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characterization of a new antifungal lipid transfer protein from wheat.lipid transfer proteins (ltps) are members of the family of pathogenesis-related proteins (pr-14) that are believed to be involved in plant defense responses. in this study, a novel gene ltp 3f1 encoding an antifungal protein from wheat (sumai 3) was subcloned, overexpressed in escherichia coli bl-21 (de3) and enriched using ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by gel permeation chromatography. molecular phylogeny analyses of wheat ltp 3f1 gene showed a strong identity to other plant ltps. pr ...200818595724
tomato protein kinase 1b mediates signaling of plant responses to necrotrophic fungi and insect herbivory.the tomato protein kinase 1 (tpk1b) gene encodes a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase localized to the plasma membrane. pathogen infection, mechanical wounding, and oxidative stress induce expression of tpk1b, and reducing tpk1b gene expression through rna interference (rnai) increases tomato susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea and to feeding by larvae of tobacco hornworm (manduca sexta) but not to the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae. tpk1b rnai seedlings are also im ...200818599583
colutellin a, an immunosuppressive peptide from colletotrichum dematium.colletotrichum dematium is an endophytic fungus recovered from a pteromischum sp. growing in a tropical forest in costa rica. this fungus makes a novel peptide antimycotic, colutellin a, with a mic of 3.6 microg ml(-1) (48 h) against botrytis cinerea and sclerotinia sclerotiorum. collutellin a has a mass of 1127.7 da and contains residues of ile, val, ser, n-methyl-val and beta-aminoisobutryic acid in nominal molar ratios of 3 : 2 : 1 : 1 : 1, respectively. independent lines of evidence suggest ...200818599825
nadph oxidases are involved in differentiation and pathogenicity in botrytis cinerea.nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nadph) oxidases have been shown to be involved in various differentiation processes in fungi. we investigated the role of two nadph oxidases in the necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus, botrytis cinerea. the genes bcnoxa and bcnoxb were cloned and characterized; their deduced amino acid sequences show high homology to fungal nadph oxidases. analyses of single and double knock-out mutants of both nadph oxidase genes showed that both bcnoxa and bcnoxb are involved ...200818624644
antifungal activity of valinomycin, a peptide antibiotic produced by streptomyces sp. strain m10 antagonistic to botrytis cinerea.a strain of streptomyces sp. (m10) antagonistic to botrytis cinerea was isolated from orchard soil obtained from jeju island, korea. an antifungal substance (cn1) was purified from the culture extracts of the strain, and then identified as valinomycin through extensive spectroscopic analyses. valinomycin showed potent in vitro antifungal activity against botrytis cinerea and also in vivo control efficacy against botrytis blight development in cucumber plants. overall, the disease control efficac ...200818633285
a role for inositol hexakisphosphate in the maintenance of basal resistance to plant pathogens.phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, insp6) is an important phosphate store and signal molecule in plants. however, low-phytate plants are being developed to minimize the negative health effects of dietary insp6 and pollution caused by undigested insp6 in animal waste. insp6 levels were diminished in transgenic potato plants constitutively expressing an antisense gene sequence for myo-inositol 3-phosphate synthase (ips, catalysing the first step in insp6 biosynthesis) or escherichia coli ...200818643983
chemical composition and antifungal activity of rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis l.) oil from turkey.the essential oil of the aerial parts of rosmarinus officinalis collected from konya, turkey was analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. the oil yield of dried plant (volume/dry weight) obtained by hydrodistillation was 1.9%. twenty compounds representing 99.93% of the oils were identified. the main constituents of the oils were p-cymene (44.02%), linalool (20.5%), gamma-terpinene (16.62%), thymol (1.81%), beta-pinene (3.61%), alpha-pinene (2.83%) and eucalyptol ...200818654909
the cladosporium fulvum virulence protein avr2 inhibits host proteases required for basal defense.cladosporium fulvum (syn. passalora fulva) is a biotrophic fungal pathogen that causes leaf mold of tomato (solanum lycopersicum). during growth in the apoplast, the fungus establishes disease by secreting effector proteins, 10 of which have been characterized. we have previously shown that the avr2 effector interacts with the apoplastic tomato cys protease rcr3, which is required for cf-2-mediated immunity. we now show that avr2 is a genuine virulence factor of c. fulvum. heterologous expressio ...200818660430
bifidobacterium longum-fermented broccoli supernatant inhibited the growth of candida albicans and some pathogenic bacteria in vitro.the aim of this study is to develop a growth inhibitory material against some pathogenic microorganisms, using beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacterium species and certain types of vegetables which can be good substrates for the growth of the beneficial bacteria. at first, various vegetable juices were screened for the growth promotion of bifidobacterium longum etc. among the vegetables tested, broccoli (brassica oleracea l. var. botrytis l.) and cabbage (brassica oleracea l. var. capitata l. ...200818661679
pichia angusta is an effective biocontrol yeast against postharvest decay of apple fruit caused by botrytis cinerea and monilia fructicola.the efficacy of eight isolates of pichia angusta against three common postharvest pathogens of apple fruit was evaluated for the first time. all tested strains showed significant biocontrol activity against both botrytis cinerea and monilia fructicola, whereas efficacy against penicillium expansum was poor. a leucine-auxotrophic mutant had no significant biocontrol activity against brown rot of apple, while the addition of 0.6-1.2 g l(-1) leucine in the fruit wound fully restored the biocontrol ...200818662318
effects of crop development on the emission of volatiles in leaves of lycopersicon esculentum and its inhibitory activity to botrytis cinerea and fusarium oxysporum.volatiles emitted from the leaves of lycopersicon esculentum at the two-, ten-leaf and anthesis periods were collected by a gas absorbing method and analyzed by gas chromatography (gc)-mass spectrometry. in total, 33 compounds of volatiles emitted from three developmental stage plants were separated and identified, and quantitatively analyzed by the internal standard addition method. all of the samples of volatile were found to be rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. beta-phellandrene and ca ...200818666955
brassica juncea chitinase bjchi1 inhibits growth of fungal phytopathogens and agglutinates gram-negative bacteria.brassica juncea bjchi1 is a plant chitinase with two chitin-binding domains. its expression, induced in response to wounding, methyl jasmonate treatment, aspergillus niger infection, and caterpillar pieris rapae feeding, suggests that it plays a role in defence. in this study, to investigate the potential of using bjchi1 in agriculture, pichia-expressed bjchi1 and its deletion derivatives that lack one or both chitin-binding domains were tested against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. transpl ...200818669819
