Publications

identification of ehrlichia spp. and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ticks in the baltic regions of russia.	the presence and distribution of ehrlichia spp. and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was demonstrated among ixodid ticks collected in the baltic regions of russia, where lyme borreliosis is endemic. a total of 3,426 ixodes ricinus and 1,267 ixodes persulcatus specimens were collected, and dark-field microscopy showed that 265 (11.5%) i. ricinus and 333 (26.3%) i. persulcatus ticks were positive. from these samples, 472 dark-field-positive and 159 dark-field-negative ticks were subjected to pcr an ...	2001	11376063
isolation and characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains in an area of italy where lyme borreliosis is endemic.	between 1993 and 1998, we isolated borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from 55 of the 119 patients with clinically diagnosed lyme borreliosis who were admitted to "san martino" hospital in belluno, veneto, an adriatic region in northeastern italy where lyme borreliosis is endemic. upon hospitalization, all patients presented erythema migrans. isolates were typed using ribosomal dna pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the rrfa-rrlb intergenic spacer. of the 41 isolates typ ...	2001	11376066
risk for human tick-borne encephalitis, borrelioses, and double infection in the pre-ural region of russia.	we assessed the risk for human tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), ixodid tick-borne borrelioses, and double infection from 1994 to 1998 in perm, which has among the highest rates of reported cases in russia. we studied 3,473 unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from vegetation in natural foci and 62,816 ticks removed from humans. tbe virus and borrelia may coexist in ticks.	2001	11384529
distinct combinations of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies found in individual questing ticks from europe.	the genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was assessed in individual adult ixodes ricinus ticks from europe by direct pcr amplification of spirochetal dna followed by genospecies-specific hybridization. analysis of mixed infections in the ticks showed that b. garinii and b. valaisiana segregate from b. afzelii. this and previous findings suggest that host complement interacts with spirochetes in the tick, thereby playing an important role in the ecology of lyme borreliosis.	2001	11571205
[demographic structure of the population of taiga tick (ixodidae) in coniferous forests of the kemchug upland in 1986-1991].	it is recovered, that full engorged females of ixodes persulcatus lay average of 25,250 eggs per 1 ha during the season in the test area. it produces 13,750 larvae. the abundance of hungry larvae is reduced up to 12,500 during the winter period. 11,643 larvae become engorged. the total abundance of hungry nymphs counts: 10,933 in autumn, and 9895 in spring. the total abundance of hungry adults, half of which is represented by females, makes 1774 in autumn, and 1084 in spring. about 10 females fo ...	2001	11605451
lyme disease borrelia spp. in ticks and rodents from northwestern china.	in may 1999, field surveys of lyme disease spirochetes were conducted around the tianshan mountains in xinjiang uygur autonomous region in northwestern people's republic of china. ixodes persulcatus ticks were obtained in a tianchi lake valley with primary forest, while the tick fauna was poor in the semidesert or at higher altitudes in this region. species identities were confirmed by molecular analysis in which an internal transcribed spacer sequence was used. of 55 adult ticks, 22 (40%) were ...	2001	11679340
[detection of the genotypic heterogeneity of ixodes persulcatus schulze (acari: ixodidae) of the north-west region of russia and characteristics of distribution of tick-borne pathogens causing lyme disease and ehrlichia infections in various genotypes].	the heterogeneity of the ixodes persulcatus population in the vicinity of saint petersburg was estimated by using malate dehydrogenase (mdh) isoenzyme. there are six mdh genotypes carrying 3 alleles in the ixodes persulcatus population. the prevalence of borrelia and ehrlichia species in the study genotypes was analyzed. there was a difference in the prevalence and intensity of infection. the greatest abundance of borrelia was described in the genotypes to genogroup 1 (with allele 1). among them ...	2001	11680364
characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from latvia: evidence for co-circulation of three distinct subtypes.	viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) antigenic complex within the family flaviviridae cause a variety of diseases, including uncomplicated febrile illness, meningoencephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever. different domesticated animals or wildlife species often act as reservoir hosts and ixodid ticks serve as vectors. although tbe is a serious problem in latvia, the knowledge concerning tbe virus (tbev) strains circulating in the country is most limited. only two strains (latvia-1-96 isolated ...	2001	11745938
in-vitro and in-vivo antibiotic susceptibilities of lyme disease borrelia isolated in china.	the antibiotic susceptibilities of seven borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from ixodes persulcatus in china were examined by in-vitro microdilution minimum inhibition concentration (mic) and macrodilution minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) methods. all isolates tested were susceptible to amoxicillin, erythromycin, and minocycline. the mics of these drugs for the chinese isolates were 0.025-0.1 microg/ml, <0.012-0.05 microg/ml, and <0.012-0.05 microg/ml, respectively. the mbcs were 0 ...	2000	11810535
genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks from mainland portugal.	to date borrelia lusitaniae is the only genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks collected in portugal and tunisia. this suggests that the genospecies diversity of b. burgdorferi sensu lato decreases toward the southwestern margin of its old world subtropical range. in order to further explore the genetic diversity of b. burgdorferi sensu lato from this region, 55 i. ricinus and 27 hyalomma marginatum questing adults, collected during the spring of 1998 f ...	2000	10834965
genetic characteristics of borrelia coriaceae isolates from the soft tick ornithodoros coriaceus (acari: argasidae).	two borrelia isolates (ca434 and ca435) cultured from the soft tick ornithodoros coriaceus were analyzed by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis of unrestricted and apai-restricted dna, standard electrophoresis of bamhi- and hindiii-restricted dna, southern hybridization, restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of the 16s rrna gene, and amplification of the 5s-23s intergenic spacer region. these isolates were compared with borrelia coriaceae type strain ...	2000	10878063
identification of ehrlichia chaffeensis by nested pcr in ticks from southern china.	a total of 717 ticks collected from southern china were examined by nested pcr for the presence of ehrlichia chaffeensis. sixteen (55. 2%) of 29 adult amblyomma testudinarium ticks and 28 (11.7%) of 240 adult and at least 4.2% of 215 nymphal (pooled specimens) haemaphysalis yeni ticks tested positive. four other species of ticks were negative. selected positive amplicons were confirmed by dna sequencing.	2000	10878087
