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control of tobacco mosaic virus movement protein fate by cell-division-cycle protein48.like many other viruses, tobacco mosaic virus replicates in association with the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and exploits this membrane network for intercellular spread through plasmodesmata (pd), a process depending on virus-encoded movement protein (mp). the movement process involves interactions of mp with the er and the cytoskeleton as well as its targeting to pd. later in the infection cycle, the mp further accumulates and localizes to er-associated inclusions, the viral factories, and along ...201223027663
cis-acting element (sl1) of potato virus x controls viral movement by interacting with the nbmpb2cb and viral proteins.a number of candidate tobacco proteins that bind to cis-acting elements (sl1 rnas) of potato virus x (pvx) have been identified in previous studies. we further characterized tmv-mp30 binding protein 2c (mpb2c) homologous protein. we isolated nbmpb2cb from nicotiana benthamiana and confirmed the interaction of nbmpb2cb with sl1 rnas in vitro. the mrna level of nbmpb2cb was increased upon infection by pvx and tobacco mosaic virus. the movement of pvx was reduced by overexpression of nbmpb2cb and i ...201222405626
transgenic expression of tobacco mosaic virus capsid and movement proteins modulate plant basal defense and biotic stress responses in nicotiana tabacum.plant viruses cause metabolic and physiological changes associated with symptomatic disease phenotypes. symptoms involve direct and indirect effects, which result in disruption of host physiology. we used transgenic tobacco expressing a variant of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) coat protein (cp(t42w)) or movement protein (mp), and a hybrid line (mp×cp(t42w)) that coexpresses both proteins, to study the plant response to individual viral proteins. findings employing microarray analysis of mp×cp(t42w) ...201222712510
the rice stripe virus pc4 functions in movement and foliar necrosis expression in nicotiana benthamiana.the rice stripe virus (rsv) pc4 has been determined as the viral movement protein (mp). in this study, the pc4 gene was cloned into a movement-deficient tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). the resulting hybrid tmv-pc4, in addition to spreading cell to cell in nicotiana tabacum, moved systemically and induced foliar necrosis in nicotiana benthamiana, indicating novel functions of the rsv mp. a systematic alanine-scanning mutagenesis study established the region k(122)-d(258) of the pc4 substantially asso ...201222305130
the development and application of new crystallization method for tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.although tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) coat protein (cp) has been isolated from virus particles and its crystals have grown in ammonium sulfate buffers for many years, to date, no one has reported on the crystallization of recombinant tmv-cp connecting peptides expressed in e. coli.201223171808
efficient expression of human papillomavirus 16 e7 oncoprotein fused to c-terminus of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) coat protein using molecular chaperones in escherichia coli.the human papillomavirus 16 (hpv16) e7 oncoprotein is a promising candidate for development of anti-cancer therapeutic vaccine. we have prepared the expression construct carrying mutagenized e7 oncoprotein fused to the c-terminus of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) coat protein via 15 amino acids β-sheet linker. the fusion protein was expressed in escherichia coli mc 1061 cells. we have obtained high level expression, but most of the protein remained in insoluble inclusion bodies. to increase the rati ...201222850536
a multiplex reverse transcription pcr assay for simultaneous detection of five tobacco viruses in tobacco plants.tobacco viruses including tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), tobacco etch virus (tev), potato virus y (pvy) and tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (tvbmv) are major viruses infecting tobacco and can cause serious crop losses. a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to detect simultaneously and differentiate all five viruses. the system used specific primer sets for each virus producing five distinct fragments 237, 273, 347, 456 and 547 ...201222484613
hrip1, a novel protein elicitor from necrotrophic fungus, alternaria tenuissima, elicits cell death, expression of defence-related genes and systemic acquired resistance in tobacco.here, we report the identification, purification, characterization and gene cloning of a novel hypersensitive response inducing protein secreted by necrotrophic fungus, alternaria tenuissima, designated as hypersensitive response inducing protein 1 (hrip1). the protein caused the formation of necrotic lesions that mimic a typical hypersensitive response and apoptosis-related events including dna laddering. the protein-encoding gene was cloned by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) method. th ...201222591019
the cysteine-rich proteins of beet necrotic yellow vein virus and tobacco rattle virus contribute to efficient suppression of silencing in roots.many plant viruses encode proteins that suppress rna silencing, but little is known about the activity of silencing suppressors in roots. this study examined differences in the silencing suppression activity of different viruses in leaves and roots of nicotiana benthamiana plants. infection by tobacco mosaic virus, potato virus y and cucumber mosaic virus but not potato virus x (pvx) resulted in strong silencing suppression activity of a transgene in both leaves and roots, whereas infection by b ...201222647371
viral nanoparticles for in vivo tumor imaging.the use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being investigated for applications in imaging and therapy. viral nanoparticles (vnps) derived from plants can be regarded as self-assembled bionanomaterials with defined sizes and shapes. plant viruses under investigation in the steinmetz lab include icosahedral particles formed by cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) and brome mosaic virus (bmv), both of which ar ...201223183850
de novo foliar transcriptome of chenopodium amaranticolor and analysis of its gene expression during virus-induced hypersensitive response.the hypersensitive response (hr) system of chenopodium spp. confers broad-spectrum virus resistance. however, little knowledge exists at the genomic level for chenopodium, thus impeding the advanced molecular research of this attractive feature. hence, we took advantage of rna-seq to survey the foliar transcriptome of c. amaranticolor, a chenopodium species widely used as laboratory indicator for pathogenic viruses, in order to facilitate the characterization of the hr-type of virus resistance.201223029338
rapid detection of tobacco viruses by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.tobacco viruses may cause a wide range of diseases that heavily reduce tobacco quality and yield worldwide. in order to detect viral diseases in tobacco fields, a one-step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) method was established. nucleotide amplification could be observed clearly after adding sybr green i, within 60 min under isothermal conditions, at 63-65 °c with a set of primers targeting the viral coat protein (cp) genes of tobacco viruses including cucum ...201222886186