evaluation of messenger plant activator as a preharvest and postharvest treatment of sweet cherry fruit under a controlled atmosphere.the preservation methods as an alternative to chemical control to prevent postharvest quality losses of sweet cherry were examined. the efficacy of preharvest and postharvest messenger (m) treatments on sweet cherry cv. '0900 ziraat' was tested under a controlled atmosphere in 2004 and 2005. the factors investigated included the separate or combined effect of low oxygen, high carbon dioxide and m on the quality and fungal pathogens of sweet cherries in a normal atmosphere (na) and in a controlle ...200818671163
synthesis and antifungal activities of novel 5-amino-6-arylamino-1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5h)-one derivatives.a novel approach was developed to regioselectively synthesize new 5-amino-6-arylamino-1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5h)-one 5 derivatives via a tandem aza-wittig and annulation reactions of iminophosphorane 2, aromatic isocyanates, and hydrazine in 52-92% isolated yields. the compounds 5 reacted with triethyl orthoformate to give 1,8-2h-pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-4-ones 6 in good yields (62-94%). their structures were clearly confirmed by spectroscopy data (ir, (1)h nmr, ms), ...200818672885
the necrotroph botrytis cinerea induces a non-host type ii resistance mechanism in pinus pinaster suspension-cultured cells.models of non-host resistance have failed to account for the pathogenicity of necrotrophic agents. during the interaction of pinus pinaster (maritime pine) with the non-host necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea, the generation and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ros) and the induction of the hypersensitive response (hr) were analyzed. elicitation of maritime pine suspended cells with b. cinerea spores resulted in the biphasic induction of ros. the phase i oxidative burst was dependent o ...200818252735
calcineurin-responsive zinc finger transcription factor crz1 of botrytis cinerea is required for growth, development, and full virulence on bean plants.recently, we showed that the alpha subunit bcg1 of a heterotrimeric g protein is an upstream activator of the ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin in the gray mold fungus botrytis cinerea. to identify the transcription factor acting downstream of bcg1 and calcineurin, we cloned the gene encoding the b. cinerea homologue of crz1 ("crazy," calcineurin-responsive zinc finger transcription factor), the mediator of calcineurin function in yeast. bccrz1 is able to partially complement t ...200818263765
the bag proteins: a ubiquitous family of chaperone regulators.the bag (bcl-2 associated athanogene) family is a multifunctional group of proteins that perform diverse functions ranging from apoptosis to tumorigenesis. an evolutionarily conserved group, these proteins are distinguished by a common conserved region known as the bag domain. bag genes have been found in yeasts, plants, and animals, and are believed to function as adapter proteins forming complexes with signaling molecules and molecular chaperones. in humans, a role for bag proteins has been su ...200818264803
fungal pathogenic nucleic acid detection achieved with a microfluidic microarray device.detection of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products obtained from cultured greenhouse fungal pathogens, botrytis cinerea and didymella bryoniae has been achieved using a previously developed microfluidic microarray assembly (mma) device. the flexible probe construction and rapid dna detection resulted from the use of centrifugal pumping in the steps of probe introduction and sample delivery, respectively. the line arrays of the oligonucleotide probes were "printed" on a cd-like glass chip usin ...200818267145
evaluation of anilinopyrimidine and other fungicides for control of grey mould (botrytis cinerea) in container-grown calluna vulgaris.grey mould (botrytis cinerea pers. ex fr.) is a damaging disease affecting container-grown calluna vulgaris (l.) hull. trials were conducted to test anilinopyrimidine fungicides (pyrimethanil, cyprodinil and mepanipyrim), azoxystrobin and tolylfluanid for crop safety on cultivars, and to evaluate spray programmes based on alternating these fungicides with different modes of action for disease control. timing and application at different spray intervals were also investigated.200818286666
investigation on the infection mechanism of the fungus clonostachys rosea against nematodes using the green fluorescent protein.the fungus clonostachys rosea (syn. gliocladium roseum) is a potential biocontrol agent. it can suppress the sporulation of the plant pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea and kill pathogenic nematodes, but the process of nematode pathogenesis is poorly understood. to help understand the underlying mechanism, we constructed recombinant strains containing a plasmid with both the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene egfp and the hygromycin resistance gene hph. expression of the green fluorescent p ...200818292995
calmodulin-binding transcription activator (camta) 3 mediates biotic defense responses in arabidopsis.calmodulin-binding transcription activator (camta) 3 (also called sr1) is a calmodulin-binding transcription factor in arabidopsis. two homozygous t-dna insertion mutants (camta3-1, camta3-2) showed enhanced spontaneous lesions. transcriptome analysis of both mutants revealed 6 genes with attenuated expression and 99 genes with elevated expression. of the latter, 32 genes are related to defense against pathogens (e.g. wrky33, pr1 and chitinase). propagation of a virulent strain of the bacterial ...200818298954
defence-related gene expression in transgenic lemon plants producing an antimicrobial trichoderma harzianum endochitinase during fungal infection.constitutive over-expression of antifungal genes from microorganisms involved in plant defence mechanisms represents a promising strategy for conferring genetic resistance against a broad range of plant pathogenic fungi. in the present work, two transgenic lemon clones with the chit42 gene from trichoderma harzianum were tested for resistance to fungal disease and expression level of defence-related genes was evaluated. different resistance-related processes, such as production of reactive oxyge ...200818306055
transformation ability of fungi isolated from cork and grape to produce 2,4,6-trichloroanisole from 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.the ability of eight fungal strains to transform 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (tcp) to 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (tca) was studied. these fungi were isolated from cork, belonging to the genera penicillium, aspergillus, trichoderma and chrysonilia, and from grapes botrytis cinerea. all, except chrysonilia, produced tca when grown directly on cork in the presence of tcp, aspergillus and botrytis cinerea being the ones with the highest level of production. it is the first time that botrytis cinerea, a microo ...200818311620
clavatol and patulin formation as the antagonistic principle of aspergillus clavatonanicus, an endophytic fungus of taxus mairei.many endophytic fungi are known to protect plants from plant pathogens, but the antagonistic mechanism has rarely been revealed. in this study, we wished to learn whether an endophytic aspergillus sp., isolated from taxus mairei, would indeed produce bioactive components, and if so whether (a) they would antagonize plant pathogenic fungi; and (b) whether this aspergillus sp. would produce the compound also under conditions of confrontation with these fungi. the endophytic fungal strain from t. m ...200818317751
