Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| resource-effective serosurveillance for the detection of west nile virus in switzerland using abattoir samples of free-range laying hens. | west nile virus (wnv) is an important zoonotic pathogen maintained in a natural transmission cycle between mosquitoes and birds as reservoir hosts. in dead-end hosts, such as humans, infection may result in fatal neurologic disease translating into disease and death-related suffering and increased health care costs. in humans, wnv may also be transmitted through blood transfusions and organ transplants. wnv is not present in switzerland yet, but competent vector species (especially culex pipiens ... | 2019 | 30457933 |
| the tree shrew is a promising model for the study of influenza b virus infection. | influenza b virus is a main causative pathogen of annual influenza epidemics, however, research on influenza b virus in general lags behind that on influenza a viruses, one of the important reasons is studies on influenza b viruses in animal models are limited. here we investigated the tree shrew as a potential model for influenza b virus studies. | 2019 | 31174549 |
| infections and pathology of free-roaming backyard chickens on st. kitts, west indies. | free-roaming chickens on caribbean islands are important sentinels for local avian diseases and those introduced by birds migrating through the americas. we studied 81 apparently healthy unvaccinated free-roaming chickens from 9 parishes on st. kitts, an eastern caribbean island. using commercial elisas, no chickens had antibodies against avian influenza virus, west nile virus, or salmonella enteritidis, although seropositivity was high to infectious bursal disease virus (86%), infectious bronch ... | 2019 | 30973088 |
| antigenic variation of avian influenza a(h5n6) viruses, guangdong province, china, 2014-2018. | market surveillance showed continuing circulation of avian influenza a(h5n6) virus in live poultry markets in guangdong province in 2017, despite compulsory vaccination for avian influenza a(h5nx) and a(h7n9). we analyzed h5n6 viruses from 2014-2018 from guangdong province, revealing antigenic drift and decreased antibody response against the vaccine strain in vaccinated chickens. | 2019 | 31538920 |
| establishment of xmap for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus. | using luminex xmap (x = analyte, map = multi-analyte profiling) technology, a serological method for the simultaneous detection of antibodies to newcastle disease virus (ndv) and avian influenza virus (aiv) was established. nano-magnetic beads coated with purified ndv protein and aiv nucleoprotein were incubated with serum samples. using biotinylated rabbit anti-chicken igy and streptavidin-r-phycoerythrin, the optical signals measured by a luminex 200 detection system indicated the quantificati ... | 2019 | 30476286 |
| heterosubtypic protection against avian influenza virus by live attenuated and chimeric norovirus p-particle-m2e vaccines in chickens. | avian influenza in poultry continues to be a great concern worldwide, and the currently licensed inactivated influenza vaccines are not effective against the novel strains of influenza virus that continue to emerge in the field. this warrants the development of more broadly protective influenza vaccines or vaccination regimens. live attenuated influenza vaccines (laivs) and subunit vaccines derived from viral peptides, such as the highly conserved ectodomain of influenza virus matrix protein 2 ( ... | 2019 | 30691981 |
| co-infections, genetic, and antigenic relatedness of avian influenza h5n8 and h5n1 viruses in domestic and wild birds in egypt. | a total of 50 poultry farms of commercial broilers (n = 39) and commercial layers (n = 11) suffered from respiratory problems and mortality during the period from january 2016 to december 2017 were investigated. also, samples were collected from quail (n = 4), bluebird (sialis, n = 1), and greenfinch (chloris chloris, n = 1) for analysis. respiratory viral pathogens were screened by pcr and positive samples were subjected to virus isolation and genetic identification. antigenic relatedness of is ... | 2019 | 30668795 |
| stable transfection of eimeria necatrix through nucleofection of second generation merozoites. | eimeria spp., the causative agents of coccidiosis, are the most common protozoan pathogens of chickens. infection with these parasites can result in poor development or death of animals leading to a devastating economic impact on poultry production. the establishment of transfection protocols for genetic manipulation of eimeria species and stable expression of genes would help advance the biology of these parasites as well as establish these organisms as novel vaccine delivery vehicles. here, we ... | 2019 | 30658178 |
| recombinant turkey herpesvirus expressing h9 hemagglutinin providing protection against h9n2 avian influenza. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) were prevailing in chickens, causing great economic losses and public health threats. in this study, turkey herpesviruses (hvt) was cloned as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (bac). recombinant hvt (rhvt-h9) containing hemagglutinin (ha) gene from h9n2 virus were constructed via galactokinase (galk) selection and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated 9 (crispr/cas9) gene editing system. the recombinant rhvt-h9 showe ... | 2019 | 30641481 |
| impact of the variations in potential glycosylation sites of the hemagglutinin of h9n2 influenza virus. | variations in the potential glycosylation sites were observed in hemagglutinin (ha) sequences of h9n2 avian influenza virus isolated in china, deposited in the influenza virus resource of ncbi before 2017, which showed a deleted glycosylation site at amino acid residue 218, and an introduced glycosylation site at amino acid residue 313. based on the variations in the glycosylation sites at these amino acids, h9n2 avian influenza viruses could be divided into three categories. firstly, most of th ... | 2019 | 30594968 |