occurrence and distribution of pepper veinal mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus in pepper in ibadan, nigeria.viral diseases constitute obstacles to pepper production in the world. in nigeria, pepper plants are primarily affected by pepper veinal mottle virus (pvmv), cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), pepper leaf curl virus (tlcv), tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), pepper mottle virus (pmv) and a host of other viruses. the experiment was carried out with a diagnostic survey on the experimental field of the national horticultural research institute, ibadan, nigeria and on pepper farms in six local government areas w ...201222495040
visual tracking of plant virus infection and movement using a reporter myb transcription factor that activates anthocyanin biosynthesis.insertion of reporter genes into plant virus genomes is a common experimental strategy to research many aspects of the viral infection dynamics. their numerous advantages make fluorescent proteins the markers of choice in most studies. however, the use of fluorescent proteins still has some limitations, such as the need of specialized material and facilities to detect the fluorescence. here, we demonstrate a visual reporter marker system to track virus infection and movement through the plant. t ...201222238422
tmv-gate vectors: gateway compatible tobacco mosaic virus based expression vectors for functional analysis of proteins.plant viral expression vectors are advantageous for high-throughput functional characterization studies of genes due to their capability for rapid, high-level transient expression of proteins. we have constructed a series of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) based vectors that are compatible with gateway technology to enable rapid assembly of expression constructs and exploitation of orfeome collections. in addition to the potential of producing recombinant protein at grams per kilogram fw of leaf tiss ...201223166857
a cryohistological protocol for preparation of large plant tissue sections for screening intracellular fluorescent protein expression.in this study, we have developed a robust cryohistological method that allows imaging of virtually any type of plant cell or tissue while preserving fluorescent protein signals and maintaining excellent cellular and subcellular morphology. this method involves modified fixation of plant tissues (i.e., leaves, stems, and petioles), infiltration in a sucrose gradient, freezing, and collection of cryosections directly onto a cryoadhesive tape. using this method followed by microscopic analysis, we ...201222229725
computational reconstruction of multidomain proteins using atomic force microscopy data.classical structural biology techniques face a great challenge to determine the structure at the atomic level of large and flexible macromolecules. we present a novel methodology that combines high-resolution afm topographic images with atomic coordinates of proteins to assemble very large macromolecules or particles. our method uses a two-step protocol: atomic coordinates of individual domains are docked beneath the molecular surface of the large macromolecule, and then each domain is assembled ...201222244760
comparative analysis of transcriptomic and hormonal responses to compatible and incompatible plant-virus interactions that lead to cell death.hypersensitive response-related programmed cell death (pcd) has been extensively analyzed in various plant-virus interactions. however, little is known about the changes in gene expression and phytohormone levels associated with cell death caused by compatible viruses. the synergistic interaction of potato virus x (pvx) with a number of potyviruses results in increased symptoms that lead to systemic necrosis (sn) in nicotiana benthamiana. here, we show that sn induced by a pvx recombinant virus ...201222273391
comparative analysis of recombinant human papillomavirus 8 l1 production in plants by a variety of expression systems and purification methods.human papillomavirus 8 (hpv-8), one of the high-risk cutaneous papillomaviruses (chpvs), is associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis and nonmelanoma skin cancer in immuno-compromised individuals. currently, no vaccines against chpvs have been reported; however, recent studies on cross-neutralizing properties of their capsid proteins (cp) have fostered an interest in vaccine production against these viruses. we examined the potential of producing hpv-8 major cp l1 in nicotiana benthamiana ...201222260326
hijack it, change it: how do plant viruses utilize the host secretory pathway for efficient viral replication and spread?the secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells has an elaborated set of endomembrane compartments involved in the synthesis, modification, and sorting of proteins and lipids. the secretory pathway in plant cells shares many features with that in other eukaryotic cells but also has distinct characteristics important for fundamental cell and developmental processes and for proper immune responses. recently, there has been evidence that the remodeling of this pathway, and often the formation of viral-in ...201223335933
tobacco mosaic virus as a new carrier for tumor associated carbohydrate antigens.tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (tacas) are being actively studied as targets for antitumor vaccine development. one serious challenge was the low immunogenecity of these antigens. herein, we report the results of using the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) capsid as a promising carrier of a weakly immunogenic taca, the monomeric tn antigen. the copper(i) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction was highly efficient in covalently linking tn onto the tmv capsid without resorting to a large e ...201222812480
first discovery and stucture-activity relationship study of phenanthroquinolizidines as novel antiviral agents against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv).a series of phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids 1-24 were prepared and first evaluated for their antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). the bioassay results showed that most of these compounds exhibited good to excellent in vivo anti-tmv activity, of which compounds 1, 2, 15 and 16 displayed significantly higher activity than (r)-antofine and commercial ningnanmycin at the same test condition. the substituents on the phenanthrene moiety play an important role for maintaining high i ...201223285230
different roles of glycine-rich rna-binding protein7 in plant defense against pectobacterium carotovorum, botrytis cinerea, and tobacco mosaic viruses.glycine-rich rna-binding protein7 (atgrp7) has previously been demonstrated to confer plant defense against pseudomonas syringae dc3000. here, we show that atgrp7 can play different roles in plant defense against diverse pathogens. atgrp7 enhances resistance against a necrotrophic bacterium pectobacterium carotovorum scc1 or a biotrophic virus tobacco mosaic virus. by contrast, atgrp7 plays a negative role in defense against a necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea. these results provide evidence ...201222902796
up-regulation of antioxidants in tobacco by low concentrations of h₂o₂ suppresses necrotic disease symptoms.pretreatment of tobacco leaves with low concentrations (5 to 10 mm) of h₂o₂ suppressed hypersensitive-type necrosis associated with resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) or pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. the same pretreatment resulted in suppression of normosensitive necrosis associated with susceptibility to botrytis cinerea. this type of h₂o₂-mediated, induced disease symptom resistance correlated with enhanced host antioxidant capacity, i.e., elevated enzymatic activities of catala ...201222646244
