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establishment and evaluation of a murine ανβ3-integrin-expressing cell line with increased susceptibility to foot-and-mouth disease virus.integrin ανβ3 plays a major role in various signaling pathways, cell apoptosis, and tumor angiogenesis. to examine the functions and roles of ανβ3 integrin, a stable cho-677 cell line expressing the murine ανβ3 heterodimer (designated as "cho-677-mανβ3" cells) was established using a highly efficient lentiviral-mediated gene transfer technique. integrin subunits αν and β3 were detected at the gene and protein levels by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and indirect immunofluorescent assay (ifa), r ...201525643796
development of a novel thermostable newcastle disease virus vaccine vector for expression of a heterologous gene.thermostable newcastle disease virus (ndv) vaccines have been used widely to control newcastle disease for village poultry flocks, due to their independence of cold chains for delivery and storage. to explore the potential use of thermostable ndv as a vaccine vector, an infectious clone of thermostable avirulent ndv strain ts09-c was developed using reverse genetics technology. the gfp gene, along with the self-cleaving 2a gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus and ubiquitin monomer (2aubi), were ...201525626679
a multi-species indirect elisa for detection of non-structural protein 3abc specific antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus.reliable diagnostic tests that are able to distinguish infected from vaccinated animals are a critical component of regional control programs for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in the affected countries. non-structural protein (nsp) serology based on the 3abc protein has been widely used for this purpose, and several kits are commercially available worldwide. this report presents the development of a 3abc-antigen-based indirect elisa, employing a peroxidase-conjugated protein g secondary antibody ...201525623051
correction for larocco et al., a continuous bovine kidney cell line constitutively expressing bovine αvβ6 integrin has increased susceptibility to foot-and-mouth disease virus. 201525617444
prediction and characterization of novel epitopes of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in east africa using site-directed mutagenesis.epitopes on the surface of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid have been identified by monoclonal antibody (mab) escape mutant studies leading to the designation of four antigenic sites in serotype a fmdv. previous work focused on viruses isolated mainly from asia, europe and latin america. in this study we report on the prediction of epitopes in african serotype a fmdvs and testing of selected epitopes using reverse genetics. twenty-four capsid amino acid residues were predicted to b ...201525614587
construction and characterization of 3a-epitope-tagged foot-and-mouth disease virus.nonstructural protein 3a of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a partially conserved protein of 153 amino acids (aa) in most fmdvs examined to date. specific deletion in the fmdv 3a protein has been associated with the inability of fmdv to grow in primary bovine cells and cause disease in cattle. however, the aa residues playing key roles in these processes are poorly understood. in this study, we constructed epitope-tagged fmdvs containing an 8 aa flag epitope, a 9 aa haemagglutinin (ha) ep ...201525584768
kinetics of cytokine expression in bovine pbmcs and whole blood after in vitro stimulation with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigen.the interest in analysing antigen-specific cytokine responses has substantially increased in recent years, in part due to their use in assessing vaccine efficacy. in the present study, the kinetics of il-2, il-4 and ifn-γ expression was determined in bovine pbmcs by real-time pcr and in whole blood by cytokine-release assay after in vitro stimulation with recall foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigen. the results showed that the cytokine mrna of il-2 and ifn-γ in pbmcs were induced early (p ...201525574771
bovine genome-wide association study for genetic elements to resist the infection of foot-and-mouth disease in the field.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals and causes severe economic loss and devastating effect on international trade of animal or animal products. since fmd outbreaks have recently occurred in some asian countries, it is important to understand the relationship between diverse immunogenomic structures of host animals and the immunity to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). we performed genome wide association study based on high-density bovine ...201525557811
foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype sat 3 in long-horned ankole calf, uganda.after a 16-year interval, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype sat 3 was isolated in 2013 from an apparently healthy long-horned ankole calf that grazed close to buffalo in uganda. the emergent virus strain is ≈20% different in nucleotide sequence (encoding vp1 [viral protein 1]) from its closest relatives isolated previously from buffalo in uganda.201525531186
protective immune response to liposome adjuvanted high potency foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in indian cattle.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines applied for prophylactic use in endemic areas provide short-lived immunity requiring regular boosters. indian fmd control program recommends twice a year vaccination. development of high potency vaccines that provide better immune response can singificantly contribute to control programme by reducing the frequency of vaccination. the present study explores new adjuvants to enhance the protective efficacy of inactivated trivalent fmd vaccines.201525528522
genetic and immunologic relationships between vaccine and field strains for vaccine selection of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus circulating in east asia.of the seven known serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), type a has the most diverse variations. genetic variations also occur frequently at vp1, vp2, vp3, and vp4 because these proteins constitute the viral capsid. the structural proteins of fmdv, which are closely related to immunologic correlations, are the most easily analyzed because they have highly accessible information. in this study we analyzed the type a vaccine viruses by alignment of available sequences in order to find ...201525528521
genetic and antigenic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o responsible for outbreaks in india during 2013.in recent times, majority of the foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks in india are caused by serotype o ind2001 lineage. the lineage has diverged into four sub-lineages (ind2001a, b, c and d). we report here the genetic and antigenic analyses of nine ind2001d isolates that caused outbreaks during april 2013-march 2014 in india. the length of the genomes of outbreak viruses varied between 8153 and 8181 nucleotides without any insertion or deletion in the coding region. of the nine isolates anal ...201525511252
induction of mucosal immune responses and protection of cattle against direct-contact challenge by intranasal delivery with foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen mediated by nanoparticles.the aim of this study was to enhance specific mucosal, systemic, and cell-mediated immunity and to induce earlier onset of protection against direct-contact challenge in cattle by intranasal delivery of a nanoparticle-based nasal vaccine against type a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). in this study, two kinds of nanoparticle-based nasal vaccines against type a fmd were designed: (1) chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (plga) loaded with plasmid dna (chi-plga-dna) and (2) chitosan-trehalos ...201425506214
