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diagnosis of dual human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 infections in a resource-limited setting.the presence of dual hiv-1/hiv-2 infection in ghana and the different drug requirements for the treatment of hiv-1 and hiv-2 presents difficulties for the treatment of dual infections with both viruses.200921644411
[diagnosis of hiv-1 non-b subtypes and hiv-2].the high genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) poses a significant challenge to the diagnosis and microbiological characterization of hiv infection. because of the continual emergence of new variants and the global spread of hiv groups, subtypes and recombinant forms, accurate diagnostic tools are of prime importance. the present review analyzes the problems posed by hiv assays for antibody screening, nucleic acid testing and patient monitoring in hiv-1 non-b subtypes, as well ...200819100170
rt-pcr detection of hiv in republic of macedonia.the aim of the study was to detect hiv rna in seropositive patients using rt-pcr method and thus, to establish pcr methodology in the routine laboratory works. the total of 33 examined persons were divided in two groups: 1) 13 persons seropositive for hiv; and 2) 20 healthy persons - randomly selected blood donors that made the case control group. the subjects age was between 25 and 52 years (average 38,5). elfa test for combined detection of hiv p24 antigen and anti hiv-1+2 igg and elisa test f ...200819125707
lower levels of hiv-2 than hiv-1 in the female genital tract: correlates and longitudinal assessment of viral shedding.the differing magnitude of the hiv-1 and hiv-2 epidemics is likely a consequence of differing transmission rates between the two viruses. similar to other sexually transmitted pathogens, risk of hiv-1 and hiv-2 transmission is likely associated with the presence and amount of hiv in the genital tract. thus, understanding patterns of, and risk factors for hiv genital tract shedding is critical to effective control of hiv transmission.200819005275
the role of the humoral immune response in the molecular evolution of the envelope c2, v3 and c3 regions in chronically hiv-2 infected patients.this study was designed to investigate, for the first time, the short-term molecular evolution of the hiv-2 c2, v3 and c3 envelope regions and its association with the immune response. clonal sequences of the env c2v3c3 region were obtained from a cohort of eighteen hiv-2 chronically infected patients followed prospectively during 2-4 years. genetic diversity, divergence, positive selection and glycosylation in the c2v3c3 region were analysed as a function of the number of cd4+ t cells and the a ...200818778482
[evaluation of an anti-hiv-1/2 antibodies detection kit based on counting immunoassay in whole blood].we evaluated a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus type-1/2 (hiv-1/2) antibody detection kit for detecting anti-hiv-1/2 antibodies in whole blood based on the counting immunoassay (cia) using an automated immunochemical analyzer (pamia-40i). this kit to detected all antibodies tested including those against hiv-1 subtype a to f, b/d in group m, hiv-1 group o, and hiv-2, and captured antibodies 4 to 7 days earlier than immunochoromatocraphic tests in the commercial seroconversion panel. in th ...200818975588
nanoscale organization of cd4 molecules of human t helper cell mapped by nsom and quantum dots.cd4 molecule, the surface marker of t helper cell, has been confirmed to be the main cellular receptor for the human immunodeficiency viruses hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv. recent research demonstrated the importance of the spatial arrangement of cd4 on the cell membrane to its binding efficiency to virus. in this article, the combined near-field scanning optical microscopy (nsom) and quantum dots (qds) fluorescent labeling technology were performed to investigate the nanoscale organization of cd4 molecu ...200818828144
a comparative analysis of viral matrix proteins using disorder predictors.a previous study (goh g.k.-m., dunker a.k., uversky v.n. (2008) protein intrinsic disorder toolbox for comparative analysis of viral proteins. bmc genomics. 9 (suppl. 2), s4) revealed that hiv matrix protein p17 possesses especially high levels of predicted intrinsic disorder (pid). in this study, we analyzed the pid patterns in matrix proteins of viruses related and unrelated to hiv-1.200818947403
alternative algorithms for human immunodeficiency virus infection diagnosis using tests that are licensed in the united states.serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in the united states has traditionally relied on a sequential two-test algorithm: an initial screen with an enzyme immunoassay (eia) and reflex testing of eia-reactive specimens with a more specific supplemental test such as western blotting or immunofluorescence. the supplemental tests are tedious, subjective, and expensive. in addition, there have been major improvements in the performance and accuracy of the eia tests as well as th ...200818322061
structural evidence for effectiveness of darunavir and two related antiviral inhibitors against hiv-2 protease.no drug has been targeted specifically for hiv-2 (human immunodeficiency virus type 2) infection despite its increasing prevalence worldwide. the antiviral hiv-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) protease (pr) inhibitor darunavir and the chemically related grl98065 and grl06579a were designed with the same chemical scaffold and different substituents at p2 and p2' to optimize polar interactions for hiv-1 pr (pr1). these inhibitors are also effective antiviral agents for hiv-2-infected cells. ...200818834890
global analysis of host-pathogen interactions that regulate early-stage hiv-1 replication.human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv-1 and hiv-2) rely upon host-encoded proteins to facilitate their replication. here, we combined genome-wide sirna analyses with interrogation of human interactome databases to assemble a host-pathogen biochemical network containing 213 confirmed host cellular factors and 11 hiv-1-encoded proteins. protein complexes that regulate ubiquitin conjugation, proteolysis, dna-damage response, and rna splicing were identified as important modulators of early-stage hiv- ...200818854154
validation, performance under field conditions, and cost-effectiveness of capillus hiv-1/hiv-2 and determine hiv-1/2 rapid human immunodeficiency virus antibody assays using sequential and parallel testing algorithms in tanzania.rapid human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody tests support the effort to expand access to hiv testing and counseling services in remote, rural, and poor parts of the world. we validated the capillus hiv-1/hiv-2 (trinity biotech plc, bray, county wicklow, ireland) and determine hiv-1/2 (abbott laboratories, abbott park, il) rapid tests in a reference laboratory using patient samples from tanzania and evaluated the performance of the tests under field conditions in northern tanzania. we used ...200818923015
an accurate confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and 2 (hiv-2) infections with a dot blot assay using recombinant p24, gp41, gp120 and gp36 antigens. 200819156933