recent patents on antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties of tea.teas have beneficial effects on human health including cardioprotective, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity. the precise antimicrobial spectrum of tea is difficult to be defined due to variation in the methods of testing that have been used. antibacterial effects of tea have been demonstrated against a number of microorganisms including staphylococcus aureus, vibrio cholerae, escherichia coli, shigella spp., salmonella spp., bacillus spp., klebsiella spp. and pseu ...201222353001
airborne signals from a wounded leaf facilitate viral spreading and induce antibacterial resistance in neighboring plants.many plants release airborne volatile compounds in response to wounding due to pathogenic assault. these compounds serve as plant defenses and are involved in plant signaling. here, we study the effects of pectin methylesterase (pme)-generated methanol release from wounded plants ("emitters") on the defensive reactions of neighboring "receiver" plants. plant leaf wounding resulted in the synthesis of pme and a spike in methanol released into the air. gaseous methanol or vapors from wounded pme-t ...201222496658
tm-22 confers different resistance responses against tobacco mosaic virus dependent on its expression level. 201223275490
interaction of the host protein nbdnaj with potato virus x minus-strand stem-loop 1 rna and capsid protein affects viral replication and movement.plant viruses must interact with host cellular components to replicate and move from cell to cell. in the case of potato virus x (pvx), it carries stem-loop 1 (sl1) rna essential for viral replication and movement. using two-dimensional electrophoresis northwestern blot analysis, we previously identified several host proteins that bind to sl1 rna. of those, we further characterized a dnaj-like protein from nicotiana benthamiana named nbdnaj. an electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed that ...201122166218
Dammarenediol-II production confers TMV tolerance.Panax ginseng is one of the famous medicinal plants. Ginsenosides, a class of tetracyclic triterpene saponins, are mainly responsible for the pharmacological activities. Most ginsenosides are composed of dammarenediol-II aglycone with various sugar moieties. Dammarenediol-II synthase is the first enzyme in the biosynthesis of ginsenosides. Here, we report that transgenic tobacco expressing Panax ginseng dammarenediol-II synthase (PgDDS) produced dammarenediol-II, and conferred resistance to toba ...201122102695
Raspberry leaf blotch virus, a putative new member of the genus Emaravirus, encodes a novel genomic RNA.A new, segmented, negative-strand RNA virus with morphological and sequence similarities to other viruses in the genus Emaravirus was discovered in raspberry plants exhibiting symptoms of leaf blotch disorder, a disease previously attributed to the eriophyid raspberry leaf and bud mite (Phyllocoptes gracilis). The virus, tentatively named Raspberry leaf blotch virus (RLBV), has five RNAs, that each potentially encode a single protein on the complementary strand. RNAs 1, 2 and 3 encode, respectiv ...201122049090
capsicum annuum basic transcription factor 3 (cabtf3) regulates transcription of pathogenesis-related genes during hypersensitive response upon tobacco mosaic virus infection.hypersensitive response (hr) cell death upon plant virus infection is an excellent plant strategy for inhibiting viral movement and obtaining systemic acquired resistance (sar) against further infection. various host factors are involved in these hr processes, either directly as viral resistance proteins or indirectly. we characterized a gene encoding the cabtf3 [β-nascent polypeptide-associated complex (nac) subunit] of nac from the hot pepper plant. nac contacts nascent polypeptides to prevent ...201122209846
dna methylation polymorphism in flue-cured tobacco and candidate markers for tobacco mosaic virus resistance.dna methylation plays an important role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression during plant growth, development, and polyploidization. however, there is still no distinct evidence in tobacco regarding the distribution of the methylation pattern and whether it contributes to qualitative characteristics. we studied the levels and patterns of methylation polymorphism at ccgg sites in 48 accessions of allotetraploid flue-cured tobacco, nicotiana tabacum, using a methylation-sensitive amplif ...201122042659
Immunogenic compositions assembled from TMV-generated spherical particle platforms and foreign antigens.Recently we reported that RNA-free spherical particles (SPs) generated by thermal remodeling of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were capable of binding green fluorescent protein to their surface. Here we showed that SPs represented a universal particle platform which could form compositions by binding to their surface a diversity of various foreign proteins/epitopes of viral and nonviral origin. Numerous molecules of a foreign protein linked to the SP surface were revealed by immunogold electron micr ...201122049093
Antiphytoviral activity of essential oil from endemic species Teucrium arduini.The essential oil of Teucrium arduini L. was characterized by a high concentration of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (43.8%) of which beta-caryophyllene (19.9%) being the major compound, followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (19.6%) of which caryophyllene-oxide (14.6%) was dominant. When applied to plants of Chenopodium amaranticolor and Ch. quinoa for two successive days prior inoculation, the oil was effective in reducing lesion numbers on plants infected with Tobacco mosaic virus (25.7%) and Cucu ...201121941920
natural recombination between tobacco and tomato mosaic viruses.tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) is a positive-sense plant rna virus which has a wide host range and a worldwide distribution. other than a troublesome pathogen, tmv is regarded as a model system pioneering biologic research for a century. the tomato strain of tmv has been recognized to be a distinct tobamovirus as the tomato mosaic virus (tomv). recombination has been increasingly recognized as an important factor generating genetic diversity in many rna viruses. however, it is still unclear whether ...201121925550
top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology.many scientists, if not all, feel that their particular plant virus should appear in any list of the most important plant viruses. however, to our knowledge, no such list exists. the aim of this review was to survey all plant virologists with an association with molecular plant pathology and ask them to nominate which plant viruses they would place in a 'top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. the survey generated more than 250 votes from the international community, and allowed the gen ...201122017770
The nucleocapsid protein of an enveloped plant virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, facilitates long-distance movement of Tobacco mosaic virus hybrids.To investigate the potential role(s) of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), the open reading frame for the N protein was expressed from a Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based vector encoding only the TMV replicase proteins. In the absence of other TSWV-encoded proteins, the transiently expressed N protein facilitated long-distance movement of the TMV-based hybrids in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana [NB-MP(+)] expressing movement protein of TMV, thus providing the funct ...201122020361
microwave assisted rapid diagnosis of plant virus diseases by transmission electron microscopy.investigations of ultrastructural changes induced by viruses are often necessary to clearly identify viral diseases in plants. with conventional sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy (tem) such investigations can take several days and are therefore not suited for a rapid diagnosis of plant virus diseases. microwave fixation can be used to drastically reduce sample preparation time for tem investigations with similar ultrastructural results as observed after conventionally sampl ...201122025001