comparison of stabilisers for development of a lyophilised multiplex reverse-transcription pcr mixture for rapid detection of foot and mouth disease virus serotypes.multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) assay is a sensitive and rapid method for the detection and serotyping of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). however, the method has not been used to its full potential, because of factors such as cost, a lack of infrastructure and the complexity of the reaction mixture. this study was undertaken to optimise and validate a thermostable, lyophilised, ready-to-use mrt-pcr kit for the rapid detection of fmdv in field laboratories ...201425812209
swine leukocyte antigen (sla) class i allele typing of danish swine herds and identification of commonly occurring haplotypes using sequence specific low and high resolution primers.the swine major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genomic region (sla) is extremely polymorphic comprising high numbers of different alleles, many encoding a distinct mhc class i molecule, which binds and presents endogenous peptides to circulating t cells of the immune system. upon recognition of such peptide-mhc complexes (pmhc) naïve t cells can become activated and respond to a given pathogen leading to its elimination and the generation of memory cells. hence sla plays a crucial role in main ...201425457547
evolutionary analysis and prediction of peptide vaccine candidates for foot-and-mouth-disease virus types a and o in bangladesh.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), an endemic disease of cloven-hoofed animals, causes an annual economic loss of us$60-150 million in bangladesh. there is no cross-protection among the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes and vaccination escape mutation may happen. peptide vaccine is a safer alternative. the aim of this study is to predict and map the b and t cell epitopes of vp1 proteins of fmdv serotypes o and a that were circulating in bangladesh from 2011 to 2013. using evolutionary and ...201425452681
a thiazepino[4,5-a]benzimidazole derivative hampers the rna replication of eurasian serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.the stamping-out policy for the control of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in countries that are free from fmd without vaccination has a dramatic socio-economic impact, huge animal welfare issues and may result in the loss of farm animal genetic resources. as an alternative to pre-emptive culling or emergency vaccination we further explore the possibility to use antiviral drugs in the event of an fmd outbreak. in the present study, we tested the in vitro cytotoxicity and anti-fmdv activity o ...201425446115
[validation of a real time rt-pcr assay to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus and assessment of its performance in acute infection].a specific real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcrrt) for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus was validated using the lightcycler thermocycler 2.0 and its reagents as recommended by the world organization for animal health and was assessed for the detection of the virus in acute infection of cattle experimentally vaccinated and challenged with virus a argentina/2001 or a24 cruzeiro. the technique proved to be robust, showing coefficients of variation lower tha ...201425444126
production and characterization of single-chain antibody (scfv) against 3abc non-structural protein in escherichia coli for sero-diagnosis of foot and mouth disease virus.differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease infected from vaccinated animals is essential for effective implementation of vaccination based control programme. detection of antibodies against 3abc non-structural protein of fmd virus by immunodiagnostic assays provides reliable indication of fmd infection. sero-monitoring of fmd in the large country like india is a big task where thousands of serum samples are annually screened. currently, monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies are widely used in these ...201425439091
in vitro evolution and affinity-maturation with coliphage qβ display.the escherichia coli bacteriophage, qβ (coliphage qβ), offers a favorable alternative to m13 for in vitro evolution of displayed peptides and proteins due to high mutagenesis rates in qβ rna replication that better simulate the affinity maturation processes of the immune response. we describe a benchtop in vitro evolution system using qβ display of the vp1 g-h loop peptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). dna encoding the g-h loop was fused to the a1 minor coat protein of qβ resulting in ...201425393763
[enhancement of mouse immune response by recombinant adenovirus co-expressing vp1-2a of foot-and-mouth disease virus and porcine ifn-α].to construct the recombinant adenovirus co-expressing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) viral structural protein1-2a (vp1-2a) and porcine interferon-α (poifn-α), and study its impact on mouse adaptive immune responses.201425374073
development of a blocking elisa based on a monoclonal antibody against a predominant epitope in non-structural protein 3b2 of foot-and-mouth disease virus for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals.a monoclonal antibody (mcab) against non-structural protein (nsp) 3b of foot-mouth-disease virus (fmdv) (3b4b1) was generated and shown to recognize a conserved epitope spanning amino acids 24-32 of 3b (gpyagpmer) by peptide screening elisa. this epitope was further shown to be a unique and predominant b cell epitope in 3b2, as sera from animals infected with different serotypes of fmdv blocked the ability of mcab 3b4b1 to bind to nsp 2c3ab. also, a polyclonal antibody against nsp 2c was produce ...201425369323
rapid isolation of antibody from a synthetic human antibody library by repeated fluorescence-activated cell sorting (facs).antibodies and their derivatives are the most important agents in therapeutics and diagnostics. even after the significant progress in the technology for antibody screening from huge libraries, it takes a long time to isolate an antibody, which prevents a prompt action against the spread of a disease. here, we report a new strategy for isolating desired antibodies from a combinatorial library in one day by repeated fluorescence-activated cell sorting (facs). first, we constructed a library of sy ...201425303314
development of anti-bovine iga single chain variable fragment and its application in diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.recombinant antibody fragments like single chain variable fragments (scfvs) represent an attractive yet powerful alternative to immunoglobulins and hold great potential in the development of clinical diagnostic/therapeutic reagents. structurally, scfvs are the smallest antibody fragments capable of retaining the antigen-binding capacity of whole antibodies and are composed of an immunoglobulin (ig) variable light (vl) and variable heavy (vh) chain joined by a flexible polypeptide linker. in the ...201424678404
influence of hydrophilic amino acids and gc-content on expression of recombinant proteins used in vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus in escherichia coli.epitope-based protein expression in escherichia coli can be improved by adjusting its amino acid composition and encoding genes. to that end, we analyzed 24 recombinant epitope proteins (reps) that carry multiple epitopes derived from vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. high level expression of the reps was attributed to a high content of arg, asn, asp and thr, a low content of gln, pro and lys, a high content of hydrophilic amino acids and a higher isoelectric point value resulting fro ...201424375229