| host cell interactome of pb1 n40 protein of h5n1 influenza a virus in chicken cells. | h5n1 influenza a virus (iav) causes seasonal epidemics that represent a worldwide threat to public health. iav relies on host factors for viral replication. pb1 n40 is translated from the fifth starting code (aug) of pb1 mrna, which is the product of the ribosomal scan omission. here, we report the interactome landscape of h5n1 iav pb1 n40 protein in chicken cells. the interacting complexes were captured by co-immunoprecipitation and analyzed by mass spectrometry. we identified 135 proteins as p ... | 2019 | 30790688 |
| surveillance and investigative diagnosis of a poultry flock in great britain co-infected with an influenza a virus and an avirulent avian avulavirus type 1. | a detailed veterinary and laboratory investigation revealed an unusual case of concurrent avian avulavirus type 1 (aavv-1, formerly called avian paramyxovirus type 1) and low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus infections of chickens during march 2010 in a mixed poultry and livestock farm in great britain. respiratory signs and daily mortality of 5-6 birds in a broiler flock 8-weeks of age prompted submission of two carcasses to an animal and plant health agency (apha) regional laboratory ... | 2019 | 30390413 |
| dietary selenium supplementation enhances antiviral immunity in chickens challenged with low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h9n2. | selenium supplementation in poultry feeds has been known to have beneficial effects on the bird health and performance; however antiviral effects of selenium have remained largely unknown. in this study, we have evaluated the effects of supplementation of chicken diets with organic (selenium enriched yeast; sey) and inorganic selenium (sodium selenite; ss) on low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (h9n2) shedding in the cloacal and oropharyngeal swab samples as well as examined the expression o ... | 2019 | 30593352 |
| prevalence of avian influenza, newcastle disease, and infectious bronchitis viruses in broiler flocks infected with multifactorial respiratory diseases in iran, 2015-2016. | in this study, the prevalence and spatial distribution of newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and avian influenza have been evaluated in commercial broiler farms in 31 provinces in iran. in this survey, a total of 233 affected broiler chicken farms were sampled. the infectious bronchitis virus (alone) was detected with highest frequency in 60 farms, and separately or combined with other agents, in 110 farms; newcastle disease virus, separately, was detected in 28 farms, and in 63 farms sep ... | 2019 | 30377950 |
| an avian influenza virus h6n1 outbreak in commercial layers: case report and reproduction of the disease. | an outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) subtype h6n1 (intravenous pathogenicity index = 0.11) infection occurred in four productive brown layer flocks on three farms in the netherlands within a period of two months. the farms were located at a maximum distance of 4.6 km from each other. the infections were associated with egg production drops up to 74%, pale eggshells and persisting high mortality up to 3.2% per week. three flocks were slaughtered prematurely as they were not profit ... | 2019 | 30484684 |
| soluble expression, rapid purification, biological identification of chicken interferon-alpha using a thioredoxin fusion system in e. coli and its antiviral effects to h9n2 avian influenza virus. | in this paper, we report a soluble expression based on escherichia coli and two-step purification of a novel thioredoxin-tagged chicken interferon-α fusion protein (trx-rchifn-α) by using pet32a(+) expression system. the mature chifn-α gene was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and subcloned into pet-32a (+) vector prior to transformation into rosetta (de3) competent cells. after iptg induction, the recombinant fusion protein was expressed efficiently in the s ... | 2019 | 30734625 |
| the roles of bursal nonapeptide (bp9) on aiv vaccine immune response in chick immunization and on avian immature b cell. | bursa of fabricius plays the vital functions on b cell development and antibody production in poultry. the bursal-derived peptide plays the essential roles on avian immature b cell development. | 2019 | 31362650 |
| genomics of avian viral infections. | the poultry industry currently accounts for the production of around 118 million metric tons of meat and around 74 million metric tons of eggs annually. as the global population continues to increase, so does our reliance on poultry as a food source. it is therefore of vital importance that we safeguard this valuable resource and make the industry as economically competitive as possible. avian viral infections, however, continue to cost the poultry industry billions of dollars annually. this can ... | 2019 | 31618995 |
| mimicking the passage of avian influenza viruses through the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. | in contrast to human influenza viruses that replicate in the respiratory tract and are airborne transmitted, avian viruses also replicate in gut epithelial cells and are transmitted via the fecal-oral route. on this route, the virus is exposed to destructive fluids of the digestive tract, which are acidic and contain the proteases pepsin (gizzard) or chymotrypsin and trypsin (intestine). only the latter enzyme activates virus by cleaving hemagglutinin (ha) into ha1 and ha2 subunits. we mimicked ... | 2019 | 31767100 |