synthesis and biological activities of 2-oxocycloalkylsulfonamides.a series of novel 2-oxocycloalkylsulfonamides (4) were synthesized and their structures confirmed by ir, (1)h nmr, and elemental analysis. the bioassay showed that they have fair to excellent fungicidal activities against botrytis cinerea pers and sclerotinia sclerotiorum. among them, compounds 4a(10), 4a(11), 4a(12), 4b(2), and 4b(3), the ec(50) values of which were 2.12, 3.66, 3.96, 2.38, and 2.43 microg/ml, respectively, displayed excellent fungicidal activity against b. cinerea pers, and are ...200818331796
meristem identity gene expression during curd proliferation and flower initiation in brassica oleracea.the regulation of reproductive development in cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis dc) and broccoli (b. oleracea l. var. italica plenck) is unusual in that most enlargement occurs while development is arrested at a distinct stage. cauliflower and broccoli curds are composed of inflorescence meristems and flower buds, respectively. to determine whether this arrest is maintained by altered expression of the genes that specify these steps in arabidopsis, the expression of each copy of their ...200818332227
isolation and identification of rhizoxin analogs from pseudomonas fluorescens pf-5 by using a genomic mining strategy.the products synthesized from a hybrid polyketide synthase/nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene cluster in the genome of pseudomonas fluorescens pf-5 were identified using a genomics-guided strategy involving insertional mutagenesis and subsequent metabolite profiling. five analogs of rhizoxin, a 16-member macrolide with antifungal, phytotoxic, and antitumor activities, were produced by pf-5, but not by a mutant with an insertion in the gene cluster. the five rhizoxin analogs, one of which had n ...200818344330
lectr2, a ctr1-like protein kinase from tomato, plays a role in ethylene signalling, development and defence.arabidopsis atctr1 is a raf-like protein kinase that interacts with etr1 and ers and negatively regulates ethylene responses. in tomato, several ctr1-like proteins could perform this role. we have characterized lectr2, which has similarity to atctr1 and also to edr1, a ctr1-like arabidopsis protein involved in defence and stress responses. protein-protein interactions between lectr2 and six tomato ethylene receptors indicated that lectr2 interacts preferentially with the subfamily i etr1-type et ...200818346193
life table and temperature-dependent development of diadegma anurum (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae) on its host plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae).life table and temperature-dependent development of diadegma anurum (thomson) (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae) was studied on diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l. (lepidoptera: plutellidae) reared on cabbage, brassica oleracea l. variety capitata, and cauliflower, brassica oleracea l. variety botrytis. the developmental periods of immature stages were recorded at five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees c). the population of d. anurum and its host failed to survive at 35 degree ...200818348794
simultaneous quantification of major phytohormones and related compounds in crude plant extracts by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.a rapid and sensitive method was developed for simultaneous quantification of multiple classes of phytohormones and some related metabolites in crude plant extracts without purification or derivatization. high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring were used to quantify auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, gibberellins, jasmonates, salicylates, and a number of related metabolites in crude plant extracts. the technolo ...200818367217
mycobiota in the processing areas of two different meat products.mould growth is not accepted on most types of north european meat products and is considered as both an economic and aesthetic problem for the producers. in order to determine the mycobiota in processing areas of fermented sausage and liver pâté, filamentous fungi were isolated from air, equipment and raw materials in the processing areas of two fermented sausage processing plants and two liver pâté processing plants. a total of 336 samples were examined. the diversity of filamentous fungi in th ...200818367279
a fungal-responsive mapk cascade regulates phytoalexin biosynthesis in arabidopsis.plant recognition of pathogens leads to rapid activation of mpk3 and mpk6, two arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), and their orthologs in other species. here, we report that synthesis of camalexin, the major phytoalexin in arabidopsis, is regulated by the mpk3/mpk6 cascade. activation of mpk3/mpk6 by expression of active upstream mapk kinase (mapkk) or mapkk kinase (mapkkk) was sufficient to induce camalexin synthesis in the absence of pathogen attack. induction of camalexin b ...200818378893
distinct roles of jasmonates and aldehydes in plant-defense responses.many inducible plant-defense responses are activated by jasmonates (jas), c(6)-aldehydes, and their corresponding derivatives, produced by the two main competing branches of the oxylipin pathway, the allene oxide synthase (aos) and hydroperoxide lyase (hpl) branches, respectively. in addition to competition for substrates, these branch-pathway-derived metabolites have substantial overlap in regulation of gene expression. past experiments to define the role of c(6)-aldehydes in plant defense resp ...200818382679
photobiological control of crop production and plant diseases.plants, as well as fungi, use ambient sunlight as information to regulate photomorphogenetic processes. the photobiological control of this information showed that the development of photobiological greenhouse plastic covers simulates a photonic information that leads to a physiological enhancement of plant productivity and fungal disease control, thus minimizing the need for the use of agrochemicals. the main characteristics of these photobiological greenhouse plastic covers are the high transm ...200818386499
preliminary study on biomarkers for the fungal resistance in vitis vinifera leaves.we examined the leaf chemical composition of six seedlings obtained by self-pollination of the bulgarian wine-making variety storgozia as well as the cultivar bouquet, which is the susceptible parent of storgozia. the chemical composition was investigated in the framework of a program for identification of metabolites associated with disease resistance in grape-vine. acetone, dichloromethane and butanol extracts, as well as volatiles obtained from fresh material were analyzed by gc/ms. based on ...200818155317
a botrytis cinerea emopamil binding domain protein, required for full virulence, belongs to a eukaryotic superfamily which has expanded in euascomycetes.a previous transcriptomic analysis of 3,032 fungal genes identified the botrytis cinerea pie3 (bcpie3) gene to be up-regulated early in planta (a. gioti, a. simon, p. le pêcheur, c. giraud, j. m. pradier, m. viaud, and c. levis, j. mol. biol. 358:372-386, 2006). in the present study, bcpie3 was disrupted in order to determine its implication in pathogenicity. bcpie3 was shown to be a virulence factor, since the deltabcpie3 mutant was blocked during the colonization of tomato and bean leaves, giv ...200818156289