Bioactive metabolites from a marine-derived strain of the fungus Neosartorya fischeri.Two new compounds named fischeacid (1) and fischexanthone (2), together with eight known compounds, were obtained from the culture of a marine-derived fungus Neosartorya fischeri strain 1008F(1). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on the spectroscopic data. Bioassays indicated that AGI-B4 (5) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (10) showed potent inhibitory effect on the replication of tobacco mosaic virus, and AGI-B4 also possessed an inhibition of the cell proliferation of hum ...201121916772
A new seco-neolignan glycoside from the root bark of Ailanthus altissima.A new seco-neolignan glycoside, seco-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-O-?-D-glucopyranoside (1), together with eight known compounds, were obtained from the EtOH extract of the root bark of Ailanthus altissima. Their structures were elucidated based on the spectroscopic data. Three neolignan glycosides including 7,9,9?-trihydroxy-3,3?,5?-trimethoxy-8-O-4?-neolignan-4-O-?-D-glucopyranoside (5), sonchifolignan B (6) and citrusin B (7) exhibited moderate in?vitro inhibitory effect on tobacco mosaic vir ...201121916771
Form, symmetry and packing of biomacromolecules. IV. Filled capsids of cowpea, tobacco, MS2 and pariacoto RNA viruses.Four icosahedral RNA viruses are considered: the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, the satellite tobacco mosaic virus, the pariacoto virus and the MS2 bacteriophage. The validity of the phenomenological rules derived in previous publications (crystallographic scaling, indexed forms enclosing axial-symmetric clusters, packing lattices of viral crystals) is confirmed and shown to apply equally well to the coat proteins as to the (ordered) RNA chains.201122011467
viruses: are they living entities?the essence (living or nonliving entities) of viruses has today become an aporia, i.e. a difficulty inherent in reasoning because they shared four fundamental characteristics with livings (multiplication, genetic information, mutation and evolution) without having the capacity to have an independent life. for much time, however, they were considered minuscule pathogenetic micro-organisms in observance of koch and pasteur's 'germ theory' albeit no microbiologist could show their existence except ...201122220354
new experimental hosts of tobacco streak virus and absence of true seed transmission in leguminous hosts.of 70 plant species tested, 50 species were susceptible to tobacco streak virus (tsv) on sap inoculation. both localized (necrotic and chlorotic spots) and systemic (necrotic spots, axillary shoot proliferation, stunting, total necrosis and wilt) symptoms are observed by majority of plant species. eleven new experimental hosts were identified viz., amaranthus blitum var. oleracea (chaulai sag), celosia cristata (cocks comb), beta vulgaris var. bengalensis (palak/indian spinach), calendula offici ...201123637490
pinellia ternata agglutinin expression in chloroplasts confers broad spectrum resistance against aphid, whitefly, lepidopteran insects, bacterial and viral pathogens.broad spectrum protection against different insects and pathogens requires multigene engineering. however, such broad spectrum protection against biotic stress is provided by a single protein in some medicinal plants. therefore, tobacco chloroplasts were transformed with the agglutinin gene from pinellia ternata (pta), a widely cultivated chinese medicinal herb. pinellia ternata agglutinin (pta) was expressed up to 9.2% of total soluble protein in mature leaves. purified pta showed similar hemag ...201122077160
[a new method of producing biologically active nanocomplexes by non-covalent conjugation of proteins with viral particles].currently, a range of biologically active molecules have been attached to plant and bacterial viras nanoscaffolds, yielding stable nanoparticles that display multiple copies of the desired molecule. in this paper we propose a new method of non-covalent attachment of peptides to the surface of virios. we have demonstrated that this method is efficient in a model system that includes tobacco mosaic virus particles, synthetic polycation (quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) carrying ethyl ethyl pendan ...201122096992
plant-made trastuzumab (herceptin) inhibits her2/neu+ cell proliferation and retards tumor growth.plant biotechnology provides a valuable contribution to global health, in part because it can decrease the cost of pharmaceutical products. breast cancer can now be successfully treated by a humanized monoclonal antibody (mab), trastuzumab (herceptin). a course of treatment, however, is expensive and requires repeated administrations of the mab. here we used an agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system to produce trastuzumab in plant cells.201121390232
effect of lead (pb) on the systemic movement of rna viruses in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum var. turkish).effect of various lead (pb) concentrations on the systemic movement of rna viruses was examined in tobacco plants. prior to inoculation, plants were grown hydroponically for 6 days in hoagland's solution supplemented with five concentrations of lead nitrate [pb(no(3))(2)]: 0.0 (control), 10, 15, 50, and 100 µm. four different rna viruses with different cell-to-cell movement mechanisms were used. two weeks after inoculation lower and upper leaves of each treatment were harvested and examined for ...201121404008
[chitosan antiviral activity: dependence on structure and depolymerization method].enzymatic (the action of lysozyme) and chemical (hydrogen peroxide) hydrolysis of chitosans with various degree ofacetylation (da)--25, 17, and 1.5%--was performed. purification and fractioning of the hydrolysis products were performed using dialysis, ultrafiltration, and gel-penetrating chromatography low-molecular (lm) derivatives of the polysaccharide with molecular masses from 17 to 2 kda were obtained. the study of their antiviral activity against the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) showed that ...201121442928
correlation between influence of polysaccharides on hydrolase activity and their antiviral effect in tobacco leaves.the activities of hydrolases (acid phosphatase, rnase, and proteases) in healthy and tobacco mosaic virus-infected leaves of nicotiana tabacum l. var. samsun, both untreated and treated with polysaccharides (ps) (1,3;1,6-β-d-glucan, fucoidan, and κ/β-carrageenan), were determined. the ps lead to substantial increase in the hydrolase level. the percentage of viral particles undergoing destructive change also increases in leaves treated with ps 24 h before infection. we suppose that the ps-mediate ...201121585322
gel mobility shift assays for rna binding viral rnai suppressors.the host-virus interaction is a continuous coevolutionary race involving both host defence strategies and virus escape mechanisms. rna silencing is one of the main processes employed by eukaryotic organisms to fight viruses. however, viruses encode suppressor proteins to counteract this antiviral mechanism. virtually all plant viruses encode at least one suppressor. in spite of being highly diverse at the protein level, a large group of these proteins inhibit rna silencing very similarly, by seq ...201121431690