functional region mapping of hiv-2 vpx protein.to determine functional regions of hiv-2 vpx, we analyzed a series of site-specific vpx-mutants for their growth potentials in lymphocytic cells and compared the results with those in macrophages. we found that amino acid residues important for virus growth in lymphocytic cells, in macrophages, and in both are clustered separately in vpx. through generation and characterization of new vpx-mutants, we further demonstrated that a remarkable proline-stretch present at the c-terminus of vpx is criti ...200818771746
settings for identifying recent hiv infections: the portuguese experience.portugal has been the western european country with the highest rate of notified acquired immunodeficiency [corrected] syndrome (aids) cases since 1999 and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection cases since 2000. nonetheless, exact information on the magnitude and trends of recently acquired infections is missing. in a cross-sectional study we aimed to determine hiv prevalence, the proportion of recently acquired infections and the incidence among patients attending a sexually transmitted ...200818775290
virtual screening, identification, and biochemical characterization of novel inhibitors of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type-1.the reverse transcriptase (rt) of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) is a leading target in current antiretroviral therapy. unfortunately, drug-resistant rt mutants evolve under the pressure of these drugs, and therefore, new anti-rt inhibitors are constantly required for hiv-1/aids treatment. we virtually screened a large chemical library of compounds against two crystal structures of hiv-1 rt to identify novel inhibitors. top-scoring compounds were tested experimentally; 71 inhibited ...200818800765
profiling the specificity of neutralizing antibodies in a large panel of plasmas from patients chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes b and c.identifying the viral epitopes targeted by broad neutralizing antibodies (nabs) that sometimes develop in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected subjects should assist in the design of vaccines to elicit similar responses. here, we investigated the activities of a panel of 24 broadly neutralizing plasmas from subtype b- and c-infected donors using a series of complementary mapping methods, focusing mostly on jr-fl as a prototype subtype b primary isolate. adsorption with gp120 immo ...200818815292
full-length genome characterization of an hiv type 2 isolate from india.an infectious indian human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) subtype a isolate was completely sequenced and analyzed and its phylogenetic relatedness was investigated. the unusual limited size of the long terminal repeat (ltr) from the isolate was caused due to a truncation within the nef open reading frame (orf) located at the u3 region of the ltr. the genetic relatedness and lineage of this hiv-2 strain were investigated. the close relatedness of this isolate to west african hiv-2 isolates conf ...200818821845
characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus sivsm/human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx function in human myeloid cells.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)/simian immunodeficiency virus siv(sm) vpx is incorporated into virion particles and is thus present during the early steps of infection, when it has been reported to influence the nuclear import of viral dna. we recently reported that vpx promoted the accumulation of full-length viral dna following the infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dcs). this positive effect was exerted following the infection of dcs with cognate viruses and with ...200818829761
molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 in yaounde, cameroon: evidence of major drug resistance mutations in newly diagnosed patients infected with subtypes other than subtype b.prior to current studies on the emergence of drug resistance with the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (art) in cameroon, we performed genotypic analysis on samples from drug-naïve, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals in this country. of the 79 hiv type 1 (hiv-1) pol sequences analyzed from cameroonian samples, 3 (3.8%) were identified as hiv-1 group o, 1 (1.2%) was identified as an hiv-2 intergroup b/a recombinant, and the remaining 75 (95.0%) were identified as hiv-1 ...200817855574
comparative evaluation of the inhibitory activities of a series of pyrimidinedione congeners that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2.seventy-three analogs of sj-3366 (1-(3-cyclopenten-1-ylmethyl)-5-ethyl-6-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-2,4(1h,3h)-pyrimidinedione) were synthesized and comparatively evaluated for their ability to inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 and for their ability to suppress virus entry and reverse transcription. these studies were performed to identify inhibitors with activity greater than that of the current lead molecule (sj-3366) and to utilize structure-activity ...200817967909
human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 exhibit comparable sensitivities to zidovudine and other nucleoside analog inhibitors in vitro.using an indicator cell assay that directly quantifies viral replication, we show that human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively) exhibit similar sensitivities to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine) as well as other nucleoside analog inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. these data support the use of nucleoside analogs for antiviral therapy of hiv-2 infection.200817967913
hiv-1 protease inhibitors: effects on hiv-2 replication and resistance.novel antiretroviral drugs include protease (pr) inhibitors (e.g. atazanavir, tipranavir and darunavir) that block hiv-1 maturation and show remarkable antiviral potency on drug-resistant isolates. however, the strains used as prototypes in the design of the novel drugs belong to a specific clade (i.e. hiv-1 group m subtype b), which is the most prevalent in developed countries. at the same time, there is an increasing concern about the expansion of other hiv-1 clades as well as other related re ...200818054799
genetic recombination between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2, two distinct human lentiviruses.human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 are genetically distinct viruses that each can cause aids. approximately 1 million people are infected with both hiv-1 and hiv-2. additionally, these two viruses use the same receptor and coreceptors and can therefore infect the same target cell populations. to explore potential genetic interactions, we first examined whether rnas from hiv-1 and hiv-2 can be copackaged into the same virion. we used modified near-full-length viruses that each ...200818057256
antiretroviral activity of ancestral trim5alpha.the antiretroviral protein trim5alpha is known to have evolved different restriction capacities against various retroviruses, driven by positive darwinian selection. however, how these different specificities have evolved in the primate lineages is not fully understood. here we used ancestral protein resurrection to estimate the evolution of antiviral restriction specificities of trim5alpha on the primate lineage leading to humans. we used trim5alpha coding sequences from 24 primates for the rec ...200818077724
