Publications

comparative and functional anatomy of the mammalian lumbar spine.	as an essential organ of both weight bearing and locomotion, the spine is subject to the conflict of providing maximal stability while maintaining crucial mobility, in addition to maintaining the integrity of the neural structures. comparative morphological adaptation of the lumbar spine of mammals, especially in respect to locomotion, has however received only limited scientific attention. specialised features of the human lumbar spine, have therefore not been adequately highlighted through com ...	2001	11590593
sequence variation in the mitochondrial dna control region of wild african cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).	five hundred and twenty-five bp of mitochondrial control region were sequenced and analysed for 20 acinonyx jubatus and one felis catus. these sequences were compared with published sequences from another domestic cat, 20 ocelots (leopardus pardalus) and 11 margays (leopardus weidii). the intraspecific population divergence in cheetahs was found to be less than in the other cats. however variation was present and distinct groups of cheetahs were discernible. the 80 bp rs2 repetitive sequence mot ...	2001	11488972
the epidemiology of tuberculosis in free-ranging african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park, south africa.	the presence of bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in the kruger national park (knp) was determined for the first time in 1990. it was diagnosed in an african buffalo (syncerus caffer) bull, which was found recumbent and in an emaciated and moribund state near the south-western boundary fence. this prompted an investigation into the bovine tuberculosis (btb) status of the knp, with emphasis on its epidemiological determinants and risk factors. this report documents the findings of surveys ...	2001	11585089
letting the cat out of the bag.	the image of the cheetah sprinting gracefully across the african serengeti in pursuit of its prey is one that we're all familiar with. many people perceive the cheetah as an animal flawlessly adapted to its environment-the perfect predator.	2001	11313538
the 26-kilodalton, ahpc homologue, of helicobacter pylori is also produced by other helicobacter species.	the 26 kda protein, which is an alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (ahpc) homologue, has earlier been described as specific for helicobacter pylori. the aims of this study were to analyse whether this protein, or the corresponding gene, could be identified in other helicobacter species.	2001	11328365
a generalized fecal glucocorticoid assay for use in a diverse array of nondomestic mammalian and avian species.	noninvasive fecal glucocorticoid analysis has tremendous potential as a means of assessing stress associated with environmental disturbance in wildlife. however, interspecific variation in excreted glucocorticoid metabolites requires careful selection of the antibody used in their quantification. we compared four antibodies for detecting the major fecal cortisol metabolites in yellow baboons following (3)h cortisol administration, acth challenge, and hplc separation of fecal glucocorticoid metab ...	2000	11121291
feline panleukopenia virus revisited: molecular characteristics and pathological lesions associated with three recent isolates.	the low incidence of clinical signs or pathological lesions compatible with feline panleukopenia in cats has created the perception among practitioners that the disease has disappeared since the emergence of canine parvovirus type 2 in the late 1970s. three parvoviruses that were recently isolated from a domestic cat and 2 cheetahs in cell culture or detected by means of the polymerase chain reaction were shown to be typical feline parvoviruses. phylogenetic comparison with other fpv isolates di ...	2000	11205160
gastric ollulanus tricuspis infection identified in captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) with chronic vomiting.	gastritis, vomition and weight loss are common in captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus). gastric spiral bacteria (helicobacter spp.) and the very small, viviparous nematode ollulanus tricuspis, a stomach worm of cats, are believed to be important causes. three sibling cheetahs at wellington zoo, new zealand, developed chronic vomiting, diarrhoea and debility. their parents were both south african-born. response to antibacterial treatment was poor. endoscopic examinations revealed chronic lymphopla ...	2000	11212940
genetic characterization of feline parvovirus sequences from various carnivores.	infections with viruses of the feline parvovirus subgroup such as feline panleukopenia virus (fpv), mink enteritis virus (mev) and canine parvovirus (cpv-2) [together with its new antigenic types (cpv-2a, cpv-2b)] have been reported from several wild carnivore species. to examine the susceptibility of different species to the various parvoviruses and their antigenic types, samples from wild carnivores with acute parvovirus infections were collected. viral dna was amplified, and subsequently anal ...	2000	10644832
genomic ancestry of the american puma (puma concolor).	puma concolor, a large american cat species, occupies the most extensive range of any new world terrestrial mammal, spanning 110 degrees of latitude from the canadian yukon to the straits of magellan. until the recent holocene, pumas coexisted with a diverse array of carnivores including the american lion (panthera atrox), the north american cheetah (miracynonyx trumani), and the saber toothed tiger (smilodon fatalis). genomic dna specimens from 315 pumas of specified geographic origin (261 cont ...	2000	10833043
biomechanical adaptations of transtibial amputee sprinting in athletes using dedicated prostheses.	to determine the biomechanical adaptations of the prosthetic and sound limbs in two of the world's best transtibial amputee athletes whilst sprinting.	2000	10758296
irregular s-cone mosaics in felid retinas. spatial interaction with axonless horizontal cells, revealed by cross correlation.	in most mammals short-wavelength-sensitive (s) cones are arranged in irregular patterns with widely variable intercell distances. consequently, mosaics of connected interneurons either may show some type of correlation to photoreceptor placement or may establish an independent lattice with compensatory dendritic organization. since axonless horizontal cells (a-hc's) are supposed to direct all dendrites to overlying cones, we studied their spatial interaction with chromatic cone subclasses. in th ...	2000	10708039