| novel mutations evading avian immunity around the receptor binding site of the clade 2.3.2.1c hemagglutinin gene reduce viral thermostability and mammalian pathogenicity. | abstract: since 2007, highly pathogenic clade 2.3.2 h5n1 avian influenza a (a(h5n1)) viruses have evolved to clade 2.3.2.1a, b, and c; currently only 2.3.2.1c a(h5n1) viruses circulate in wild birds and poultry. during antigenic evolution, clade 2.3.2.1a and c a(h5n1) viruses acquired both s144n and v223i mutations around the receptor binding site of hemagglutinin (ha), with s144n generating an n-glycosylation sequon. we introduced single or combined reverse mutations, n144s and/or i223v, into t ... | 2019 | 31600990 |
| intragastric delivery of recombinant lactococcus lactis displaying ectodomain of influenza matrix protein 2 (m2e) and neuraminidase (na) induced focused mucosal and systemic immune responses in chickens. | compounding with the problem of frequent antigenic shift and occasional drift of the segmented genome of avian influenza virus (aiv), vaccines based on major surface glycoproteins such as haemagglutinin (ha) to counter heterosubtypic aiv infection in chickens remain unsuccessful. in contrast, neuraminidase (na), the second most abundant surface glycoprotein present in viral capsid is less mutable and, in some instances, successful in eliciting inter-species cross-reactive antibody responses. how ... | 2019 | 31518854 |
| h5n8 avian influenza virus acquires enhanced pathogenicity after a single passage in chicken. | the h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) isolated in japan during the 2014-2015 winter differed in their pathogenicity in chickens. in the present study, we examined the possibility that a comparatively less pathogenic strain was first brought into the country by migratory birds, and then acquired enhanced pathogenicity by infecting chicken flocks. we showed that the a/tundra swan/tottori/c6nk/2014 (h5n8) (tottori p0) strain required 10 days to kill all chickens via the intran ... | 2019 | 31585646 |
| multiplex one-step real-time pcr assay for rapid simultaneous detection of velogenic and mesogenic newcastle disease virus and h5-subtype avian influenza virus. | h5 avian influenza virus (aiv) and velogenic newcastle disease virus (v-ndv) are pathogens listed in the oie terrestrial animal health code and are considered key pathogens to be eliminated in poultry production. molecular techniques for rapid detection of h5 aiv and v-ndv are required to investigate their transmission characteristics and to guide prevention. traditional virus isolation, using embryonated chicken eggs, is time-consuming and cannot be used as a rapid diagnostic technology. in thi ... | 2019 | 30790106 |
| pathogenicity and transmissibility of north american h7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens and turkeys. | low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses can silently circulate in poultry and wild aquatic birds and potentially mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses. in the u.s., recent emergence and spread of h7n8 and h7n9 hpai viruses not only caused devastating losses to domestic poultry but also underscored the capability of lpai viruses to mutate into hpai viruses. therefore, in this study, we evaluated pathogenicity and transmissibility of h7n8 and h7n9 lpai viruses (the pro ... | 2019 | 30781528 |
| difference in pathogenicity of 2 strains of avian leukosis virus subgroup j in broiler chicken. | avian leukosis virus subgroup j has been found to infect many types of chickens with various genetic backgrounds. the alv-j strain nx0101, which was isolated from broiler breeders in 2001, mainly induces the formation of myeloid cell tumors. however, strain hn10py01, which was recently isolated from laying hens, mainly induces the formation of myeloid cell tumors and hemangioma. in order to determine the difference in pathogenicity of the 2 strains in broiler chickens, 2 groups of chicken embryo ... | 2019 | 30768138 |
| [high expression and immunogenicity analysis of ha globular head domain of h5 subtype avian influenza virus produced in pichia pastoris]. | to evaluate the immunogenicity of ha globular head domain of h5 subtype influenza virus (h5ha), the gene of h5ha was optimized and the recombinant ppiczaa-h5ha expressing vector was constructed and transfected into pichia pastoris. the expression of the recombinant h5ha was confirmed by sds-page and western blotting and the results demonstrated that the recombinant h5ha (37 kda) was highly expressed in pichia pastoris with concentration of 0.2 mg/ml in medium. the recombinant h5ha was concentrat ... | 2019 | 30756534 |
| the cellular localization of avian influenza virus pb1-f2 protein alters the magnitude of ifn2 promoter and nfκb-dependent promoter antagonism in chicken cells. | the accessory protein, pb1-f2, of influenza a virus (iav) functions in a chicken host to prolong infectious virus shedding and thus the transmission window. here we show that this delay in virus clearance by pb1-f2 in chickens is accompanied by reduced transcript levels of type 1 interferon (ifn)-induced genes and nfκb-activated pro-inflammation cytokines. in vitro, two avian influenza isolate-derived pb1-f2 proteins, h9n2 udl01 and h5n1 5092, exhibited the same antagonism of the ifn and pro-inf ... | 2019 | 30672726 |
| full-genome characterization and genetic analysis of a h9n2 virus in commercial broilers in iran, 2017. | since 1998, iran's poultry industry has faced several outbreaks of low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2. tissue samples were collected from a broiler flock with respiratory symptoms in autumn 2017. after that, virus isolation and confirmation of h9n2 using rt-pcr, sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis for all eight genes were performed. the phylogenic analysis revealed ha gene of recent iranian isolate (a/chicken/mashhad/ut-barin/2017) which was clustered in g1 sublineage. in addition, all eight ... | 2019 | 30729386 |