adjuvant effects of l. acidophilus lw1 on immune responses to the foot-and-mouth disease virus dna vaccine in mice.the adjuvant effects of lactobacillus acidophilus on dna vaccination are not fully understood. it has been hypothesized that swine-derived lactobacillus acidophilus sw1 (lasw1) could function as an immune adjuvant to enhance antigen-specific immune responses after foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) dna vaccination in mice. to evaluate the effect of oral lasw1 on the immune response to a dna vaccine (prc/cmv-vp1) harboring fmd vp1 gene, anti-fmdv antibody and its isotypes, t-cell proliferation, and cyt ...201425119375
induction and suppression of innate antiviral responses by picornaviruses.the family picornaviridae comprises of small, non-enveloped, positive-strand rna viruses and contains many human and animal pathogens including enteroviruses (e.g. poliovirus, coxsackievirus, enterovirus 71 and rhinovirus), cardioviruses (e.g. encephalomyocarditis virus), hepatitis a virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. picornavirus infections activate a cytosolic rna sensor, mda5, which in turn, induces a type i interferon response, a crucial component of antiviral immunity. moreover, picorn ...201425086453
rna structure disrupting g320-t transversion within the short fragment of the 5' untranslated region prevents rescue of infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus.a full-length cdna clone of an indian foot-and-mouth disease virus strain, asia 1 ind 491/1997 was assembled downstream of the t7 promoter in the pbluescript ii sk (+) vector by sequential ligation of four pcr-generated subgenomic fragments. rna transcribed from that construct were transfected into bhk-21 and lfbk cells to rescue infectious virus. the in vitro growth kinetics, plaque morphology, infectivity titer, antigenic profile and virulence characteristics in unweaned mice infected with the ...201424269793
all-atom molecular dynamics calculation study of entire poliovirus empty capsids in solution.small viruses that belong, for example, to the picornaviridae, such as poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus, consist simply of capsid proteins and a single-stranded rna (ssrna) genome. the capsids are quite stable in solution to protect the genome from the environment. here, based on long-time and large-scale 6.5 × 10(6) all-atom molecular dynamics calculations for the mahoney strain of poliovirus, we show microscopic properties of the viral capsids at a molecular level. first, we found e ...201425362342
l protease from foot and mouth disease virus confers eif2-independent translation for mrnas bearing picornavirus ires.the leader protease (l(pro)) from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has the ability to cleave eif4g, leading to a blockade of cellular protein synthesis. in contrast to previous reports, our present findings demonstrate that fmdv l(pro) is able to increase translation driven by fmdv ires. additionally, inactivation of eif2 subsequent to phosphorylation induced by arsenite or thapsigargin in bhk cells blocks protein synthesis directed by fmdv ires, whereas in the presence of l(pro), significant ...201425268112
capsid protein vp4 of human rhinovirus induces membrane permeability by the formation of a size-selective multimeric pore.non-enveloped viruses must deliver their viral genome across a cell membrane without the advantage of membrane fusion. the mechanisms used to achieve this remain poorly understood. human rhinovirus, a frequent cause of the common cold, is a non-enveloped virus of the picornavirus family, which includes other significant pathogens such as poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. during picornavirus cell entry, the small myristoylated capsid protein vp4 is released from the virus, interacts wi ...201425102288
ribavirin-resistant variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus: the effect of restricted quasispecies diversity on viral virulence.mutagenic nucleoside analogues can be used to isolate rna virus high-fidelity rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) variants, the majority of which are attenuated in vivo. however, attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) high-fidelity rdrp variants have not been isolated, and the correlations between rdrp fidelity and virulence remain unclear. here, the mutagen ribavirin was used to select a ribavirin-resistant population of fmdv, and 4 amino acid substitutions (d5n, a38v, m194i, and m296v) ...201424453363
strategies for purifying variants of human rhinovirus 14 2c protein.the positive strand rna genome of picornaviruses, including human rhinovirus (hrv), poliovirus (pv) and foot-and-mouth disease virus, is translated immediately into a polyprotein that is cleaved by virally encoded proteinases into 10-13 mature proteins. these include the four proteins required to assemble the viral particle as well as 3d(pol) (the viral rna polymerase) and 2c, an atpase and putative helicase. 2c is a protein which is responsible, together with 2b and 3a, for anchoring the replic ...201424316192
a universal protocol to generate consensus level genome sequences for foot-and-mouth disease virus and other positive-sense polyadenylated rna viruses using the illumina miseq.next-generation sequencing (ngs) is revolutionizing molecular epidemiology by providing new approaches to undertake whole genome sequencing (wgs) in diagnostic settings for a variety of human and veterinary pathogens. previous sequencing protocols have been subject to biases such as those encountered during pcr amplification and cell culture, or are restricted by the need for large quantities of starting material. we describe here a simple and robust methodology for the generation of whole genom ...201425269623
modification of picornavirus genomic rna using 'click' chemistry shows that unlinking of the vpg peptide is dispensable for translation and replication of the incoming viral rna.picornaviruses constitute a large group of viruses comprising medically and economically important pathogens such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus 71 and foot-and-mouth disease virus. a unique characteristic of these viruses is the use of a viral peptide (vpg) as primer for viral rna synthesis. as a consequence, all newly formed viral rna molecules possess a covalently linked vpg peptide. it is known that vpg is enzymatically released from the incoming viral rna by a host p ...201424243841
construction of self-replicating subgenomic dengue virus 4 (denv4) replicon.dengue virus serotypes 1-4 are members of mosquito-borne flavivirus genus of flaviviridae family that encode one long open reading frame (orf) that is translated to a polyprotein. both host and virally encoded proteases function in the processing of the polyprotein by co-translational and posttranslational mechanisms to yield 10 mature proteins prior to viral rna replication. to study cis- and trans-acting factors involved in viral rna replication, many groups [1-8] have constructed cdnas encodi ...201424696335
potential applications for antiviral therapy and prophylaxis in bovine medicine.viral disease is one of the major causes of financial loss and animal suffering in today's cattle industry. increases in global commerce and average herd size, urbanization, vertical integration within the industry and alterations in global climate patterns have allowed the spread of pathogenic viruses, or the introduction of new viral species, into regions previously free of such pathogens, creating the potential for widespread morbidity and mortality in naïve cattle populations. despite this, ...201424810855
pathogens in water deer (hydropotes inermis) in south korea, 2010-12.water deer (hydropotes inermis) are among the most common wildlife to approach farmhouses and livestock barns in korea. we collected 305 water deer from gangwon (n=168), south chungcheong (n=89), and gyeongsang (n=48) provinces in 2010-12 and used pcr and serologic tests to screen the deer for pathogens. in 2010, tests for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), rotavirus, and brucella abortus were positive in 8% (5/60), 2% (1/60), and 59% (33/56) of the animals, respectively. in 2010, the water dee ...201424779466
