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draft genome sequence of pseudomonas syringae pathovar syringae strain ff5, causal agent of stem tip dieback disease on ornamental pear.pseudomonas syringae ff5 causes stem tip dieback disease on ornamental pear (pyrus calleryana). its genome encodes a complete type iii secretion system (t3ss) and hopac1, hopm1, avre1, hopi1, hopaa1, hopj1, hopah2, hopah1, hopag1, and hopaz1. lacking detectable homologues of other t3ss effectors, it may encode novel, undiscovered effectors.201222740663
[follow-up in gorham-stout syndrome]. 20123460945
[a reconstruction attempt in progressive osteolysis (gorham disease) of the mandible. a case report]. 20123313700
[epithelial hemangioma and hemangioendothelioma].a comparison was performed of common as well as of different marks of 5 epitheloid hemangiomas and 5 epitheloid hemangioendotheliomas. histiocytoid features of tumour endothelial cells was obvious in both cases but a common structural basis was represented by solid epithelial buds growing from vessels of medium class and tunnelized by fusion of big cytoplasmic vacuoles. differential diagnosis of epitheloid hemangioma was related to vasculitic processes. there were difficulties in discriminating ...20123768992
topography of vestibulocochlear nerve fibers in the posterior cranial fossa.in the posterior cranial fossa, the separation of the vestibular and cochlear subdivisions of the eighth nerve is clear in about 75% of cases. although in the remaining cases the vestibulocochlear cleavage plane is not visible macroscopically, the large-fibered vestibular subdivision and the small-fibered cochlear subdivision are well recognized in histological sections. within the cochlear subdivision, some fibers of large caliber are mixed with fibers of small caliber in a region we named the ...20123302570
behavior of codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) neonate larvae on surfaces treated with microencapsulated pear ester.codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.), larvae cause severe internal feeding damage to apples, pears, and walnuts worldwide. research has demonstrated that codling moth neonate first instar larvae are attracted to a pear-derived kairomone, ethyl (2e,4z)-2,4-decadienoate, the pear ester (pe). reported here are the behavioral activities of neonate codling moth larvae to microencapsulated pear ester (mec-pe) applied in aqueous solutions to both filter paper and apple leaf surfaces that were evaluated o ...201222732619
monitoring codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in sex pheromone-treated orchards with (e)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene or pear ester in combination with codlemone and acetic acid.traps baited with ethyl (e,z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) or (e)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (dmnt) in two- or three-way combinations with the sex pheromone (e,e)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) and acetic acid (aa) were evaluated for codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.). all studies were conducted in apple orchards, malus domestica borkhausen, treated with sex pheromone dispensers during 2010. septa were loaded with codlemone, dmnt, and pear ester individually or codlemone with either dmnt o ...201222507016
evaluating dispensers loaded with codlemone and pear ester for disruption of codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae).polyvinyl chloride polymer (pvc) dispensers loaded with ethyl (e,z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) plus the sex pheromone, (e,e)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) of codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.), were compared with pvc dispensers and a commercial dispenser (isomate-c plus) loaded with codlemone. evaluations were conducted in replicated plots (0.1-0.2 ha) in apple, malus domestica (borkhausen) during both generations of codling moth from 2007 to 2009. dispensers were applied at 1,000 ha(-1). ...201222507015
consistent codling moth population decline by two years of mating disruption in apple: a flemish case study.codling moth (cydia pomonella) is one of the most important pests in apple and pear. in 2010 mating disruption became a key pest management tactic in flemish pip fruit orchards, largely due to a government subsidy and demonstrating projects aiming to widen the area treated by pheromones as large as possible. as a consequence, the mating disruption strategy was applied at approximately 7.500 ha, or half of the pip fruit area, in 2010 and 2011. the sudden large-scale implementation of this techniq ...201223885433
sex pheromone monitoring as a versatile tool for determining presence and abundance of cydia pomonella (lep.: tortricidae) in german apple orchards.cydia pomonella (lep.: tortricidae), the codling moth, is an apple, pear, quince and walnut pest with considerable impact on horticultural production systems in many parts of the world. in commercial apple production, it is responsible for a yearly damage level of 40 billion dollars. in response to the need of tight codling moth control there are several options for intervention by pest managers in commercially operated orchards. spray and count methods have been used for decades with success, b ...201223885432
determination of the insecticide imidacloprid in fruit juices using micellar high-performance liquid chromatography.a simple and reliable hplc method was developed to determine imidacloprid, a chloronicotinyl insecticide that has a highly specific affinity to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of insects, above its permissible limit of consumption in fruit juices (orange, apple, and a mixture of pineapple and pear). samples were injected directly into a kromasil c18 column, without any pretreatment step, using the micellar mobile phase 0.10 m sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2.5% (v/v) propanol buffered at ph 7 a ...201219916392
cloning, characterization and promoter analysis of s-rnase gene promoter from chinese pear (pyrus pyrifolia).the 5'-flanking region of the s(12)-, s(13)-, s(21)-rnase with a length of 854 bp, 1448 bp and 1137 bp were successfully isolated by tail-pcr from genomic dna from 'jinhua', 'maogong' (pyrus pyrifolia) and 'yali' (pyrus bretschneideri) genomic dna. sequence alignment and analysis of s(13)-, s(12)-, s(21)-rnase gene promoter sequences with s(2)-, s(3)-, s(4)-, s(5)-rnase 5'-flanking sequences indicated that a homology region of about 240 bp exists in the regions just upstream of the putative tata ...201222728119
functional characterization of an acidic sk(3) dehydrin isolated from an opuntia streptacantha cdna library.cactus pears are succulent plants of the cactaceae family adapted to extremely arid, hot and cold environments, making them excellent models for the study of molecular mechanisms underlying abiotic stress tolerance. herein, we report a directional cdna library from 12-month-old cladodes of opuntia streptacantha plants subjected to abiotic stresses. a total of 442 clones were sequenced, representing 329 cactus pear unigenes, classified into eleven functional categories. the most abundant est (uni ...201221984262