| influenza a(h7n9) virus emerged and resulted in human infections in chongqing, southwestern china since 2017. | influenza a(h7n9) virus has emerged and resulted in human infections in chongqing, southwestern china since 2017. this study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the first epidemic in this region. | 2019 | 30797966 |
| enhanced cross-lineage protection induced by recombinant h9n2 avian influenza virus inactivated vaccine. | antigenic drift of h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (aiv) may result in vaccination failure in the poultry industry and thus a cross-protective vaccine against h9n2 aiv is highly desirable. | 2019 | 30797637 |
| effect of feeding chinese herb medicine ageratum-liquid on intestinal bacterial translocations induced by h9n2 aiv in mice. | as a low pathogenic influenza virus, avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 (h9n2 aiv) often induces high morbidity in association with secondary bacterial infections in chickens or mammals. to explore this phenomenon, the relationship between intestinal microflora changes and bacterial translocations was studied post h9n2 aiv challenge and post aiv infection plus ageratum-liquid treatment. | 2019 | 30791956 |
| reassortments among avian influenza a(h5n1) viruses circulating in indonesia, 2015-2016. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5n1) viruses have been circulating since 2003 in indonesia, with major impacts on poultry health, severe economic losses, and 168 fatal laboratory-confirmed human cases. we performed phylogenetic analysis on 39 full-genome h5n1 virus samples collected during outbreaks among poultry in 2015-2016 in west java and compared them with recently published sequences from indonesia. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hemagglutinin gene of all samples belon ... | 2019 | 30789142 |
| mhc class ii proteins mediate cross-species entry of bat influenza viruses. | zoonotic influenza a viruses of avian origin can cause severe disease in individuals, or even global pandemics, and thus pose a threat to human populations. waterfowl and shorebirds are believed to be the reservoir for all influenza a viruses, but this has recently been challenged by the identification of novel influenza a viruses in bats1,2. the major bat influenza a virus envelope glycoprotein, haemagglutinin, does not bind the canonical influenza a virus receptor, sialic acid or any other gly ... | 2019 | 30787439 |
| antiviral, embryo toxic and cytotoxic activities of astragalus membranaceus root extracts. | antiviral activity of astragalus membranaceus aqueous and methanol root extracts was determined against avian influenza h9 virus. toxicity profile of extracts was evaluated using chicken embryos and bhk-21 cell line. different concentrations (400, 200, 100, 50, 25. 12.5, 6.25 and 3.12μg/ml) of both aqueous and methanol extracts were mixed with standard virus inoculum (4haunits) and incubated for 30minutes at 37°c prior to inject the chicken embryos. chorioallantoic fluid harvested 72 hours post ... | 2019 | 30772802 |
| lectin microarray analyses reveal host cell-specific glycan profiles of the hemagglutinins of influenza a viruses. | glycan structures on hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a viruses have been analyzed previously to understand their significance. however, the formerly established methods using mass spectrometry present disadvantages such as procedure complexity, sensitivity, and throughput. our study has established a novel method for analyzing glycan profiles of ha using lectin microarray techniques. we successfully obtained glycan profiles of ha starting from 1 ml of the 106 tcid50 samples through simple antige ... | 2019 | 30503907 |
| novel application of influenza a virus-inoculated chorioallantoic membrane to characterize a np-specific monoclonal antibody for immunohistochemistry assaying. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are widely applied in disease diagnoses. herein, we report a mab, wf-4, against influenza a virus nucleoprotein (np), its broad response with influenza a virus, and its application in an immunohistochemistry (ihc) assay. wf-4 was screened by immunofluorescence assay (ifa). the results showed that its reactivity with baculovirus-expressed full-length recombinant np (rnp) in western blot (wb), indicating its ihc applicability. fifteen influenza a virus (reference subty ... | 2019 | 30481981 |
| comparative transcriptome analysis of ethiopian indigenous chickens from low and high altitudes under heat stress condition reveals differential immune response. | ethiopia is an ecologically diverse country; the low altitude regions are hot and humid whereas the high altitude regions are cooler. in this study we analyzed the transcriptome response of high altitude (addis ababa) and low altitude (awash) chickens to heat stress conditions that are prevalent in the low altitude regions. the chickens were free ranged for 20 h in an enclosure in awash, and then the heart, breast muscle and spleen tissues were collected at 6:00 am, 12:00 noon and 6:00 pm to fol ... | 2019 | 30474213 |
| recombinant baculovirus vaccine expressing hemagglutinin of h7n9 avian influenza virus confers full protection against lethal highly pathogenic h7n9 virus infection in chickens. | the emergent highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h7n9) (hpai) virus is a major public concern in china. therefore, it is crucially important to develop an effective vaccine against this virus. in this study, we constructed a baculovirus vaccine expressing the hemagglutinin (ha) of h7n9 strain a/chicken/jiaxing/148/2014 (jx148). the recombinant baculovirus (rbac-jx148ha) generated in this study showed good growth in insect cells and good safety, and it stably expressed the ha protein. we compare ... | 2019 | 30671655 |