hiv-1 broadly neutralizing antibody extracts its epitope from a kinked gp41 ectodomain region on the viral membrane.although rarely elicited during natural human infection, the most broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnabs) against diverse human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 strains target the membrane-proximal ectodomain region (mper) of viral gp41. to gain insight into mper antigenicity, immunogenicity, and viral function, we studied its structure in the lipid environment by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr), electron paramagnetic resonance (epr), and surface plasmon resonance (spr) technique ...200818191596
comparison of anti-viral activity of rhesus monkey and cynomolgus monkey trim5alphas against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strains vary widely in their ability to grow in old world monkey (owm) cells. we previously evaluated several hiv-2 isolates for their sensitivity to cynomolgus monkey (cm) trim5alpha, an anti-hiv factor in owm cells, and found that viruses carrying proline at the 120th position of the capsid protein were sensitive to cm trim5alpha, whereas those with either alanine or glutamine were resistant. in the study presented here, we tested these hiv-2 isolate ...200818201746
in vitro phenotypic susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 clinical isolates to protease inhibitors.we determine phenotypic susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates to amprenavir, atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir. saquinavir, lopinavir, and darunavir are potent against wild-type hiv-2 isolates and should be preferred as first-line options for hiv-2-infected patients. other protease inhibitors are less active against hiv-2 than against hiv-1.200818227188
quantitative analysis of the interactions between hiv-1 integrase and retroviral reverse transcriptases.the rt (reverse transcriptase) of hiv-1 interacts with hiv-1 in (integrase) and inhibits its enzymatic activities. however, the molecular mechanisms underling these interactions are not well understood. in order to study these mechanisms, we have analysed the interactions of hiv-1 in with hiv-1 rt and with two other related rts: those of hiv-2 and mlv (murine-leukaemia virus). all three rts inhibited hiv-1 in, albeit to a different extent, suggesting a common site of binding that could be slight ...200818260826
hiv type 2 intergroup recombinant identified in cameroon.a unique hiv-2 intergroup recombinant strain was identified in cameroon. the virus, cm-03-510-03, was amplified from blood collected from a 47-year-old female patient in douala, cameroon in 2003 who was seroreactive for hiv-2. a near full-length genome 9089 nucleotides in length was amplified from proviral dna. the genome for cm-03-510-03 is composed of segments of hiv-2 groups a and b with four recombination break-points and has open reading frames for all the structural and regulatory genes. a ...200818275352
independent evolution of an antiviral trimcyp in rhesus macaques.the antiretroviral restriction factor trim5 has recently emerged as an important mediator of innate immunity and species-specific inhibition of retroviral replication in mammals. selection pressure from pathogenic infection has driven rapid evolution of trim5 genes, leading to the antiviral specificities we see today. remarkably, the new world owl monkey (aotus trivirgatus) encodes a trim5 protein in which the antiviral determinants in the b30.2 domain have been replaced by cyclophilin a (cypa) ...200818287035
molecular ecology and natural history of simian foamy virus infection in wild-living chimpanzees.identifying microbial pathogens with zoonotic potential in wild-living primates can be important to human health, as evidenced by human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) and ebola virus. simian foamy viruses (sfvs) are ancient retroviruses that infect old and new world monkeys and apes. although not known to cause disease, these viruses are of public health interest because they have the potential to infect humans and thus provide a more general indication of zoonotic expo ...200818604273
[unusual venous thrombosis revealing a human immunodeficiency virus infection and a protein s deficiency. two cases and literature review].the authors report two cases of unusual venous thrombosis associated with protein s deficiency in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the first case was a superior mesenteric vein thrombosis caused by hiv-1 infection associated with protein s deficiency in a 53-year-old patient. the second case was a cerebral venous thrombosis in a 34-year-old patient with hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections associated with protein s deficiency. none of the two patients were receiving antiretroviral the ...200818304701
hivcleave: a web-server for predicting human immunodeficiency virus protease cleavage sites in proteins.according to the ''distorted key theory'' [k.c. chou, analytical biochemistry, 233 (1996) 1-14], the information of cleavage sites of proteins by hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) protease is very useful for finding effective inhibitors against hiv, the culprit of aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). to meet the increasing need in this regard, a web-server called hivcleave was established at http://chou.med.harvard.edu/bioinf/hiv/. in this note we provide a step-to-step guide for how to u ...200818249180
ccr5-restricted hiv type 2 variants from long-term aviremic individuals are less sensitive to inhibition by beta-chemokines than low pathogenic hiv type 1 variants.many hiv-2-infected individuals maintain low, often undetectable, viral loads for prolonged periods. virus and/or host factors that contribute to this high level of virus control are largely unknown. previously we demonstrated that hiv-2 variants from long-term aviremic individuals have relatively low replication kinetics in vitro in comparison to hiv-1 variants. we hypothesized that the relatively low replication rates of hiv-2 in vitro as well as the high level of virus control in vivo might b ...200818327978
susceptibility to virus-cell fusion at the plasma membrane is reduced through expression of hiv gp41 cytoplasmic domains.the cytoplasmic tail of the hiv transmembrane protein plays an important role in viral infection. in this study we analyzed the role of retroviral cytoplasmic tails in modulating the cytoskeleton and interfering with virus-cell fusion. helap4 cells expressing different hiv cytoplasmic tail constructs showed reduced acetylated tubulin levels whereas the cytoplasmic tail of mlv did not alter microtubule stability indicating a unique function for the lentiviral cytoplasmic tail. the effect on tubul ...200818400243
amino acid preferences of retroviral proteases for amino-terminal positions in a type 1 cleavage site.the specificities of the proteases of 11 retroviruses were studied using a series of oligopeptides with amino acid substitutions in the p1, p3, and p4 positions of a naturally occurring type 1 cleavage site (val-ser-gln-asn-tyr downward arrowpro-ile-val-gln) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). previously, the substrate specificity of the p2 site was studied for the same representative set of retroviral proteases, which included at least one member from each of the seven genera of the ...200818701588