cellular micrornas and picornaviral infections.micrornas (mirnas) are a subtype of short, endogenous, and non-coding rnas, which post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. the mirna-mediated gene silencing mechanism is involved in a wide spectrum of biological processes, such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, and immune responses. picornaviridae is a large family of rna viruses, which includes a number of causative agents of many human and animal diseases viz., poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and coxsackievir ...201424921242
development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for specific and rapid detection of differential goat pox virus and sheep pox virus.capripox viruses are economically important pathogens in goat and sheep producing areas of the world, with specific focus on goat pox virus (gtpv), sheep pox virus (sppv) and the lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv). clinically, sheep pox and goat pox have the same symptoms and cannot be distinguished serologically. this presents a real need for a rapid, inexpensive, and easy to operate and maintain genotyping tool to facilitate accurate disease diagnosis and surveillance for better management of cap ...201424438089
in vitro surrogate models to aid in the development of antivirals for the containment of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a highly pathogenic member of the genus aphthovirus (family picornaviridae) that is only to be manipulated in high-containment facilities, thus complicating research on and discovery of antiviral strategies against the virus. bovine rhinitis b virus (brbv) and equine rhinitis a virus (erav), phylogenetically most closely related to fmdv, were explored as surrogates for fmdv in antiviral studies. although no efficient cell culture system has been reported so ...201424583031
picornavirus infection leading to immunosuppression.viruses, such as hiv, hepatitis a, poliovirus, coxsackievirus b3 and foot-and-mouth disease virus, use a variety of mechanisms to suppress the human immune system in order to evade clearance by the host. therefore, investigating how a few changes in the viral genome of a nonlethal virus can lead to an alteration in disease, from survivable to immunosuppression and death, would provide valuable information into viral pathogenesis. in addition, we propose that gaining a better insight into how the ...201425214881
laboratory animal models to study foot-and-mouth disease: a review with emphasis on natural and vaccine-induced immunity.laboratory animal models have provided valuable insight into foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) pathogenesis in epidemiologically important target species. while not perfect, these models have delivered an accelerated time frame to characterize the immune responses in natural hosts and a platform to evaluate therapeutics and vaccine candidates at a reduced cost. further expansion of these models in mice has allowed access to genetic mutations not available for target species, providing a powerf ...201425000962
3cpro of foot-and-mouth disease virus antagonizes the interferon signaling pathway by blocking stat1/stat2 nuclear translocation.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious, debilitating disease in cloven-hoofed animals with devastating economic consequences. to survive in the host, fmdv has evolved to antagonize the host type i interferon (ifn) response. previous studies have reported that the leader proteinase (l(pro)) and 3c(pro) of fmdv are involved in the inhibition of type i ifn production. however, whether the proteins of fmdv can inhibit type i ifn signaling is less well understood. in this stud ...201424554650
development and evaluation of a one step reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification assay (rt-lamp) for rapid detection of foot and mouth disease virus in india.a simple, rapid and sensitive diagnostic assay for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is required for deployment in the field. in this study, development of reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay based on the 3d polymerase gene for specific and rapid detection fmd virus (fmdv) was carried out. the assay was optimised with viral rna extracted from serotype o, a and asia 1 fmdv vaccine strains, which resulted a reliable amplification at 65 °c for 60 min. the amplifi ...201425674604
identification and analysis of differential mirnas in pk-15 cells after foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.the alterations of micrornas(mirnas) in host cell after foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection is still obscure. to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of fmdv at the post-transcriptional regulation level, solexa high-throu micrornas (mirnas) play an important role both in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and host-virus interactions. despite investigations of mirna expression ghput sequencing and bioinformatic tools were used to identify differentially exp ...201424675746
first finding of southeast asia topotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus in kinmen, taiwan, in the 2012 outbreak.foot-and-mouth disease virus, a member of genus aphthovirus within the family picornaviridae, affects cloven-hoofed animals, causing foot-and-mouth disease characterized by vesicle development. the southeast asia topotype, one of the topotypes within serotype o of the virus, is prevalent in some asian countries, but had not previously been found in taiwan. the topotype was first found in pigs in kinmen island, taiwan, in 2012 and identified by nucleotide sequence comparison and phylogenetic anal ...201425056674
complex assembly, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of the bovine cd8αα-bola-2*02201 complex.in order to clarify the structural characteristics of the bovine mhc class i molecule (bola-i) complexed with cd8αα (cd8αα-bola-i), bovine cd8αα, bola-i (bola-2*02201) and β2m were expressed and purified, and were then assembled with a peptide derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv-vp1yy9) and crystallized. the crystal diffracted to 1.7 å resolution and belonged to space group p21, with unit-cell parameters a=53.9, b=103.8, c=61.8 å, α=γ=90, β=96°. the asymmetric unit contained one comp ...201424915083
expression of cry1ab and cry2ab by a polycistronic transgene with a self-cleavage peptide in rice.insect resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystal protein is a major threat to the long-term use of transgenic bt crops. gene stacking is a readily deployable strategy to delay the development of insect resistance while it may also broaden insecticidal spectrum. here, we report the creation of transgenic rice expressing discrete cry1ab and cry2ab simultaneously from a single expression cassette using 2a self-cleaving peptides, which are autonomous elements from virus guiding the polycistr ...201425333312
inducible expression of a fusion gene encoding two proteinase inhibitors leads to insect and pathogen resistance in transgenic rice.plant proteinase inhibitors (pis) are considered as candidates for increased insect resistance in transgenic plants. insect adaptation to pi ingestion might, however, compromise the benefits received by transgenic expression of pis. in this study, the maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi), an inhibitor of insect serine proteinases, and the potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (pci) were fused into a single open reading frame and introduced into rice plants. the two pis were linked using either the proce ...201424237606
