pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) (a/texas/05/2009) influenza viruses. balb/c mice immunized with these proteins had high titers of na-specific igg and na-inhibiting (ni) antibodies against h5n1, ph1n1, h3n2, and h7n9 vi ...	2015	25948745
interval between infections and viral hierarchy are determinants of viral interference following influenza virus infection in a ferret model.	epidemiological studies suggest that, following infection with influenza virus, there is a short period during which a host experiences a lower susceptibility to infection with other influenza viruses. this viral interference appears to be independent of any antigenic similarities between the viruses. we used the ferret model of human influenza to systematically investigate viral interference.	2015	25943206
characterization of a novel oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant for swine influenza virus and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines.	vaccines consisting of subunit or inactivated bacteria/virus and potent adjuvants are widely used to control and prevent infectious diseases. because inactivated and subunit antigens are often less antigenic than live microbes, a growing need exists for the development of new and improved vaccine adjuvants that can elicit rapid and long-lasting immunity. here we describe the development and characterization of a novel oil-in-water emulsion, ow-14. ow-14 contains low-cost plant-based emulsifiers ...	2015	25936722
impact of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic on age-specific epidemic curves of other respiratory viruses: a comparison of pre-pandemic, pandemic and post-pandemic periods in a subtropical city.	the 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic caused offseason peaks in temperate regions but coincided with the summer epidemic of seasonal influenza and other common respiratory viruses in subtropical hong kong. this study was aimed to investigate the impact of the pandemic on age-specific epidemic curves of other respiratory viruses.	2015	25928217
dynamic virus-bacterium interactions in a porcine precision-cut lung slice coinfection model: swine influenza virus paves the way for streptococcus suis infection in a two-step process.	swine influenza virus (siv) and streptococcus suis are common pathogens of the respiratory tract in pigs, with both being associated with pneumonia. the interactions of both pathogens and their contribution to copathogenesis are only poorly understood. in the present study, we established a porcine precision-cut lung slice (pcls) coinfection model and analyzed the effects of a primary siv infection on secondary infection by s. suis at different time points. we found that siv promoted adherence, ...	2015	25916988
antiviral activity of the human cathelicidin, ll-37, and derived peptides on seasonal and pandemic influenza a viruses.	human ll-37, a cationic antimicrobial peptide, was recently shown to have antiviral activity against influenza a virus (iav) strains in vitro and in vivo. in this study we compared the anti-influenza activity of ll-37 with that of several fragments derived from ll-37. we first tested the peptides against a seasonal h3n2 strain and the mouse adapted h1n1 strain, pr-8. the n-terminal fragment, ll-23, had slight neutralizing activity against these strains. in ll-23v9 serine 9 is substituted by vali ...	2015	25909853
incidence of circulating antibodies against hemagglutinin of influenza viruses in the epidemic season 2013/2014 in poland.	the aim of this study was to determine the level of antibodies against hemagglutinin of influenza viruses in the sera of people in different age groups in the epidemic season 2013/2014 in poland. the level of anti-hemagglutinin antibodies was determined by hemagglutination inhibition test (hai). a total number of 1,050 randomly selected sera was tested in seven age groups. the level of antibodies against influenza viruses was very low, which indicates that the people have not been vaccinated aga ...	2015	25904002
influenza b virus-specific cd8+ t-lymphocytes strongly cross-react with viruses of the opposing influenza b lineage.	influenza b viruses fall in two antigenically distinct lineages (b/victoria/2/1987 and b/yamagata/16/1988 lineage) that co-circulate with influenza a viruses of the h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes during seasonal epidemics. infections with influenza b viruses contribute considerably to morbidity and mortality in the human population. influenza b virus neutralizing antibodies, elicited by natural infections or vaccination, poorly cross-react with viruses of the opposing influenza b lineage. therefore, the ...	2015	25900135