quality control assessment of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) viral load quantification assays: results from an international collaboration on hiv-2 infection in 2006.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) rna quantification assays used in nine laboratories of the achi(e)v(2e) (a collaboration on hiv-2 infection) study group were evaluated. in a blinded experimental design, laboratories quantified three series of aliquots of an hiv-2 subtype a strain, each at a different theoretical viral load. quantification varied between laboratories, and international standardization of quantification assays is strongly needed.200818434556
a lentiviral vector with novel multiple cloning sites: stable transgene expression in vitro and in vivo.gene delivery has become an important tool for biological research and gene therapy trials. lentiviral vector (lv) mediated gene transfer is a preferred approach for stable, sustained transgenic expression. we report here step-wise development of an indian human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolate derived third generation lentiviral vector with a novel, versatile multiple cloning site (mcs) that can also facilitate single step sub-cloning of a pcr amplified transgene cassette by t/a cl ...200818448070
primate lentiviral vpx commandeers ddb1 to counteract a macrophage restriction.primate lentiviruses encode four "accessory proteins" including vif, vpu, nef, and vpr/vpx. vif and vpu counteract the antiviral effects of cellular restrictions to early and late steps in the viral replication cycle. we present evidence that the vpx proteins of hiv-2/siv(sm) promote virus infection by antagonizing an antiviral restriction in macrophages. fusion of macrophages in which vpx was essential for virus infection, with cos cells in which vpx was dispensable for virus infection, generat ...200818451984
suppression of hiv replication in vitro by cpg and cpg conjugated to the non toxic b subunit of cholera toxin.administration of oligodeoxynucleotides (odns) containing cpg motifs generates a rapid and potent response of cc-chemokines, known as ligands of the hiv-1 co-receptor ccr5, in the murine female genital tract. the present study explored the potential hiv inhibitory activities of different human cpg prototypes either alone or conjugated to the non-toxic subunit of cholera toxin (ctb). results showed that in vitro replication of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 can be suppressed by different human cpg prototyp ...200818473786
simian immunodeficiency virus is susceptible to inhibition by carbohydrate-binding agents in a manner similar to that of hiv: implications for further preclinical drug development.carbohydrate-binding agents (cbas), such as the plant lectins hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (hha) and urtica dioica agglutinin (uda), but also the nonpeptidic antibiotic pradimicin a (prm-a), inhibit entry of hiv into its target cells by binding to the glycans of gp120. given the high sequence identity and similarity between the envelope gp120 glycoproteins of hiv and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), the inhibitory activity of a variety of cbas were evaluated against hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv. t ...200818474667
performance characteristics of a new rapid immunochromatographic test for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types 1 and 2.diagnostic kits for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies have reached an unprecedented number. but choice of an ideal, cost-effective, and rapid test for hiv infection is of immense value for use in developing countries like india, where resources are limited. in this study we have evaluated the performance characteristics of the rapid immunochromatographic hiv test kit first response hiv 1-2.o. first, the laboratory archived 450 characterized plasma/serum specimens, wh ...200818484656
vpx is critical for reverse transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 genome in macrophages.the abilities of wild-type and vpx-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) clones to synthesize viral dna in human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms) and lymphocytic cells were comparatively and quantitatively evaluated. while the vpx-defective mutant directed the synthesis of viral dna comparably to the wild-type virus and normally in lymphocytic cells, no appreciable viral dna was detected in mdms infected with the mutant. to substantiate this finding and to determine whether th ...200818495778
identification of calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand as a human host restriction to hiv-1 release overcome by vpu.the hiv-1 vpu protein is required for efficient viral release from human cells. for hiv-2, the envelope (env) protein replaces the role of vpu. both vpu and hiv-2 env enhance virus release by counteracting an innate host-cell block within human cells that is absent in african green monkey (agm) cells. here we identify calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (caml) as a vpu-interacting host factor that restricts hiv-1 release. expression of human caml (encoded by camlg) in agm cells conferred a str ...200818500349
evaluation of the roche cobas s 201 system and cobas taqscreen multiplex test for blood screening: a european multicenter study.the roche cobas taqscreen test, an automated, multiplex nucleic acid test for blood screening for hepatitis b virus (hbv) dna, hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) groups m and o, and hiv-2 rna, on the cobas s 201 platform, was evaluated by six european blood screening laboratories.200818513254
assembly with the cul4a-ddb1dcaf1 ubiquitin ligase protects hiv-1 vpr from proteasomal degradation.many viruses subvert the host ubiquitin-proteasome system to optimize their life cycle. we recently documented such a mechanism for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr protein, which promotes cell cycle arrest by recruiting the dcaf1 adaptor of the cul4a-ddb1 ubiquitin ligase, a finding now confirmed by several groups. here we examined the impact of cul4a-ddb1(dcaf1) on vpr stability. we show that the vpr(q65r) mutant, which is defective in dcaf1 binding, undergoes proteasome-mediated de ...200818524771
preclinical evaluation of 1h-benzylindole derivatives as novel human immunodeficiency virus integrase strand transfer inhibitors.we have identified 1h-benzylindole analogues as a novel series of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) integrase inhibitors with antiretroviral activities against different strains of hiv type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac(251) [siv(mac(251))]. molecular modeling and structure-activity relationship-based optimization resulted in the identification of chi/1043 as the most potent congener. chi/1043 inhibited the replication of hiv-1(iii(b)) in mt-4 cells at a 50% eff ...200818541726
higher homologous and lower cross-reactive gag-specific t-cell responses in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) than in hiv-1 infection.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection results in slower cd4(+) t-cell decline, lower plasma viral load levels, and hence slower progression of the disease than does hiv-1 infection. although the reasons for this are not clear, it is possible that hiv-2 replication is more effectively controlled by host responses. we used aligned pools of overlapping hiv-1 and hiv-2 gag peptides in an enhanced gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay to compare the levels of homologous and ...200818562522