antagonistic effects of volatiles generated by bacillus subtilis on spore germination and hyphal growth of the plant pathogen, botrytis cinerea.botrytis cinerea is one of the most serious post-harvest pathogens of fruits and vegetables. volatiles generated by bacillus subtilis ja significantly inhibited both spore germination and elongation of germ tubes in botrytis cinerea using a two-compartment agar-plate assay. the volatiles caused protoplasm retraction from the hyphal tips to the spores.200818165869
characterization of plant growth-promoting traits of bacteria isolated from larval guts of diamondback moth plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae).eight bacterial isolates from the larval guts of diamondback moths (plutella xylostella) were tested for their plant growth-promoting (pgp) traits and effects on early plant growth. all of the strains tested positive for nitrogen fixation and indole 3-acetic acid (iaa) and salicylic acid production but negative for hydrogen cyanide and pectinase production. in addition, five of the isolates exhibited significant levels of tricalcium phosphate and zinc oxide solubilization; six isolates were able ...200818172718
effect of cultivation conditions on spore production from bacillus amyloliquefaciens b128 and its antagonism to botrytis elliptica.to maximize spore production by bacillus amyloliquefaciens b128, and its antagonism to the fungal pathogen botrytis elliptica b061.200818179538
brazilian isolates of clonostachys rosea: colonization under different temperature and moisture conditions and temporal dynamics on strawberry leaves.in a research programme for managing diseases caused by botryis cinerea, four isolates of the antagonistic fungus clonostachys rosea (cr) were obtained from different ecosystems in brazil. we studied ecological requirements for the colonization of strawberry leaves by these isolates.200818179592
the intersection between cell wall disassembly, ripening, and fruit susceptibility to botrytis cinerea.fruit ripening is characterized by processes that modify texture and flavor but also by a dramatic increase in susceptibility to necrotrophic pathogens, such as botrytis cinerea. disassembly of the major structural polysaccharides of the cell wall (cw) is a significant process associated with ripening and contributes to fruit softening. in tomato, polygalacturonase (pg) and expansin (exp) are among the cw proteins that cooperatively participate in ripening-associated cw disassembly. to determine ...200818199833
proteomic approach to identify champagne wine proteins as modified by botrytis cinerea infection.the presence of the fungal pathogen, botrytis cinerea, in the vineyard causes reductions in both quality and quantity of grapes and wine. because proteins are involved in the foam stabilization of sparkling wines, we have undertaken, for the first time, a thorough proteomic analysis of two champagne base wines prepared with either healthy or botrytized chardonnay grapes, using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2de) coupled with immunodetection and tandem mass spectrometry. most of the identified ...200818205300
the galpha subunit bcg1, the phospholipase c (bcplc1) and the calcineurin phosphatase co-ordinately regulate gene expression in the grey mould fungus botrytis cinerea.the galpha subunit bcg1 is essential for pathogenicity of the grey mould fungus botrytis cinerea. several processes such as the transition from primary infection to secondary invasive growth and the production of the phytotoxin botrydial are regulated by bcg1 via a camp-independent pathway. our recent finding that the botrydial biosynthesis genes belong to the group of ca(2+)/calcineurin-dependent genes suggested for the first time a connection between this galpha subunit and the calcineurin sig ...200818208491
quantitative 1h nmr metabolomics reveals extensive metabolic reprogramming of primary and secondary metabolism in elicitor-treated opium poppy cell cultures.opium poppy (papaver somniferum) produces a diverse array of bioactive benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and has emerged as a model system to study plant alkaloid metabolism. the plant is cultivated as the only commercial source of the narcotic analgesics morphine and codeine, but also produces many other alkaloids including the antimicrobial agent sanguinarine. modulations in plant secondary metabolism as a result of environmental perturbations are often associated with the altered regulation of oth ...200818211706
involvement of the abc transporter bcatrb and the laccase bclcc2 in defence of botrytis cinerea against the broad-spectrum antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol.the genetic and biochemical basis of defence mechanisms in plant pathogenic fungi against antifungal compounds produced by antagonistic microorganisms is largely unknown. the results of this study show that both degradative and non-degradative defence mechanisms enable the plant pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea to resist the broad-spectrum, phenolic antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-dapg). the efflux pump bcatrb provides the first line of defence for b. cinerea, preventing accumulatio ...200818218030
lysobacter capsici sp. nov., with antimicrobial activity, isolated from the rhizosphere of pepper, and emended description of the genus lysobacter.the taxonomic position of a novel bacterial strain, yc5194(t), with antimicrobial activity, isolated from the rhizosphere of pepper in jinju, south korea, was studied using a polyphasic approach. cells of the strain were gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobes. it grew at a temperature of 15-37 degrees c (optimum 28 degrees c). growth of the strain occurred between ph 5.5 and 8.5, with an optimum of ph 7.0-7.5. the strain inhibited mycelial growth of pythium ultimum, colletotrichum gloe ...200818218936
myb72 is required in early signaling steps of rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance in arabidopsis.colonization of arabidopsis thaliana roots by nonpathogenic pseudomonas fluorescens wcs417r bacteria triggers a jasmonate/ethylene-dependent induced systemic resistance (isr) that is effective against a broad range of pathogens. microarray analysis revealed that the r2r3-myb-like transcription factor gene myb72 is specifically activated in the roots upon colonization by wcs417r. here, we show that t-dna knockout mutants myb72-1 and myb72-2 are incapable of mounting isr against the pathogens pseu ...200818218967
characterisation of a trichoderma hamatum monooxygenase gene involved in antagonistic activity against fungal plant pathogens.a monooxygenase gene was isolated from a biocontrol strain of trichoderma hamatum and its role in biocontrol was investigated. the gene had homologues in other fungal genomes, but was not closely related to any fully characterised gene. the t. hamatum monooxygenase gene was expressed specifically in response to the plant pathogens sclerotinia sclerotiorum, sclerotinia minor and sclerotium cepivorum, but not in response to botrytis cinerea or t. hamatum. expression of the gene did not occur until ...200818231791
mycoparasitism of acremonium strictum bcp on botrytis cinerea, the gray mold pathogen.a fungal strain bcp, which parasitizes botrytis cinerea gray mold pathogen, was isolated and identified as acremonium strictum. bcp strain overgrew the colonies of b. cinerea and caused severe lysis of the host hyphae. frequent penetration and hyphal growth of a. strictum bcp inside the mycelia of b. cinerea were observed under light microscopy. in addition, some morphological abnormalities such as granulation and vacuolation of the cytoplasm were observed in mycelia and spores of b. cinerea. in ...200818239435