effects of prickly pear dried leaves, artichoke leaves, turmeric and garlic extracts, and their combinations on preventing dyslipidemia in rats.the successful use of herbal combinations in managing diseases or conditions over a single herb has lead us to evaluate the anti-dyslipidemic properties of the combination of the artichoke leaves extract, turmeric extract, prickly pear dried leaves (ppl) and garlic extract versus each one alone in two different hyperlipidemic animal models. a two-week treatment of each of the natural extracts, combination 1 (artichoke, turmeric and ppl) or combination 2 (artichoke, turmeric, ppl and garlic) prio ...201222811929
cytotoxic effects exerted by tritrichomonas foetus pseudocysts.the protozoan parasite tritrichomonas foetus displays a pear-shaped form and a pseudocyst stage. however, little is known about the biology of the pseudocyst. the aim of this work was to assess whether pseudocysts exert cytotoxic effects during their interaction with mdck cells (an epithelial kidney canine cell line) and compare their behavior to that of the pear-shaped parasites. pseudocysts and pear-shaped parasites from both cultured and freshly isolated t. foetus were used. electron microsco ...201222309685
effect of host plants on developmental time and life table parameters of carposina sasakii (lepidoptera: carposinidae) under laboratory conditions.studies were designed to examine the effects of host plants (apricot, prunus armeniaca l.; plum, prunus salicina l.; peach, prunus persica l.; jujube, zizyphus jujuba will.; apple, malus domestica mill.; and pear, pyrus sorotina will) on the development and life table parameters of the peach fruit moth, carposina sasakii matsumura (lepidoptera: carposinidae) under laboratory conditions. peach fruit moth developed faster (12.48 d) and had the highest preimaginal survival rate (50.54%) on plum com ...201222507008
water-insoluble condensed tannins content of young persimmon fruits-derived crude fibre relates to its bile acid-binding ability.in this study, we prepared crude fibre samples from young fruits of 10 persimmon (diospyros kaki) cultivars and from young fruits of japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia var. culta) and peach (prunus persica) and compared their bile acid-binding abilities in vitro. all crude fibre samples from young fruits of persimmon were able to bind to cholic acid in a 4 mm cholic acid solution, but crude fibre samples from young fruits of japanese pear and peach did not show bile acid-binding ability. the bile ac ...201222250751
individual and combined effects of postharvest dip treatments with water at 50 degrees c, soy lecithin and sodium carbonate on cold stored cactus pear fruits.objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prestorage dip treatments at 20 degrees c or 50 degrees c alone or with sodium carbonate (sc) and soy lecithin (lec), either individually or in combination, on weight losses, peel disorders, overall appearance and decay of cactus pears. fruits were subjected to a simulated mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) disinfestation by cold quarantine at 2 degrees c for 21 days followed by one week of shelf-life at 20 degrees c. hot water alone was very e ...201223878975
chemical cues influence pupation behavior of drosophila simulans and drosophila buzzatii in nature and in the laboratory.in the wild, larvae of several species of drosophila develop in heterogeneous and rapidly changing environments sharing resources as food and space. in this scenario, sensory systems contribute to detect, localize and recognize congeners and heterospecifics, and provide information about the availability of food and chemical features of environments where animals live. we investigated the behavior of d. simulans and d. buzzatii larvae to chemicals emitted by conspecific and heterospecific larvae ...201222737236
enhancement of hsp70 synthesis protects common carp, cyprinus carpio l., against lethal ammonia toxicity.exposure to tex-oe®, a patented extract of the prickly pear cactus (opuntia ficus indica) containing chaperone-stimulating factor, was shown to protect common carp, cyprinus carpio l., fingerlings against acute ammonia stress. survival was enhanced twofold from 50% to 95% after exposure to 5.92 mg l(-1) nh(3) , a level determined in the ammonia challenge bioassay as the 1-h ld50 concentration for this species. survival of tex-oe®-pre-exposed fish was enhanced by 20% over non-exposed controls dur ...201222724455
theileriosis in a reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) associated with a potentially novel theileria sp.a 5-year-old male neutered reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from missouri was presented with a 3-week history of anorexia, respiratory distress, lethargy, and weight loss. blood smear review revealed that a small percentage of rbcs contained small (1-2 μm in length) pleomorphic piroplasms (signet ring, rod- or pear-shaped, and elongate forms) with an eccentric magenta nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm. nested pcr to specifically amplify a portion of the piroplasm small subunit ribosomal rna ...201223025520
ecosystems effects 25 years after chernobyl: pollinators, fruit set and recruitment.animals are assumed to play a key role in ecosystem functioning through their effects on seed set, seed consumption, seed dispersal, and maintenance of plant communities. however, there are no studies investigating the consequences of animal scarcity on seed set, seed consumption and seed dispersal at large geographical scales. we exploited the unprecedented scarcity of pollinating bumblebees and butterflies in the vicinity of chernobyl, ukraine, linked to the effects of radiation on pollinator ...201222707037
comparative analysis of phenolic acids in mistletoe plants from various hosts.phenolic acids present in mistletoe plants collected from various hosts were analysed with the use of hplc. the following numbers of compounds were found in the mistletoe plant material gathered from respective hosts: sorbus aucuparia- 12 compounds; acer plantanoides--14 compounds: malus domestica, pyrus communis and populus nigra--13 compounds each; quercus robur--15 compounds. altogether 21 phenolic acids were chromatographically identified in the tested material. the compounds were either fre ...201211876445
new records of eriophyoid mites (acari: prostigmata: eriophyoidea) from saudi arabia.a field study was conducted to investigate eriophyoid mites associated with some fruit trees in riyadh, saudi arabia. the survey was carried out in four localities (el-waseel, al-beer, al-haiyer and el-deriya) and included seven species of fruit trees, namely olives (olea europea), fig (ficus carica), grapes (vitis vinifera), apple (malus domestica), citrus (citrus spp.), pomegranate (punica granatum) and pear (pyrus communis). seven new records of eriophyoid species (aceria benghalensis soliman ...201121916261
assessing molecular and morpho-agronomical diversity and identification of issr markers associated with fruit traits in quince (cydonia oblonga).quince is a deciduous tree known to the countries around the mediterranean since antiquity. nowadays, quince is used as an ornamental plant, and as a rootstock for pear trees, with its fruit being appreciated mainly for production of jam and sweets rather than for raw consumption. quince leaves contain compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancerous properties that have been the focus of recent research on pharmaceutical and medical uses as well as for food preservatives. an orchard ...201122095599