a formylpeptide receptor, fprl1, acts as an efficient coreceptor for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus.more than 10 members of seven-transmembrane g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) have been shown to work as coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv type 2 (hiv-2), and simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). as a common feature of hiv/siv coreceptors, tyrosine residues are present with asparagines, aspartic acids or glutamic acids in the amino-terminal extracellular regions (ntrs). we noticed that a receptor for n-formylpeptides, fprl1, also contains two tyrosine residues ...200818577234
capsid proteins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac can coassemble into mature cores of infectious viruses.we have recently shown that the gag polyproteins from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 can coassemble and functionally complement each other. during virion maturation, the gag polyproteins undergo proteolytic cleavage to release mature proteins including capsid (ca), which refolds and forms the outer shell of a cone-shaped mature core. less than one-half of the ca proteins present within the hiv-1 virion are required to form the mature core. therefore, it is unclear whether ...200818579598
hiv-2: the forgotten aids virus.hiv type 2 (hiv-2), a closely related retrovirus discovered a few years after hiv type 1, causes aids in only a minority of infected individuals. determining why hiv-2 causes asymptomatic infection in most patients could further our understanding of hiv immunopathogenesis. studies to date have suggested that both enhanced immune responses and lower viral replication could play a role. we summarize the important findings to date and highlight areas that warrant further exploration.200818964021
gag-specific cd4+ t-cell frequency is inversely correlated with proviral load and directly correlated with immune activation in infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) but not hiv-1.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection, unlike hiv-1 infection, is normally characterized by low rates of cd4 depletion and low-to-undetectable viremia. we found that the frequency of gag-specific cd4(+) t cells featured positive correlations with the expression of markers of cd4 activation and a negative correlation with peripheral blood mononuclear cell-associated proviral load in infection with hiv-2, in contrast with hiv-1. moreover, hiv-2-infected individuals exhibited a grea ...200818653457
a human trim5alpha b30.2/spry domain mutant gains the ability to restrict and prematurely uncoat b-tropic murine leukemia virus.human trim5alpha restricts n-tropic murine leukemia virus (n-mlv) but not b-tropic mlv (b-mlv) infection. here we study b30.2/spry domain mutants of human trim5alpha that acquire the ability to inhibit b-mlv infection prior to reverse transcription without losing the ability to restrict n-mlv infection. remarkably, these mutants gain the ability to decrease the amount of particulate b-mlv capsids in the cytosol of infected cells. in addition, these mutants gain the ability to restrict siv(mac) a ...200818586294
functional analysis of the complex trans-activating response element rna structure in simian immunodeficiency virus.transcription of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is activated through binding of the viral tat protein to the trans-activating response (tar) element at the 5' end of the nascent transcript. whereas hiv type 1 (hiv-1) tar folds a simple hairpin structure, the corresponding domains of hiv-2 and sivmac exhibit a more complex structure composed of three stem-loops. this structural polymorphism may be attributed to additional functions of tar in hiv-2/sivma ...200818596090
hiv seroconversion without infection after receipt of adenovirus-vectored hiv type 1 vaccine.we analyzed human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seroresponses from 3 phase i hiv-1 vaccine trials to assess the frequency of vaccine-induced seroconversion.200818990058
characterization of conserved motifs in hiv-1 vif required for apobec3g and apobec3f interaction.apolipoprotein b mrna-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3g (apobec3g, or a3g) and related cytidine deaminases such as apolipoprotein b mrna-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3f (apobec3f, or a3f) are potent inhibitors of retroviruses. formation of infectious human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 requires suppression of multiple cytidine deaminases by vif. hiv-1 vif suppresses various apobec3 proteins through a common mechanism by recruiting cullin5, elonginb, and elonginc e3 ubiquitin ligase to ...200818619467
hiv-2 amino acid substitutions in gag and env proteins occurring simultaneously with viral load upsurge in a drug-naïve patient.it has been reported that the peptides of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) most frequently recognized by cytotoxic t lymphocytes are firstly in gag and secondly in env proteins. in the present case study, we attempted to observe amino acid substitutions in gag and env proteins and related parameters possibly associated with an increase in hiv-2 load. a sudden, eightfold, increase in hiv-2 load occurred in a drug-naïve patient with human leukocyte antigen-b*5801 during the last phase o ...200818622680
isolation of a new hiv-2 group in the us.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) emerged following cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from sooty mangabeys to humans several decades ago. the epidemic groups of hiv-2 have been established in the human population for at least 50 years. however, it is likely that new divergent sivs can infect humans and lead to new outbreaks. we report the isolation of a new strain of hiv-2, hiv2-nwk08f, from an immunodeficient sierra leone immigrant. health care provider ...200819014599
mutagenesis of gln294 of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 and its effects on the ribonuclease h activity.despite the high homology between human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) reverse transcriptases (rts), the ribonuclease h (rnase h) level of hiv-2 rt is lower than that of hiv-1 rt, while the dna polymerase of both rts is similar. we conducted mutagenesis of hiv-2 rt gln294 (shown to control the rnase h activity level when modified to a pro in the smaller p54 subunit and not in the larger p68 subunit) to various residues, and assayed the activ ...200818625228
lentiviral rnas can use different mechanisms for translation initiation.the full-length genomic rna of lentiviruses can be translated to produce proteins and incorporated as genomic rna in the viral particle. interestingly, both functions are driven by the genomic 5'-utr (5'-untranslated region), which harbours structural rna motifs for the replication cycle of the virus. recent work has shown that this rna architecture also functions as an ires (internal ribosome entry site) in hiv-1 and -2, and in siv (simian immunodeficiency virus). in addition, the ires extends ...200818631141
increased prevalence of htlv-1 in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis coinfected with hiv, but not in hiv-negative patients with tuberculosis.few and inconclusive results have been presented regarding the influence of human t-lymphotropic virus 1 (htlv-1) infection on the risk of acquiring tuberculosis (tb).200818645510