[an electron microscopic study of borrelia in the body of the female ixodid tick ixodes persulcatus].	borrelia burgdorferi s. lato in naturally infected females of tick ixodes persulcatus were examined by transmission electron microscopy. the borreliae were found in midgut and ovary. location and ultrastructure of bacteria indicate extracellular migration through the midgut epithelium as a preferential way. in gonad, the borreliae intracellular situate in ovarian epithelium and oocytes before and at the beginning of vitellogenesis. the demonstration of numerous spirochetes in the oocytes provide ...	2000	10920844
peculiarities of behaviour of taiga (ixodes persulcatus) and sheep (ixodes ricinus) ticks (acarina: ixodidae) determined by different methods.	a comparison of the behavioural peculiarities of ixodes persulcatus schulze, 1930 (north-western population, russia) and ixodes ricinus (l., 1758) from western russia and denmark was determined by using two methods. method 1 involved a sojourn of ticks on vertical plastic sticks and showed that the questing behaviour of i. ricinus nymphs was dependent on temperature and relative humidity (rh). a significantly greater number of nymphs quested at 22 degrees c and 100% rh than at 18 degrees c. when ...	2000	10945740
[the development and introduction of a rational system for the protection of the personnel in a large enterprise against attack by blood-sucking arthropods in western siberia].	in the middle ob river valley (north and moderate taiga), a large number of bloodsucking dipterans (mosquitoes, blackflies, biting midges, horseflies) are recorded during 90-100 days; the activity of ixodes persulcatus and their attack on humans are notified during 90-115 days. a package of measures that protect petroleum industrial workers from the attacks of bloodsucking insects and ticks includes the use of protective suits, the treatment of premises with insecticides, the use of repellents, ...	2000	10981414
molecular and pathogenic characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from spain.	fifteen borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from questing ticks and skin biopsy specimens from erythema migrans patients in three different areas of spain were characterized. four different genospecies were found (nine borrelia garinii, including the two human isolates, three b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, two b. valaisiana, and one b. lusitaniae), showing a diverse spectrum of b. burgdorferi sensu lato species. b. garinii isolates were highly variable in terms of pulsed-field gel electropho ...	2000	11060064
granulocytic ehrlichiae in ixodes persulcatus ticks from an area in china where lyme disease is endemic.	a total of 372 adult ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected from vegetation in a forest area of heilongjiang province in northeastern china, where lyme disease is known to be endemic. the ticks were examined for the presence of granulocytic ehrlichiae by heminested pcr with primers derived from the 16s rrna gene. of 310 ticks obtained from the dahe forestry farm, two pools (each containing 5 ticks) were found positive, with a minimum infection rate of 0.6%. ehrlichial dna was also detected in o ...	2000	11060091
transfusion-acquired, autochthonous human babesiosis in japan: isolation of babesia microti-like parasites with hu-rbc-scid mice.	we have isolated piroplasms from a patient who developed the first case of human babesiosis in japan by using nod/shi-scid mice whose circulating erythrocytes (rbcs) had been replaced with human rbcs (hu-rbc-scid mice). following inoculation of the patient's blood specimen into hu-rbc-scid mice, parasites proliferated within the human rbcs in the mice, resulting in a high level of parasitemia. parasite dna was prepared from blood samples of the patient and the mice, and the nuclear small-subunit ...	2000	11101588
chemical composition of lipophylic compounds from the body surface of unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks (acari: ixodidae).	chemical compositions of ethereal extracts of the body surface of unfed male and female ixodes persulcatus ticks (acari: ixodidae) were studied by gas chromatography using mass-spectrometric detection. more than 100 different organic compounds were detected. the predominant components were saturated fatty hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, aldehydes, squalene, cholesterol and cholesterol derivatives. a number of compounds found in i. persulcatus are known as components of phero ...	2000	11108395
prevalence of lyme disease borrelia spp. in ticks from migratory birds on the japanese mainland.	borrelia sp. prevalence in ticks on migratory birds was surveyed in central japan. in autumn, a total of 1,733 birds representing 40 species were examined for ticks. a total of 361 ticks were obtained from 173 birds of 15 species, and these ticks were immature haemaphysalis flava (94.4%), haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes columnae, ixodes persulcatus, ixodes turdus, and an unidentified ixodes species. of these, 27 juveniles of h. flava on turdus pallidus, turdus cardis, or emberiza spodocephala, ...	2000	10698761
seasonal population dynamics of ixodes ticks and tick-borne encephalitis virus.	seasonality of the epidemic and epizootic processes of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) depend on the period of activity of ixodid ticks ixodes persulcatus schulze and i. ricinus linnaeus, which are the main reservoirs and vectors of tbe virus, and also on the process of their activation. the period of activity is the period during which the ticks occur in the active state. activation is the transition into this state of ticks that moulted from the preceding stage and completed post-moulting develo ...	2000	11227825
analysis of the bmp gene family in borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.	bmpa, bmpb, bmpc, and bmpd are homologous borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins of unknown functions, encoded by the bmp genes of paralogous chromosomal gene family 36. at least some of the bmp proteins are immunogens in infected vertebrate hosts. the genetic organization of the bmp region has been characterized for a variety of b. burgdorferi sensu lato strains by southern hybridization, pcr amplification, and dna sequencing. all four bmp genes were present in the same relative order in all b. burg ...	2000	10715014
acquisition of coinfection and simultaneous transmission of borrelia burgdorferi and ehrlichia phagocytophila by ixodes scapularis ticks.	the agents of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (ehrlichia phagocytophila) are both transmitted by the tick ixodes scapularis. in nature, ticks are often infected with both agents simultaneously. we studied whether previous infection with either borrelia or ehrlichia in ticks would affect acquisition and transmission of a second pathogen. ehrlichia-infected i. scapularis nymphs were fed upon borrelia-infected mice, and borrelia-infected i. scapularis nymphs ...	2000	10722618
new ehrlichia species closely related to ehrlichia chaffeensis isolated from ixodes ovatus ticks in japan.	seven ehrlichia strains (six hf strains and one anan strain) that were obtained from laboratory mice by intraperitoneally inoculating homogenates of adult ixodes ovatus collected in japan were characterized. 16s rrna sequences of all six hf strains were identical, and the sequences were 99.7, 98.2, and 97.7% identical to those of anan strain, ehrlichia chaffeensis (human monocytic ehrlichiosis agent), and e. muris, respectively. partial groel amino acid sequencing also revealed that the six hf s ...	2000	10747103