use of pyloroplasty (y-u) to treat presumed delayed gastric emptying in a cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).	a 4-yr-old cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) with a 2-yr history of chronic intermittent vomiting and spiral bacteria-associated gastritis presented with dramatically increased vomiting frequency and marked intermittent abdominal distention. physical examination revealed loss of muscle mass and poor fur coat quality. contrast radiography was consistent with delayed gastric emptying due to presumed gastric outlet obstruction. both y-u pyloroplasty and incisional gastropexy were performed, and no subsequ ...	2000	11428404
predator avoidance, breeding experience and reproductive success in endangered cheetahs, acinonyx jubatus.	i examine three hypotheses about predator avoidance behaviour: (1) avoidance increases an individual's reproductive success; (2) avoidance changes with breeding experience according to one of three described models; and (3) any reproductive or experience benefits accrued to individuals by avoidance are reflected in their spatial distribution. these hypotheses were tested on cheetahs which incur substantial juvenile mortality from predation by two larger competitors: spotted hyaenas, crocuta croc ...	2000	10924211
fecal cortisol metabolite analysis for noninvasive monitoring of adrenocortical function in the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).	a radioimmunoassay was validated for quantifying excreted cortisol metabolites in cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) feces. high-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that immunoreactivity was associated with a water-soluble metabolite in fecal extracts from males and females. none of the immunoreactivity corresponded with free cortisol or corticosterone but rather was associated with a more polar, unidentified metabolite. to determine the biologic relevance of excreted immunoreactive cor ...	1999	10749432
feline herpesvirus infection in a group of semi-captive cheetahs.	clinical disease caused by feline herpesvirus type-1 in wild felid species is similar to that in domestic cats. herpesviruses are endemic in free-ranging lions in south africa but actual clinical disease due to them has not been reported in free-ranging felids. the first reports of feline herpesvirus infection associated with clinical disease in wild felids came from australia and the usa in 1970. subsequent reports of clinical disease in cheetahs and other wild felid species were limited to cap ...	1999	10852685
cryptococcosis in captive cheetah (acinonyx jubatus): two cases.	cryptococcus neoformans is a yeast-like organism associated with pulmonary, meningoencephalitic, or systemic disease. this case report documents 2 cases of cryptococcosis with central nervous system involvement in captive cheetah (acinonyx jubatus). in both cases the predominant post mortal lesions were pulmonary cryptococcomas and extensive meningoencephalomyelitis. both cheetahs tested negative for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus. the organism isolated in case 2 was cl ...	1999	10855821
prevalence of helicobacteriosis and gastritis in semicaptive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).	endoscopic biopsy specimens were obtained from the cardiac, fundic, and pyloric stomach regions of 28 semicaptive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) to look for signs of helicobacteriosis and gastritis. impression smear cytology and urease tests were positive in 23 and 26 of the cheetahs, respectively. histopathology showed mild or no lesions in 27 cheetahs; only one cheetah had moderate gastritis. gastritis was uncommon in these semicaptive cheetahs, and stress could play a major role in the developme ...	1999	10749433
glomerulosclerosis in captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).	the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) is an endangered species with low fecundity and premature death in captivity. a previous survey determined that renal failure as a result of glomerulosclerosis was a major cause of death in captive populations. this study characterizes the morphologic, histochemical, and epidemiologic properties of glomerulosclerosis in this population. kidneys from 87 cheetahs were examined by light microscopy; kidneys from six of those cheetahs were examined by electron and fluor ...	1999	9921751
comparative genome organization of the major histocompatibility complex: lessons from the felidae.	the mammalian major histocompatibility complex (mhc) has taught both immunologists and evolutionary biologists a great deal about the patterns and processes that have led to immune defenses. driven principally by human and mouse studies, comparative mhc projects among other mammalian species offer certain advantages in connecting mhc genome characters to natural situations. we have studied the mhc in the domestic cat and in several wild species of felidae. our observations affirm class i and cla ...	1999	10319256
the ab blood group system in wild felids.	the blood type of 131 non-domesticated felids belonging to 26 felid species was surveyed in this study. based upon a tube hemagglutination assay established for domestic cats, 80% of felids had type-a, 18% type-b, and 2% type-ab blood. felids in the puma group and african and asian golden cats had blood type b, whereas all other species were found to have blood type a. two cheetahs and one bobcat had type-ab blood. red cell glycolipids analysed by high performance thin layer chromatography revea ...	1999	10376305
[anatomic features of the carpal joint of the cheetah (acinonyx jubatuw), compared with the domestic cat (felis catus)].	the anatomy of the carpal joint of the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) was examined in seven specimens using dissection and corrosion casts as well as radiography, and compared to well-known data of the domestic cat (felis catus). it was found that in the cheetah, as in the domestic cat, the intermedioradial, ulnar and accessory carpal bones, as well as the first, second, third and fourth carpal bones and the sesamoid bone of the abductor pollicis longus muscle, develop in a regular manner. the bones ...	1999	10458023
herpesviruses of carnivores.	this review focuses on felid herpesvirus 1 (fhv-1), the most studied of the carnivore herpesviruses. canid herpesvirus (chv-1) and phocid (seal) herpesvirus 1 (phhv-1) are also included where information is available. fhv-1 is a member of the varicellovirus genus of the alphaherpesvirinae, which appears to be closely related phylogenetically to both chv-1 and phhv-1. fhv-1 infects both domestic and some wild felidae, such as cheetahs, and is predominantly a respiratory pathogen of cats. as in ot ...	1999	10515274
similar signature of the prion protein in natural sheep scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy-linked diseases.	it has been suggested that specific molecular features could characterize the protease-resistant prion protein (prp res) detected in animal species as well as in humans infected by the infectious agent strain that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). studies of glycoform patterns in such diseases in french cattle and cheetahs, as well as in mice infected by isolates from both species, revealed this characteristic molecular signature. similar studies of 42 french isolates of natural scr ...	1999	10523578