structure of the myristylated human immunodeficiency virus type 2 matrix protein and the role of phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate in membrane targeting.during the late phase of retroviral replication, newly synthesized gag proteins are targeted to the plasma membrane (pm), where they assemble and bud to form immature virus particles. membrane targeting by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag is mediated by the pm marker molecule phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate [pi(4,5)p(2)], which is capable of binding to the matrix (ma) domain of gag in an extended lipid conformation and of triggering myristate exposure. here, we show that, ...200818657545
transportin-sr2 imports hiv into the nucleus.the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and other lentiviruses have the capacity to infect nondividing cells like macrophages. this requires import of the preintegration complex (pic) through the nuclear pore. although many cellular and viral determinants have been proposed, the mechanism leading to nuclear import is not yet understood.200818722123
martel randolph. rare virus, rare strength. a struggle against the lesser-known hiv-2. 200819230291
synthesis of some novel thiourea derivatives obtained from 5-[(4-aminophenoxy)methyl]-4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-3h-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones and evaluation as antiviral/anti-hiv and anti-tuberculosis agents.as a continuation of our previous efforts on n-alkyl/aryl-n'-[4-(4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-3h-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione-5-yl)phenyl]thioureas 1-19 and n-alkyl/aryl-n'-[4-(3-aralkylthio-4-alkyl/aryl-4h-1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)phenyl]thioureas 20-22, a series of novel 5-[(4-aminophenoxy)methyl]-4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-3h-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones 23-26 and several related thioureas, n-alkyl/aryl-n'-{4-[(4-alkyl/aryl-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1h-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methoxy]phenyl}thioureas 27-42 were synthesize ...200817583388
selective downregulation of rhesus macaque and sooty mangabey major histocompatibility complex class i molecules by nef alleles of simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2.human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nef downregulates hla-a and -b molecules, but not hla-c or -e molecules, based on amino acid differences in their cytoplasmic domains to simultaneously evade cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) and natural killer cell surveillance. rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys express orthologues of hla-a, -b, and -e, but not hla-c, and many of these molecules have unique amino acid differences in their cytoplasmic tails. we found that these differences also resulted i ...200818199657
inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human cells by debio-025, a novel cyclophilin binding agent.debio-025 is a synthetic cyclosporine with no immunosuppressive capacity but a high inhibitory potency against cyclophilin a (cypa)-associated cis-trans prolyl isomerase (ppiase) activity. a lack of immunosuppressive effects compared to that of cyclosporine was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. for three cyclosporines, the inhibitory potential against ppiase activity was quantitatively correlated with that against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication. debio-025 selective ...200818212100
prevalence and genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-living red colobus monkeys (piliocolobus badius badius) from the taï forest, côte d'ivoire sivwrc in wild-living western red colobus monkeys.numerous african primates are infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). it is now well established that the clade of sivs infecting west-central african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) and western gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) represent the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), whereas hiv-2 results from different cross-species transmissions of sivsmm from sooty mangabeys (cercocebus atys atys). we present here the first molecular epidemiological ...200817916449
lack of evidence for complete resistance of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection.there are reports that not all individuals exposed to hiv-1 become infected and the possibility exists that some individuals may be completely resistant to infection with this virus. this study aims to investigate, in vitro, whether certain peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) are completely resistant to hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection. pbmcs obtained from 130 unrelated healthy hiv-1- and hiv-2-seronegative volunteers were infected with four different isolates of hiv-1 (h995 and mn) and hiv-2 (c ...200818355126
tenets of protection from progression to aids: lessons from the immune responses to hiv-2 infection.in the past 25 years, life survival curves of many countries have been remodeled owing to hiv infection. both hiv-1 and hiv-2 can cause aids, yet patients infected with hiv-2 fare much better clinically and most will never experience detrimental effects of the infection. despite over two decades of comprehensive research into vaccine development, a prophylactic vaccine is not yet realized. an essential missing link in the innovation of a successful vaccine strategy is the description of a favora ...200818393602
broad antiretroviral activity and resistance profile of the novel human immunodeficiency virus integrase inhibitor elvitegravir (jtk-303/gs-9137).integrase (in), an essential enzyme of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), is an attractive antiretroviral drug target. the antiviral activity and resistance profile in vitro of a novel in inhibitor, elvitegravir (evg) (also known as jtk-303/gs-9137), currently being developed for the treatment of hiv-1 infection are described. evg blocked the integration of hiv-1 cdna through the inhibition of dna strand transfer. evg inhibited the replication of hiv-1, including various subtypes and multiple-d ...200817977962
antiviral potentials of medicinal plants.medicinal plants have been widely used to treat a variety of infectious and non-infectious ailments. according to one estimate, 25% of the commonly used medicines contain compounds isolated from plants. several plants could offer a rich reserve for drug discovery of infectious diseases, particularly in an era when the latest separation techniques are available on one hand, and the human population is challenged by a number of emerging infectious diseases on the other hand. among several other ai ...200817981353
performance evaluation of the new fully automated human immunodeficiency virus antigen-antibody combination assay designed for blood screening.before the introduction of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) combination assays, serologic diagnosis of hiv infection was performed with assays that detected either antibodies or p24 antigen. owing to the capability to detect the early appearance of p24 antigen, combination assays that are designed for simultaneous detection of antibodies and antigen can significantly reduce the diagnostic window.200818194389