abiotic parameters and diel and seasonal activity of borrelia-infected and uninfected ixodes persulcatus (acarina: ixodidae).	during the 1997 season of ixodes persulcatus schulze tick activity, 579 specimens were collected by flagging in the vicinity of st. petersburg (morskaja, lisy nos). collections were made from april to july, and at each collection time the following measurements were recorded: light intensity (in lux); temperature of soil 1-1.5 cm below leaf litter, at the soil surface, and in the air 1.5 m above the soil surface; and relative humidity. the gradient between soil at a depth of 1-1.5 cm and soil su ...	2000	15218900
[enzootic reservoir for new ixodes ricinus-transmitted infections].	in the last decade new tick-transmitted zoonoses have emerged as threats to the public health in europe. they are mostly due to infection by borrelia burgdorferi s.i., babesia divergens, b. microti and ehrlichia sp. all these pathogens are transmitted by the rodent-feeding ticks of ixodes persulcatus "complex". also there is first serological information of coexistence of antibodies to b. burgdorferi, b. microti and ehrlichia sp. in human exposured to these multiple tick-transmitted pathogens. a ...	1999	16886454
[the distribution characteristics of the taiga tick (ixodidae) in the city of tomsk].	the study conducted in 1996-1997 has shown that in large town lads there is a steady population of the taiga tick with the maximum number 3 specimens per 1 km of account route. in these lads there are well developed wood and shrub layer, grass cover and thick ground litter layer. tick larvae often occur on rodents from these territories. in lads and gardens, where the ground litter is ruined and herbal cover is oppressed, the taiga ticks do not occur. in outskirts the number of ticks is higher. ...	1999	10771765
[the exploratory activity of the borrelia-infected taiga tick ixodes persulcatus].	the infection with borrelia burgdorferi s. l. increases the questing activity of adults and nymphs of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus. high temperature inhibits the moving and questing activities of the infected ticks in a greater extent than that in the non-infected ones. than more borreliae per a specimen of tick are present, the more tick's activity is affected.	1999	10771773
[the chronological structure of the population count of the taiga tick in the maritime territory].	a time series analysis of 23-years observations of the ixodes persulcatus imago dynamics was carried out. the tick were counted in forests of the western sikhote-alin' foothills near ussuriysk. the fluctuations of the ticks number are quasiperiodical. they are formed by near 3-years oscillations, long-term non linear trend and accidental component. the observed process was described by means of a statistic model. this model combines the harmonic regression analysis with linear regression analysi ...	1999	10771774
tick-borne encephalitis.	tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a zoonotic arbovirus infection endemic to russia and eastern and central europe. despite being a common and serious life-threatening disease for which a mass vaccination program was implemented in austria, there is only limited reference to this disease in the english-language literature. tbe is transmitted to humans usually by the bite of a tick (either ixodes persulcatus or ixodes ricinus); occasionally, cases occur following consumption of infected unpasteuriz ...	1999	10825054
[the biodiversity dynamics of the causative agents of diseases transmitted by ticks in the genus ixodes: an analysis of multiyear data].	fauna of pathogen's met in the organism of the primary tick-borne disease vectors--ixodes persulcatus schulze and ixodes ricinus (l.) was observed. prevalence of borrelia mono- and poly-infection in the i. persulcatus ticks within a season of the vector activity was analyzed and increase of the number of the dual infected specimens during the season was demonstrated. the first determination of ehrlichia infected i. ricinus and i. persulcatus collected in the baltic region of russia was stated. t ...	1999	10703200
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus ticks in urban recreational areas of helsinki.	lyme borreliosis, an infection caused by the tick-borne spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, is a major health problem for populations in areas of endemicity in the northern hemisphere. in the present study we assessed the density of ticks and the prevalence of b. burgdorferi sensu lato among ticks in popular urban recreational areas of helsinki, finland. altogether 1,688 ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from five areas located within 5 km of the downtown section of helsinki, and 726 of them (303 ...	1999	10203487
monocytic ehrlichia in ixodes persulcatus ticks from perm, russia.		1999	10073519
isolation of lyme disease borrelia from puffins (fratercula arctica) and seabird ticks (ixodes uriae) on the faeroe islands.	this is the first report on the isolation of lyme disease borrelia from seabirds on the faeroe islands and the characteristics of its enzootic cycle. the major components of the borrelia cycle include the puffin (fratercula arctica) as the reservoir and ixodes uriae as the vector. the importance of this cycle and its impact on the spread of human lyme borreliosis have not yet been established. borrelia spirochetes isolated from 2 of 102 sampled puffins were compared to the borreliae previously o ...	1999	10074497
sexual transmission of borrelia garinii by male ixodes persulcatus ticks (acari, ixodidae).	we investigated the transmission of borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii between male and female ixodes persulcatus ticks. for this purpose the infection rate of partners from tick couples was determined by polymerase chain reaction and reverse line blot. in couples, where the male tick was infected with b. garinii, four out of nine female partners carried b. garinii. in eight couples, male ticks had a dual infection of b. afzelii and b. garinii and three female partners were infected by borrel ...	1999	10356767
in vitro activities of the everninomicin sch 27899 and other newer antimicrobial agents against borrelia burgdorferi.	the in vitro activity of the everninomicin antibiotic sch 27899 against 17 isolates of borrelia spp. was investigated. mics ranged from 0.06 to 0.5 microg/ml. time-kill studies with the b31 strain of b. burgdorferi demonstrated >/=3-log10-unit killing after 72 h with concentrations representing four times the mic. the in vitro activity of four other newer antimicrobial agents, meropenem, cefepime, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and linezolid, was also tested against the b31 strain. meropenem was the ...	1999	10390242
[the results of a study of the acaricidal activity of the preparation fewry-med].	the acaricidal activity of fewry-med (10% zeta-zipermethrin) against ixodes persulcatus was studied in laboratory and field conditions. the drug's doses of 0.01-0.005 g/m2 (as calculated for active ingredient) provided 100% death of ticks when forest areas (tyumen' province) were treated. the efficiency of treatment preserved within 31 days (the follow-up period). when fewry-med was used in a dose of 0.005 and 0.01 g/m2, the soil levels of zeta-zipermethrin was lower than the maximum allowable c ...	1999	10414046