fungi have three tetraspanin families with distinct functions.tetraspanins are small membrane proteins that belong to a superfamily encompassing 33 members in human and mouse. these proteins act as organizers of membrane-signalling complexes. so far only two tetraspanin families have been identified in fungi. these are pls1, which is required for pathogenicity of the plant pathogenic ascomycetes, magnaporthe grisea, botrytis cinerea and colletotrichum lindemuthianum, and tsp2, whose function is unknown. in this report, we describe a third family of tetrasp ...200818241352
phytotoxic nep1-like proteins from the necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea associate with membranes and the nucleus of plant cells.nep1-like proteins (nlps), produced by an array of unrelated microorganisms, are phytotoxic for dicotyledonous plant cells but their mode of action has not yet been established. two paralogous nlps from the necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea were characterized, designated bcnep1 and bcnep2. both proteins were produced in the heterologous host pichia pastoris and purified to homogeneity. the localization of fluorescently labelled proteins was studied and mechanisms of cell deat ...200818028294
sympatric genetic differentiation of a generalist pathogenic fungus, botrytis cinerea, on two different host plants, grapevine and bramble.prime candidates for sympatric ecological divergence include parasites that differentiate via host shifts, because different host species exert strong disruptive selection and because both hosts and parasites are continually co-evolving. sympatric divergence may be fostered even more strongly in phytopathogenic fungi, in particular those where sex must occur on the host, which allows adaptation alone to restrict gene flow between populations developing on different hosts. we sampled populations ...200818028352
identification of a cluster iv pleiotropic drug resistance transporter gene expressed in the style of nicotiana plumbaginifolia.atp-binding cassette transporters of the pleiotropic drug resistance (pdr) subfamily are composed of five clusters. we have cloned a gene, nppdr2, belonging to the still uncharacterized cluster iv from nicotiana plumbaginifolia. nppdr2 transcripts were found in the roots and mature flowers. in the latter, nppdr2 expression was restricted to the style and only after pollination. a 1.5-kb genomic sequence containing the putative nppdr2 transcription promoter was fused to the beta-glucuronidase rep ...200818034327
transgenic expression of a fungal endo-polygalacturonase increases plant resistance to pathogens and reduces auxin sensitivity.polygalacturonases (pgs), enzymes that hydrolyze the homogalacturonan of the plant cell wall, are virulence factors of several phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. on the other hand, pgs may activate defense responses by releasing oligogalacturonides (ogs) perceived by the plant cell as host-associated molecular patterns. tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) and arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) plants expressing a fungal pg (pg plants) have a reduced content of homogalacturonan. here, we show that pg pl ...200818065558
root inoculation with a forest soil streptomycete leads to locally and systemically increased resistance against phytopathogens in norway spruce.soil streptomycetes are commonly antagonistic against plant pathogens. however, interactions involving increased defense responses in the host plant, leading to suppression of plant disease development, have not yet been detailed. here, the mechanisms were studied of disease suppression by streptomyces sp. gb 4-2 against heterobasidion root and butt rot in norway spruce (picea abies) seedlings. gb 4-2 promoted mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungus, germination rate of fungal spores, exte ...200818086220
two allopolyploid ascomycete fungal plant pathogens were not rescued by vertical transmission. 200818086225
partial demethylation of oligogalacturonides by pectin methyl esterase 1 is required for eliciting defence responses in wild strawberry (fragaria vesca).in addition to the role of the cell wall as a physical barrier against pathogens, some of its constituents, such as pectin-derived oligogalacturonides (oga), are essential components for elicitation of defence responses. to investigate how modifications of pectin alter defence responses, we expressed the fruit-specific fragaria x ananassa pectin methyl esterase fape1 in the wild strawberry fragaria vesca. pectin from transgenic ripe fruits differed from the wild-type with regard to the degree an ...200818088306
a cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase ncrk and a pathogen-induced protein kinase rbk1 are rop gtpase interactors.in plants, rop/rac gtpases have emerged as central regulators of diverse signalling pathways in plant growth and pathogen defence. when active, they interact with a wide range of downstream effectors. using yeast two-hybrid screening we have found three previously uncharacterized receptor-like protein kinases to be rop gtpase-interacting molecules: a cysteine-rich receptor kinase, named ncrk, and two receptor-like cytosolic kinases from the arabidopsis rlck-vib family, named rbk1 and rbk2. uniqu ...200818088316
exogenous application of a lipid transfer protein-jasmonic acid complex induces protection of grapevine towards infection by botrytis cinerea.type i plant lipid transfer proteins (ltps) are small, basic, cystein-rich proteins involved in plant defense mechanisms. five type i ltps isoforms, named vvltp1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (vitis vinifera lipid transfer proteins 1-5) were purified to homogeneity from the culture media of 41b grapevine cell suspension. the full sequence of isoforms 1, 3, 4 and 5 could be determined from mass spectrometry measurements of the enzymatically hydrolyzed proteins and from available vvltp sequences. phylogenetic an ...200818023196
analysis of the diastereoisomers of the cysteinylated aroma precursor of 3-sulfanylhexanol in vitis vinifera grape must by gas chromatography coupled with ion trap tandem mass spectrometry.the diastereoisomeric distribution of s-3-(hexan-1-ol)cysteine (p-3sh), the cysteinylated precursor of 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3sh) in vitis vinifera grape juice, was determined by a new method. this procedure is based on the purification of p-3sh in a small volume of must (500 microl) by affinity chromatography, followed by the separation of chiral molecules in derivative forms by gas chromatography coupled with ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (gc-ms/ms). the diastereoisomers were easily separa ...200818249409
[mechanisms of action of plant resistance inductor beta-aminobutyric acid in allium cepa].the effects of beta-aminobutiric acid as an inductor of plant resistance was studied. the influence of baba pretreatment on a. cepa plants of three different pathogen-resistant varieties was investigated by fluorescence microscopic methods. it was determined that baba is able to prime the plant callose accumulation.200819253749
brief in vitro study on botrytis cinerea and aspergillus carbonarius regarding growth and ochratoxin a.to evaluate the effect of botrytis cinerea growth on ochratoxin a (ota) production by aspergillus carbonarius and degradation.200819241528