diseases of captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus jubatus) in south africa: a 20-year retrospective survey.	as part of an ongoing study to determine the basis for high prevalences of veno-occlusive disease, glomerulosclerosis, and chronic lymphoplasmacytic gastritis in cheetahs, a retrospective pathology survey of captive cheetahs in the republic of south africa (rsa) was conducted. the rsa population was selected because its genetic composition and captive management were similar to those of the cheetah population in u.s. zoos, in which these diseases are common. for this study, archived pathology ma ...	1999	10572855
mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis in the kruger national park, south africa.	the kruger national park (knp), mpumalanga province, south africa.	1999	10599016
deficiency of cytosolic arylamine n-acetylation in the domestic cat and wild felids caused by the presence of a single nat1-like gene.	the purpose of this study was to determine the molecular basis for a relative deficiency in the cat of cytosolic arylamine n-acetyltransferase (nat), an enzyme family that is important in the metabolism of xenobiotics and that normally consists of at least two related enzymes, nat1 and nat2. n-acetyltransferase in feline liver showed high affinity (mean km = 2.1 microm) for p-aminobenzoic acid, an nat1 selective substrate in humans and rabbits, but showed a very poor affinity (mean km > 10 mm) f ...	1998	10022754
systemic candidiasis in a cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).	systemic candidiasis, with involvement of the spleen, liver, kidneys, and lymph nodes, was diagnosed in a geriatric captive cheetah (acinonyx jubatus). the animal had a long clinical history of intermittent chronic gastritis associated with helicobacter acinonyx and chronic renal failure, both of which were repeatedly treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. following euthanasia, a postmortem examination showed numerous microabscesses and granulomas composed of degenerate eosinophils a ...	1998	10065861
[anatomic and radiographic examination of the shoulder joint of the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus)].	anatomical structures of shoulder joints of five adult cheetahs were examined by dissection, corrosion casts and radiography. the bones, capsules and auxiliary synovial devices were described, as well as ligaments and adjacent muscles. the cheetah shoulder has many similarities with the shoulder joint of the domestic cat, but also considerable differences. proper osteological features were the large supraglenoid tubercle, the caudally directed coracoid process and the extension of the articular ...	1998	9591374
chronic gastritis in tigers associated with helicobacter acinonyx.	helicobacter pylori-like organisms (hplos) were isolated from the gastric mucosa of two sumatran tigers and identified by polymerase chain reaction analysis as helicobacter acinonyx. at histological examination, both tigers revealed a chronic gastritis associated with hplos as demonstrated by immunolabelling and electron microscopy. this is the first isolation of h. acinonyx from tigers, in which, as previously reported in cheetahs, it may be a cause of gastritis.	1998	9717128
regulation of sperm function by protein tyrosine phosphorylation in diverse wild felid species.	protein tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction in several mammalian species. changes in phosphorylation of a 95-kda protein in human, mouse, and domestic cat spermatozoa are known to be influenced by capacitation and exposure to zona pellucida (zp) proteins. we previously reported diminished phosphorylation of 95- and 160-kda proteins in spermatozoa from teratospermic cats, compared with normospermic domestic cats. to determine if these proteins ...	1998	9876019
[anatomic characteristics pf the elbow joint of the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus)].	anatomical structures of elbow joints of six cheetahs were examined by dissection, corrosion casts and radiography. as a result, it was observed that the distal end of humerus is divided into the trochlea humeri for articulation with the ulna and the capitulum humeri for articulation with the radius. as the trochlea humeri is posed oblique and looks like a disc-shaped cone sector, flexion. flexion of elbow joint is always combined with adduction of the distal parts of the limb, and, respectively ...	1998	9652144
phylogeography of the freshwater fish, mogurnda adspersa, in streams of northeastern queensland, australia: evidence for altered drainage patterns.	a phylogeographic survey was used to elucidate the relative roles of historical processes and contemporary gene flow in structuring the genetic pattern observed with mogurnda adspersa. this species of freshwater fish is found in the rivers and streams of the northeastern highlands of queensland, australia. specifically, this project focused on populations in the tully and herbert rivers in the atherton tablelands. sequence analysis indicated that three distinct clades exist in the headwaters of ...	1998	9819905
anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine in cheetahs.	to evaluate anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of an intramuscular injection of a tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine combination in cheetahs.	1998	9777002
factors affecting levels of genetic diversity in natural populations.	genetic variability is the clay of evolution, providing the base material on which adaptation and speciation depend. it is often assumed that most interspecific differences in variability are due primarily to population size effects, with bottlenecked populations carrying less variability than those of stable size. however, we show that population bottlenecks are unlikely to be the only factor, even in classic case studies such as the northern elephant seal and the cheetah, where genetic polymor ...	1998	9533122
spongiform encephalopathy in an imported cheetah in france.		1997	9316242
conservation strategies for the long-term survival of the cheetah acinonyx jubatus by the cheetah conservation fund, windhoek.	the cheetah acinonyx jubatus is declining throughout its range because of loss of habitat, a declining prey base and competition with livestock interests. throughout africa there are less than 15 000 animals remaining. the largest wild population of cheetahs is in namibia, although in the last 12 years numbers have been reduced by half to c. 2500 animals. significant declines have continued as farmers capture and remove cheetahs as 'pests'. established in 1990, the cheetah conservation fund aims ...	1997	32336818