ticks as the main target of human tick-borne disease control: russian practical experience and its lessons.	for several decades, the emphasis in human tick-borne disease control has been on the epidemiologically-based preventive (non-specific) approach where tick vectors were the main target of control impact. a long-term, large-scale campaign for controlling the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus, the main vector of tick-borne encephalitis, was carried out in russia in the 1950s to 1970s. the practical experience accumulated during that campaign could be of great value for the current development of strat ...	1999	10436877
mixed infection by tick-borne encephalitis virus and borrelia in ticks.	to investigate the relationships between tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus and the bacterial spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in vectors with mixed infections, unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected by flagging from vegetation in southern-taiga forests of the pre-urals region of russia where both infections circulate sympatrically. prevalences of tbe and borrelia infections in a total of 4234 ticks were compared over 5 years. no significant differences were revealed bet ...	1999	10484167
molecular typing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications.	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the spirochete that causes human lyme borreliosis (lb), is a genetically and phenotypically divergent species. in the past several years, various molecular approaches have been developed and used to determine the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity within the lb-related spirochetes and their potential association with distinct clinical syndromes. these methods include serotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, dna-dna reassociation analysis, rrna gene restri ...	1999	10515907
genetic analysis of borrelia garinii ospa serotype 4 strains associated with neuroborreliosis: evidence for extensive genetic homogeneity.	infection with borrelia garinii outer surface protein (osp) a serotype 4 strains has been correlated with the development of neuroborreliosis in lyme borreliosis patients in europe. ospa serotype 4 isolates have been recovered primarily from human cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting a tropism for this environment. previous studies with monoclonal antibodies directed against ospa and ospc demonstrated that ospa serotype 4 strains are antigenically closely related. in view of the pronounced antigenic ...	1999	10565915
scored antibody reactivity determined by immunoblotting shows an association between clinical manifestations and presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii, b. afzelii, and b. valaisiana in humans.	an immunoglobulin g immunoblot was developed with antigenic extracts of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii, b. afzelii, and b. valaisiana genospecies and was reacted with sera from patients with neuroborreliosis, acrodermatitis, and lyme arthritis. a detailed analysis of the reactivities of the protein bands was performed, and a two-step scoring procedure was selected to determine the preferential reactivity of sera to one particular genospecies. the discriminative potential of 5 pro ...	1999	10565936
main features of tick-borne encephalitis eco-epidemiology in russia.	tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a classic obligatorily transmissible viral infection with natural focality, which is widespread mainly in eurasian forests of the temperate zone. virus was discovered in the russian far east in 1937. its main long-term reservoirs and vectors in natural foci are ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus ticks. boundaries of the virus range and the location of natural foci within it are closely associated with the distribution pattern of these ticks. the largest categories ...	1999	10652719
genetic diversity and the absence of regional differences of borrelia garinii as demonstrated by ospa and ospb gene sequence analysis.	unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected from four locations of nagano and hokkaido in japan. infected borrelia garinii were investigated by pcr-rflp of the ospa and ospb gene sequences. the primer set amplified an approximately 1.6-kb dna fragment (0.7-kb in some strains), and bsri, bstyi, or nlaiii digestion of the product resulted in six distinctively different pcr-rflp groups and two independent borrelial strains. the representatives in each pcr-rflp group and individuals from the ...	1999	10656177
[transovarial and transphasic transmissions of borrelia by the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae)].	three generations of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus, the descendants from naturally infected females, have been examined by means of dark field and phase contrast microscopies and indirect immunofluorescent reactions with monoclonal antibodies. location of borreliae in oocytes was examined by means of electron microscopy. the examined ticks derived from 9 females collected in the novgorod province, from 6 females of 1st laboratory generation and 5 females of the 2nd generation. in total, 250 ...	1998	10188171
genospecies identification and characterization of lyme disease spirochetes of genospecies borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated from rodents in taiwan.	lyme disease spirochetes of the genospecies borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were identified and characterized for the first time in taiwan. seven isolates, designated twkm1 to twkm7, were purified from the ear tissues of three species of rodents captured from seven localities of taiwan. the immunological characteristics of these taiwan isolates were compared with those of other genospecies of lyme disease spirochetes by analyzing the protein profiles and reactivities with b. burgdorferi-specific ...	1998	9774551
molecular analysis of sequence heterogeneity among genes encoding decorin binding proteins a and b of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.	immunization of mice with borrelia burgdorferi decorin binding protein a (dbpa), one of two gene products of the dbpba locus, has been shown recently to confer protection against challenge. hyperimmune dbpa antiserum killed a large number of b. burgdorferi sensu lato isolates of diverse phylogeny and origin, suggesting conservation of the protective epitope(s). in order to evaluate the heterogeneity of dbpa and dbpb and to facilitate defining the conserved epitope(s) of these antigens, the seque ...	1998	9784533
[investigation on primary vectors of borrelia burgdorferi in china].	from 1987 to 1997, primary vectors of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (b.b.s.l.) were investigated in china. a total number of 17,000 ticks collected from 20 provinces, city and autonomous region were classified, including 2 families 8 genus 23 species. there were 108 isolates of b.b.s.l. discovered from 8 species of ticks, including ixodes persulcatus, i. granulatus, i. acutitarsus, haemaphysalis concinna, h. longicornis, h. bispinosis, h. cornigera taiwana and dermacentor silvarum. ixodes pers ...	1998	10322682
analysis of the organization of multicopy linear- and circular-plasmid-carried open reading frames in borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates.	plasmid cp8.3 of borrelia afzelii ip21 carries several open reading frames (orfs) and a 184-bp inverted repeat (ir) element. it has been speculated that this plasmid may encode factors involved in virulence or infectivity. in this report, we have characterized the distribution, molecular variability, and organization of orfs 1, 2, and 4 and the ir elements among isolates of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. orfs 1 and 2 are contained within a segment of cp8.3 that is bordered by the i ...	1998	9488408