hydrogen-bonding networks and rna bases revealed by cryo electron microscopy suggest a triggering mechanism for calcium switches.helical assemblies such as filamentous viruses, flagella, and f-actin represent an important category of structures in biology. as the first discovered virus, tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) was at the center of virus research. previously, the structure of tmv was solved at atomic detail by x-ray fiber diffraction but only for its dormant or high-calcium-concentration state, not its low-calcium-concentration state, which is relevant to viral assembly and disassembly inside host cells. here we report ...201121586634
[electron microscopic study of the chitosan effect on the intracellular accumulation and the state of tobacco mosaic virus particles in tobacco leaves].influence of chitosan on the accumulation and state of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) in the mesophyll cells of nicotiana tabacum l. var samsun leaves in early period of infection development (3 days after infection of leaves) has been studied. the virus accumulated in the cells of the leaves treated for 24 h before infection with chitosan to a lesser degree than in the control cells. the chitosan affected the formation of tmv-specific granular and tubular inclusions which are known to consist of th ...201121516826
synthetic and natural polyanions induce cytochrome c release from mitochondria in vitro and in situ.a synthetic polyanion composed of styrene, maleic anhydride, and methacrylic acid (molar ratio 56:37:7) significantly inhibited the respiration of isolated rat liver mitochondria in a time-dependent fashion that correlated with 1) collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and 2) high amplitude mitochondrial swelling. the process is apparently ca(2+) dependent. since it is blocked by cyclosporin a, the process is ascribed to induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition. in mitopl ...201121209366
anti-phytopathogenic activities of macro-algae extracts.aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from nine chilean marine macro-algae collected at different seasons were examined in vitro and in vivo for properties that reduce the growth of plant pathogens or decrease the injury severity of plant foliar tissues following pathogen infection. particular crude aqueous or organic extracts showed effects on the growth of pathogenic bacteria whereas others displayed important effects against pathogenic fungi or viruses, either by inhibiting fungal mycelia g ...201121673886
energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy of biological samples on highly transparent carbon nanomembranes.ultrathin carbon nanomembranes (cnm) comprising crosslinked biphenyl precursors have been tested as support films for energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (eftem) of biological specimens. due to their high transparency cnm are ideal substrates for electron energy loss spectroscopy (eels) and electron spectroscopic imaging (esi) of stained and unstained biological samples. virtually background-free elemental maps of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) and ferritin have been obtained from sampl ...201121329648
tobacco mosaic virus as an afm tip calibrator.the study of high-resolution topographic surfaces of isolated single molecules is one of the applications of atomic force microscopy (afm). since tip-induced distortions are significant in topographic images the exact afm tip shape must be known in order to correct dilated afm height images using mathematical morphology operators. in this work, we present a protocol to estimate the afm tip apex radius using tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) particles. among the many advantages of tmv, are its non-abras ...201121504029
chemical constituents from fruits of harrisonia perforata.eight limonoids (1-8) including three a, b and d-seco-16-nor-type ones, 5,6-dehydrodesepoxyharperforin c2 (1), harrpernoid b (2), and its c-9s epimer, harrpernoid c (3), along with six known compounds (9-14), were isolated from fruits of harrisonia perforata. extensive spectroscopic analysis was used to elucidate their structures and stereochemistries. further confirmation of structures of 1 and 2 were obtained by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. limonoids (1-8) were evaluated for their anti-to ...201121315383
silencing of nbxrn4 facilitates the systemic infection of tobacco mosaic virus in nicotiana benthamiana.the 5'-3' exoribonucleases (xrns) play key roles in degradation and processing pathways of several classes of rnas including mrna, rrna, mirna and other small rnas. recent work revealed that the cytoplasmic xrn (xrn1p in yeast and xrn4 in plants) affected the stability of the viral rna of tombusviruses in yeast and plants, which indicates that the cytoplasmic xrn might be involved in plant defense against virus by degrading viral rna. here, we demonstrated that silencing of nicotiana benthamiana ...201121402112
engineered tobacco mosaic virus mutants with distinct physical characteristics in planta and enhanced metallization properties.tobacco mosaic virus mutants were engineered to alter either the stability or surface chemistry of the virion: within the coat protein, glutamic acid was exchanged for glutamine in a buried portion to enhance the inter-subunit binding stability (e50q), or a hexahistidine tract was fused to the surface-exposed carboxy terminus of the coat protein (6xhis). both mutant viruses were expected to possess specific metal ion affinities. they accumulated to high titers in plants, induced distinct phenoty ...201121310199
role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein.a common challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure and properties. here we report that a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) coat protein (cp), to which a hexahistidine (his) tag was incorporated, can self-assemble into disks, hexagonally packed arrays of disks, stacked disks, helical rods, fibers, and elongated rafts. the insertion of a his tag to the c-terminus of tmv-cp was shown to significantly affect the self-assembly in ...201121361370
identification and validation of reference genes for normalization of transcripts from virus-infected arabidopsis thaliana.real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) of complementary dna is now a standard method for studies of gene expression. however, qpcr can identify genuine variation only when transcript quantities are accurately normalized to an appropriate reference. to identify the most reliable reference genes for transcript quantification by qpcr, we describe a systematic evaluation of candidate reference genes of arabidopsis thaliana ecotype columbia-0 (col-0). twelve genes were selected for t ...201121091160
multiclass maximum-likelihood symmetry determination and motif reconstruction of 3-d helical objects from projection images for electron microscopy.many micro- to nano-scale 3-d biological objects have a helical symmetry. cryo electron microscopy provides 2-d projection images where, however, the images have low snr and unknown projection directions. the object is described as a helical array of identical motifs, where both the parameters of the helical symmetry and the motif are unknown. using a detailed image formation model, a maximum-likelihood estimator for the parameters of the symmetry and the 3-d motif based on images of many object ...201121335314
co-expression of multiple target proteins in plants from a tobacco mosaic virus vector using a combination of homologous and heterologous subgenomic promoters.to co-express multiple target proteins, we engineered a single-component chimeric tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-based vector containing homologous and heterologous capsid protein subgenomic rna promoters. delivery of this vector into nicotiana benthamiana plants via agroinfiltration resulted in co-expression of two reporter genes within a single cell. furthermore, co-expression of a host-specific antisense rna or a silencing suppressor protein from this vector augmented the accumulation of green fl ...201121779909