the minimal fusion peptide of simian immunodeficiency virus corresponds to the 11 first residues of gp32.we had previously predicted successfully the minimal fusion peptides (fps) of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1) gp41 and the bovine leukemia virus (blv) gp30 using an original approach based on the obliquity/fusogenicity relationship of tilted peptides. in this paper, we have used the same method to predict the shortest fp capable of inducing optimal fusion in vitro of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) mac isolate and of other sivs and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-2) isolates ...200817994611
lentiviral vpx accessory factor targets vprbp/dcaf1 substrate adaptor for cullin 4 e3 ubiquitin ligase to enable macrophage infection.vpx is a small virion-associated adaptor protein encoded by viruses of the hiv-2/sivsm lineage of primate lentiviruses that enables these viruses to transduce monocyte-derived cells. this probably reflects the ability of vpx to overcome an as yet uncharacterized block to an early event in the virus life cycle in these cells, but the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. using biochemical and proteomic approaches, we have found that vpx protein of the pathogenic sivmac 239 strain associates ...200818464893
hsp40 facilitates nuclear import of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx-mediated preintegration complex.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) vpx is required for nuclear translocation of the viral preintegration complex (pic) in quiescent cells. in order to decipher the mechanism of action of vpx, a cdna library was screened with the yeast two-hybrid assay, resulting in the identification of heat shock protein 40, hsp40/dnajb6, as a vpx-interactive protein. interaction with vpx was confirmed by glutathione s-transferase (gst) pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays. overexpression of hsp4 ...200818032501
isothiazole derivatives as antiviral agents.we recently described the synthesis and antiviral activity of the compounds 5-phenyl-3-(4-cyano-5-phenylisothiazol-3-yl) disulphanyl-4-isothiazolecarbonitrile and s-(4-cyano-5-phenylisothiazol -3-yl)-o-ethyl thiocarbonate, which were found to be effective against both hiv-1 (iiib) and hiv-2 (rod). we have now evaluated these compounds against both rna and dna viruses, obtaining high selectivity indexes for poliovirus 1 (si: 223 and 828, respectively) and echovirus 9 (si: 334 and 200, respectivel ...200718046960
nef-mediated enhancement of virion infectivity and stimulation of viral replication are fundamental properties of primate lentiviruses.nef is a multifunctional accessory protein of primate lentiviruses. recently, it has been shown that the ability of nef to downmodulate cd4, cd28, and class i major histocompatibility complex is highly conserved between most or all primate lentiviruses, whereas nef-mediated downregulation of t-cell receptor-cd3 was lost in the lineage that gave rise to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). whether or not other nef activities are preserved between different groups of primate lentiviruses r ...200717928336
detection of emerging hiv variants in blood donors from urban areas of cameroon.the u.s. food and drug administration has licensed several assays for use in donor testing and management of persons with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. however, the performance of these assays for detection and quantitation of emerging hiv genetic variants has not been studied extensively. we tested 240 human plasma specimens collected from two urban blood centers in cameroon where hiv genetic diversity and recombinant hiv strains are highly prevalent, using several fda licensed ...200717961114
[evaluation of new fourth-generation human immunodeficiency virus antigen and antibody detection assay with enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay].we evaluated the fourth-generation hiv screening assay vidas hiv duoii (duoii) based on elfa for simultaneous detection of anti-hiv-1 and anti-hiv-2 antibodies and hiv-1 p24 antigen through comparison with other hiv antigen-antibody detection assays. materials were 1228 hiv-negative specimens, 95 hiv-antibody-positive specimens, and hiv commercial panels. the specificity of duoii was 99.8% and sensitivity 100%, detecting all of hiv-1 group m subtype a, b, b', c, d, a/e, f, g, b/d, hiv-1 group o, ...200717966638
efficient thymopoiesis contributes to the maintenance of peripheral cd4 t cells during chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection leads to a lifelong asymptomatic period in the majority of patients. even in patients with progressive disease, a slow cd4 count decline characterizes the chronic phase of hiv-2 infection, suggesting that peripheral t-cell homeostasis is controlled better following hiv-2 infection than following hiv-1 infection. herein we showed that, in contrast to hiv-1-infected patients, hiv-2-infected patients demonstrate enhanced thymic function compared ...200717804512
evaluation of the murex hiv ag/ab combination assay when used with dried blood spots.this study evaluated the ability of the murex hiv ag/ab combination assay to detect human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies in 12 617 dried blood spots (dbss) on filter paper. the assay had an overall sensitivity of 99.6% and a specificity of 99.9%. in view of its ability to detect p24 antigen and both hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibodies in samples collected in the form of dbss, the murex ag/ab combination assay is suitable for use as a standard screening assay for seroprevalence studies, as well a ...200717725648
monitoring the dynamics of the hiv epidemic using assays for recent infection and serotyping among new hiv diagnoses: experience after 2 years in france.new tools to better monitor dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) transmission are needed.200717597452
hydrophilicity dependent budding and secretion of chimeric hiv gag-v3 virus-like particles.virus-like particles (vlps) of numerous viruses have been considered as possible candidates for vaccine development. we have constructed hiv chimeric genes by coupling the gag gene of hiv-2 with the v3 domain of the gp120 gene of either hiv-1 or hiv-2 and expressed the chimeric genes in sf21 cells using the recombinant baculovirus expression system. although the level of expression of the chimeric hiv-2 gag gene with the v3 domain of either hiv-1 gp120 (gagc-1v3) or hiv-2 gp120 (gagc-2v3) was hi ...200717510784
study on the blood-borne virus co-infection and t lymphocyte subset among intravenous drug users.to investigate the features of various blood-borne virus infections and co-infection in intravenous drug users (idus), and to examine the correlation of t lymphocyte subsets with virus co-infection.200717511038
[hiv-2 infection and human lymphotropic type 1 and type 2 virus in spain]. 200717570181
in vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 with decreased susceptibility to lopinavir.lopinavir (lpv)-ritonavir has demonstrated durable antiviral activity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected antiretroviral-naïve and protease inhibitor (pi)-experienced patients. however, information on lpv activity against hiv-2 and the patterns of mutations in hiv-2 in response to selection by lpv is limited. the activity of lpv against three strains of hiv-2 was assessed and compared to activity against a reference hiv-1 strain. lpv demonstrated activity similar to that obse ...200717576848