serum complement sensitivity as a key factor in lyme disease ecology.	the sensitivity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato to animal sera was analyzed. complement-mediated borreliacidal effects were observed with particular combinations of host serum and borrelia genospecies. the species-specific pattern of viability and/or lysis is highly consistent with the pattern of reservoir competence of hosts for b. burgdorferi sensu lato, suggesting a key role of complement in the global ecology of lyme borreliosis.	1998	9488421
molecular typing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by randomly amplified polymorphic dna fingerprinting analysis.	to study whether pathogenic clusters of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains occur, we typed 136 isolates, cultured from specimens from patients (n = 49) with various clinical entities and from ticks (n = 83) or dogs (n = 4) from different geographic regions, by randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) fingerprinting with four arbitrary primers. the rapd patterns were reproducible up to the 95% similarity level as shown in duplicate experiments. in these experiments the purified dnas prepare ...	1998	9508310
lyme disease in taiwan: first human patient with characteristic erythema chronicum migrans skin lesion.	we report herein the first laboratory-diagnosed case of lyme disease in a human in taiwan. a 45-year-old taiwanese man living in taipei, in northern taiwan, had an expanding skin lesion (measuring 23 by 15 cm) on his abdomen for 2 to 3 weeks and recurrent attacks of pain and swelling of the knee joint. serologic tests indicated a significantly elevated titer of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi. after appropriate antibiotic treatment for 3 weeks, the skin lesion was cured and the joint swelling w ...	1998	9508317
a human case of tick bite by ixodes persulcatus.	the first case of tick bite by ixodes persulcatus in korea is reported. the tick was found on the skin of right lower axilla region of a 60-year-old woman.	1998	9529866
a surface-exposed region of a novel outer membrane protein (p66) of borrelia spp. is variable in size and sequence.	a model of the 66-kda outer membrane protein (p66) of lyme disease borrelia spp. predicts a surface-exposed loop near the c terminus. this region contains an antigen commonly recognized by sera from lyme disease patients. in the present study, this region of p66 and homologous proteins of other borrelia spp. were further investigated by using monoclonal antibodies, epitope mapping of p66 of borrelia burgdorferi, and dna sequencing. a monoclonal antibody specific for b. burgdorferi bound to the p ...	1998	9537355
detection of borrelia burgdorferi from ticks (acari) in hebei province, china.	from may 1992 to august 1993, 1,196 ticks were collected by flagging vegetation and from domestic animals in chengde, zhangjiakou, shijiazhuang, and handan districts of hebei province. of those ticks collected, 954 were haemaphysalis japonicum warburton and h. longicornis neumann, 205 were ixodes persulcatus schulze, and 37 were dermacentor silvarum olenev. four strains of borrelia burgdorferi were isolated from 135 i. persulcatus collected in weichang and zhuolu counties. three of 574 haemaphys ...	1998	9538567
tick-borne borrelioses pathogen identification in ixodes ticks (acarina, ixodidae) collected in st. petersburg and kaliningrad baltic regions of russia.	two isolated baltic seashore populations of ixodes ticks were studied as vectors of different borrelia genospecies in russia by using darkfield microscopy and modified polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in the kalinigrad region (kurish spit, forests near the settlements of lesnoye and rybachy), 788 ixodes ricinus (l.) adults and nymphs were collected by flagging and studied by darkfield microscopy during 1995-1996. there were 88 darkfield microscopy positive specimens (11.2%) of which 69 were also ...	1998	9538573
differential transmission of the genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by game birds and small rodents in england.	the genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was assessed in a focus of lyme borreliosis in southern britain dominated by game birds. ticks, rodents, and pheasants were analyzed for spirochete infections by pcr-targeting the 23s-5s rrna genes, followed by genotyping by the reverse line blot method. in questing ixodes ricinus ticks, three genospecies of b. burgdorferi sensu lato were detected, with the highest prevalences found for borrelia garinii and borrelia valaisiana. b. burgdorf ...	1998	9546150
diversity of european lyme disease spirochetes at the southern margin of their range.	we determined whether the genospecies diversity of lyme disease spirochetes in vector ticks questing on a subtropical island is as broad as that in central europe. although spirochetes infected < 1% of the ticks sampled on madeira island, these infections included all three genospecies implicated in human disease. therefore, spirochetal diversity is as great at the southern margin as it is in the center of this pathogen's range.	1998	9572986
[cyclic processes in the dynamics of the population count of the taiga tick and their relation to weather and climatic conditions].	the paper continues the discussion of published materials on the dynamic of ixodes persulcatus number in mountain forests of the central part of the krasnoyarsk region during 1958-1990 (korotkov e. a., 1992). an unstationarity and polycyclicity of examined processus is confirmed. it is shown, that long-term and middle-term quasi-periodical fluctuations of the tick number are determined by successive changing in forest biocenoses going under the influence of respective fluctuations of the climate ...	1998	9612819
[prevention of lyme borreliosis infection after tick bites].	lyme borreliosis is one of the zoonotic and vectorial diseases in the world. female of taiga tick, ixodes persulcatus play an important role being the main vector of the agents, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, of the disease in the far east including japan. the number of patients who contacted lyme borreliosis have been estimated to be around 100 cases in all of japan. we also detected the spirochetes from the skin tissues of 27 cases involving erythema and 3 cases without erythema after tick b ...	1998	9642941
lyme disease spirochetes in ticks from northeastern china.	during may 1996, field surveys on lyme disease spirochetes were conducted in beijing, shenyang, fushun, and inner mongolia in northeastern china. the ticks collected consisted of 3 genera and 12 species. of these, ixodes persulcatus was dominant in sun-exposed vegetation in forests in inner mongolia; 57 borrelia strains (55/123 unfed adults and 2/5 immature stages fed on a rodent) were obtained from this tick by bsk culture. additionally, 2/2 apodemus peninsulae were positive. ixodes nipponensis ...	1998	9645846
lyme disease borrelia species in northeastern china resemble those isolated from far eastern russia and japan.	fifty-nine borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato culture isolates collected from northeastern china were characterized by 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (mabs). among 59 culture isolates, 30 (50.8%) were borrelia garinii and 17 (28.8%) were borrelia afzelii, 2 were mixtures composed of b. garinii with rflp pattern b and b. garinii with pattern c, and 9 were mixtures composed of b. garinii and b. afzelii. ...	1998	9647853