effect of hot water treatments on quality of highbush blueberries.highbush blueberries, cv 'burlington', were treated with 22, 45, 50, or 60 degrees c water for 15 or 30 s along with an untreated control. fruit were then stored for 0, 1, 2, or 4 wk at 0 degrees c and 2 or 9 d at 20 degrees c prior to evaluation of microbial population and fruit quality. after 4 wk of storage, the hot water treatment at 60 degrees c resulted in 92% marketable berries, followed by 90% at 50 degrees c, 88% at 45 degrees c, and 83% at 22 degrees c compared with 76% in untreated co ...200819241561
phenotypical differences among b. cinerea isolates from ornamental plants.b. cinerea is a common pathogenic fungus which causes botrytis blight (grey mould) in most ornamental plants. it may be responsible for serious preharvest diseases and postharvest losses in fruits, vegetables and flowers. in this work, several b. cinerea isolates from ornamental plants (chamelaucium uncinatum, pelargonium x hortorum, euphorbia pulcherrima, lantana camara, lonicera japonica, hydrangea macrophylla, and cyclamen persicum) affected by botrytis blight in the south of spain were studi ...200819226749
interaction of media on production and biocontrol efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens and bacillus subtilis against grey mould of apple.the medium has a profound effect on biocontrol agents, including ability to grow and effectiveness in disease control. in this study, growth and antagonistic efficacy of strains p-5 and p-35 (p. fluorescens), b-3 and b-16 (b. subtilis) were evaluated in combinations of two carbon (sucrose and molasses) and two nitrogen (urea and yeast extract) sources to optimize control of botrytis cinerea on apple. all of the strains were grown in different liquid media (ph = 6.9) including: sucrose + yeast ex ...200819226761
acetic acid treatments to keep postharvest quality of "regina" and "taloppo" table grapes.the most important postharvest pathogen for table grape is botrytis cinerea (gray mold), which cause a rapid deterioration of fruit. an effective control of the disease during storage is difficult and remains an unsolved problem since no pesticide treatments are allowed by european legislation. gras compounds, employed with no restriction as preservatives in europe and north america, are possible candidates to fulfil this gap. the aim of this work is to study the efficacy of acetic acid (aac), u ...200819226763
resistance of botrytis cinerea to fungicides in italian vineyards.an extensive monitoring carried out during the years 2006 - 2007 in commercial and experimental vineyards located in north-western italy, permitted to test the sensitivity of populations of botrytis cinerea to the fungicides commonly used in the past and more recently introduced: dicarboximides, benzimidazoles, phenylpyrroles, anilinopyrimidines, hydroxyanilides and anilides. sensitivity was tested by evaluating spore germination on a medium amended with increasing concentrations of botryticides ...200819226764
lactic acid bacteria from fresh fruit and vegetables as biocontrol agents of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi.this study evaluated the efficacy of lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from fresh fruits and vegetables as biocontrol agents against the phytopathogenic and spoilage bacteria and fungi, xanthomonas campestris, erwinia carotovora, penicillium expansum, monilinia laxa, and botrytis cinerea. the antagonistic activity of 496 lab strains was tested in vitro and all tested microorganisms except p. expansum were inhibited by at least one isolate. the 496 isolates were also analyzed for the inhibition ...200819204894
aqueous and organic extracts of trigonella foenum-graecum l. inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi.aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek (3%) (aerial parts: leaves and stems (ls), roots (r), ground seeds (gs) and not ground seeds (ngs)) and petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against botrytis cinerea, fusarium graminearum, alternaria sp., pythium aphanidermatum, and rhizoctinia solani. all fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects ...200819209631
[purification and structural identification of herbicides from botrytis cinerea].toxin produced by phytopathogenic fungi is one of the important microbial herbicides. we found a new compound with herbicidal activity.200819160818
the pot and plob vector systems: improving ease of transgene expression in botrytis cinerea.this paper outlines the construction of a novel vector system comprising interchangeable terminators, as well as a multiple cloning site (mcs), to facilitate the transformation of the fungal plant pathogen botrytis cinerea. previous molecular studies on b. cinerea have relied upon the plob1 based vector system (controlled by the aspergillus nidulans olic promoter and a region reported to be the b. cinerea tuba terminator). investigations, however, have revealed that, rather than the genuine b. c ...200819164879
[cloning of a homologous gene of magnaporthe grisea pmk1 type mapk from ustilaginoidea virens and functional identification by complement in magnaporthe grisea corresponding mutant].cloning of a homologous gene of pmk1 type mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) from the rice false smut fungus ustilaginoidea virens.200819149162
the chromatin remodeler splayed regulates specific stress signaling pathways.organisms are continuously exposed to a myriad of environmental stresses. central to an organism's survival is the ability to mount a robust transcriptional response to the imposed stress. an emerging mechanism of transcriptional control involves dynamic changes in chromatin structure. alterations in chromatin structure are brought about by a number of different mechanisms, including chromatin modifications, which covalently modify histone proteins; incorporation of histone variants; and chromat ...200819079584
ku70 or ku80 deficiencies in the fungus botrytis cinerea facilitate targeting of genes that are hard to knock out in a wild-type context.the filamentous ascomycete botrytis cinerea is one of the most studied models for understanding the necrotrophic behaviour of phytopathogenic fungi. the genomes of two strains of b. cinerea have been sequenced (b05.10 and t4), which may contribute to elucidating the virulence polymorphism in this fungus. in this study, both strains were genetically modified in order to construct recipient strains designed to target genes that are hard to knock out. deletions of bcku70 gene in b05.10 strain and b ...200819054110
sesquiterpene synthase from the botrydial biosynthetic gene cluster of the phytopathogen botrytis cinerea.the fungus botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of the economically important gray mold disease that affects more than 200 ornamental and agriculturally important plant species. b. cinerea is a necrotrophic plant pathogen that secretes nonspecific phytotoxins, including the sesquiterpene botrydial and the polyketide botcinic acid. the region surrounding the previously characterized bcbot1 gene has now been identified as the botrydial biosynthetic gene cluster.five genes including bcbot1 and bcbo ...200819035644