first record of the adventive oriental aphid schizaphis piricola (matsumura, 1917) (hemiptera, aphididae) in europe.the oriental aphid schizaphis piricola (matsumura) is recorded for the first time in europe, on the ornamental pear tree pyrus calleryana in landscaped areas in madrid (spain). data on the morphology of the forms on primary host (apterous and alate fundatrigeniae and fundatrices), and their biology and distribution are given. the keys for identifying species of schizaphis (schizaphis) in the iberian peninsula are updated. two species of aphids are also recorded for the first time on pyrus caller ...201121594084
pesticide residue analysis of fruit juices by lc-ms/ms direct injection. one year pilot survey.for this work, thirteen types of fruit juices (orange, pineapple, peach, apple, multifruit, mango, strawberry, tomato, pear, mandarin, grape, banana and grapefruit) were selected to develop an analytical method for the analysis of 53 pesticides by direct injection in lc-ms/ms. the preparation of the samples was very simple: an aliquot of the juice was centrifuged and it was ten-times diluted prior to analysis, which allowed reducing considerably the time and cost of the analyses. besides, diluti ...201121238751
juice blends--a way of utilization of under-utilized fruits, vegetables, and spices: a review.the post-harvest shelf life of maximum of fruits and vegetables is very limited due to their perishable nature. in india more then 20-25 percent of fruits and vegetables are spoiled before utilization. despite being the world's second largest producer of fruits and vegetables, in india only 1.5 percent of the total fruits and vegetables produced are processed. maximum amounts of fruit and vegetable juices turn bitter after extraction due to conversion of chemical compounds. in spite of being und ...201121929332
microencapsulated pear ester enhances insecticide efficacy in walnuts for codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) and navel orangeworm (lepidoptera: pyralidae).the efficacy of combining insecticides with a microencapsulated formulation of ethyl (2e,4z) -2,4-decadienoate (pear ester, pe-mec) was evaluated in walnuts, juglans regia l., for codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.) (lepidoptera: tortricidae), and navel orangeworm, amyelois transitella walker (lepidoptera, pyralidae). two types of studies were conducted to compare the use of insecticides with and without pe-mec. in the first study, pe-mec in combination with reduced rates of insecticides, includi ...201121882697
genetic inferences about the population dynamics of codling moth females at a local scale.estimation of demographic parameters is important for understanding the functioning of natural populations and the underlying ecological and evolutionary processes that may impact their dynamics. here, we used sibship assignment methods to shed light on the local dynamics of codling moth females in eight orchards in a 90-ha domain near valence, france. based on full-sib inference among 1,063 genotyped moths, we estimated (1) the effective number of females that had offspring, (2) their fertility ...201121786027
comparative ultrasonographic imaging of spleen and liver in healthy crossbred cows.the present study was undertaken to conduct a comparative ultrasonographic study of the normal bovine spleen and liver. this study was carried out in two phases using 3.5 mhz curvilinear transducer. in first phase of water bath study, bovine spleens and livers were obtained from 3 healthy cadavers and subjected to repeated ultrasonography to study the echotexture. the splenic parenchyma was isoechogenic with greater echogenicity as compared to the liver. water bath study provided a good learning ...201123738112
prospects and limitations of microbial pesticides for control of bacterial and fungal pomefruit tree diseases.the tree constitutes an ecosystem in which microorganisms play an essential role in its functionality. interactions that microorganisms establish with plants may be beneficial or detrimental and are of extreme importance in the exploitation of trees in agriculture as crop production systems. fruit trees, especially pomefruit trees including apple, pear and several ornamentals are of great economic importance but its production is affected by several diseases. fungal and bacterial fruit tree dise ...201125983396
a novel sterol desaturase-like protein promoting dealkylation of phytosterols in tetrahymena thermophila.the gene ttherm_00438800 (des24) from the ciliate tetrahymena thermophila encodes a protein with three conserved histidine clusters, typical of the fatty acid hydroxylase superfamily. despite its high similarity to sterol desaturase-like enzymes, the phylogenetic analysis groups des24p in a separate cluster more related to bacterial than to eukaryotic proteins, suggesting a possible horizontal gene transfer event. a somatic knockout of des24 revealed that the gene encodes a protein, des24p, whic ...201121257793
an update on control of brown spot of pear.brown spot of pear is a fungal disease producing high economical losses in several pear-growing areas in europe. fungicide applications during the growing period either at fixed schedule or delivered according to the bspcast forecasting system are not enough to control the disease under favorable conditions. new strategies have been introduced to control the inoculum production using sanitation methods. these methods are based on combinations of leaf litter removal during winter and biological c ...201125983397
the mycotoxin, patulin, increases the expression of pxr and ahr and their target cytochrome p450s in primary cultured human hepatocytes.the mycotoxin, patulin (pat), which is frequently found in apples, grapes, oranges, pear, peaches, and in apple juices, has previously been shown to be cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic. in this study, we have investigated the effect of pat on mrna level of pregnane x receptor (pxr), constitutive androstane receptor (car), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr), and their corresponding target cytochrome p450s. using primary cultures of adult human hepatocytes, we evaluated pat cytotoxicity on hepatoc ...201121939362
use of a multivariate approach to assess the incidence of alicyclobacillus spp. in concentrate fruit juices marketed in argentina: results of a 14-year survey.the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of alicyclobacillus spp. in fruit/vegetable juices (concentrated pulps and clarified and non-clarified juices) marketed in argentina between 1996 and 2009. the presence of alicyclobacillus was determined in a total of 8556 samples of fruit and vegetable juices (apple, pear, grape, peach, blend of juices, tangerine, pineapple, orange, mango, plum, guava, apricot, lemon, banana, kiwi, carrot, strawberry, grapefruit, and beetroot) collected i ...201121962940
hopx1 in erwinia amylovora functions as an avirulence protein in apple and is regulated by hrpl.fire blight is a devastating disease of rosaceous plants caused by the gram-negative bacterium erwinia amylovora. this pathogen delivers virulence proteins into host cells utilizing the type iii secretion system (t3ss). expression of the t3ss and of translocated and secreted substrates is activated by the alternative sigma factor hrpl, which recognizes hrp box promoters upstream of regulated genes. a collection of hidden markov model (hmm) profiles was used to identify putative hrp boxes in the ...201122123252