failure of ixodes ticks to inherit borrelia afzelii infection.	to define conditions promoting inherited infection by lyme disease spirochetes in ixodes ticks, we variously infected ticks with borrelia afzelii and examined their progenies by dark-field microscopy, immunofluorescence, pcr, and serial passage. no episode of inherited infection was evident, regardless of instar or gender infected or frequency of exposure. we suggest that these spirochetes rarely, if ever, are inherited by vector ticks.	1998	9687480
clinical features of lyme borreliosis in the middle urals and distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species in local ixodes persulcatus ticks.	from 1991 to 1993, we investigated the clinical features of lyme borreliosis (lb) in 864 patients from the sverdlovsk region (population 4.5 million) in the middle urals. ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected in the vicinity of yekaterinburg to determine the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species. from 1991 to 1993, the number of patients with lb increased from 91 to 320 and 453, respectively. nearly all lb patients (97%) recalled a tick bite and the first signs of lb developed be ...	1998	9728411
genetic divergence and evolutionary instability in ospe-related members of the upstream homology box gene family in borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex isolates.	a series of related genes that are flanked at their 5' ends by a conserved upstream sequence element called the upstream homology box (uhb) have been identified in borrelia burgdorferi. these genes have been referred to as the uhb or erp gene family. we previously demonstrated that among a limited number of b. burgdorferi isolates, the uhb gene family is variable in composition and organization. prior to this report the uhb gene family in other species of the b. burgdorferi sensu lato complex ha ...	1998	9746562
species-specific plasmid sequences for pcr identification of the three species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato involved in lyme disease.	species-specific sequences were shown to be carried by plasmids of the three main species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato involved in lyme disease. libraries of the 16-, 33-, and 25-kb plasmids of b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia garinii, and borrelia afzelii, respectively, were then built and used to isolate species-specific sequences. after sequencing of the cloned inserts, three sets of primers were designed. they were shown to determine species-specific pcr amplification products. t ...	1998	9431963
[endo- and ectoparasites as factors influencing variability of the humoral immunity response in a natural population of red vole (clethrionomys rutilus)].	based on the five-year population study of red voles clethrionomys rutilus pallas in southern west siberia, we analysed the distribution of two predominating species of parasites (tapeworms hymenolepis horrida and immature instars of ticks ixodes persulcatus) in different demographic groups of the host, and seasonal changes of their incidence in the population. we assessed primary humoral immune response of the voles (splenic antibody-forming cells) to antigenic challenge (injection of sheep ery ...	1998	9813882
[propagation of the pathogen of lyme disease borrelia burgdorferi in the ticks ixodes persulcatus].	an increase of the number of borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in nymphs was observed 3-4 months later the moulting and during the following 4-5 months. the percent of infected ticks remained unchanged. the reproduction of spirochete was going not only at a room temperature, but also at a lower temperature, 3-5 degrees (imitation of hibernation conditions). an increase of the spirochete density was especially well marked, when the ticks were maintained under fluctuated daily conditions. we have found o ...	1998	9859126
[features of the parasitic system of ixodid ticks--borrelia--small mammals in the russian northwest].	mammals and ticks was collected in 1995-1997 years in novgorod region from may to september. traps were exposed during 5 consecutive days every month in 4 different biotopes. 928 hosts were captured during three years. 357 larvae and 59 nymphs of ixodes persulcatus, 356 larvae and 71 nymphs of i. trianguliceps were collected. the clethrionomys glareolus and sorex araneus are main hosts of larvae of i. persulcatus and i. trianguliceps. c. glareolus feed 76.2% of i. persulcatus larvae and 25% of i ...	1998	9859127
[transovarial transmission of borrelia burgdorferi s.l, to taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae)].		1998	9891215
[borrelia burgdorferi, taxonomy, pathogenicity and spread].	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is a bacterial complex of at least 10 species, most of which are non pathogenic for humans. non pathogenic species seem to be more vector-specific, their distribution being restricted to that of this vector. in opposition, the three species pathogenic for humans, borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (b.b.s.s.), borrelia garinii (b.g.), and borrelia afzelii (b.a.), are transmitted by several species of ticks more diversified in their host choice. each of these three ...	1998	9921400
[the results of the serological examination of medium-sized mammals in the natural foci of arbovirus infections in central siberia].	the serological survey of white hares (n = 8), squirrels (n = 118), and asian chipmunks (n = 486) in the dark coniferous forests of middle siberia revealed tick-borne encephalitis virus antihemagglutinins only in the former two species (37.5 +/- 17.1 and 7.6 +/- 2.4%, respectively) and in the squirrel, there is a close seasonal relation between the parameters of immune interbred and those virophoricity of taiga tick nymphs.	1997	9445992
[the reservoir hosts and vectors of borrelia--the causative organisms of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses in russia].	327 borrelia isolates from ixodid ticks of 3 species from 12 major administrative territories of russia (from leningrad province in the west to sakhalin province in the east), as well as from forest myomorph rodents of 6 species and from skin biopsies of borreliosis patents, were identified by the prc and rflp methods. b. afzelii, b. garinii and b. garinii nt29 were shown to be widespread in russia. no other borrelia genospecies were found. the main vectors of b. afzelii and b. garinii were ixod ...	1997	9460862
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in russia and neighbouring countries: high incidence of mixed isolates.	a total of 365 isolates of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from 12 major administrative territories of russia (from st. petersburg in the west to south sakhalin in the east) and from the czech republic, estonia, lithuania, byelorussia, moldavia, ukraine and kirghizia were identified by analysis of restriction polymorphism of ribosomal rrf-rrl spacer amplicons. the isolates were obtained mainly from ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus ticks. other sources included small mammals, human patients and ...	1997	9765854
[detection of the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi in ixodid ticks using solid-phase immunoenzyme analysis (elisa)].	138 ixodes persulcatus and 140 i. ricinus ticks were collected by flagging in the moscow region of russia in april-september 1995. borrelia burgdorferi infection rates of 171 (73 i. persulcatus and 98 i. ricinus) flat ticks were ascertained by both a dark-field microscopy and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the elisa is based on the use of "capture" monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to osp a l12-9b4 (2d8) in combination with rabbit antisera to osp a and b. this mab reacts with b. burgdo ...	1997	9541935