| evaluation of a rapid isothermal nucleic acid amplification kit, alere™ i influenza a&b, for the detection of avian influenza viruses. | rapid and accurate diagnosis of influenza virus infection is essential for quick responses for both human and animal health. the alere™ i influenza a&b is a novel isothermal nucleic acid amplification kit that can detect and differentiate between influenza a and b viruses in human specimens in approximately 15 min. in the present study, the performance of the alere™ i influenza a&b kit was evaluated for its ability to detect avian influenza virus in chickens. the kit was able to detect represent ... | 2019 | 30633948 |
| [three mutations in the stalk region of hemagglutinin affect the ph of fusion and pathogenicity of h5n1 influenza virus]. | previously, an attenuated variant ku/at was obtained from the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a/chicken/kurgan/3/2005 (h5n1) by a reverse selection method aimed at increasing the virus resistance to a proteolytic cleavage and acidic ph values. in the ku/at, 10 mutations in proteins pb2, pb1, ha, na, and ns1 occurred. in comparison with the parental strain, the ph of the conformational transition of the viral glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) and virulence for mice and chickens have decreas ... | 2019 | 30633245 |
| generation of highly productive and mammalian nonpathogenic recombinant h9n2 avian influenza viruses by optimization of 3'end promoter and ns genome. | we developed a/pr/8/34 (pr8) virus-based reverse genetics system in which six internal genes of pr8 and attenuated hemagglutinin and intact neuraminidase genes of field avian influenza viruses (aivs) have been used for the generation of highly productive recombinant vaccine strains. the 6 + 2 recombinant vaccine strains can induce protective humoral immunity against intended field aivs; however, the epitopes of b and t cells encoded by internal genes may be important for heterosubtypic protectio ... | 2019 | 30593370 |
| a novel recombinant attenuated newcastle disease virus expressing h9 subtype hemagglutinin protected chickens from challenge by genotype vii virulent newcastle disease virus and h9n2 avian influenza virus. | newcastle disease virus (ndv) and h9 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) are two avian pathogens across the globe. inasmuch as most poultry flocks worldwide are vaccinated with a live low-virulence or attenuated ndv vaccine, we embarked on the development of vaccine prototypes that would have dual specificities and would allow a single immunization against both avian influenza (ai) and newcastle disease (nd). therefore, in the present work, a cloned full-length copy of the genome of the lentogen ... | 2019 | 30593364 |
| hemagglutinin characteristics, changes in pathogenicity, and antigenic variation of highly pathogenic h7n9 avian influenza viruses in china. | 2019 | 30267798 | |
| genomic loci associated with antibody-mediated immune responses in an f2 chicken population. | immunity-related traits are heritable in chicken, therefore, it is possible to improve the inherent immunity by breeding programs. in this study using the illumina chicken 60k single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) chip, we performed a set of genome-wide association studies to determine candidate genes and loci responsible for primary and secondary antibody-mediated responses against sheep red blood cell. a f2 population descended from a commercial meat-type breed and an iranian indigenous chick ... | 2019 | 30451125 |
| development of a reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral-flow dipstick assay for avian influenza h9n2 ha gene detection. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) have been detected from wild birds and domestic poultry worldwide. serious diseases combined with secondary infection have caused high mortality and great economic losses to poultry industry. therefore, simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate methods suitable for field detection of h9n2 aivs are crucial to efficiently control virus infection and spread in time. in this study, an isothermal reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification with lateral-f ... | 2019 | 30403438 |
| an avian influenza virus a(h7n9) reassortant that recently emerged in the united states with low pathogenic phenotype does not efficiently infect swine. | in 2017, outbreaks of low and highly pathogenic avian h7n9 viruses were reported in four states in the united states. in total, over 270 000 birds died or were culled, causing significant economic loss. the potential for avian-to-swine transmission of the u.s. avian h7n9 was unknown. in an experimental challenge in swine using a representative low pathogenic h7n9 (a/chicken/tennessee/17-007431-3/2017; lpai tn/17) isolated from these events, no infectious virus in the upper and minimal virus in t ... | 2019 | 30761746 |
| isolation and genetic characterization of h13n8 low pathogenic avian influenza virus from migratory birds in eastern china. | low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) is an important zoonotic pathogen. migratory birds are the natural reservoir for all 16 haemagglutinin (ha) and nine neuraminidase (na) subtypes of lpaiv. surveillance of lpaiv in migratory waterfowl and poultry is important for animal and public health. an understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of lpai viruses in their reservoirs is beneficial for routine surveillance projects. here, we report the isolation of an h13n8 lpaiv from black-tailed ... | 2019 | 30291732 |