development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay applied to the botrytis cinerea quantification in tissues of postharvest fruits.botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for the disease known as gray mold, which causes substantial losses of fruits at postharvest. this fungus is present often as latent infection and an apparently healthy fruit can deteriorate suddenly due to the development of this infection. for this reason, rapid and sensitive methods are necessary for its detection and quantification. this article describes the development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (eli ...201121970317
effect of several different pollens on the bio-ecological parameters of the predatory mite typhlodromus athenas swirski and ragusa (acari: phytoseiidae).the development, survivorship, and reproduction of the predacious mite typhlodromus athenas swirski and ragusa were studied in the laboratory by rearing the predator on nine different plant pollens [almond(prunus amygdalis batsch), apple (malus domestica borkh.), apricot (prunus armeniaca l.), cherry (prunus avium l.), pear (pyrus communis l.), plum (prunus domestica l.), walnut (juglans regia l.), olive (olea europaea l.), typha sp.], and pollen collected from bee hives. all experiments were c ...201122251637
comparing the genetic structure of codling moth cydia pomonella (l.) from greece and france: long distance gene-flow in a sedentary pest species.codling moth cydia pomonella l. (lepidoptera: tortricidae) is the most important insect pest of apple production in europe. despite the economic importance of this pest, there is not information about the genetic structure of its population in greece and the patterns of gene-flow which might affect the success of control programs. in this study, we analysed nine samples from apple, pear and walnut from various regions of mainland greece using 11 microsatellite loci. six samples from the aforemen ...201122032419
vermouth technology of production and quality characteristics.the aperitif wine, known as vermouth, is primarily prepared by adding a mixture of herbs and spices or their extract to a base wine. as such, it could also be called aromatized liquor, or a fortified wine. various plant parts, such as seeds, wood, leaves, bark, or roots in dry form can be used in flavoring. these additives may be infused, macerated, or distilled in a base white wine, or added at various stages of preparation. the final liquid is filtered, pasteurized, and fortified (by the addit ...201121867897
polarized growth in fungi: symmetry breaking and hyphal formation.cell shape is a critical determinant for function. the baker's yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae changes shape in response to its environment, growing by budding in rich nutrients, forming invasive pseudohyphal filaments in nutrient poor conditions and pear shaped shmoos for growth towards a partner during mating. the human opportunistic pathogen candida albicans can switch from budding to hyphal growth, in response to numerous environmental stimuli to colonize and invade its host. hyphal growth, t ...201121906692
from the cover: neuroanatomical dissociation for taxonomic and thematic knowledge in the human brain.it is thought that semantic memory represents taxonomic information differently from thematic information. this study investigated the neural basis for the taxonomic-thematic distinction in a unique way. we gathered picture-naming errors from 86 individuals with poststroke language impairment (aphasia). error rates were determined separately for taxonomic errors ("pear" in response to apple) and thematic errors ("worm" in response to apple), and their shared variance was regressed out of each me ...201121540329
[promoting effect of chlamydia pneumoniae infection on human laryngeal carcinoma hep-2 cell adhesion and migration].to explore the effect of chlamydia pneumoniae (c.pn) infection on human laryngeal carcinoma cell line hep-2 cell adhesion and migration, to further clarify the role and mechanism of c.pn infection in tumor metastasis.201121575458
phenotypic plasticity of stem water potential correlates with crop load in horticultural trees.conceptual models accounting for the influence of source:sink ratio on water relations of trees are theoretically relevant from a physiological perspective and practically important for irrigation scheduling. midday stem water potential of horticultural trees often declines with increasing crop load but the actual response depends on environmental, management and plant factors. here we advance a quantitative synthesis of the response of stem water potential to crop load from the perspective of p ...201121636690
headspace-single drop microextraction (hs-sdme) in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) to evaluate the content of alkyl- and methoxy-phenolic compounds in biomass smoke.the content of ten phenolic compounds present in four different biomass smoke materials: rock rose (cistus monpelienisis), prickly pear (opuntia ficus indica), pine needles (pinus canariensis), and almonds skin (prunus dulcis), have been evaluated. the sampling method mainly consisted of a trap alkaline solution to solubilize the phenols, and was optimized by an experimental design. average sampling efficiencies of 78.1% and an average precision value of 10.6% (as relative standard deviation, rs ...201121807181
stylet penetration of cacopsylla pyri; an electrical penetration graph (epg) study.detailed information on plant penetration activities by pear psylla cacopsylla pyri l. (hemiptera psyllidae) is essential to study phytoplasma transmission of "candidatus phytoplasma pyri" responsible of pear decline disease (pd) and to trace and evaluate resistant traits in new pear tree selections for advanced breeding programs. the electrical penetration graph technique or (full) epg may relevantly contribute to this knowledge. c. pyri epg waveforms were characterized on basis of amplitude, f ...201121802423
molecular and physiological properties of bacteriophages from north america and germany affecting the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora.for possible control of fire blight affecting apple and pear trees, we characterized erwinia amylovora phages from north america and germany. the genome size determined by electron microscopy (em) was confirmed by sequence data and major coat proteins were identified from gel bands by mass spectroscopy. by their morphology from em data, fea1h and fea100 were assigned to the podoviridae and fea104 and fea116 to the myoviridae. host ranges were essentially confined to e. amylovora, strains of the ...201121791029
genetic characterization of the hrpl regulon of the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora reveals novel virulence factors.the bacterial pathogen erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of fire blight, an economically significant disease of apple and pear. disease initiation by e.ôçâamylovora requires the translocation of effector proteins into host cells via the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) type iii secretion system (t3ss). the alternative sigma factor hrpl positively regulates the transcription of structural and translocated components of the t3ss via hrp promoter elements. to characterize genome- ...201121831138