north american species survival plan for cheetah acinonyx jubatus.	the north american species survival plan (ssp) for the cheetah acinonyx jubatus has developed a cooperative and comprehensive research plan for the long-term management of the species. networking with zoos, field biologists and scientists, the ssp has managed the captive population from a situation that was clearly not self-sustaining into a well-defined, growing population. this paper describes the development of the ssp and its long-range goals.	1997	32336819
history of the cheetah: acinonyx jubatus in zoos 1829-1994.	since 1829 the african cheetah acinonyx jubatus has been exhibited in over 373 zoological facilities. as at 31 december 1994 the international captive population was 1218 animals of which 880 (72%) were captive-bred and 338 (28%) were wild-caught. the steady increase in the captive population is a result of captive breeding, co-operative captive-management programmes and importation from the wild. of facilities holding cheetah 26%. (96) have bred the species, 15% of which have bred continuously ...	1997	32336817
hyperlipidemia in four related male cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).	hyperlipidemia was identified in an 11-yr-old male cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) and three related 3-yr-old male cheetah littermates. hyperlipidemia in these four cheetahs was characterized by hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. the mean percentages of chylomicron and beta-lipoproteins were greater (p < 0.05) and the mean percent of alpha-lipoproteins was lower (p < 0.05) than the respective means for a group of 20 nonhyperlipidemic and clinically normal cheetahs. the etiology of the hyp ...	1997	9523643
serum lipoprotein, thyroid hormone and resting cortisol levels in normal cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).	blood obtained from 20 cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) during annual physical examinations was analyzed for serum lipid concentration, for lipoprotein distribution by agarose gel electrophoresis, and for thyroid hormone and resting cortisol levels by solid-phase radioimmunoassay to develop normal reference ranges.	1997	9523633
sensitivity to exogenous gonadotropins for ovulation induction and laparoscopic artificial insemination in the cheetah and clouded leopard.	ovarian sensitivity to exogenous gonadotropins was assessed in the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) and clouded leopard (neofelis nebulosa) to help optimize artificial insemination (ai). eighteen female cheetahs were used on 29 occasions and were given i.m. injections of 100, 200, or 400 iu ecg and 100 or 250 iu hcg 80 h later. twenty-three female clouded leopards were treated i.m. on 27 occasions with 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, or 400 iu ecg followed 80 h later with 75, 140, or 280 iu hcg. ovaries were ex ...	1997	9096891
putative semiochemicals in the african cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).		1997	9041477
atlanta jury awards $360,000 in firing of bartender with hiv.	a federal jury in atlanta, ga awarded $360,000 in damages to hiv-positive bartender salvatore de falco, who was fired from the cheetah iii club. a u.s. district judge ruled that the club's owner was liable as a matter of law for violating the americans with disabilities act (ada). the club owners argued unsuccessfully that they had no choice but to terminate de falco because of the negative impact his hiv status would have on business.	1997	11364134
duodenal perforation in a cheetah (acinonyx jubilatus).	an 11-yr-old female cheetah (acinonyx jubilatus) from a privately owned breeding center for endangered species was referred for evaluation with a history of vomiting and depression of 10 days' duration. after anesthetic induction with tiletamine and zolazepam and anesthetic maintenance with isoflurane, a complete diagnostic workup was performed, including hematology, serum chemistry, and radiography. the clinical diagnosis was septic suppurative inflammation and hemorrhage in the abdomen, consis ...	1997	9523644
the expanding genus of helicobacter: pathogenic and zoonotic potential.	the microbial flora of stomachs of humans and animals have been the focus of considerable research since the discovery that helicobacter pylori in humans caused a variety of gastric diseases. other helicobacter species have now been isolated from the stomachs of various mammals, including dogs, cats, ferrets, pigs, monkeys, and cheetahs, all of which are associated with various degrees of gastritis in their hosts. helicobacter species have also been isolated from the intestinal tracts of humans, ...	1997	9232726
the role of helicobacter species in newly recognized gastrointestinal tract diseases of animals.	because helicobacter pylori is now known to be a significant human pathogen, experimental animal models are increasingly being used to study the pathogenesis of this organism. unfortunately, early studies failed to establish h. pylori in animal models, and surprisingly, koch's postulates were initially fulfilled in two human volunteers. germfree experiments performed in pigs and pups however established that h. pylori would colonize in these animals, and gastritis was induced. certain macaque sp ...	1997	9241625
oral contrast agents for ct: a taste test survey.	our goal was to evaluate the palatability of the currently available oral contrast agents for ct.	1997	9294558
treatment of gastritis in cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).	three cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) had a clinical history of chronic spiral bacteria-associated gastritis and three cheetahs had no clinical history of gastritis. gastric biopsies were obtained from all six cheetahs prior to treatment for gastritis and 3 wk and 1 yr posttreatment. the cheetahs were treated with tetracycline hydrochloride 500 mg p.o. q.i.d., metronidazole 250 mg p.o. q.i.d., and bismuth subsalicylate 300 mg p.o. q.i.d. each drug was administered concurrently for 7 days. following ...	1997	9365937
systemic aa amyloidosis in captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).	ongoing disease surveillance of necropsied captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) (n = 141) revealed a high prevalence of renal amyloidosis (n = 54 [38%]; age 1 to 16 years). the prevalence increased from 20% in pre- 1990 necropsies to 70% of cheetahs necropsied in 1995. in 74% of the cheetahs with amyloidosis, renal failure was determined to be the sole or partial cause of death. papillary necrosis was seen only in affected cheetahs and involved 25% of these animals. amyloid was present predominan ...	1997	9396135