the 2b silencing suppressor of a mild strain of cucumber mosaic virus alone is sufficient for synergistic interaction with tobacco mosaic virus and induction of severe leaf malformation in 2b-transgenic tobacco plants.tobacco plants infected simultaneously by tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) and cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) are known to produce a specific synergistic disease in which the emerging leaves are filiformic. similar developmental malformations are also caused to a lesser extent by the severe strains (e.g., fny) of cmv alone, but mild strains (e.g., kin) cause them only in mixed infection with tmv. we show here that transgenic tobacco plants expressing 2b protein of cmv-kin produce filiformic symptoms when ...201121341985
development and application of an efficient virus-induced gene silencing system in nicotiana tabacum using geminivirus alphasatellite.virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is a recently developed technique for characterizing the function of plant genes by gene transcript suppression and is increasingly used to generate transient loss-of-function assays. here we report that the 2mdna1, a geminivirus satellite vector, can induce efficient gene silencing in nicotiana tabacum with tobacco curly shoot virus. we have successfully silenced the ß-glucuronidase (gus) gene in gus transgenic n. tabacum plants and the sulphur desaturase (su ...201121265040
genetic modification of alternative respiration in nicotiana benthamiana affects basal and salicylic acid-induced resistance to potato virus x.salicylic acid (sa) regulates multiple anti-viral mechanisms, including mechanism(s) that may be negatively regulated by the mitochondrial enzyme, alternative oxidase (aox), the sole component of the alternative respiratory pathway. however, studies of this mechanism can be confounded by sa-mediated induction of rna-dependent rna polymerase 1, a component of the antiviral rna silencing pathway. we made transgenic nicotiana benthamiana plants in which alternative respiratory pathway capacity was ...201121356081
contact transmission of tobacco mosaic virus: a quantitative analysis of parameters relevant for virus evolution.transmission between hosts is required for the maintenance of parasites in the host population and determines their ultimate evolutionary success. the transmission ability of parasites conditions their evolution in two ways: on one side, it affects the genetic structure of founded populations in new hosts. on the other side, parasite traits that increase transmission efficiency will be selected for. therefore, knowledge of the factors and parameters that determine transmission efficiency is crit ...201121367909
local infection with oilseed rape mosaic virus promotes genetic rearrangements in systemic arabidopsis tissue.we have previously shown that local infection of tobacco plants with tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) or oilseed rape mosaic virus (ormv) results in a systemic increase in the homologous recombination frequency (hrf). here, we analyzed what other changes in the genome are triggered by pathogen infection. for the analysis of hrf, mutation frequency (mf) and microsatellite instability (mi), we used three different transgenic arabidopsis lines carrying ß-glucuronidase (gus)-based substrates in their geno ...201121376739
virus-derived transgenes expressing hairpin rna give immunity to tobacco mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus.an effective method for obtaining resistant transgenic plants is to induce rna silencing by expressing virus-derived dsrna in plants and this method has been successfully implemented for the generation of different plant lines resistant to many plant viruses.201121269519
the invasion of tobacco mosaic virus rna induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-related autophagy in hela cells.the ability of human cells to defend against viruses originating from distant species has long been ignored. due to the pressure of natural evolution and human exploration, some of these viruses may be able to invade human beings. if their "fresh" host had no defenses, the viruses could cause a serious pandemic, as seen with hiv, sars and avian influenza virus, which originated from chimpanzees, the common palm civet and birds, respectively. it is unknown whether the human immune system could to ...201121729006
salicylic acid-dependent restriction of tomato ringspot virus spread in tobacco is accompanied by a hypersensitive response, local rna silencing, and moderate systemic resistance.tomato ringspot virus (torsv, a nepovirus sp.) systemically infects many herbaceous plants. viral rna accumulates in symptomatic leaves and in young, asymptomatic leaves that emerge late in infection. here, we show that systemic infection by torsv is restricted in tobacco. after an initial hypersensitive response in inoculated leaves, only a few plants showed limited systemic symptoms. viral rna did not usually accumulate to detectable levels in asymptomatic leaves. torsv-derived small-interferi ...201121281112
association of the tobacco mosaic virus 126kda replication protein with a gdi protein affects host susceptibility.an interaction between the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) 126kda replication protein and a host-encoded rab gdp dissociation inhibitor (gdi2) was identified and investigated for its role in infection. gdi proteins are essential components of vesicle trafficking pathways. tmv infection alters the localization of gdi2 from the cytoplasm to er-associated complexes. partial silencing of gdi2 results in significant increases in the number of tmv infection foci observed in inoculated tissues. however, gdi ...201121492894
Solution Phase Gold Nanorings on a Viral Protein Template.Current studies on materials that exhibit metamaterial properties are mainly focused on lithography-generated 2D substrates. Here we report the successful fabrication of 22-nm gold nanoparticle rings, with and without a central nanoparticle, assembled on Tobacco Mosaic Virus coat protein disks. These structures are one of the first examples of nanorings produced independently of a substrate, and represent the first steps towards the realization of a solution-phase or coatings-based metamaterial.201122200347
cloning and characterization of a 9-lipoxygenase gene induced by pathogen attack from nicotiana benthamiana for biotechnological application.plant lipoxygenases (loxs) have been proposed to form biologically active compounds both during normal developmental stages such as germination or growth as well as during responses to environmental stress such as wounding or pathogen attack. in our previous study, we found that enzyme activity of endogenous 9-lox in nicotiana benthamiana was highly induced by agroinfiltration using a tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) based vector system.201121450085
[observation of cells tolerant of tobacco mosaic virus in virus-induced local lesions in datura stramonium l. leaves].ultrastructural examination of tobacco mosaic virus-induced local lesions developing in leaves of datura stramonium plants demonstrated that, in the central area of the lesions, the cell response to viral invasion was not uniform. most cells exhibited an acute hypersensitive reaction and underwent rapid and complete necrosis. however, some cells, despite considerable virus accumulation and immediate contact with completely collapsed cells, maintained a certain degree of structural integrity. ana ...201121473124