erwinia uzenensis sp. nov., a novel pathogen that affects european pear trees (pyrus communis l.).bacteria were isolated from black lesions on shoots of european pear (pyrus communis) trees in an orchard in japan this novel pathogen has been characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods, which suggested that it should belong to the genus erwinia but might not correspond to either erwinia amylovora or erwinia pyrifoliae (mizuno et al., 2010). the phylogenetic analyses of the 16s rdna, gyrb and rpod sequences indicated that it could not be assigned to any regognized species of the genus. d ...201121986725
erwinia amylovora novel plasmid pei70: complete sequence, biogeography, and role in aggressiveness in the fire blight phytopathogen.comparative genomics of several strains of erwinia amylovora, a plant pathogenic bacterium causal agent of fire blight disease, revealed that its diversity is primarily attributable to the flexible genome comprised of plasmids. we recently identified and sequenced in full a novel 65.8 kb plasmid, called pei70. annotation revealed a lack of known virulence-related genes, but found evidence for a unique integrative conjugative element related to that of other plant and human pathogens. comparative ...201122174857
giant gallstone: a case report.introduction: there is a high incidence of gallstones in the chilean population. presentation of case: we report on a 57-year-old man who complained of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. abdominal ultrasound indicated acute cholecystitis and a single, extremely large pear-shaped gallstone (16.8 cm long, and 7.8 cm at its widest point and 4.1 cm at its narrowest point). its fresh weight (at operation) was 278.0 g and, after 4 years, its dry weight was 259.5 g. emergency classical cholec ...201122096735
growth characteristics and physiological functionality of yeasts in pear marc extracts.kluyveromyces fragilis kctc 7260 and saccharomyces cerevisiae kctc 7904, which both grew well in pear marc extract, were selected and their growth profiles and physiological functionalities were determined. both of the selected yeasts established maximal growth by 20 hr of cultivation at 30℃ in pear marc extract. the cell-free extracts showed high antihypertensive angiotensin i-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of 68.9% and 52.1%, respectively. the extracts also displayed 9.2 u/ml and 12.0 u ...201122783099
microbial ecology studies of spontaneous fermentation: starter culture selection for prickly pear wine production.a procedure for designing starter cultures for fermentation is illustrated for prickly pear wine production. the illustration includes kinetic studies on inoculated and spontaneous fermentation, microorganism identification studies based on molecular biology tools, and microbial ecology studies, which led to the selection of strains that are capable of synthesizing alcohol and desirable volatile compounds. results show that a mixed starter inoculum containing pichia fermentans and saccharomyces ...201122417507
the fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene-an overview.the process of fruit ripening is normally viewed distinctly in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. but, many fruits such as guava, melon, japanese plum, asian pear and pepper show climacteric as well as non-climacteric behaviour depending on the cultivar or genotype. investigations on in planta levels of co2 and ethylene at various stages of fruits during ripening supported the role and involvement of changes in the rate of respiration and ethylene production in non-climacteric fruits such a ...201123572821
diversity of apple mosaic virus isolates in india based on coat protein and movement protein genes.apple mosaic virus (apmv), an ilarvirus is one of the most common pathogens of apple worldwide. during field surveys in commercial plantations of himachal pradesh and jammu & kashmir, observations of bright chlorotic mosaic like symptoms on apple trees indicated probable infection by the virus, which was later detected by double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (das-elisa). an incidence of 24 and 28% (based on elisa) was obtained as 6/25 and 15/53 samples from hp and j&k were ...201123637501
divisional morphogenesis in bakuella pampinaria nov. spec, and reevaluation of the classification of the urostylids (ciliophora, hypotrichida).a new hypotrichous ciliare, bakuella pampinaria nov. spec, colonizing vineleaf and pear-tree litter, is described. bakuella pampinaria differs from the other species of the genus by having distinct rows of yellowish cortical granules. several morphogenetic differences separate bakuella pampinaria from bakuella edaphoni and other congeners, especially in that the transverse cirri do not participate in the formation of the oral primordium. the type population of pseudourostyla cristata was reinves ...201123195347
determination of dodine in fruit samples by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.a rapid and sensitive lc/electrospray ionization-ms/ms method has been developed for the determination of dodine in fruit samples. based on a liquid-liquid extraction of 10 g solid fruit homogenate using an acetone-dichloromethane-hexane mixture and acetate ammonium buffer (ph 4.5), this lc/ms/ms procedure was characterized by recoveries above 50%, with good intra-assay precision (rsd < 13%) and interassay precision (rsd < 18%) for seven different matrixes (apple, apricot, cherry, peach, pear, p ...201121391507
nutritive value and chemical composition of prickly pear seeds (opuntia ficus indica l.) growing in turkey.the proximate composition and physico-chemical properties (moisture, crude lipid, crude protein, ash, and crude fiber, peroxide value, saponification value, acidity, relative density and refractive index) of prickly pear seed and corresponding oil were determined. the mineral contents (ca, cu, fe, k, mg, na, p, mn and zn) of samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. minerals determined were: calcium 471.2-ámg/kg, potassium 532.7-ámg/kg, magnesium 117.3-ámg ...201121391790
erwinia piriflorinigrans sp. nov., a novel pathogen that causes necrosis of pear blossoms.eight erwinia strains, isolated from necrotic pear blossoms in valència, spain, were compared with reference strains of erwinia amylovora and erwinia pyrifoliae, both of which are pathogenic to species of pear tree, and to other species of the family enterobacteriaceae using a polyphasic approach. phenotypic analyses clustered the novel isolates into one phenon, distinct from other species of the genus erwinia, showing that the novel isolates constituted a homogeneous phenotypic group. rep-pcr p ...201120382791
mechanistically compatible mixtures of bacterial antagonists improve biological control of fire blight of pear.mixtures of biological control agents can be superior to individual agents in suppressing plant disease, providing enhanced efficacy and reliability from field to field relative to single biocontrol strains. nonetheless, the efficacy of combinations of pseudomonas fluorescens a506, a commercial biological control agent for fire blight of pear, and pantoea vagans strain c9-1 or pantoea agglomerans strain eh252 rarely exceeds that of individual strains. a506 suppresses growth of the pathogen on fl ...201120839962