skeletal muscle histology and biochemistry of an elite sprinter, the african cheetah.	to establish a skeletal muscle profile for elite sprinters, we obtained muscle biopsy samples from the vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius and soleus of african cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus). muscle ultrastructure was characterized by the fiber type composition and mitochondrial volume density of each sample. maximum enzyme activity, myoglobin content and mixed fiber metabolite content were used to assess the major biochemical pathways. the results demonstrate a preponderance of fast-twitch fibers in ...	1997	9404014
trichinella nelsoni in carnivores from the serengeti ecosystem, tanzania.	a survey of trichinellosis among sylvatic carnivore mammals from the serengeti ecosystem (tanzania) demonstrated the presence of trichinella nelsoni in 5 of 9 species examined. muscle samples were collected from carcasses of 56 carnivores from 1993 to 1995 and frozen before transport and examination. following artificial digestion of the samples, collected larvae were analyzed by the random amplified polymorphic dna technique. trichinella nelsoni was identified in 1 bat-eared fox (otocyon megalo ...	1997	9406805
fatty acid metabolism in domestic cats (felis catus) and cheetahs (acinonyx jubatas).		1997	9483667
pulmonary cryptococcoma and cryptococcal meningoencephalomyelitis in a king cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).	a captive king cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) was evaluated for a subacute onset of ataxia in all four limbs. the ataxia appeared to be spinal in origin, evidenced by apparent conscious proprioceptive deficits in all limbs, and there was no evidence of cerebellar involvement. anesthesia was performed and survey spinal radiographs were normal. cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed an apparently sterile meningitis of unknown etiology. although transient improvement was noted with glucocorticoid and an ...	1997	9523645
reproductive activity in captive female cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) assessed by faecal steroids.	faecal oestradiol and progestogen metabolite excretion was monitored in adult, female cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) (n = 26) for 1-24 months. increased faecal oestradiol excretion was associated with mating or equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) administration for artificial insemination, whereas increased progestogen metabolites were observed during natural and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg)-induced pregnant and nonpregnant luteal phases. on the basis of oestradiol excretory patterns, durat ...	1996	8699419
tuberculosis in buffaloes (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park: spread of the disease to other species.	tuberculosis, caused by mycobacterium bovis, was recently diagnosed in a cheetah (acinonyx jubatus), two lions (panthera leo) and a chacma baboon (papio ursinus) from the kruger national park (knp). it is assumed that they contracted the disease directly or indirectly from tuberculous buffaloes in the park. tuberculous granulomatous lesions in the lungs were extensive and constituted the predominant changes in all three animal species. these pulmonary lesions included tuberculous bronchiolitis a ...	1996	8917861
skin grafts and cheetahs.		1996	8637591
population genetics. the cheetah controversy.		1995	7885465
molecular evolution of mitochondrial 12s rna and cytochrome b sequences in the pantherine lineage of felidae.	dna sequence comparisons of two mitochondrial dna genes were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among 17 felidae species, notably 15 in the previously described pantherine lineage. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to generate sequences of 358 base pairs of the mitochondrial 12s rna gene and 289 base pairs of the cytochrome b protein coding gene. dna sequences were compared within and between 17 felid and five nonfelid carnivore species. evolutionary trees were constructed using ...	1995	7544865
ancylostoma genettae, a. protelesis, a. somaliense: three new species from wild carnivora in the somali republic.	ancylostoma braziliense was found in somalia in acinonyx jubatus, canis familiaris, c. mesomelas, crocuta crocuta, felis catus, f. libyca, genetta genetta, otocyon megalotis, proteles cristatus; a. caninum in a. jubatus, c. familiaris, c. mesomelas, c. crocuta; a. duodenale in c. crocuta; a. iperodontatum in lynx caracal; a. paraduodenale in felis serval; a. tubaeforme in a. jubatus, f. catus, f. libyca; arthrocephalus gambiense in ichneumia albicauda; uncinaria parvibursata in mellivora capensi ...	1995	8778662
an animal model of gastric ulcer due to bacterial gastritis in mice.	conventional female balbc mice were inoculated with gastrospirillum-like bacteria in mouse gastric homogenate or in 5.0-microns filtrate of gastric homogenate. the bacteria were originally isolated from cheetahs with gastritis. the mice were killed 6 months, 7 months, or 1 year after inoculation. all mice became infected with gastrospirillum-like bacteria that were confined to the gastric mucosa. control mice, given either sterile brucella broth, 0.22-microns filtrate of infected gastric homogen ...	1995	8578639
hypervariable genomic variation to reconstruct the natural history of populations: lessons from the big cats.	the extent and nature of variation in hypervariable regions dna have been used in the past as a means to infer the natural histories of populations. we review the interpretation of the extent of genetic diversity for minisatellite dna in the cheetah to estimate the timing of a population bottleneck in the species and the potential application of a second class of hypervariable dna, microsatellite dna, as a molecular tool to examine the natural histories of felid populations. a calibration curve ...	1995	8582370
genetic evidence for host specificity in the adhesin-encoding genes hxaa of helicobacter acinonyx, hnaa of h. nemestrinae and hpaa of h. pylori.	gastric and non-gastric species of helicobacter were examined for the presence of the adhesin-encoding gene, hpaa, from the human-associated gastric helicobacter h. pylori (hp), and for adhesin subunit protein hpaa. amplification of a 375-bp internal dna fragment of hpaa by pcr demonstrated the presence of the gene in hp and in two closely related gastric helicobacters, h. nemestrinae (hn) and h. acinonyx (hx), but not in the more distantly related h. felis (hf) and h. mustelae (hm). the non-gas ...	1995	7557486