serum strain-specific or cross-reactive neuraminidase inhibiting antibodies against pandemic а/california/07/2009(h1n1) influenza in healthy volunteers.	pre-existing antibodies to influenza virus neuraminidase may provide protection against infection influenza viruses containing novel hemagglutinin (ha). the aim of our study was to evaluate serum neuraminidase-inhibiting (ni) antibodies against а/california/07/2009(h1n1) [h1n1/2009pdm] and а/new caledonia/20/1999(h1n1) [h1n1/1999] influenza viruses in relation with the age of participants and hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody levels. anti-h1n1/2009pdm neuraminidase and anti-h1n1/1999 neu ...	2015	25889924
serological survey of canine h3n2, pandemic h1n1/09, and human seasonal h3n2 influenza viruses in cats in northern china, 2010-2014.	the close contact between cats and humans poses a threat to public health because of the potential zoonotic transmission of influenza viruses to humans. therefore, we examined the seroprevalence of pandemic h1n1/09, canine h3n2, and human h3n2 viruses in pet cats in northern china from 2010 to 2014.	2015	25889762
molecular characterization of influenza viruses collected from young children in uberlandia, brazil - from 2001 to 2010.	influenza remains a major health problem due to the seasonal epidemics that occur every year caused by the emergence of new influenza virus strains. hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) glycoproteins are under selective pressure and subjected to frequent changes by antigenic drift. therefore, our main objective was to investigate the influenza cases in uberlândia city, midwestern brazil, in order to monitor the appearance of new viral strains, despite the availability of a prophylactic vacc ...	2015	25886886
a multiplex pcr assay for the detection of five influenza viruses using a dual priming oligonucleotide system.	a cost-effective, accurate and rapid simultaneous multiplex assay is required for testing and diagnoses of conventional and emerging viruses in clinical virology laboratories. we developed and optimized a dual priming oligonucleotide (dpo) multiplex pcr assay for detecting influenza viruses including seasonal h1n1, 2009 pandemic h1n1, h3n2, influenza b and h5n1.	2015	25886516
effectiveness of the 2012/13 trivalent live and inactivated influenza vaccines in children and adolescents in saxony-anhalt, germany: a test-negative case-control study.	a live attenuated influenza vaccine has been available in germany since the influenza season 2012/13, which is approved for children aged 2-17 years. using data from our laboratory-based surveillance system, we described the circulation of influenza and non-influenza respiratory viruses during the influenza season 2012/13 in saxony-anhalt. we estimated the effectiveness of live and inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines in preventing laboratory-confirmed cases among children and adolescents. f ...	2015	25885063
comparison of serum hemagglutinin and neuraminidase inhibition antibodies after 2010-2011 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination in healthcare personnel.	background. most inactivated influenza vaccines contain purified and standardized hemagglutinin (ha) and residual neuraminidase (na) antigens. vaccine-associated ha antibody responses (hemagglutination inhibition [hai]) are well described, but less is known about the immune response to the na. methods. serum of 1349 healthcare personnel (hcp) electing or declining the 2010-2011 trivalent-inactivated influenza vaccine ([iiv3], containing a/california/7/2009 p(h1n1), a/perth/16/2009 [h3n2], b/br ...	2015	25884004
influenza a virus shedding and infectivity in households.	viral shedding is often considered to correlate with the infectivity of influenza, but the evidence for this is limited.	2015	25883385
an outbreak of influenza a(h3n2) in alappuzha district, kerala, india, in 2011.	influenza is an rna virus that belongs to the orthomyxoviridae family. it causes a highly contagious acute respiratory illness, has been recognized since ancient times, and is a major health threat throughout the world. an outbreak of influenza-like illness (ili) was reported from alappuzha district of kerala state between late june and july 2011. this investigation was conducted to determine the clinical picture, causative agents, and epidemiological characteristics of the illness.	2015	25881524
distribution of sialic acid receptors and experimental infections with different subtypes of influenza a viruses in qinghai-tibet plateau wild pika.	the plateau pika (ochotona curzoniae) is a small rabbit-like mammal that lives at high altitudes in the qinghai-tibet plateau and is in close contact with birds. following the outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 during 2005 in the migratory birds of qinghai lake, two clades of h5n1 have been found in pikas. however, the influenza virus receptor distribution in different tissues of this animal and its susceptibility to influenza a viruses have remained unclear.	2015	25880060