genetic analysis of streptomycin-resistant (sm(r)) strains of erwinia amylovora suggests that dissemination of two genotypes is responsible for the current distribution of sm(r) e. amylovora in michigan.streptomycin-resistant (sm(r)) strains of the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora were first isolated in southwest michigan in 1991. since that time, resistant strains have progressed northward to other apple-producing regions in the state. a total of 98.7% of sm(r) strains isolated between 2003 and 2009 in michigan harbored the stra-strb genes on transposon tn5393. stra and strb encode phosphotransferase enzymes that modify streptomycin to a nonbactericidal form. mutational resistance to str ...201120923367
evaluation of kasugamycin for fire blight management, effect on nontarget bacteria, and assessment of kasugamycin resistance potential in erwinia amylovora.the emergence and spread of streptomycin-resistant strains of erwinia amylovora in michigan has necessitated the evaluation of new compounds effective for fire blight control. the aminoglycoside antibiotic kasugamycin (ks) targets the bacterial ribosome and is particularly active against e. amylovora. the efficacy of ks formulated as kasumin 2l for control of fire blight was evaluated in six experiments conducted over four field seasons in our experimental orchards in east lansing, mi. blossom b ...201120923369
human motion tracking by temporal-spatial local gaussian process experts.human pose estimation via motion tracking systems can be considered as a regression problem within a discriminative framework. it is always a challenging task to model the mapping from observation space to state space because of the high-dimensional characteristic in the multimodal conditional distribution. in order to build the mapping, existing techniques usually involve a large set of training samples in the learning process which are limited in their capability to deal with multimodality. we ...201120851794
horizontal gene and chromosome transfer in plant pathogenic fungi affecting host range.plant pathogenic fungi adapt quickly to changing environments including overcoming plant disease resistance genes. this is usually achieved by mutations in single effector genes of the pathogens, enabling them to avoid recognition by the host plant. in addition, horizontal gene transfer (hgt) and horizontal chromosome transfer (hct) provide a means for pathogens to broaden their host range. recently, several reports have appeared in the literature on hgt, hct and hybridization between plant path ...201121223323
ordinary glomeruli in the antennal lobe of male and female tortricid moth grapholita molesta (busck) (lepidoptera: tortricidae) process sex pheromone and host-plant volatiles.both sexes of grapholita molesta, a key pest of stone fruits, are able to detect host-plant volatiles and the sex pheromone emitted by females, and to modify their behaviour accordingly. how olfactory information is processed in the central nervous system is unknown. intracellular recordings and stainings were used to characterize antennal lobe (al) neuron responses to single pheromone components, a behaviourally active blend of five peach volatiles and a pear-fruit ester. al neurons with differ ...201121270313
ultrasonographic characterization of the liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein, and gallbladder in goats.to characterize the localization, visible extent (ie, measurement of selected dimensions), and appearance of the liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein, and gallbladder during ultrasonography in healthy goats.201121281196
characterization of the rcsc sensor kinase from erwinia amylovora and other enterobacteria.rcsc is a hybrid sensor kinase which contains a sensor domain, a histidine kinase domain, and a receiver domain. we have previously demonstrated that, although the erwinia amylovora rcsc mutant produces more amylovoran than the wild-type (wt) strain in vitro, the mutant remains nonpathogenic on both immature pear fruit and apple plants. in this study, we have comparatively characterized the erwinia rcsc and its homologs from various enterobacteria. results demonstrate that expression of the erwi ...201121261468
improvement of the efficacy of linear undecapeptides against plant-pathogenic bacteria by incorporation of d-amino acids.a set of 31 undecapeptides, incorporating 1 to 11 d-amino acids and derived from the antimicrobial peptide bp100 (kklfkkilkyl-nh(2)), was designed and synthesized. this set was evaluated for inhibition of growth of the plant-pathogenic bacteria erwinia amylovora, pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, and xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, hemolysis, and protease degradation. two derivatives were as active as bp100, and 10 peptides displayed improved activity, with the all-d isomer being the mo ...201121335383
oxidative stress responses and root lignification induced by fe deficiency conditions in pear and quince genotypes.we analysed pyrus communis cv. conference and cydonia oblonga ba29, differently tolerant to lime-induced chlorosis, to identify the key mechanisms involved in their different performance under fe deficiency induced by the absence of fe (-fe) or by the presence of bicarbonate (+febic). under our experimental conditions, a decrease in root elongation was observed in ba29 under bicarbonate supply. superoxide dismutase (sod) and peroxidase (pod) activities were analysed and the relative isoforms wer ...201121389006
mineral and heavy metal contents of the outer and inner tissues of commonly used fruits.the rate of heavy metal pollution in some minor fruit samples growing at roadsides in turkey were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (icp-aes). the mineral contents of samples were found to be different depending on the several parts citrus fruits. the highest minor and heavy metal levels for citrus fruits were determined between 17.24 and 45.30 mg/kg boron, 2.08 and 15.05 mg/kg copper, 1.01 and 16.00 mg/kg iron and 2.35 and 9.87 mg/kg zinc. boron content range ...201121409363
re-evaluation of pathogens causing valsa canker on apple in china.valsa canker is a destructive disease on apple that causes serious economic losses in eastern asia. in the present study fungal isolates from cankered apple and pear bark were examined and compared with morphology and rdna-its sequences. valsa mali was confirmed to be an independent species and a causal pathogen of valsa canker on apple and pear in china. it was the predominant species (96.7% of isolates) on apple and was complemented by v. malicola (3.3% of isolates). significant intraspecific ...201121415290
iron homeostasis and fire blight susceptibility in transgenic pear plants overexpressing a pea ferritin gene.the bacterial pathogen erwinia amylovora causes the devastating disease known as fire blight in some rosaceous plants including apple and pear. one of the pathogenicity factors affecting fire blight development is the production of a siderophore, desferrioxamine, which overcomes the limiting conditions in plant tissues and also protects bacteria against active oxygen species. in this paper we examine the effect of an iron chelator protein encoded by the pea ferritin gene on the fire blight susce ...201121421420