challenges and prospects for the control of foot-and-mouth disease: an african perspective.the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in africa is unique in the sense that six of the seven serotypes of fmd viruses (southern african territories [sat] 1, sat2, sat3, a, o, and c), with the exception of asia-1, have occurred in the last decade. due to underreporting of fmd, the current strains circulating throughout sub-saharan africa are in many cases unknown. for sat1, sat2, and serotype a viruses, the genetic diversity is reflected in antigenic variation, and indications are that ...201432670853
membrane topology and cellular dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3a protein.foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 3a plays important roles in virus replication, virulence and host-range; nevertheless little is known on the interactions that this protein can establish with different cell components. in this work, we have performed in vivo dynamic studies from cells transiently expressing the green fluorescent protein (gfp) fused to the complete 3a (gfp3a) and versions including different 3a mutations. the results revealed the presence of a mobile fraction o ...201425275544
within herd transmission and evaluation of the performance of clinical and serological diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in partially immune cattle herds.the control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in vaccinated populations relies upon surveillance activities such as clinical inspections (ci) and serological monitoring. new evidence to refine current surveillance guidelines has been provided by evaluating (1) the diagnostic performance of ci and serological tests for detection of fmd virus (fmdv) non-structural proteins (nsp), and (2) the within-herd transmission of the virus in partially immune cattle. data came from 23 affected herds during an ...201425261377
foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase: structural insights into the mechanism of intermolecular cleavage.translation of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna initiates at one of two start codons leading to the synthesis of two forms of leader proteinase l(pro) (lab(pro) and lb(pro)). these forms free themselves from the viral polyprotein by intra- and intermolecular self-processing and subsequently cleave the cellular eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4 g. during infection, lb(pro) removes six residues from its own c-terminus, generating slb(pro). we present the structure of slb(pro) bound to the inhib ...201425240326
adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines: recent progress.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious and rapidly spreading disease of cloven-hoofed animals. in most countries, animals are immunized with inactivated whole virus vaccines to control the spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv); however, there are safety and efficacy (especially, cell-mediated immunity) concerns. many efforts are currently devoted to the development of effective vaccines by combining the application of protective antigens together with the search for specific ...201425234962
poly iclc increases the potency of a replication-defective human adenovirus vectored foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. we have previously demonstrated that a replication-defective human adenovirus 5 vector carrying the fmdv capsid coding region of serotype a24 cruzeiro (ad5-ci-a24-2b) protects swine and cattle against fmdv challenge by 7 days post-vaccination. however, since relatively large amounts of ad5-ci-a24-2b are required to induce protection this strategy could be costly for livestock production. poly iclc is ...201425216089
virus-host interactions in persistently fmdv-infected cells derived from bovine pharynx.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) produces a disease in cattle characterized by vesicular lesions and a persistent infection with asymptomatic low-level production of virus in pharyngeal tissues. here we describe the establishment of a persistently infected primary cell culture derived from bovine pharynx tissue (pbpt) infected with fmdv serotype o1 manisa, where surviving cells were serially passed until a persistently infected culture was generated. characterization of the persistent virus d ...201425216088
phylodynamic reconstruction of o cathay topotype foot-and-mouth disease virus epidemics in the philippines.reconstructing the evolutionary history, demographic signal and dispersal processes from viral genome sequences contributes to our understanding of the epidemiological dynamics underlying epizootic events. in this study, a bayesian phylogenetic framework was used to explore the phylodynamics and spatio-temporal dispersion of the o cathay topotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) that caused epidemics in the philippines between 1994 and 2005. sequences of the fmdv genome encoding the vp1 sh ...201425209700
molecular investigation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in domestic bovids from gharbia, egypt.an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) affecting cattle and water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) occurred in egypt during 2012/2013. the present study was undertaken to determine the current strains of the fmd virus (fmdv) and the prevalence of fmd among cattle and buffalo in gharbia, egypt. the diagnostic sensitivity of two rt-pcr assays for the detection of fmdv was evaluated. the results revealed that sat2 was the causative agent. the percentage of infected of animals varied with the detectio ...201425187028
early events in the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs; identification of oropharyngeal tonsils as sites of primary and sustained viral replication.a time-course study was performed to elucidate the early events of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection in pigs subsequent to simulated natural, intra-oropharyngeal, inoculation. the earliest detectable event was primary infection in the lingual and paraepiglottic tonsils at 6 hours post inoculation (hpi) characterized by regional localization of viral rna, viral antigen, and infectious virus. at this time fmdv antigen was localized in cytokeratin-positive epithelial cells and cd172a-ex ...201425184288
genetic and antigenic characterisation of serotype a fmd viruses from east africa to select new vaccine strains.vaccine strain selection for emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) outbreaks in enzootic countries can be addressed through antigenic and genetic characterisation of recently circulating viruses. a total of 56 serotype a fmdvs isolated between 1998 and 2012, from central, east and north african countries were characterised antigenically by virus neutralisation test using antisera to three existing and four candidate vaccine strains and, genetically by characterising the full capsid sequen ...201425171846
preliminary validation of direct detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus within clinical samples using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a simple lateral flow device for detection.rapid, field-based diagnostic assays are desirable tools for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). current approaches involve either; 1) detection of fmd virus (fmdv) with immuochromatographic antigen lateral flow devices (lfd), which have relatively low analytical sensitivity, or 2) portable rt-qpcr that has high analytical sensitivity but is expensive. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) may provide a platform upon which to develop field based assays without these drawbacks. t ...201425165973