enhancing zona penetration by spermatozoa from a teratospermic species, the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).	cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) produce poor quality ejaculates that can limit the efficiency of standard assisted reproduction including artificial insemination (ai) and in vitro fertilization (ivf). the purpose of this study was to: (1) further study sperm-oocyte interaction in this teratospermic species by examining the ability of malformed sperm to interact with various oocyte barriers; and (2) assess the potential of zona piercing for assisting ivf in a teratospermic felid. zonae of salt-stored ...	1995	7722475
evolutionary conservation of ten microsatellite loci in four species of felidae.	short tandem repeat polymorphisms (strp), or microsatellites, are widespread among vertebrate genomes and are useful in gene mapping and population studies due to a high level of length polymorphism. we describe here the isolation, characterization, and pcr amplification of 10 microsatellite loci from the domestic cat, felis catus. the flanking primer sequences were conserved among other felidae species, and amplification products demonstrated abundant polymorphism in puma, lion, cheetah, and do ...	1995	7658003
isospora rivolta recovered from cheetahs.		1994	7745586
epidemiological observations on spongiform encephalopathies in captive wild animals in the british isles.	since 1986, scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathy has been diagnosed in 19 captive wild animals of eight species at or from eight zoological collections in the british isles. the affected animals have comprised members of the family bovidae: one nyala (tragelaphus angasi), four eland (taurotragus oryx), and six greater kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros), one gemsbok (oryx gazella), one arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx), and one scimitar-horned oryx (oryx dammah), and members of the family felidae: four ...	1994	7817514
comparative aspects of steroid hormone metabolism and ovarian activity in felids, measured noninvasively in feces.	noninvasive fecal assays were used to study steroid metabolism and ovarian activity in several felid species. using the domestic cat (felis catus) as model, the excretory products of injected [14c]estradiol (e2) and [14c]progesterone (p4) were determined. within 2 days, 97.0 +/- 0.6% and 96.7 +/- 0.5% of recovered e2 and p4 radioactivity, respectively, was found in feces. e2 was excreted as unconjugated estradiol and estrone (40%) and as a non-enzyme-hydrolyzable conjugate (60%). p4 was excreted ...	1994	7819459
a role for molecular genetics in biological conservation.	the recognition of recent accelerated depletion of species as a consequence of human industrial development has spawned a wide interest in identifying threats to endangered species. in addition to ecological and demographic perils, it has become clear that small populations that narrowly survive demographic contraction may undergo close inbreeding, genetic drift, and loss of overall genomic variation due to allelic loss or reduction to homozygosity. i review here the consequences of such genetic ...	1994	7912434
evidence of natural bluetongue virus infection among african carnivores.	bluetongue is an international office of epizootics list a disease described as the century's most economically devastating affliction of sheep. bluetongue (blu) viruses were thought to infect only ruminants, shrews, and some rodents, but recently, inadvertent administration of blu virus-contaminated vaccine resulted in mortality and abortion among domestic dogs. we present evidence of natural blu virus infection among african carnivores that dramatically widens the spectrum of susceptible hosts ...	1994	7985748
low mhc class ii variability in a marsupial.	the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) loci have been shown to be highly polymorphic in most eutherian ('placental') species studied. several hypotheses have been advanced for the maintenance of this exceptional level of genetic variation, one of which suggests that it is necessary for successful eutherian reproduction. marsupials (metatherians) and eutherians are the only two groups of viviparous mammals, but their modes of reproduction are quite distinct. although marsupials have placentae ...	1994	7624513
selection against inbred song sparrows during a natural population bottleneck.	the genetic and demographic consequences of population subdivision have received considerable attention from conservation biologists. in particular, losses of genetic variability and reduced viability and fecundity due to inbreeding (inbreeding depression) are of concern. studies of domestic, laboratory and zoo populations have shown inbreeding depression in a variety of traits related to fitness. consequently, inbreeding depression is widely accepted as a fact. recently, however, the relative i ...	1994	7969492
dating the genetic bottleneck of the african cheetah.	the cheetah is unusual among fields in exhibiting near genetic uniformity at a variety of loci previously screened to measure population genetic diversity. it has been hypothesized that a demographic crash or population bottleneck in the recent history of the species is causal to the observed monomorphic profiles for nuclear coding loci. the timing of a bottleneck is difficult to assess, but certain aspects of the cheetah's natural history suggest it may have occurred near the end of the last ic ...	1993	8475057
the effect of proportion overlap and repeated testing on primed work fragment completion.	subjects studied a list of words (e.g., cheetah) and received an implicit word fragment completion test (complete -h-t-h). on the test, the ratio of studied to nonstudied items (proportion overlap) was 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100%. subjects were administered the identical test twice. proportion overlap did not affect priming in word fragment completion, on either the first or second test. also, the completion of studied and nonstudied fragments increased over repeated tests, but priming (the studied-n ...	1993	8481709
measurements of faecal oestradiol and progesterone in non-pregnant and pregnant domestic and exotic cats.	faecal samples collected for variable periods from 12 animals and five species of cats were assayed for progesterone and oestradiol content by application of standard radioimmunoassays to aliquots (50 microliters) of methanol extracts (4 ml) of a mixture of 0.5 g sample, 0.5 ml water and 1 g aluminium oxide, following partitioning of the total extract with petroleum ether (3 ml), further dilution of assay aliquots and drying. recoveries averaged 100 and 72% for oestradiol and progesterone, respe ...	1993	8229917
animal models of bacterial gastritis: the role of host, bacterial species and duration of infection on severity of gastritis.	gastric bacteria from cheetahs with gastritis were used to inoculate specific-pathogen free kittens and conventional mice. helicobacter sp. and gastrospirillum sp. colonized kittens, while only gastrospirillum sp. colonized mice. in kittens, both bacterial species induced mild lymphofolliclar gastritis which did not change over the course of the 11 months observation period. in mice, gastrospirillum sp. induced lymphoplasmacytic and follicular gastritis which increased in severity over 6 months ...	1993	8280953