the hrpn effector of erwinia amylovora, which is involved in type iii translocation, contributes directly or indirectly to callose elicitation on apple leaves.erwinia amylovora is responsible for fire blight of apple and pear trees. its pathogenicity depends on a type iii secretion system (t3ss) mediating the translocation of effectors into the plant cell. the dspa/e effector suppresses callose deposition on apple leaves. we found that e. amylovora and pseudomonas syringae dc3000 tts mutants or peptide flg22 do not trigger callose deposition as strongly as the dspa/e mutant on apple leaves. this suggests that, on apple leaves, callose deposition is po ...201121463207
eop1 from a rubus strain of erwinia amylovora functions as a host-range limiting factor.strains of erwinia amylovora, the bacterium causing the disease fire blight of rosaceous plants, are separated into two groups based on host range: spiraeoideae and rubus strains. spiraeoideae strains have wide host ranges, infecting plants in many rosaceous genera, including apples and pears. in the field, rubus strains infect the genus rubus exclusively, which includes raspberries and blackberries. based on comparisons of limited sequence data from a rubus and a spiraeoideae strain, the gene e ...201121469934
comparative study of hops-containing products on human cytochrome p450-mediated metabolism.the potential for 15 different ales (6), ciders (2 apple and 1 pear), and porters (6) and 2 non-alcoholic products to affect cytochrome p450 (cyp)-mediated biotransformation and p-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of rhodamine was examined. as in our previous study, a wide range of recovered nonvolatile suspended solids dry weights were noted. aliquots were also found to have varying effects on biotransformation and efflux. distinct differences in product ability to affect the safety and efficacy of ...201121476568
temporal dynamics of the arthropod community in pear orchards intercropped with aromatic plants.background: increasing attention has been paid to enhancing biological control through habitat management in agricultural systems for enhanced pest management. pest management benefits can be realised by intercropping, which can increase natural enemy abundance and, in turn, reduce pest abundance. in this study, the composition and temporal dynamics of arthropod communities in pear orchards when intercropped with aromatic plants were investigated, and the effectiveness and applicability of aroma ...201121480464
fire blight resistance of pear genotypes from different european countries.several old cultivars, and breeding clones of european pear pyrus communis l. originating from belgium, england, sweden, and switzerland were evaluated for their resistance/susceptibility to fire blight. studies were carried out during three consecutive years 2007-2009 in the greenhouse of warsaw university of life sciences, poland. strain 691 of erwinia amylovora was used for artificial infection of plants. genotypes included in this study considerably varied in their resistance to fire blight. ...201125983395
sequence diversity and potential recombination events in the coat protein gene of apple stem pitting virus.the variability of the apple stem pitting virus (aspv) coat protein (cp) gene was investigated. the cp gene of ten virus isolates from apple and pear trees was sequenced. comparison of all sequenced virus isolates revealed high diversity of the cp gene (70.7-93.5% at the nucleotide level and 77.8-98.7% at the amino acid level). additionally, one or two deletions in the n-terminal part of the coat protein gene of the studied virus isolates were identified. the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous ...201121402110
bacteriological quality of foods and water sold by vendors and in restaurants in nsukka, enugu state, nigeria: a comparative study of three microbiological methods.bacterial count in prepared food or water is a key factor in assessing the quality and safety of food. it also reveals the level of hygiene adopted by food handlers in the course of preparation of such foods. this comparative study evaluated the bacteriological quality of food and water consumed in nsukka, enugu state, nigeria, using three bacteria enumeration methods. data obtained are assumed to reflect the level of personal and environmental hygiene in the study population. ten types of foods ...201122283029
gorham-stout disease and cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea.gorham-stout disease is a rare entity characterized by vascular proliferation causing local destruction of bone tissue. owing to its low incidence and variable clinical presentation, the diagnosis requires a high degree of awareness by the clinician.201122456030
gorham's disease of femur.gorham's disease is a rare condition of bones characterized by spontaneous massive and progressive osteolysis. less than 200 cases have been reported so far. femur is an uncommon site of gorham disease. we report a young female, presenting as pathological fracture of the femur, wherein rapid osteolysis of femur occurred. the clinical, pathological, and radiological picture suggested a diagnosis of gorham's disease. the patient was subjected to radiotherapy (40 gys) and put on bisphosphonates. at ...201122144753
new species, new records and new morphological characters of the genus tillicera spinola from china (coleoptera, cleridae, clerinae).two new species of the genus tillicera spinola, 1841 from china are described and illustrated: tillicera sensibilissp. n. from yunnan (also from myanmar, thailand and laos) and tillicera weniisp. n. from taiwan. tillicera bibalteata gorham, 1892, tillicera hirsuta (pic, 1926) and tillicera michaeli gerstmeier & bernhard, 2010 are newly recorded from china. tillicera auratofasciata (pic, 1927) is newly recorded in some provinces of china. a key to species of the genus from china is provided. rela ...201121998525
discovery of the female of pyrocoelia prolongata in taiwan (coleoptera, lampyridae).the female of pyrocoelia prolongata jeng & lai, a diurnal lampyrid species from taiwan, is described for the first time. a single individual was found in a small, shady, dry streambed at the edge of a mixed forest at 2700 m elevation. the individual glowed in darkness and would move its abdomen up and down when disturbed and as a deterring behavior. a key to the females of the species of pyrocoelia gorham in taiwan is provided. the morphology of photogenic organs of females and the function of b ...201121998501
the diagnosis and management of patients with idiopathic osteolysis.idiopathic osteolysis or disappearing bone disease is a condition characterized by the spontaneous onset of rapid destruction and resorption of a single bone or multiple bones. disappearing bone disorder is a disease of several diagnostic types. we are presenting three patients with osteolysis who have different underlying pathological features. detailed phenotypic assessment, radiologic and ct scanning, and histological and genetic testing were the baseline diagnostic tools utilized for diagnos ...201121995273
compositional changes in 'bartlett' pear ( pyrus communis l.) cell wall polysaccharides as affected by sunlight conditions.preharvest conditions can have a great impact on fruit quality attributes and postharvest responses. firmness is an important quality attribute in pear, and excessive softening increases susceptibility to bruising and decay, thus limiting fruit postharvest life. textural characteristics of fruits are determined at least in part by cell wall structure and disassembly. few studies have analyzed the influence of fruit preharvest environment in softening, cell wall composition, and degradation. in t ...201121980919