effect of amino acid mutation at position 127 in 3a of a rabbit-attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 on viral replication and infection.an amino acid mutation (r127→i) in the 3a non-structural protein of an fmdv serotype asia1 rabbit-attenuated zb strain was previously found after attenuation of the virus. to explore the effects of this mutation on viral replication and infection, the amino acid residue isoleucine (i) was changed to arginine (r) in the infectious cdna clone of the rabbit-attenuated zb strain by sitedirected mutagenesis, and the r127-mutated virus was rescued. bhk monolayer cells and suckling mice were inoculated ...201425326348
recovery of viral rna and infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus from positive lateral-flow devices.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an economically important, highly contagious picornavirus that affects both wild and domesticated cloven hooved animals. in developing countries, the effective laboratory diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is often hindered by inadequate sample preservation due to difficulties in the transportation and storage of clinical material. these factors can compromise the ability to detect and characterise fmd virus in countries where the disease is endemic. ...201425313787
identification of the structural basis of thermal lability of a virus provides a rationale for improved vaccines.virus stability and dynamics play critical roles during infection. some viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), are surprisingly prone to thermal dissociation outside the cell. the structural bases and functional implications of this distinctive trait were essentially unknown. this study (1) uncovers the structural determinants of fmdv thermolability, (2) investigates the relationship between virus thermolability and infectivity, and (3) provides a structure-based rationale for e ...201425308865
genomic changes in an attenuated zb strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 and comparison with its virulent parental strain.the molecular basis of attenuation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 zb strain remains unknown. to understand the genetic changes of attenuation, we compared the entire genomes of three different rabbit-passaged attenuated zb strains (zb/cha/58(att), zbrf168, and zbrf188) and their virulent parental strains (zbcf22 and ynbs/58). the results showed that attenuation may be brought about by 28 common amino acid substitutions in the coding region, with one nucleotide point mutati ...201425386556
presentation of epitope sequences from foreign viruses on the surface of apple latent spherical virus particles.apple latent spherical virus (alsv) has small isometric particles that are comprised of two single-stranded rna species (rna1 and rna2) and three capsid proteins (vp25, vp20, and vp24). we constructed alsv vectors for presenting foreign peptides on the surface of virus particles. in these vectors, peptides can be fused to either of two c-terminal regions of vp20 (amino acid positions between g171 and p172 or between p172 and l173) or the c-terminus (t192) of vp24. an alsv vector presenting the e ...201425058477
effects of two amino acid substitutions in the capsid proteins on the interaction of two cell-adapted panasia-1 strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o with heparan sulfate receptor.some cell-adapted strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can utilize heparan sulfate (hs) as a receptor to facilitate viral infection in cultured cells. a number of independent sites on the capsid that might be involved in fmdv-hs interaction have been studied. however, the previously reported residues do not adequately explain hs-dependent infection of two cell-adapted panasia-1 strains (o/tibet/cha/6/99tc and o/fujian/cha/9/99tc) of fmdv serotype o. to identify the molecular determinan ...201425056022
expression of porcine fusion protein irf7/3(5d) efficiently controls foot-and-mouth disease virus replication.several studies have demonstrated that the delivery of type i, ii, or iii interferons (ifns) by inoculation of a replication-defective human adenovirus 5 (ad5) vector expressing ifns can effectively control foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in cattle and swine during experimental infections. however, relatively high doses are required to achieve protection. in this study, we identified the functional properties of a porcine fusion protein, poirf7/3(5d), as a biotherapeutic and enhancer of ifn activit ...201425031341
induction of protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture and transgenic suckling mice by mirna targeting integrin αv receptor.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an rna virus that causes a highly contagious disease in domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. although vaccination has been used to protect animals against fmdv, there are shortcomings in the efficacy of the available vaccines. rna interference (rnai) is triggered by small rna molecules, including short interfering rnas and micrornas (mirnas), and the use of rnai-based methods have demonstrated promise as an alternative method of controlling the transmis ...201425016204
development of tailored real-time rt-pcr assays for the detection and differentiation of serotype o, a and asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease virus lineages circulating in the middle east.rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). in countries where fmd is endemic, identification of the serotypes of the causative virus strains is important for vaccine selection and tracing the source of outbreaks. in this study, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) assays using primer/probe sets designed from the vp1 coding region of the virus genomes were developed for the specific detection of serotype o, a and ...201425016065
morphologic and phenotypic characteristics of myocarditis in two pigs infected by foot-and mouth disease virus strains of serotypes o or a.myocarditis is often cited as the cause of fatalities associated with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection. however, the pathogenesis of fmdv-associated myocarditis has not been described in detail. the current report describes substantial quantities of fmdv in association with a marked mononuclear inflammatory reaction, interstitial edema and cardiomyocyte degeneration in the myocardium of two pigs that died during acute infection with either of two different strains of fmdv. despite s ...201425015718
serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease virus in selected livestock-wildlife interface areas of tanzania.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is caused by a virus of the genus aphthorvirus of the family picornaviridae. there is great scientific need for determining the transmission dynamics of fmd virus (fmdv) by drawing more attention to the livestock-wildlife interface areas. a variety of literature suggests that buffalo could serve as reservoir of fmdv in wildlife and cattle. however, many fmdv research studies conducted on experimentally infected cattle as carriers and groups of animal highly susceptib ...201425005680
rapid, sensitive and effective diagnostic tools for foot-and-mouth disease virus in africa.speed is paramount in the diagnosis of highly infectious diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), as well as for emerging diseases; however, simplicity is required if a test is to be deployed in the field. recent developments in molecular biology have enabled the specific detection of fmd virus (fmdv) by reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp), real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) and sequencing. rt-lamp enables amplification o ...201425005362
molecular survey for foot-and-mouth disease virus in livestock in tanzania, 2008-2013.phylogeography data are of paramount importance in studying the molecular epidemiology dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). in this study, epithelial samples and oesophageal-pharyngeal fluids were collected from 361 convalescent animals (cattle and buffaloes) in the field throughout tanzania between 2009 and 2013. the single plex real-time rt-pcr (qrt-pcr) assay for rapid and accurate diagnosis of fmdv employing the callahan 3df-2, 3df-r primers and callahan 3dp-1 probe were used. pr ...201425005022