demonstration of parvovirus in diarrhoeic african cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus jubatus schreber, 1775).	parvovirus was demonstrated in the intestinal content of diarrhoeic african cheetahs by electron microscopy. the virus was isolated in a feline kidney cell line inoculated with a filtrate of the intestinal content. its growth characteristics, cytopathic effect, agglutination of porcine erythrocytes, structure, and results of immunoelectron microscopic examination were indistinguishable from those of feline panleukopenia virus.	1993	8511841
lymphocyte blast transformation responses and restriction fragment length analysis in the cheetah.	an extensive genetic and physiological analysis of the cheetah by o'brien et al. (1983; 1985; 1987) indicated that the cheetah showed monomorphism at the major histocompatability complex. this led o'brien (1985) to propose that the cheetah suffered from an immunodeficiency and was highly susceptible to diseases. it was therefore decided to investigate cell-mediated and humoral immune responses and to apply the limited restriction fragment length analysis (using pst 1 and bam h1 enzymes) of the c ...	1993	7970577
helicobacter acinonyx sp. nov., isolated from cheetahs with gastritis.	four strains of a novel helicobacter species were isolated from the stomachs of cheetahs (acinonyx jubilatus) with gastritis. these isolates were phenotypically similar to helicobacter pylori. the isolates were gram-negative, spiral bacteria which grew under microaerophilic conditions at 37 degrees c, but not at 25 or 42 degrees c, and produced urease, catalase, oxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. the isolates did not ferment glucose, mannitol, inositol, sorbitol, r ...	1993	8379970
epizootic gastritis associated with gastric spiral bacilli in cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).	an outbreak of vomiting in a group of captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) was investigated, and histologic examination revealed chronic gastritis characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes and numerous plasma cells and epithelial erosions. lymphoid follicles, globule leukocytes, scattered neutrophils, and (in one animal) abscessed gastric glands were inconsistent findings. in addition, necropsy of three cheetahs revealed gastric mucosal hyperplasia. two kinds of bacteria were identified in the ...	1993	8442328
worldwide prevalence of lentivirus infection in wild feline species: epidemiologic and phylogenetic aspects.	the natural occurrence of lentiviruses closely related to feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) in nondomestic felid species is shown here to be worldwide. cross-reactive antibodies to fiv were common in several free-ranging populations of large cats, including east african lions and cheetahs of the serengeti ecosystem and in puma (also called cougar or mountain lion) populations throughout north america. infectious puma lentivirus (plv) was isolated from several florida panthers, a severely endan ...	1992	1382145
retrovirus infections in non-domestic felids: serological studies and attempts to isolate a lentivirus.	an african lioness from the zoo of zurich had to be euthanized because of an inoperable tumor. the serum tested negative for feline leukemia virus (felv) p27 antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) but was strongly positive for feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) antibodies by elisa and western blot. when her only offspring and mate were tested for fiv, high antibody titers to fiv were also found in their serum. lymphocytes were prepared from these two lions on different occasions a ...	1992	1337398
in vitro responses of cheetah mononuclear cells to feline herpesvirus-1 and cryptococcus neoformans.	in vitro t cell function by domestic cats and cheetahs to two common pathogens, feline herpesvirus-1 (fhv-1) and cryptococcus neoformans, was assessed. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbm) were stimulated with two strains of uv-inactivated fhv-1, whole heat-killed organisms or capsular antigen of cryptococcus neoformans, and proliferative responses measured. as a group, cheetah pbm responded significantly poorer than domestic cat pbm when cultured with fhv-1. however, individual cheetah resp ...	1992	1317618
correlation of sperm viability with gamete interaction and fertilization in vitro in the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).	sperm-oocyte interaction in vitro was studied in the cheetah, a species known to produce poor quality ejaculates and to experience low rates of fertility. twelve female cheetahs were injected (i.m.) with ecg followed by hcg 84 h later. twenty-four to 26 h post hcg, each was subjected to laparoscopic oocyte aspiration. a sperm motility index (smi) was calculated for each of 9 cheetah sperm donors that produced ejaculates averaging 41.3 +/- 22.9 x 10(6) motile sperm and 28.4 +/- 4.9% structurally ...	1992	1391303
decline in maternal immunity and antibody response to vaccine in captive cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) cubs.	blood was collected from captive cheetah cubs (acinonyx jubatus) from the ages of 4 to 12 wk and monitored for the decline in maternally derived antibodies to feline panleukopenia, herpes and calici viruses. a steady decrease was seen in most of the cubs. antibody responses to inactivated and/or modified live virus (mlv) vaccine also were measured. the strongest responses were seen post vaccination with mlv vaccine only.	1992	1312644
incidence of feline immunodeficiency virus reactive antibodies in free-ranging lions of the kruger national park and the etosha national park in southern africa detected by recombinant fiv p24 antigen.	lion sera from the kruger national park (knp) dating back to 1977 and from the etosha national park (enp), obtained from 1989 to 1991, have been analysed by elisa and western blot analyses using a genetically engineered antigen representing the p24 structural protein of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv). it was concluded that some 83% of 98 knp lion sera reacted with the p24 antigen, while none of 28 enp lion sera reacted. a few other knp felids (cheetahs and genets) gave samples that did not ...	1992	1338477
spongiform encephalopathy in an imported cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).		1992	1445084
ivermectin treatment of ascarids in captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).		1991	1957461