gorham-stout disease affecting both hands: stabilisation during biphosphonate treatment.the gorham-stout syndrome is a rare condition in which spontaneous, progressive resorption of bone occurs. the aetiology is poorly understood. we report a patient with osteolysis of the metacarpal bones in both hands due to an increased number of stimulated osteoclasts. this suggests that early potent antiresorptive therapy with bisphosphonates may prevent local progressive osteolysis.201122379445
the properties of terrestrial laser system intensity for measuring leaf geometries: a case study with conference pear trees (pyrus communis).light detection and ranging (lidar) technology can be a valuable tool for describing and quantifying vegetation structure. however, because of their size, extraction of leaf geometries remains complicated. in this study, the intensity data produced by the terrestrial laser system (tls) faro ls880 is corrected for the distance effect and its relationship with the angle of incidence between the laser beam and the surface of the leaf of a conference pear tree (pyrus commmunis) is established. the r ...201122319374
definition and revision of the orthrius-group of genera (coleoptera, cleridae, clerinae).an "orthrius-group" of genera is proposed, and defined to include aphelochroa quedenfeldt, 1885; caridopus schenkling, 1908; dozocolletus chevrolat, 1842; gyponyx gorham, 1883; languropilus pic, 1940; orthrius gorham, 1876; pieleus pic, 1940; xenorthrius gorham, 1892; plus three new genera neorthriusgen. n., nonalatusgen. n. and pseudoastigmusgen. n. a phylogeny of the 11 constituent orthrius-group genera (analysis of 22 morphological characters using clerus geoffroy as the out-group taxon was p ...201121594111
[polymorphism of microsatellite loci in cultivars and species of pear (pyrus l.)].using five ssr markers, polymorphism ofmicrosatellite loci was examined in 46 cultivars and five species of pear (pyrus ussuriensis, p. bretscgneideri, p. pyraster, and p. elaegnifolia). most of the accessions examined demonstrated the presence of unique allele sets. the degree of relationship between russian and western european pear cultivar was established. it was demonstrated that p. ussuriensis and its first generation progeny were genetically distant from typical cultivars of p. communis, ...201121786670
how to prevent ripening blockage in 1-mcp-treated 'conference' pears.some european pear varieties treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-mcp) often remain 'evergreen', meaning that their ripening process is blocked and does not resume after removal from cold storage. in this work this was confirmed also to be the case in 'conference' pears. to reverse the blockage of ripening 1-mcp treatments combined with external exogenous ethylene were tested.201121681757
intraosseous csf fistula in a patient with gorham disease resulting in intracranial hypotension.a 7-year-old girl with a history of headaches and gorham disease was surgically treated in infancy for chiari i malformation. subsequent investigation revealed that her cerebellar tonsillar ectopia was due to a long-standing spinal csf-lymphatic fistula causing intracranial hypotension. percutaneous fistula closure was performed several times, resulting in transient symptomatic improvement.201121659480
a novel treatment approach for paediatric gorham-stout syndrome with chylothorax.to expand the treatment options in paediatric gorham-stout syndrome (gss) when conventional therapy is ineffective.201121605166
differential expression of proteins in red pear following fruit bagging treatment.fruit bagging is a very effective method for study of fruit qualities and anthocyanin synthesis. the characterization of differentially expressed proteins that were isolated from both bagged and normal fruit skin tissue is apparently an essential parameter for understanding the effect of shading on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of fruit coloring in pyrus communis. proteome maps of both bagged and normal p. communis 'placer' fruit skin were obtained by performing two-dimensional ...201121409615
radiation therapy for gorham-stout syndrome: results of a national patterns-of-care study and literature review.the german cooperative group on radiotherapy for benign diseases conducted a national patterns-of-care study to investigate the value of radiation therapy (rt) in the management of gorham-stout syndrome.201121345608
gorham-stout syndrome of the pelvic girdle treated by radiation therapy: a case report.the gorham-stout syndrome (gss) is a rare, benign idiopathic and progressive disorder causing massive osteolysis due to a vascular hyperproliferation replacing the bony structure. clinical experience concerning the efficacy of radiation therapy (rt) is limited to about 50 of an overall 200 cases reported worldwide.201121336714
report of a rare case of gorham-stout disease of both shoulders: bisphosphonate treatment and shoulder replacement.massive osteolysis known as gorham-stout disease is a rare idiopathic disorder typically affecting long bones in a unifocal pattern. angiomatosis is strongly connected to the osteolysis. weather angiomatosis is the cause or the result of osteolysis is subject of intense discussion (kawasaki et al. (2003), möller et al. (1999), radhakrishnan and rockson (2008)). there are about 200 cases described since 1955. our patient is a 77-year-old female patient with osteolyses of both shoulders involving ...201122937447
gorham-stout syndrome with chylothorax in a six-year-old boy.gorham-stout syndrome, also called "disappearing bone disease, diffuse cystic angiomatosis of bone, disseminated lymphangiomatosis, gorham's vanishing bone disease, phantom bone disease or idiopathic massive osteolysis, is a rare disease of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. it is characterized by rapidly progressive localized massive osteolysis associated with proliferation of vascular structures of benign origin in which the absence of new bone formation is representative. when it is complicat ...201121188554
orbital roof encephalocele mimicking a destructive neoplasm.the purpose of this case report is to report an orbital roof encephalocele mimicking a destructive orbital neoplasm. orbital roof encephalocele is uncommon but can mimic neoplasm. one potential mechanism for the orbital roof destruction is a post-traumatic "growing orbital roof fracture." the growing fracture has been reported mostly in children but can occur in adults. alternative potential etiologies for the encephalocele are discussed, including gorham syndrome. orbital roof encephalocele is ...201121178797
gorham-stout disease: the experience of the rizzoli institute and review of the literature.gorham-stout disease (also known as "disappearing bone disease") was first described by jackson in 1838, but was properly defined by gorham and stout in a series of 24 patients in 1954-1955. it is a rare disease of unknown etiology (about 200 cases reported in the literature) characterized by spontaneous progressive resorption of bone without malignant proliferation of vascular structures. the diagnosis is one of exclusion and it is based on combined histological, radiological, and clinical feat ...201120972870
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