surveillance for seasonal influenza virus prevalence in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection in guangzhou, china during the post-pandemic era.	influenza a(h1n1)pdm09, a(h3n2) and b viruses have co-circulated in the human population since the swine-origin human h1n1 pandemic in 2009. while infections of these subtypes generally cause mild illnesses, lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) occurs in a portion of children and required hospitalization. the aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence of these three subtypes and compare the clinical manifestations in hospitalized children with lrti in guangzhou, china during the post-pa ...	2015	25867910
co-immunization with tandem repeat heterologous m2 extracellular proteins overcomes strain-specific protection of split vaccine against influenza a virus.	current influenza vaccines are less efficacious against antigenically different influenza a viruses. this study presents an approach to overcome strain-specific protection, using a strategy of co-immunization with seasonal h3n2 split vaccine and yeast-expressed soluble proteins of a tandem repeat containing heterologous influenza m2 ectodomains (m2e5x). co-immunization with both vaccines in mice was superior to either vaccine alone in inducing cross protection against heterologous h3n2 virus by ...	2015	26248203
characterization of humoral responses induced by an h7n9 influenza virus-like particle vaccine in balb/c mice.	in april 2013, human infections with a novel avian influenza (h7n9) virus emerged in china. it has caused serious concerns for public health throughout the world. however, there is presently no effective treatment, and an a (h7n9) h7 subtype influenza vaccine is not available. vaccination with virus-like particles (vlps) has showed considerable promise for many other subtype influenza viruses. to produce h7n9 vlps, full length, unmodified hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), and matrix1 (m1) ...	2015	26248076
broadly protective immunity against divergent influenza viruses by oral co-administration of lactococcus lactis expressing nucleoprotein adjuvanted with cholera toxin b subunit in mice.	current influenza vaccines need to be annually reformulated to well match the predicated circulating strains. thus, it is critical for developing a novel universal influenza vaccine that would be able to confer cross-protection against constantly emerging divergent influenza virus strains. influenza virus a is a genus of the orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. influenza virus nucleoprotein (np) is a structural protein which encapsidates the negative strand viral rna, and anti-np antibodies play ...	2015	26242406
influenza sentinel surveillance among patients with influenza-like-illness and severe acute respiratory illness within the framework of the national reference laboratory, niger, 2009-2013.	little is known about the epidemiology of influenza in africa, including niger. we documented the epidemiology of seasonal and pandemic influenza among outpatients with influenza-like-illness (ili) and inpatients with severe acute respiratory illness (sari) presenting at selected sentinel sites in niger from april 2009 through april 2013.	2015	26230666
molecular epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses circulating within european swine between 2009 and 2013.	the emergence in humans of the a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza virus, a complex reassortant virus of swine origin, highlighted the importance of worldwide influenza virus surveillance in swine. to date, large-scale surveillance studies have been reported for southern china and north america, but such data have not yet been described for europe. we report the first large-scale genomic characterization of 290 swine influenza viruses collected from 14 european countries between 2009 and 2013. a total of 23 ...	2015	26202246
the global influenza hospital surveillance network (gihsn): a new platform to describe the epidemiology of severe influenza.	influenza is a global public health problem. however, severe influenza only recently has been addressed in routine surveillance.	2015	26198771
influenza a viruses of human origin in swine, brazil.	the evolutionary origins of the influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus that caused the first outbreak of the 2009 pandemic in mexico remain unclear, highlighting the lack of swine surveillance in latin american countries. although brazil has one of the largest swine populations in the world, influenza was not thought to be endemic in brazil's swine until the major outbreaks of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 in 2009. through phylogenetic analysis of whole-genome sequences of influenza viruses of the h1n1, h1n2, an ...	2015	26196759