evolutionary analysis of endopolygalacturonase-encoding genes of botrytis cinerea.sequence analysis of five of the six endopolygalacturonase-encoding genes (bcpg1, bcpg2, bcpg3, bcpg4, bcpg5) from 32 strains of botrytis cinerea showed marked gene to gene differences in the amount of among-strains diversity. bcpg4 was almost invariable in all strains; bcpg3 and bcpg5 showed a moderate variability, similar to that of non-pathogenicity-associated genes examined in other studies. conversely, bcpg1 and bcpg2 were highly variable and were shown to be under positive selection based ...200819018996
chiral gamma-aryl-1h-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as highly potential antifungal agents: design, synthesis, structure, and in vitro fungicidal activities.a novel series of chiral gamma-aryl-1h-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as highly potential antifungal agents have been designed and synthesized conveniently by using the chiral auxiliary as a controlling reagent. all of the compounds exhibit moderate to high ee values reaching up to 99%, and the preliminary bioassay results demonstrated that most of the target compounds take on a significantly wide spectrum activity against fusarium oxysporium, rhizoctonia solani, botrytis cinereapers, gibberella zea ...200818998696
geography, plants, and growing systems shape the genetic structure of tunisian botrytis cinerea populations.botrytis cinerea, considered for a long time as a generalist fungal pathogen of a multitude of plants, was recently shown to exhibit significant population structure in france according to the host, suggesting sympatric specialization. recent models also showed that adaptation to new hosts may facilitate the process of sympatric speciation in fungal plant pathogens. the present work aimed at investigating if host plants, combined with geographic origin and growing systems, shape the diversity an ...200819000001
sexual recombination in the botrytis cinerea populations in hungarian vineyards.botrytis cinerea (anamorph of botryotinia fuckeliana) causes gray mold on a high number of crop plants including grapes. in this study, we investigated the genetic properties of a grape pathogenic population of b. cinerea in the area of eger, hungary. a total of 109 isolates from 12 areas were sampled. based on the sequence of the beta-tubulin (tub1) locus, they all belong to group ii, a phylogenetic species within b. cinerea. seventy-four isolates were classified as transposa, with both the fli ...200819000006
rna-mediated gene silencing of superoxide dismutase (bcsod1) in botrytis cinerea.gene silencing is a powerful tool utilized for identification of gene function and analysis in plants, animals, and fungi. here, we report the silencing of superoxide dismutase (bcsod1) in botrytis cinerea through sense and antisense-mediated silencing mechanisms. because superoxide dismutase (sod) is a virulence factor, transformants were tested for phenotypic silencing in vitro and reduction in pathogenicity in planta. plate-based assays with and without paraquat were performed to screen initi ...200819000009
systemic resistance and lipoxygenase-related defence response induced in tomato by pseudomonas putida strain btp1.previous studies showed the ability of pseudomonas putida strain btp1 to promote induced systemic resistance (isr) in different host plants. since isr is long-lasting and not conducive for development of resistance of the targeted pathogen, this phenomenon can take part of disease control strategies. however, in spite of the numerous examples of isr induced by pgpr in plants, only a few biochemical studies have associated the protective effect with specific host metabolic changes.200819000301
three new metabolites from botrytis cinerea.three new metabolites, gamma-abscisolactone (1), botrytisic acids a (3) and b (4) were isolated from the fermentation broth of botrytis cinerea tb-3-h8. their structures were elucidated on the basis of ms, ir, uv, and nmr spectroscopic data. compound 2 was isolated from natural resource for the first time. the structure of 1 was further confirmed by single-crystal x-ray diffraction (ccdc-265897).200819003608
galactinol is a signaling component of the induced systemic resistance caused by pseudomonas chlororaphis o6 root colonization.root colonization by pseudomonas chlororaphis o6 in cucumber elicited an induced systemic resistance (isr) against corynespora cassiicola. in order to gain insight into o6-mediated isr, a suppressive subtractive hybridization technique was applied and resulted in the isolation of a cucumber galactinol synthase (csgols1) gene. the transcriptional level of csgols1 and the resultant galactinol content showed an increase several hours earlier under o6 treatment than in the water control plants follo ...200818986260
[identification and analysis of asymmetric somatic hybrids between b. oleracea and b. nigra].asymmetric interspecific somatic hybrids between brassica oleracea var. botrytis and b. nigra were produced by peg-induced fusion of protoplasts radiated by different doses of uv. b. nigra, genotype st.461, has resistance to black rot, black leg and clubroot diseases which are popular in cabbage production. the regenerated plants were analyzed by several means including morphology observation, relative dna content measurement by flow cytometry (fcm), chromosome counting, dna molecular marker. mo ...200818959000
synthesis, fungicidal, and insecticidal activities of beta-methoxyacrylate-containing n-acetyl pyrazoline derivatives.1-acetyl-3,-5-diarylpyrazolines have received considerable interests from the fields of medicinal and agricultural chemistry due to their broad spectrum of biological activities. to discover new lead compounds exhibiting both fungicidal and insecticidal activities, a series of pyrazoline derivatives were designed and synthesized by introducing the beta-methoxyacrylate pharmacophore into the scaffold of 1-acetyl-3,5-diarylpyrazoline. the fungicidal activities against pseudoperoniospora cubensis, ...200818973342
the fate of gene duplicates in the genomes of fungal pathogens.understanding how molecular changes underlie phenotypic variation within and between species is one of the main goals of evolutionary biology and comparative genetics. the recent proliferation of sequenced fungal genomes offers a unique opportunity to start elucidating the extreme phenotypic diversity in the kingdom fungi.1-4 we attempted to investigate the contribution of gene families to the evolutionary forces shaping the diversity of pathogenic lifestyles among the fungi.5 we studied a famil ...200819513258
a brassica juncea chitinase with two-chitin binding domains show anti-microbial properties against phytopathogens and gram-negative bacteria.in our recent paper in the journal of experimental botany, we demonstrated that brassica juncea bjchi1 shows anti-fungal properties against phytopathogens, colletotrichum truncatum, c. acutatum, botrytis cinerea and ascochyta rabiei. furthermore, bjchi1 which is an unusual plant chitinase with two (almost identical) chitin-binding domains, agglutinates gram-negative bacteria, adversely affecting their growth. in contrast, bjchi1 derivatives lacking one or both domains do not show agglutination a ...200819704507
the cuticle: not only a barrier for plant defence: a novel defence syndrome in plants with cuticular defects.the cuticle is a physical barrier that prevents water loss and protects against irradiation, xenobiotics and pathogens. this classic textbook statement has recently been revisited and several observations were made showing that this dogma falls short of being universally true. both transgenic arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing cell wall-targeted fungal cutinase (so-called cute plants) or lipase as well as several a. thaliana mutants with altered cuticular structure remained free of symptoms a ...200819704737