consensus sequence on the genes encoding the major outer surface proteins (ospa and ospb) of borrelia garinii isolate.	japanese lyme borrelias classified as ribotype iv is predominant among isolates derived from clinical specimens, reservoir rodents and ixodes persulcatus ticks, and has been characterized as borrelia garinii. these b. garinii isolates have antigenic and genetic features apparently different from north american, european and other asian isolates, especially in major outer surface proteins a (ospa) and b (ospb). in this study, we cloned and sequenced the genes encoding ospa and ospb from b. garini ...	1997	9087950
antibiotic treatment in mice infected with japanese borrelia garinii: efficacy of ceftriaxone for eradicating the infection induced by ixodes persulcatus tick bites.	we compared the efficacy of three antibiotics (ceftriaxone, erythromycin and clarithromycin) against borrelia garinii infection in mice. the nymphal ticks of ixodes persulcatus infected with the strain jem6 of japanese b. garinii were allowed to feed on female c3h mice. the mice were treated with each of the antibiotics for 5 consecutive days 1, 3, or 7 weeks after tick detachment. the doses of antibiotics per day were as follows: 5 mg intraperitoneal injection of ceftriaxone, 2 mg intraperitone ...	1997	9087959
[localization of borrelia in the ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) tick].		1997	9102097
competence of a migratory bird, red-bellied thrush (turdus chrysolaus), as an avian reservoir for the lyme disease spirochetes in japan.	to evaluate the competence of migratory birds as reservoirs for the lyme disease spirochetes, we examined two species of migrants, red-bellied thrush (turdus chrysolaus) and black-faced bunting (emberiza spodocephala) in nemuro, the northern part of japan. spirochetes were found in four individual birds out of 11 t. chrysolaus, three isolates were detected from the skins and the other one was obtained from the liver. no spirochete was found to be infected in 20 e. spodocephala. as far as we know ...	1997	9140513
[comparative data on the tick-borne encephalitis virus infectiousness of hungry and satiated taiga ticks (based on the results of an immunoenzyme analysis)].	the results of individual investigation of 25,500 ixodes persulcatus ticks from east siberia are presented. the ticks were collected from grass, men, and animals before their sticking and after feeding at different intervals. the quantity of positive specimens was 6-11 times higher among the fed ticks hungry ones and averaged 10.36 and 1.85%, respectively, at the first stage due to the higher aggression of the infected females at the first stage and due to viral replication when the tick had fee ...	1997	9182196
transmission of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia garinii, between infected and uninfected immature ixodes persulcatus during cofeeding on mice.	the ixodid tick, ixodes persulcatus, serves as a vector for the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia garinii, in japan. transmission of the spirochete from infected nymphs to uninfected larvae during their cofeeding on mice was studied under laboratory conditions. using feeding chambers, infected nymphs and uninfected larvae were allowed to cofeed on heads of normal balb/c mice. in another group of mice, we separately exposed nymphs to the head and larvae to the back. the resultant engorged larvae ...	1997	9194849
biology of tick-borne encephalitis virus.	tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus is an important human pathogen belonging to the genus flavivirus within the family flaviviridae. the genome of the tbe virus is a single-stranded rna (ssrna) molecule of positive polarity encoding all the viral proteins within a single open reading frame (orf). tbe virus shares common physical and genetic characteristic of the flavivirus genus. two subtypes of the tbe virus have been described: (1) european, endemic in many parts of europe and transmitted by i ...	1997	9219644
[the clinical manifestations of lyme borreliosis in the middle urals and their association with borrelia burgdorferi genospecies].	a parallel study was made of the clinical spectrum of lyme borreliosis in the middle urals and genetic species of the causative agent (borrelia burgdorferi) in the ticks collected at the same territory. clinical picture of lyme borreliosis in the middle urals is different from that in america but had similar features with european borreliosis: nervous disorders were more frequent than arthritis, high incidence of the symptoms in segments close to the place of the agent inoculation, low occurrenc ...	1997	9235672
[present status of lyme borreliosis and characterization of lyme disease borrelia isolated in japan].	lyme disease is a multisystemic disorder caused by infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato which is carried by ticks of the ixodes ricinus complex. the agent was discovered in 1982 in north america and the disease is recognized as an emerging infectious diseases in north america and europe. japanese borrelia isolates were characterized by genetic and immunologic analysis. isolates from ixodes ovatus were found to be unique by dna/dna hybridization analysis, restriction fragment length pol ...	1997	9248350
[distribution of hungry and engorged ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) imagos on squares for absolute enumeration].	it was found out by the methods of large scale cartography and mathematics modelling, that the distribution of ixodes persulcatus ticks around the point of clutch is still aggregated both on stages of hungry larvae and nymphs and on a stage of hungry imago. it is proposed to use the number of hungry imago aggregates as the criterium for the estimation of clatch number per square unit. wild animals living in foothill taiga forests of the central part of krasnoyarsk region support 9-10 female tick ...	1997	9297178
[the localization of borrelia in the body of the ixodes persulcatus tick at different developmental stages].	borrelia burgdorferi s. lato have been recovered by means of an observations in a dark screen, phase and anoptrail contrasts in 87.47% imago and 100% nymphs and larvae of the ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in the leningrad, novgorod and pskov regions. four morphological types of borreliae have been recognized, which were present in all stages of ticks examined. the location of the agent in ticks was examined in the material coloured after levaditi. in the hungry stages and the most abundance ...	1997	9304104
genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated in far eastern russia.	one-hundred and fifty-seven borrelia isolated from adult ticks, ixodes persulcatus, and wild rodents, clethrionomys rufocanus and apodemus peninsulae, in the far eastern part of russia were characterized and identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of the 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer. some isolates showed unique rflp patterns and were determined as borrelia garinii on the basis of a sequence analysis of the intergenic spacer amplicon and reactivity with species-specific mon ...	1997	9310938