| full sequence analysis of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes and proteins of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus detected in iran, 2015. | over the last two decades, the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus has gained a lot of attention due to its zoonotic and mutative nature. iran is among the countries significantly affected by the virus as it hosts migratory birds during seasonal migration. in this study, the molecular characterizations of hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes and proteins of h5n1 strain a/chicken/iran/8/2015 detected in backyard poultry, mazandaran province, were investigated. phylogenetic ana ... | 2019 | 30368763 |
| amino acid residue 217 in the hemagglutinin glycoprotein is a key mediator of avian influenza h7n9 virus antigenicity. | avian influenza viruses continue to evolve and acquire mutations that facilitate antigenic drift and virulence change. in 2017, low-pathogenicity h7n9 avian influenza viruses evolved to a high-pathogenicity phenotype in china. comparative antigenic analysis of the low- and high-pathogenicity virus strains showed marked variability. in order to identify residues that may be linked to the antigenic change among the h7n9 viruses, we serially passaged the viruses in the presence of homologous ferret ... | 2019 | 30282714 |
| glycosylation and an amino acid insertion in the head of hemagglutinin independently affect the antigenic properties of h5n1 avian influenza viruses. | antigenic drift forces us to frequently update influenza vaccines; however, the genetic basis for antigenic variation remains largely unknown. in this study, we used clade 7.2 h5 viruses as models to explore the molecular determinants of influenza virus antigenic variation. we generated eight monoclonal antibodies (mabs) targeted to the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of the index virus a/chicken/shanxi/2/2006 and found that two representative antigenically drifted clade 7.2 viruses did not react wit ... | 2019 | 30515728 |
| role of c-jun terminal kinase (jnk) activation in influenza a virus-induced autophagy and replication. | the non-structural protein 1 (ns1) of different influenza a virus (iav) strains can differentially regulate the activity of c-jun terminal kinase (jnk) and pi-3 kinase (pi3k). whether varying jnk and pi3k activation impacts autophagy and iav replication differently remains uncertain. here we report that h5n1 (a/mallard/huadong/s/2005) influenza a virus induced functional autophagy, as evidenced by increased lc3 lipidation and decreased p62 levels, and the presence of autolysosomes in chicken fib ... | 2019 | 30316042 |
| dietary supplementation of organic or inorganic chromium modulates the immune responses of broilers vaccinated with avian influenza virus vaccine. | dietary supplementation with the organic chromium (cr) has been shown to positively affect the immune function of poultry. however, to our knowledge, no experiment has been done to directly compare the impacts of cr chloride and chromium picolinate (crpic) on the immune responses of broilers vaccinated with avian influenza (ai) virus vaccine. therefore, the present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental cr sources (cr chloride and crpic) and levels on the growth perf ... | 2019 | 30277192 |
| aerosol exposure enhanced infection of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens. | to assess the impact of different routes of inoculation on experimental infection of avian influenza (ai) viruses in chickens, this study compared virus replication and cytokine gene expression in respiratory and gastrointestinal organ tissues of chickens, which were inoculated with four low pathogenic subtypes, h6n1, h10n7, h10n8, and h13n6 ai viruses via the aerosol, intranasal, and oral routes respectively. aerosol inoculation with the h6n1, h10n7, and h10n8 viruses significantly increased vi ... | 2019 | 30307712 |
| molecular characterization of h10 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in eastern china. | in recent years, avian-origin h10 influenza viruses have proved capable of infecting human beings, and they pose a potential public health threat. seven h10 avian influenza viruses (aivs), h10n3 (n = 2), h10n7 (n = 1), and h10n8 (n = 4), were isolated from chickens in zhejiang province, eastern china, during surveillance of aivs in live poultry markets in 2016 and 2017. phylogenetic analysis indicated that zhejiang h10 strains received gene segments from h10, h3, and h7 viruses from birds in eas ... | 2019 | 30302582 |
| sequential dna immunization of chickens with bivalent heterologous vaccines induce highly reactive and cross-specific antibodies against influenza hemagglutinin. | vaccines against avian influenza are mostly based on hemagglutinin (ha), which is the main antigen of this virus and a target for neutralizing antibodies. traditional vaccines are known to be poorly efficient against newly emerging strains, which is an increasing worldwide problem for human health and for the poultry industry. as demonstrated by research and clinical data, sequential exposure to divergent influenza has can boost induction of universal antibodies which recognize conserved epitope ... | 2019 | 30184142 |
| emergence of waterfowl-originated gene cassettes in hpai h7n9 viruses caused severe human infection in fujian, china. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h7n9) virus emerged and caused human infections during the 2016-2017 epidemic wave of influenza a(h7n9) viruses in china. we report a human infection with hpai h7n9 virus and six environmental isolates in fujian province, china. | 2019 | 31187583 |