inhibition of conidia germination and mycelial growth of botrytis cinerea by some alternative chemicals.fungal activities of food additives, potassium sorbate, methylparaben, sodium benzoate, propylparaben, sorbic acid and plant activators harpin-protein and potassium dioxide were comparatively examined with ipradion in vitro conditions on two isolates of botrytis cinerea obtained from strawberry fruits. food additives and plant activators showed inhibitory effect at different levels on the mycelial growth of fungus isolates. according to the minimum inhibition concentration (mic), sorbic acid (30 ...200719069931
chemical composition and antifungal activity of volatiles from three opuntia species growing in tunisia.the chemical composition of the volatiles isolated by steam distillation from leaves, flowers and fruits of opuntia lindheimeri var. linguiformis l. benson, leaves and flowers of opuntia macrorhiza engelm and leaves of opuntia microdasys (lehmann) gathered in the sea cliff of monastir town (tunisia), has been studied by gc and gc-ms. remarkable differences were noted between the composition and the constituent percentage of the different studied organs. the most important compounds found in leav ...200719070119
interaction between pseudomonas fluorescens isolates and thiabendazole in the control of gray mold of apple.five isolates kw, 16p, 8, 11 and 7 of pseudomonas fluorescens and fungicide thiabendazole were evaluated for control of gray mold of apple caused by botrytis mali. dual culture, cell free metabolite and volatile test showed that all five isolates of pseudomonas fluorescens tested inhibited growth of the pathogen. inhibition varied from 28.9-85.7% in dual culture, from 62-94.6% in cell free metabolite and from 45.9-87.9% in volatile test. apples were wounded and inoculated with a 20 microl botryt ...200719070177
effect of different plant spacing on the production of cauliflower (brassica oleraceae var. botrytis) under the agro-climatic conditions of d.i. khan.a research project to evaluate the effect of different plant spacing on the production of cauliflower was conducted at horticulture research area, faculty of agriculture, gomal university, dera ismail khan, nwfp, pakistan. six different plant spacing viz., 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 cm were used. the results revealed significant variations in all the parameters and amongst various plant spacing, 45 cm spacing showed the best response for all the parameters. maximum plant height (49.33 cm), curd d ...200719093526
overexpression of vvwrky2 in tobacco enhances broad resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens.wrky genes encode proteins belonging to a large family of transcription factors that are involved in various developmental and physiological processes and in plant responses to pathogen infections. in the present work, a full-length cdna from a vitis vinifera l. cv. cabernet sauvignon grape berry library was isolated and characterized. the cdna, designated vvwrky2, encodes a polypeptide of 536 amino acids that shows the structural features of group i of wrky protein family. vvwrky2 is expressed ...200718251882
purification and characterization of an alkaline protease prot 1 from botrytis cinerea : biodetergent catalyst assay.alkaline thiol protease named prot 1 was isolated from a culture filtrate of botrytis cinerea. the enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. thus, the enzyme was purified to homogeneity with specific activity of 30-fold higher than that of the crude broth. the purified alkaline protease has an apparent molecular mass of 43 kda under denaturing conditions as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the na ...200718025562
a systems biology approach identifies a r2r3 myb gene subfamily with distinct and overlapping functions in regulation of aliphatic glucosinolates.glucosinolates are natural metabolites in the order brassicales that defend plants against both herbivores and pathogens and can attract specialized insects. knowledge about the genes controlling glucosinolate regulation is limited. here, we identify three r2r3 myb transcription factors regulating aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis in arabidopsis by combining several systems biology tools.200718094747
isolation and characterization of a trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor from the seeds of green lentil (lens culinaris).a bowman-birk type trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor was isolated from seeds of the legume green lentil (lens culinaris) by means of affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on q-sepharose, ion exchange chromatography by fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc) on mono q and mono s, and gel filtration by fplc on superdex 75. the trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor was bound on the first three types of chromatographic media. it appeared as a single 16-kda peak in gel fil ...200718045226
flexible microarray construction and fast dna hybridization conducted on a microfluidic chip for greenhouse plant fungal pathogen detection.this study employed a microfluidic method in which probe creation does not require pin-spotting and fast hybridization is conducted on the same microarray chip for the detection of three greenhouse pathogens ( botrytis cinerea, didymella bryoniae, and botrytis squamosa). in this method, 16 oligonucleotide probe line arrays were created on a glass substrate by a microfluidic printing method. then, low amounts of the dna samples (1 fmol of oligonucelotides or 1.4 ng of pcr products) were introduce ...200718047274
biological control of strawberry gray mold caused by botrytis cinerea using bacillus licheniformis n1 formulation.bacillus licheniformis n1 is a biological control agent to control gray mold diseases caused by botrytis cinerea. various formulations of b. licheniformis n1 were generated and evaluated for the activity to control strawberry gray mold. the wettable powder type formulation n1e was selected in pot experiments with remarkable disease control activity on both strawberry leaves and flowers. the n1e formulation contained 400 g of corn starch, 50 ml of olive oil, and 50 g of sucrose per a liter of bac ...200718050947
antifungal cyclopeptolide from fungal saprophytic antagonist ulocladium atrum.the saprophytic fungus ulocladium atrum preuss is a promising biological control agent for botrytis cinerea in greenhouse- and field-grown crops. however, despite its known potent antifungal activity, no antifungal substance has yet been reported. in an effort to characterize the antifungal substance from u atrum, we isolated an antibiotic peptide. based on extensive spectroscopic analyses, its structure was established as a cyclopeptolide with a high portion of n-methylated amino acids, and its ...200718051337
plant growth-promoting potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from roots of coastal sand dune plants.endophytic bacteria associated with the roots of coastal sand dune plants were isolated, taxonomically characterized, and tested for their plant growth-promoting activities. ninety-one endophytic bacterial isolates were collected and assigned to 17 different genera of 6 major bacterial phyla based on partial 16s rdna sequence analyses. gammaproteobacteria represented the majority of the isolates (65.9%), and members of pseudomonas constituted 49.5% of the total isolates. when testing for antagon ...200718051606
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