rna recognition mechanism of the minimal active domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type-2 nucleocapsid protein.ncp8 of hiv-2 contains two cchc-type zinc fingers connected by a linker, and is involved in many critical steps of the virus life cycle. it was previously shown that the first zinc finger flanked by the linker is the minimal active domain for specific binding to viral rna. in our previous study, we determined the three-dimensional structure of ncp8-f1, including the minimal active domain, and found that a hydrogen bond between asn(11) n(delta)h and arg(27) o stabilized the conformation of the li ...200717202191
an extended stem-loop 1 is necessary for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 replication and affects genomic rna encapsidation.genomic rna encapsidation in lentiviruses is a highly selective and regulated process. the unspliced rna molecules are selected for encapsidation from a pool of many different viral and cellular rna species. moreover, two molecules are encapsidated per viral particle, where they are found associated as a dimer. in this study, we demonstrate that a 10-nucleotide palindromic sequence (pal) located at the 3' end of the psi encapsidation signal is critical for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hi ...200717229705
long-term intrapatient viral evolution during hiv-2 infection.background. disease progression and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 are attenuated, compared with hiv-1, which is consistent with the lower plasma viral loads observed in hiv-2 infection. although numerous studies have characterized the intrapatient evolution of viral sequences during hiv-1 infection, prospective studies examining intrapatient evolution during hiv-2 infection have been limited.methods. we examined viral sequence evolution in the c2v3c3 region of the vir ...200717262716
efficient transduction of simian cells by hiv-1-based lentiviral vectors that contain mutations in the capsid protein.recently, the cyclophilin a (cypa)-binding region of the hiv-1 capsid protein was identified as a viral determinant involved in the post-entry restriction in old world monkey cells. here, we constructed a panel of hiv-1-based lentiviral vectors (lvs) that contain either mutations in the cypa-binding region or the cypa-binding region of the related viruses hiv-1 group o and hiv-2. we demonstrated that amino-acid changes in the cypa-binding region of the capsid can alter the phenotype of the virus ...200717299408
comparison of heterologous neutralizing antibody responses of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)- and hiv-2-infected senegalese patients: distinct patterns of breadth and magnitude distinguish hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections.neutralizing antibody responses against heterologous isolates in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 infections were compared, and their relationships with established clinical markers of progression were examined. neutralizing responses against 7 heterologous primary isolates and 1 laboratory strain were compared between 32 untreated hiv-1-infected subjects and 35 untreated hiv-2-infected subjects using a pseudotyped reporter virus assay. the breadth of the neutralizing respon ...200717301136
chimeric hiv-1 and hiv-2 lentiviral vectors with added safety insurance.lentiviruses are unique in their ability to infect both dividing and non-dividing cells. this makes the vectors derived from them particularly useful for gene transfer into non-dividing cells, including stem cells. lentiviral vectors are becoming the vectors of choice for si/shrna delivery. the utility of the lentiviral vectors will be enhanced if additional elements of safety are built into their design. one safety concern is the generation of replication competent virus by recombination. we re ...200717177309
role of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-specific t-cell immunity in control of dual hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection.progressive immune dysfunction and aids develop in most cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection but in only 25 to 30% of persons with hiv-2 infection. however, the natural history and immunologic responses of individuals with dual hiv-1 and hiv-2 infection are largely undefined. based on our previous findings, we hypothesized that among patients with dual infection the control of hiv-1 is associated with the ability to respond to hiv-2 gag epitopes and to maintain hiv-spec ...200717582003
a single amino acid of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 capsid affects its replication in the presence of cynomolgus monkey and human trim5alphas.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strains vary widely in their abilities to grow in old world monkey (owm) cells such as those of cynomolgus monkeys (cm). we evaluated eight hiv-2 isolates for their sensitivities to cm trim5alpha, an anti-hiv factor in owm cells. we found that different hiv-2 isolates showed differences in their sensitivities to cm trim5alpha. sequence analysis showed that trim5alpha-sensitive viruses had proline at the 120th position of the capsid protein (ca), wherea ...200717475650
virus subtype-specific features of natural simian immunodeficiency virus sivsmm infection in sooty mangabeys.simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) siv(smm) naturally infects sooty mangabeys (sms) and is the source virus of pathogenic infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and siv(mac) of humans and macaques, respectively. in previous studies we characterized siv(smm) diversity in naturally siv-infected sms and identified nine different phylogenetic subtypes whose genetic distances are similar to those reported for the different hiv-1 group m subtypes. here we report that, within the ...200717507488
carrageenan/miv-150 (pc-815), a combination microbicide.the objective of this article is to study the effect of pc-815, a novel combination microbicide containing carrageenan and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (nnrti) miv-150, in blocking hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections in vitro as compared with carraguard alone.200716924181
a hiv-2-based self-inactivating vector for enhanced gene transduction.the employment of hiv-1-based vectors in clinical trials is controversial mainly due to the lethal nature of the virus. hiv-2 is less pathogenic in nature and therefore is likely to be safer for vector design and production. we developed hiv-2-based self-inactivating vectors in which 520 bp out of 554 bp of the viral u3 was deleted. interestingly, high titers were obtained only when an exogenous promoter was used to drive expression of viral rna. it was found that the vectors could target a wide ...200716979253
out of africa: what can we learn from hiv-2 about protective immunity to hiv-1?most people infected with human immunodeficiency virus 2 (hiv-2) do not progress to disease, even though the minority who do cannot be distinguished clinically from hiv-1-infected patients. here we review what is known about the basis of viral control in hiv-2 infection.200717375091
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