in situ small-angle x-ray scattering analysis of palladium nanoparticle growth on tobacco mosaic virus nanotemplates.we present an examination of palladium (pd) nanoparticle growth on genetically modified tobacco mosaic virus (tmv1cys) nanotemplates via in situ small-angle x-ray scattering (saxs). specifically, we examine the role of the tmv1cys templates in pd nanoparticle formation through the electroless reduction of pd precursor by a chemical reducing agent as compared to identical conditions in the absence of the tmv1cys templates. we show that in the presence of tmv1cys, the viral nanotemplates provide p ...201121520923
an optimized mrfp-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation system for the detection of protein-protein interactions in planta.an existing bimolecular fluorescence complementation (bifc) system, based on a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mrfp), has been optimized for the investigation of protein-protein interactions in planta. the expression plasmids, encoding the n-terminal amino acids (aa) 1-168 and the c-terminal aa 169-225 of the mrfp, allow n- or c-terminal fusion of a split mrfp, with the genes of interest. two major improvements over the original vectors have been made. firstly, the coding sequence of a gggsgg ...201121473882
multiplex rt-pcr detection of cucumber mosaic virus subgroups and tobamoviruses infecting tomato using 18s rrna as an internal control.a multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) protocol was developed for simultaneous detection and discrimination of subgroups of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), including its satellite rna, tomato mosaic virus (tomv) and tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), using 18s rrna as an internal control. species- and subgroups-specific primers designed to differentiate cmv subgroups i and ii, tomv and tmv, were assessed using the cdna clones of viral genomes, cmv satellite rna and 18s rrna g ...201121531735
Protein membrane overlay assay: a protocol to test interaction between soluble and insoluble proteins in vitro.Validating interactions between different proteins is vital for investigation of their biological functions on the molecular level. There are several methods, both in vitro and in vivo, to evaluate protein binding, and at least two methods that complement the shortcomings of each other should be conducted to obtain reliable insights. For an in vivo assay, the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay represents the most popular and least invasive approach that enables to detect prote ...201121860380
long-term protection against tobacco mosaic virus induced by the marine alga oligo-sulphated-galactan poly-ga in tobacco plants.in order to study the antiviral effect of the oligo-sulphated galactan poly-ga, the leaves of tobacco plants xhanti(nn) were sprayed with water (control), with increasing concentrations of poly-ga, for increasing numbers of treatments or cultivated for increasing times after treatment. control and treated plants were infected with tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) and the numbers of necrotic lesions were measured in infected leaves. the number of necrotic lesions decreased with increasing concentration ...201121535350
sulfate supply influences compartment specific glutathione metabolism and confers enhanced resistance to tobacco mosaic virus during a hypersensitive response.sufficient sulfate supply has been linked to the development of sulfur induced resistance or sulfur enhanced defense (sir/sed) in plants. in this study we investigated the effects of sulfate (s) supply on the response of genetically resistant tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv. samsun nn) to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). plants grown with sufficient sulfate (+s plants) developed significantly less necrotic lesions during a hypersensitive response (hr) when compared to plants grown without sulfate (-s p ...201122122784
Metabolic and miRNA Profiling of TMV Infected Plants Reveals Biphasic Temporal Changes.Plant viral infections induce changes including gene expression and metabolic components. Identification of metabolites and microRNAs (miRNAs) differing in abundance along infection may provide a broad view of the pathways involved in signaling and defense that orchestrate and execute the response in plant-pathogen interactions. We used a systemic approach by applying both liquid and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to determine the relative level of metabolites across the viral i ...201122174812
control of tobacco mosaic virus by popw as a result of induced resistance in tobacco under greenhouse and field conditions.in a previous study, we isolated a new harpin protein, popw, from the bacterium ralstonia solanacearum zj3721 that can induce a hypersensitive response (hr) in tobacco, nicotiana tabacum, leaves. in the current study, we demonstrate that, in a greenhouse experiment, popw induced tobacco-acquired resistance against the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) with a biocontrol efficacy of 80.9% to 97.4% at a concentration as low as 25µg/ml in both popw-treated and neighboring leaves. the resistance induced by ...201121585268
[study on the transgenic tobacco expressing truncated wheat cold shock protein gene ta3-13 and analysis of disease resistance].ta3-13 is a truncated gene coding for the fragment of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cold shock protein wcp1. it has been shown previously that the procaryotically expressed ta3-13 can induce resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) when sprayed onto plant leaves. in this study, we constructed an expression vector pb-3-13 by cloning ta3-13 into the bionary vector pbi121 and transformed it into agrobacterium tumefaciense strain eha105 via freeze-thaw method. tobacco (nicotiana tobacum cv. xanthi nc ...201121586399
The complete sequence of tobacco mosaic virus isolate Ohio V reveals a high accumulation of silent mutations in all open reading frames.TMVOhioV was first described 1969 by [1] because it did break resistance of tomato breeding lines containing Tm-1- and Tm-2 resistance genes. It was obtained 1987 from Wetter (Saarbrücken, Germany) and transferred into the DSMZ-Plant Virus Collection (Braunschweig, Germany). A partial sequence of TMVOhioV, the CP gene, has been reported [11] and its comparison with a TMV type isolates (TMVtype), e.g. EMBL: V01409, revealed 50 point mutations in a total of 477 nucleotides (nts) leading to the rep ...201122086158
inducible site-selective bottom-up assembly of virus-derived nanotube arrays on rna-equipped wafers.tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) is a tube-shaped, exceptionally stable plant virus, which is among the biomolecule complexes offering most promising perspectives for nanotechnology applications. every viral nanotube self-assembles from a single rna strand and numerous identical coat protein (cp) subunits. here we demonstrate that biotechnologically engineered rna species containing the tmv origin of assembly can be selectively attached to solid surfaces via one end and govern the bottom-up growth of ...201121591634
mutant plant viruses with cell binding motifs provide differential adhesion strengths and morphologies.the ability of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) to tolerate various amino acid insertions near its carboxy terminus is well-known. typically these inserts are based on antigenic sequences for vaccine development with plant viruses as carriers. however, we determined that the structural symmetries and the size range of the viruses could also be modeled to mimic the extracellular matrix proteins by inserting cell-binding sequences to the virus coat protein. the extracellular matrix proteins play impor ...201122188342