spatial and temporal distribution of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the lake zone of tanzania.this study was conducted to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) serotypes and evaluate the awareness of livestock keepers about fmd in tanzania. an observational prospective study involving serological analysis, fmdv antigen detection and questionnaire survey was carried out in the lake zone of tanzania. seroprevalence of antibodies to the nonstructural protein 3abc of fmdv and serotype-specific antigen detection were investigated by using svano ...201425005020
recombinant viral capsid protein vp1 suppresses lung cancer metastasis by inhibiting cox-2/pge2 and mig-7.recombinant capsid protein vp1 (rvp1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus binds to integrins to modulate akt/gsk3-β signaling and suppress migration/invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. here, we showed that the rvp1-mediated inhibition of akt/gsk3-β signaling and cell migration/invasion was accompanied by downregulation in phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (pip3), integrin-linked kinase (ilk) and ikk/nf-κb signaling as well as suppressio ...201425004182
sequence adaptations affecting cleavage of the vp1/2a junction by the 3c protease in foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cells.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein precursor p1-2a is cleaved by the virus-encoded 3c protease to vp0, vp3, vp1 and 2a. it was shown previously that modification of a single amino acid residue (k210e) within the vp1 protein and close to the vp1/2a cleavage site, inhibited cleavage of this junction and produced 'self-tagged' virus particles. a second site substitution (e83k) within vp1 was also observed within the rescued virus [gullberg et al. (2013). j virol 87: , 11591-1160 ...201425000961
comparative evaluation of non-structural protein-antibody detecting elisas for foot-and-mouth disease sero-surveillance under intensive vaccination.foot-and-mouth disease is a highly infectious and contagious disease of livestock animals with transboundary and economical importance. animals in the endemic settings are regularly vaccinated in addition to intensive surveillance for control of the disease. under intensive vaccination, detection of infected animals among the vaccinated population is essential to monitor the infection and to track down the virus movement. sero-surveillance and retrospective disease diagnosis is performed primari ...201424996132
swine interferon-induced transmembrane protein, sifitm3, inhibits foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vitro and in vivo.the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (ifitm3) is a widely expressed potent antiviral effector of the host innate immune system. it restricts a diverse group of pathogenic, enveloped viruses, by interfering with endosomal fusion. in this report, the swine ifitm3 (sifitm3) gene was cloned. it shares the functionally conserved cd225 domain and multiple critical amino acid residues (y19, f74, f77, r86 and y98) with its human ortholog, which are essential for antiviral activity. ectopic exp ...201424973762
protection against rift valley fever virus infection in mice upon administration of interferon-inducing rna transcripts from the fmdv genome.in this work we have addressed the effect of synthetic, non-infectious, rna transcripts, mimicking structural domains of the non-coding regions (ncrs) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) genome on the infection of mice with rift valley fever virus (rvfv). groups of 5 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 200 μg of synthetic rna resembling the 5'-terminal s region, the internal ribosome entry site (ires) or the 3'-ncr of the fmdv genome. rna inoculation was performed 24h befor ...201424973761
influence of antibodies transferred by colostrum in the immune responses of calves to current foot-and-mouth disease vaccines.immunity to currently used oil-adjuvanted inactivated vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been studied in detail in adult animals; however, the influence of maternally derived antibodies transferred through colostrum (mat-abs) in the immune responses of vaccinated calves is less clear. here, we report the anti-fmdv humoral responses elicited in calves with or without mat-abs that received one or two doses of the current tetravalent oil-adjuvanted commercial vaccine used in a ...201424968156
magnesium-dependent folding of a picornavirus ires element modulates rna conformation and eif4g interaction.internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements are high-order rna structures that promote internal initiation of translation to allow protein synthesis under situations that compromise the general cap-dependent translation mechanism. picornavirus ires elements are highly efficient elements with a modular rna structure organization. here we investigated the effect of mg(2+) concentration on the local flexibility and solvent accessibility of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires element measu ...201424961997
a pig tonsil cell culture model for evaluating oral, low-dose ifn-α treatments.oral, low-dose ifn-α treatments proved effective in several models of viral infections and immunopathological conditions. also, they do not give rise to the serious side effects observed after parenteral inoculation of high doses (10(5)u/kg b.w. and higher). there is convincing evidence that such treatments work through an early, effective interaction with oral lymphoid tissues before the ifn-α molecules are rapidly destroyed by gut enzymes. yet, the paucity of detailed information about these c ...201424951265
[progress in insertion sites for foreign sequence of foot and mouth disease virus].with the progess in studying gene structure and function of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), fmdv can express exogenous genes in different sites. through transforming and modifying fmdv can achieve different application purposes such as improving virus titer, introducing tag, improving immune responses, and reducing pathogenicity. from the perspective of fmdv receiving inserted exogenous gene, this paper mainly describes the latest relevant developments of fmdv's expression to exogenous gene ...201424945052
genome sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/me-sa/ind-2001 lineage from outbreaks in libya, saudi arabia, and bhutan during 2013.the complete genomes of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses recovered in libya and saudi arabia in 2013 are described here. these viruses belong to an fmd virus lineage (ind-2001, topotype middle east-south asia, serotype o) which is normally endemic in the indian subcontinent. a contemporary virus sequence from bhutan is also reported here.201424723708
first isolation and molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus in benin.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. it is one of the most economically devastating diseases affecting livestock animals. in west africa, where constant circulation of fmd virus (fmdv) is assumed, very few studies on the characterization of circulating strains have been published. this study describes the first isolation and characterization of fmdv in benin. fmdv was isolated from 42 samples. antigen capture elisa (ag-elisa) and vp1 coding ...201424720890
a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay to rapidly diagnose foot-and-mouth disease virus c.a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed to rapidly detect foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype c (fmdv c). by testing 10-fold serial dilutions of fmdv c samples, sensitivity of the fmdv c rt-lamp was found to be 10 times higher than that of conventional reverse transcription- pcr (rt-pcr). no cross-reactivity with a, asia 1, or o fmdv or swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) indicated that fmdv c rt-lamp may be an exciting novel method for det ...201424690607