veno-occlusive disease in snow leopards (panthera uncia) from zoological parks.	livers from 54 snow leopards, 4 days to 23 years old, that had died in 23 us zoos, were evaluated histopathologically to determine if the hepatic fibrosis, which has been noted to be prevalent in this species, was due to chronic active hepatitis from hepadnaviral infection, ito cell proliferation, or hemosiderosis. forty-two of 54 snow leopards had subintimal vascular fibrosis with partial or total occlusion of central and sublobular veins (veno-occlusive disease) of unknown origin. all 21 leopa ...	1991	2017826
running energetics in the pronghorn antelope.	the pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana) has an alleged top speed of 100 km h-1, second only to the cheetah (acionyx jubatus) among land vertebrates, a possible response to predation in the exposed habitat of the north american prairie. unlike cheetahs, however, pronghorn antelope are distance runners rather than sprinters, and can run 11 km in 10 min, an average speed of 65 km h-1. we measured maximum oxygen uptake in pronghorn antelope to distinguish between two potential explanations fo ...	1991	1944533
fluctuating odontometric asymmetry, morphological variability, and genetic monomorphism in the cheetah acinonyx jubatus.	the magnitudes of dimensional variability and fluctuating asymmetry in dental dimensions are reported for a sample of south african cheetah acinonyx jubatus. to test the hypothesis that elevated levels of variability and asymmetry are associated with the increased developmental instability reported for this species, our results were contrasted to those for two other felids: felis lybica and f. caracal. these findings suggest that dental dimensions in cheetahs are not significantly more variable ...	1991	28564178
antibody response of captive cheetahs to modified-live feline virus vaccine.	the antibody response of cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) to modified live virus vaccine against feline panleukopenia (fplv), herpes (fhv) and calici (fcv) viruses was assessed by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in the first year of study, 82 cheetahs were bled pre-vaccination. of these, antibody levels to fplv were found in 100% of the animals. only 54% were found to have antibodies to fhv and 99% had antibodies to fcv. one month after booster vaccination with the same vaccine ...	1991	1661784
gastric spiral bacilli in captive cheetahs.	two kinds of gastric spiral bacilli were identified in the stomachs of captive cheetahs with naturally occurring gastritis. one type was morphologically similar to 'gastrospirillum hominis'. this organism could not be cultured in vitro. some of these bacteria had superficial helical filaments, and others did not. the other type was morphologically, biochemically, and bacteriologically similar to helicobacter pylori. this organism is most likely a new species of helicobacter. one or both of these ...	1991	1866593
persistent cutaneous ulcers associated with feline herpesvirus type 1 infection in a cheetah.	persistent cutaneous ulcers developed in a female cheetah cub after an episode of rhinotracheitis. when they were 3 weeks old, the cub and a male littermate developed mucopurulent oculonasal discharge consistent with feline herpesvirus type 1 infection (feline viral rhinotracheitis). the male cub was weaned and its lesions resolved. the female cub remained with the dam until the cub was 3 months old, at which time plaque-like lesions developed on the eye margins and muzzle. these plaques regress ...	1991	1851739
in vitro mitogen responses and lymphocyte subpopulations in cheetahs.	lack of genetic variability and apparent susceptibility of cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus jubatus) to coronavirus infection has lead to speculation that this species may have immune system deficits. to establish a foundation for evaluation of the immune function, cheetah peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbm) were stimulated by a panel of six mitogens, and responses compared with those of domestic cat pbm. individual responses in both species were variable, but evenly distributed throughout the ra ...	1991	1835214
rescue and maturation in vitro of follicular oocytes collected from nondomestic felid species.	the potential for rescuing immature oocytes from the ovaries of females of rare felid species which die or undergo medical ovariohysterectomy was evaluated. ovaries were recovered from 13 species representing 35 individuals in good-to-poor health. although the majority of females were 10 yr of age or older and in fair-to-poor health, a total of 846 oocytes were recovered of which 608 (71.9%) were classified as fair-to-excellent quality. one hundred of these oocytes were used for initial maturati ...	1991	1805993
lack of antibodies to coronaviruses in a captive cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) population.	cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) (n = 40) were tested by means of an immunofluorescent test (ift) for the presence of antibodies to the feline coronavirus group. all cheetahs tested negatively and this was further confirmed by virus serum neutralisation.	1991	1663166
anthrax in cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) in namibia.	bacillus anthracis caused the death of five cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) on a farm in the gobabis district in namibia. the mode of infection was believed to be a freshly shot baboon (papio ursinus) with a cutaneous anthrax lesion.	1990	2388367
molecular genetic divergence of orang utan (pongo pygmaeus) subspecies based on isozyme and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.	the orang utan (pongo pygmaeus), as currently recognized, includes two geographically separated subspecies: pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, which resides on borneo, and p. p. abelii, which inhabits sumatra. at present, there is no known route of gene flow between the two populations except through captive individuals which have been released back into the wild over the last several decades. the two subspecies are differentiated by morphological and behavioral characters, and they can be distinguished b ...	1990	2230076
prevalence and implications of feline coronavirus infections of captive and free-ranging cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).	the extent and progression of exposure to feline infectious peritonitis (fip) virus in the cheetah, acinonyx jubatus, was monitored by a world-wide serological survey with indirect fluorescent antibody titers to coronavirus. the indirect fluorescent antibody assay was validated by western blots, which showed that all indirect fluorescent antibody-positive cheetah sera detected both domestic cat and cheetah coronavirus structural proteins. there was a poor correlation between indirect fluorescent ...	1990	2157864