| pathogenesis and tissue tropism of newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus (h9n2) in single and mixed infections. | newcastle disease (nd) and avian influenza (ai) are globally considered as a serious threat to the chicken and other avian species. the paramyxovirus type 1 and orthomyxovirus type a are rna viruses, which cause nd and ai infection, respectively. | 2019 | 31184098 |
| a hospital cluster combined with a family cluster of avian influenza h7n9 infection in anhui province, china. | to identify human-to-human transmission of h7n9 avian influenza virus, we investigated a hospital cluster combined with family cluster in this study. | 2019 | 31100362 |
| novel role for mir-1290 in host species specificity of influenza a virus. | the role of microrna (mirna) in influenza a virus (iav) host species specificity is not well understood as yet. here, we show that a host mirna, mir-1290, is induced through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) pathway upon iav infection and is associated with increased viral titers in human cells and ferret animal models. mir-1290 was observed to target and reduce expression of the host vimentin gene. vimentin binds with the pb2 subunit of influenza a virus ribonucleoprotein (vrnp), ... | 2019 | 31173947 |
| a two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in ontario, canada, part 1: prevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens. | in ontario, within the past few years, there has been a marked increase in the number of non-commercial poultry flocks (referred to as "small flocks"). small poultry flocks may act as a reservoir of avian and zoonotic pathogens, given the flocks' limited access to veterinary services, inadequate biosecurity practices, and increased risk of contact with wild birds. despite these potential risks, there is a scarcity of data concerning the prevalence of poultry and zoonotic pathogens among these fl ... | 2019 | 30973091 |
| a new reassortant clade 2.3.2.1a h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus causing recent outbreaks in ducks, geese, chickens and turkeys in bangladesh. | a total of 15 dead or sick birds from 13 clinical outbreaks of avian influenza in ducks, geese, chickens and turkeys in 2017 in bangladesh were examined. the presence of h5n1 influenza a virus in the affected birds was detected by rt-pcr. phylogenetic analysis based on full-length gene sequences of all eight gene segments revealed that these recent outbreaks were caused by a new reassortant of clade 2.3.2.1a h5n1 virus, which had been detected earlier in 2015 during surveillance in live bird mar ... | 2019 | 31168925 |
| pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in three chicken breeds from south korea in 2016/2017. | in 2016, novel h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus emerged in korea. during the outbreak, the virus caused the largest culling, especially in brown chicken lines. we determined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the virus in 2 white chicken lines of the specific pathogen-free chickens, broilers and brown chicken line of korean native chicken (knc). a knc had a longer virus shedding period and longer mean death time than others. our study showed that this characteristic in the knc ... | 2019 | 31161745 |
| species specific differences in use of anp32 proteins by influenza a virus. | influenza a viruses (iav) are subject to species barriers that prevent frequent zoonotic transmission and pandemics. one of these barriers is the poor activity of avian iav polymerases in human cells. differences between avian and mammalian anp32 proteins underlie this host range barrier. human anp32a and anp32b homologues both support function of human-adapted influenza polymerase but do not support efficient activity of avian iav polymerase which requires avian anp32a. we show here that the ge ... | 2019 | 31159925 |
| spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n5 viruses in europe in 2016-2017 appears related to the timing of reassortment events. | during the epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 virus in europe in 2016-2017, hpai viruses of subtype h5n5 were also isolated. however, the detection of h5n5 viruses was limited compared to h5n8. in this study, we show that the genetic constellation of a newly isolated h5n5 virus is different from two genotypes previously identified in the netherlands. the introduction and spread of the three h5n5 genotypes in europe was studied using spatiotemporal and genetic analysis. th ... | 2019 | 31159210 |
| assessment of replicate numbers for titrating avian influenza virus using dose-response models. | embryonating chicken eggs (eces) are among the most sensitive laboratory host systems for avian influenza virus (aiv) titration, but eces are expensive and require space for storage and incubation. therefore, reducing ece use would conserve resources. we utilized statistical modeling to evaluate the accuracy and precision of aiv titration with 3 instead of 5 eces for each dilution by the reed-muench method for 50% endpoint calculation. beta-poisson and exponential dose-response models were used ... | 2019 | 31131714 |
| the pathogenesis of h7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in lesser scaup (aythya affinis). | waterfowl are the natural hosts of avian influenza virus (aiv), and through migration spread the virus worldwide. most aivs carried by wild waterfowl are low pathogenic strains; however, goose/guangdong/1996 lineage clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic (hp) aiv now appears to be endemic in wild birds in much of the eastern hemisphere. most research efforts studying aiv pathogenicity in waterfowl thus far have been directed toward dabbling ducks. in order to better understand the role of diving duc ... | 2019 | 31131581 |