human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern germany: increased seroprevalence in high-risk groups.	to date, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge), the causative agent of which is likely transmitted by ticks in the ixodes ricinus-ixodes persulcatus complex, has not been diagnosed with certainty in patients outside the united states. the presence of a closely related vector tick, i. ricinus, as well as the occurrence of similar ehrlichia spp. of veterinary importance, suggests that this disease is likely to be present in europe. the aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of anti ...	1997	9399527
[studies on epidemiology and etiology of lyme disease in china].	from 1987 to 1996, an investigation and study on lyme disease was conducted in sixty counties and districts of twenty-two provinces (autonomous region, municipality). seroepidemiological findings indicated that some residents from forest areas of twenty-two provinces had a high antibody titer for borrelia burgdorferi with positive rate 5.06% (1724/34104). endemic foci of lyme disease were discovered in seventeen provinces by etiological evidence. typical cases of lyme disease were diagnosed in e ...	1997	9812472
exchange of borrelia burgdorferi between ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae:acarina) sexual partners.	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection rate in ixodes persulcatus schulze maintained at different relative humidity gradients in male and females pairs, separated by sex, and in ticks of both sexes having either normal or abnormal exoskeleton were compared. ticks were collected in the st. petersburg region of russia during 1992 and 1994. we observed that the infection rate among the ticks maintained as sexual pairs was 1.75-2.00 times higher than that among ticks maintained singles, indicatin ...	1996	8667380
venereal and cannibalistic ways of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato exchange between males and females of ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae, acarina).	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.) infection rate in ixodes persulcatus shulze maintained in different relative humidity gradient in male and female pairs and separately by sex were compared. ticks collected in the st. petersburg region of russia during 1992-1994 temperate and 1995 hot seasons. we observed that the infection rate among specimens maintained as sexual pairs were 1.2-2.5 times higher than among ticks maintained separately. rate of borrelia infection in tick couples was a bit h ...	1996	8673793
[tick-borne encephalitis in central and eastern europe].	the tick-borne encephalitis virus, a major arbovirus, is endemic in central and eastern europe. since the first case of tick-borne encephalitis observed in alsace in 1968, there have been approximately 30 cases reported in eastern france. the tick ixodes persulcatus (and the western subtype i. ricinus) is both the main reservoir and vector of the disease. early clinical signs of infection are followed by a second phase complicated with meningoencephalitis. the geographical distribution of the di ...	1996	8685190
refeeding activity of immature ticks of ixodes persulcatus and transmission of lyme disease spirochete by partially fed larvae.	the refeeding activity of immature ticks of ixodes persulcatus was studied under laboratory conditions. balb/c mice were used as blood sources. feeding larvae and nymphs spontaneously detached themselves from parasitized mice when the mice were killed 1 or 2 days after tick exposure. partially fed ticks were reexposed on other mice. both larvae and nymphs were able to refeed on mice. the resultant engorged ticks normally molted to the next developmental stages. we also examined the transmission ...	1996	8691387
distribution of borrelia species associated with lyme disease in the subalpine forests of nagano prefecture, japan.	we surveyed the natural distribution of borrelia species associated with lyme disease in the subalpine forests of nagano prefecture, japan, during 1993-94. tick-derived isolates (n = 112) from ixodes persulcatus and rodent-derived isolates (n = 55) from apodemus argenteus, apodemus speciosus, eothenomys andersoni, eothenomys smithii, and microtus montebelli were classified by rrna gene restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (rflp ribotyping). ribotype group iv (an intraspecific varian ...	1996	8709867
prevention of borreliosis in persons bitten by infected ticks.	a study on prevention of borreliosis in humans bitten by infected ticks was performed in 1992-1994 in the perm' region of russia. adult ixodes persulcatus ticks were removed from the study subjects, and live preparations made from the material obtained from the gut of each tick were microscopically analyzed (up to 250 microscopic fields per preparation). persons were divided into experimental and control groups (261 and 97 persons, respectively). the experimental group received doxycycline (100 ...	1996	8740120
characterization of spirochetes isolated from ticks (ixodes tanuki, ixodes turdus, and ixodes columnae) and comparison of the sequences with those of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains.	ixodes persulcatus serves as a tick vector for borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii in japan; however, unidentified spirochetes have been isolated from other species of ticks. in this study, 13 isolates from ticks (6 from ixodes tanuki, 6 from ixodes turdus, and 1 from ixodes columnae) and 3 isolates from voles (clethrionomys rufocanus) were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, rrna gene restriction fragment length polymorphism, partial sequencing of the o ...	1996	8779571
prevalence of lyme disease spirochetes in ixodes persulcatus and wild rodents in far eastern russia.	borrelia spirochetes were isolated from the adult ixodid tick (ixodes persulcatus) in three areas of far eastern russia, namely, khabarovsk, vladivostok, and yuzhno-sakhalinsk. borrelia infective rates of ticks in those areas were 24.5, 41.4, and 25.1%, respectively (total rate was 26.6%). spirochetes were also isolated from the tissues of small mammals captured at khabarovsk (infective rate was 20.8%). samples were classified by rrna gene restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis ...	1996	8837448
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in an endemic environment: wild sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) with infected ticks and antibodies.	ticks and blood samples were collected from wild sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis) during a hunting season (august to october) of 1991 at a selected location in hokkaido, japan. ixodes persulcatus (adult and nymph) and i. ovatus (adult) were the common ticks on sika deer. spirochetes were detected in the midgut of the ticks by the indirect peroxidase-conjugated antibody staining method and by dark-field microscopy after cultivation. by the reactive pattern of monoclonal antibodies, isolates we ...	1996	8871523
[antibacterial therapy as a means of preventing ixodid tick-borne borreliosis].	a special epidemiological experiment to prevent borreliosis in persons bitten by infected ticks was performed in 1992-1994 in the russia's perm region where borrelia garinii and b.afzelii circulate, and ixodes persulcatus tick is the sole vector transmitting these pathogens to human beings. adult ticks were removed from the bodies of persons who had referred to health facilities for first aid. vital preparations were made from the material obtained from the gut of each tick and examined microsco ...	1996	8926931
[contacts of the population of the republic of sakha (yakutia) with the tick ixodes persulcatus sch., 1930].		1996	8926933