gene expression profiles link respiratory viral infection, platelet response to aspirin, and acute myocardial infarction.	influenza infection is associated with myocardial infarction (mi), suggesting that respiratory viral infection may induce biologic pathways that contribute to mi. we tested the hypotheses that 1) a validated blood gene expression signature of respiratory viral infection (viral ges) was associated with mi and 2) respiratory viral exposure changes levels of a validated platelet gene expression signature (platelet ges) of platelet function in response to aspirin that is associated with mi.	2015	26193668
6sln-lipo pga specifically catches (coats) human influenza virus and synergizes neuraminidase-targeting drugs for human influenza therapeutic potential.	the purpose of this study was to develop a new compound to overcome influenza epidemics and pandemics as well as drug resistance.	2015	26169554
the serine protease inhibitor camostat inhibits influenza virus replication and cytokine production in primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells.	serine proteases act through the proteolytic cleavage of the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza viruses for the entry of influenza virus into cells, resulting in infection. however, the inhibitory effects of serine protease inhibitors on influenza virus infection of human airway epithelial cells, and on their production of inflammatory cytokines are unclear.	2015	26166259
[genetic diversity and evolution of the m gene of human influenza a viruses from 2009 to 2013 in hangzhou, china].	we investigated the genetic diversity and evolution of the m gene of human influenza a viruses in hangzhou (zhejiang province, china) from 2009 to 2013, including subtypes of a(h1n1) pdm09 strains and seasonal a(h3n2) strains. subtypes of analyzed viruses were identified by cell culture and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, followed by cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the m gene. assessment of 5675 throat swabs revealed a positive rate for the influenza v ...	2015	26164939
pregnancy outcome and clinical status of gilts following experimental infection by h1n2, h3n2 and h1n1pdm09 influenza a viruses during the last month of gestation.	the present study was planned to study the effect of various subtypes of swine influenza virus (siv) circulating among pigs (h1n2, h3n2 and emerging pandemic strain of h1n1 influenza a virus (h1n1pdm09) on the course of pregnancy in naïve gilts experimentally infected during the last month of pregnancy. in addition, the clinical course of infection, distribution of viruses in various tissues (blood, placenta, fetal lung), and selected immunological, reproductive and productive parameters were al ...	2015	26162303
single-dose cpg immunization protects against a heterosubtypic challenge and generates antigen-specific memory t cells.	despite extensive research, influenza a virus (iav) remains a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. emerging pandemics from highly pathogenic iav strains, such as h5n1 and pandemic h1n1, highlight the need for universal, cross-protective vaccines. current vaccine formulations generate strain-specific neutralizing antibodies primarily against the outer coat proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. in contrast to these highly mutable proteins, internal proteins of iav ...	2015	26161083
co-infection of influenza a viruses of swine contributes to effective shuffling of gene segments in a naturally reared pig.	following the 2009 h1n1 pandemic, surveillance activities have been accelerated globally to monitor the emergence of novel reassortant viruses. however, the mechanism by which influenza a viruses of swine (iav-s) acquire novel gene constellations through reassortment events in natural settings remains poorly understood. to explore the mechanism, we collected 785 nasal swabs from pigs in a farm in thailand from 2011 to 2014. h3n2, h3n1, h1n1 and h1n2 iavs-s were isolated from a single co-infected ...	2015	26115167
a 2013/2014 northern hemisphere season surface antigen inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine--assessing the immunogenicity and safety in an open label, uncontrolled study.	the present study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the 2013/2014 trivalent surface antigen inactivated subunit seasonal influenza virus vaccine fluvirin® in healthy adults (18 - ≤ 60 years) and elderly (>60 years). the vaccine contained 15 µg haemagglutinin protein from each of influenza a/california/7/2009 (h1n1)pdm09-like strain, a/victoria/361/2011 (h3n2)-like strain and b/massachusetts/2/2012-like strain (b/yamagata) as recommended by the who in the 2013/2014 northern hemisphere se ...	2015	26114800