Status of tobacco viruses in Serbia and molecular characterization of tomato spotted wilt virus isolates. In a four-year survey to determine the presence and distribution of viruses in tobacco crops at 17 localities of the Vojvodina Province and Central Serbia, 380 samples were collected and analyzed by DAS-ELISA. Out of the seven viruses tested, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), potato virus Y (PVY), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) were detected in 37.9, 33.4, 28.7, 23.9, and 15.5% of the total tested samples, respectively. TSWV was the most ...201122149499
a personal history of virus-based vector construction.the ability to express foreign genes or to silence endogenous genes in plants has revolutionized both basic and applied plant biology. virus-based expression systems, in which the foreign mrna is greatly amplified by virus replication, can produce very high levels of proteins or peptides in leaves and other tissues. vectors have been available for about 25 years. they are commonplace as laboratory tools, but their initial commercial expectations have not been met for numerous reasons. yet, appli ...201122025032
simulation of transmission electron microscope images of biological specimens.we present a new approach to simulate electron cryo-microscope images of biological specimens. the framework for simulation consists of two parts; the first is a phantom generator that generates a model of a specimen suitable for simulation, the second is a transmission electron microscope simulator. the phantom generator calculates the scattering potential of an atomic structure in aqueous buffer and allows the user to define the distribution of molecules in the simulated image. the simulator i ...201121631500
using synthetically modified proteins to make new materials.the uniquely diverse structures and functions of proteins offer many exciting opportunities for creating new materials with advanced properties. exploiting these capabilities requires a set of versatile chemical reactions that can attach nonnatural groups to specific locations on protein surfaces. over the years, we and others have developed a series of new techniques for protein bioconjugation, with a particular emphasis on achieving high site selectivity and yield. using these reactions, we ha ...201121812400
multiscale simulation of microbe structure and dynamics.a multiscale mathematical and computational approach is developed that captures the hierarchical organization of a microbe. it is found that a natural perspective for understanding a microbe is in terms of a hierarchy of variables at various levels of resolution. this hierarchy starts with the n -atom description and terminates with order parameters characterizing a whole microbe. this conceptual framework is used to guide the analysis of the liouville equation for the probability density of the ...201121802438
superlattice of rodlike virus particles formed in aqueous solution through like-charge attraction.rodlike tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) has been found to assemble into a 2d superlattice in aqueous solution with hexagonally packed structures in the presence of ba(2+) through like-charge attraction whereas lower-z divalent ions such as zn(2+), cd(2+), mg(2+), and ca(2+) induce only liquidlike ordering. the molar ratio between ba(2+) and tmv is a crucial parameter in the formation of the superlattice. there is a critical molar ratio of ba(2+) to tmv at which tmv exhibits a transition from a nonord ...201121786809
the reduction of reactive oxygen species formation by mitochondrial alternative respiration in tomato basal defense against tmv infection.the role of mitochondrial alternative oxidase (aox) and the relationship between systemic aox induction, ros formation, and systemic plant basal defense to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) were investigated in tomato plants. the results showed that tmv inoculation significantly increased the level of aox gene transcripts, ubiquinone reduction levels, pyruvate content, and cyanide-resistant respiration (cn-resistant r) in upper, un-inoculated leaves. pretreatment with potassium cyanide (kcn, a cytochro ...201121779957
capsicum annuum wrkyb transcription factor that binds to the capr-10 promoter functions as a positive regulator in innate immunity upon tmv infection.in plant, some wrky transcription factors are known to play an important role in the transcriptional reprogramming associated with the immune response. by using wrky-domain-specific differential display procedure, we isolated cawrkyb gene, which is rapidly induced during an incompatible interaction between hot pepper and tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) pathotype p(0) infection. the recombinant cawrkyb bound to the w box-containing capr-10 promoter probes efficiently and the specificity of binding was ...201121771584
antiviral activity and mechanism of action of novel thiourea containing chiral phosphonate on tobacco mosaic virus.using half-leaf method o,o'-diisopropyl (3-(l-1-(benzylamino)-1-oxo-3- phenylpropan-2-yl)thioureido)(phenyl)methyl phosphonate (2009104) was studied for its activity on tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). it showed good curative activity in vivo and the curative activity at 500 ++g/ml was found to be 53.3%. in vivo treatment with the control agent ningnanmycin at 500 ++g/ml resulted in 51.2% inhibition and curative inhibition rates respectively. dot-elisa test was employed to verify the efficacy of acti ...201121845094
the purification and characterization of a novel hypersensitive-like response-inducing elicitor from verticillium dahliae that induces resistance responses in tobacco.pevd1, a novel protein elicitor from the pathogenic cotton verticillium wilt fungus, verticillium dahliae, induced a hypersensitive response in tobacco plants. in this paper, the elicitor was purified and analyzed using de novo sequencing. the protein-encoding pevd1 gene consists of a 468-bp open reading frame that produces a polypeptide of 155 amino acids, with a theoretical molecular weight of 16.23-ákda. the sequence of elicitor protein pevd1 was matched to the genomic sequence (genbank acces ...201121691787
detection of tobacco mosaic virus and tomato mosaic virus in pepper and tomato by multiplex rt-pcr.aims:ôçé to develop a highly sensitive and rapid protocol for simultaneous detection and differentiation of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) and tomato mosaic virus (tomv) in pepper and tomato. in this study, we use the multiplex pcr technique to detect dual infection of these two viruses. methods and results:ôçé a multiplex rt-pcr method consisting of one-tube reaction with two primer pairs targeted to replicase genes was developed to simultaneously detect tmv and tomv in seed samples of pepper and t ...201121740446
electro-optic properties of organic nanotubes.in this review article the theoretical and experimental possibilities of applying eo-methods for estimation of the physico-chemical properties of the organic nanotubes (onts) are studied. the onts are highly organized nanostructures of strongly elongated, anysometric, and hollow cylinders with a size range of 1 nm to 10,000 nm, e.g. in aqueous solutions they could behave as colloid (disperse) particles. they have high interaction ability due to their extremely large curved, rolled-up external su ...201121679911
silicon delays tobacco ringspot virus systemic symptoms in nicotiana tabacum.soluble silicon (si) provides protection to plants against a variety of abiotic and biotic stress. however, the effects of si on viral infections are largely unknown. to investigate the role of si in viral infections, hydroponic studies were conducted in nicotiana tabacum with two pathogens: tobacco ringspot virus (trsv) and tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). plants grown in elevated si showed a delay in trsv systemic symptom formation and a reduction in symptomatic leaf area, compared to the non-suppl ...201121696845
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