dietary germanium biotite supplementation enhances the induction of antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in pigs.we evaluated the potential ability of germanium biotite (gb) to stimulate the production of antibodies specific for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). to this aim, we measured the total fmdv-specific antibody responses and igm production after vaccination against fmd both experimentally and in the field. gb supplementation with fmdv vaccination stimulated the production of anti-fmdv antibodies, and effectively increased ifn-γ and tnf-α levels. these results suggest that gb may be a novel alter ...201424690605
sequence variability in the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a and o of ethiopian isolates.a total of 13 serotype o and 5 serotype a fmd ethiopian isolates and some isolates from other countries (six for serotype a and four for serotype o) were sequenced on the structural protein (p1) coding region. the deduced amino acid sequences were aligned and investigated in an attempt to determine the amino acid variation. differences were observed at 115 (15.6%) and 119 (16.1%) amino acid positions for serotype o and serotype a, respectively. the variation in the derived amino acid sequences i ...201424684893
establishment and evaluation of stable cell lines inhibiting foot-and-mouth disease virus by rna interference.rna interference (rnai) has been proved to be a powerful tool for foot-and-mouth disease virus fmdv inhibition in vitro and in vivo. we established five stable baby hamster kidney 21 cell lines (bhk-21) containing five short hairpin rnas (shrnas) expression plasmids (p3d1shrna, p3d2shrna, p3d3shrna, p3d4shrna, and p3d5shrna) targeting 3d gene of fmdv. immunofluorescent assay, virus titration, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (q-rt-pcr) were conducted to ...201424683539
hsv-1 amplicon vectors as genetic vaccines.hsv-1 amplicon vectors have been used as platforms for the generation of genetic vaccines against both dna and rna viruses. mice vaccinated with such vectors encoding structural proteins from both foot-and-mouth disease virus and rotavirus were partially protected from challenge with wild-type virus (d'antuono et al. vaccine 28: 7363-7372, 2010; laimbacher et al. mol ther 20: 1810-1820, 2012), indicating that hsv-1 amplicon vectors are attractive tools for the development of complex and safe gen ...201424671679
the leader proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus: structure-function relationships in a proteolytic virulence factor.the leader proteinase (lpro) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus inhibits the host innate immune response by at least three different mechanisms. the most well-characterised of these is the prevention of the synthesis of cytokines such as interferons immediately after infection, brought about by specific proteolytic cleavage of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4g. this prevents the recruitment of capped cellular mrna; however, the viral rna can be translated under these conditions. the two other ...201424670358
immunological evaluation of mannosylated chitosan nanoparticles based foot and mouth disease virus dna vaccine, pvac fmdv vp1-ompa in guinea pigs.a dna vaccine for foot and mouth disease (fmd) based on mannosylated chitosan nanoparticles was evaluated in guinea pigs. the dna construct was comprised of fmd virus full length-vp1 gene and outer membrane protein a (omp a) gene of salmonella typhimurium as a toll-like receptor (tlr)-ligand in pvac vector. groups of guinea pigs immunized either intramuscularly or intra-nasally were evaluated for induction of virus neutralizing antibodies, th1(igg2) and th2 (igg1) responses, lymphocyte prolifera ...201424656961
early protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle using an inactivated vaccine formulated with montanide essai ims d 12802 vg pr adjuvant.foot and mouth disease is an acute disease of cattle with a broad distribution around the world. due to the fast spread of fmdv infections, control measures must be applied immediately after an outbreak, such as the use of vaccines that induce fast protection. previously, it was shown that mice vaccinated with fmd inactivated virus (ifmdv) formulated with montanide™ essai ims d 12802 vg pr adjuvant (802-ifmdv) were protected when they were challenged 4 and 7 days post-vaccination (dpv) with homo ...201424631088
emergence of antigenic variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o in ecuador and preliminary evaluation of a field strain as a vaccine candidate.foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o has been circulating regularly throughout most provinces of ecuador, one of the two south american countries that still remain endemic, although satisfactory vaccination coverage was reported. this study concentrates in the characterization of isolates collected during 2008-2011, focusing particularly on the antigenic and immunogenic relationships of the field viruses with the o1/campos vaccine strain in use in the region and with an experimental vaccine f ...201424625343
comparison of test methodologies for foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a vaccine matching.vaccination has been one of the most important interventions in disease prevention and control. the impact of vaccination largely depends on the quality and suitability of the chosen vaccine. to determine the suitability of a vaccine strain, antigenic matching is usually studied by in vitro analysis. in this study, we performed three in vitro test methods to determine which one gives the lowest variability and the highest discriminatory capacity. binary ethylenimine inactivated vaccines, prepare ...201424623625
determination of cattle foot-and-mouth disease virus by micro-elisa method.the development of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) detection methods is crucial for animal food security, tackling regional fmdv epidemic, and global fmdv prognostic control. for these purposes, a fast and sensitive analysis method is required. in this study, we developed a microchip-based elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), micro-elisa, to realize fmdv detection. nickel(ii) chelating chemistry was utilized to immobilize recombinant protein (antigen) on polystyrene micro-beads in orde ...201424614730
foot-and-mouth disease virus virulence in cattle is co-determined by viral replication dynamics and route of infection.early events in the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection in cattle were investigated through aerosol and intraepithelial lingual (iel) inoculations of a cdna-derived fmdv-a24 wild type virus (fmdv-wt) or a mutant derived from the same clone (fmdv-mut). after aerosolization of fmdv-wt, primary infection sites had significantly greater quantities of fmdv, viral rna, and type i/iii interferon (ifn) activity compared to corresponding tissues from cattle infected with fmdv-mu ...201424606678
redistribution of demethylated rna helicase a during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection: role of jumonji c-domain containing protein 6 in rha demethylation.previously, rna helicase a (rha) re-localization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infected cells was shown to coincide with loss of rha methylated arginine residues at its c-terminus. the potential interaction between rha and jumonji c-domain (jmjc) protein 6 (jmjd6) arginine demethylase in infected cells was investigated. treatment with n-oxalylglycine (nog) inhibitor of jmjc demethylases prevented fmdv-induced rha demethylation and re-localization, and a ...201424606677
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