| the incursion and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 within south africa. | the report of a mass die-off of white-winged terns (chlidonias leucopterus) along the shores of lake victoria in uganda in january 2017 was a warning that highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 had entered the avian populations of the african rift valley. in early june 2017, zimbabwe reported an outbreak of the virus in commercial breeder chickens near harare, and on june 19, 2017, the first case of hpai h5n8 was confirmed in a broiler breeder operation near villiers, mpumal ... | 2019 | 31131572 |
| influenza m2 virus-like particle vaccination enhances protection in combination with avian influenza ha vlps. | despite the ability to induce a broad range of cross protection, m2e5x virus-like particles (vlps) alone provide limited vaccine efficacy and confer low efficacy of protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection in chickens. avian influenza hemagglutinin (ha) has been a major antigenic target that enhances humoral immunity, but the efficacy of avian ha-based vaccines against hpaiv needs to be further improved. in this study, we evaluated the vaccine efficacy induced ... | 2019 | 31246961 |
| analysis of geographic location and pathways for influenza a virus infection of commercial upland game bird and conventional poultry farms in the united states of america. | avian influenza (ai) is an infectious viral disease that affects several species and has zoonotic potential. due to its associated health and economic repercussions, minimizing ai outbreaks is important. however, most control measures are generic and mostly target pathways important for the conventional poultry farms producing chickens, turkeys, and eggs and may not target other pathways that may be specific to the upland game bird sector. the goal of this study is to provide evidence to support ... | 2019 | 31088548 |
| occurrence of infectious bronchitis in layer birds in plateau state, north central nigeria. | a flock of 54 wk-old layer birds exhibiting signs of respiratory distress, greenish diarrhea, and drop in egg production was investigated. a marked drop in egg production (55%) was recorded with eggs appearing white and soft-shelled. mortality was in the range of 1%-2% with post-mortem lesions revealing cloudy air sacs, frothy, and congested lungs. viral rna was extracted from pooled tissue samples (trachea, lungs, spleen, and liver) and tested for avian influenza virus (aiv), newcastle disease ... | 2019 | 31086770 |
| novel protein microarray for the detection of avian influenza virus antibodies and simultaneous distinction of antibodies against h5 and h7 subtypes. | avian influenza virus (aiv) can cause serious zoonotic disease, thereby threatening the poultry industry and human health. an efficient and rapid detection approach is crucial to prevent and control the spread of avian influenza. in this study, a novel protein microarray was developed. haemagglutinin proteins of h5 and h7 subtypes and nucleoprotein (np) were purified and spotted onto the initiator-integrated poly-(dimethylsiloxane) as antigens. monoclonal antibodies with inhibition effect were s ... | 2019 | 31232095 |
| [inhibition of the replication of h9n2 influenza virus in vivo by short-term repeated oral administration of chicken interferon α]. | to evaluate the optimal administration frequency for interferon-α (ifn-α) and the effect of its combined use with inactive virus on chicken flocks, the prokaryotic expression plasmid pet-22b-chifn-α was constructed and transferred into escherichia coli bl21(de3) host bacteria to induce the expression of chicken ifn-α and to harvest recombinant proteins inclusion bodies. the expression of recombinant chicken ifn-α was confirmed by sds-page, and the results demonstrated that the chicken ifn-α (20 ... | 2019 | 31231999 |
| chinese poultry farmers' decision-making for avian influenza prevention: a qualitative analysis. | poultry farmers faced dual risk when mutant avian influenza (ai) virus showed the zoonotic characteristics. a/h5n1 and a/h7n9 were two dominant ai virus strains that have captured the attention of the public over the years for they have been reported to bring about greater loss to poultry and human, respectively. previous studies mainly used quantitative methods investigating either the means that poultry farmers adopted for protecting their poultry against a/h5n1 infection or the poultry farmer ... | 2019 | 31215154 |
| infectious bursal disease virus suppresses h9n2 avian influenza viral shedding in broiler chickens. | 1. infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) causes immunosuppression in chickens, increasing their susceptibility to other infectious diseases and resulting in vaccination failure. here, we investigated the immune-depressing effect of ibdv on h9n2 avian influenza viral infection in the broiler chickens. 2. for this purpose, chickens were divided into four groups. in group a, chickens were inoculated with ibdv at 21 days of age and h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) 5 days later. groups b and c only ... | 2019 | 31116018 |
| characterization of influenza virus pr8 strain cultured in embryonated eggs by cryo-electron tomography. | influenza a viruses, as causative agents of seasonal epidemics and periodic worldwide pandemics, cause enormous mortality loss globally. the pr8 strain cultured in chicken eggs is widely used for scientific research and the production of influenza vaccines. here, based on cryo-electron tomography (cet), we analyzed the morphological and structural characteristics of the influenza virus pr8 strain at different phs. we found that a large number of defective virions were propagated in embryonated e ... | 2019 | 31196621 |
| prevalence of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 and co-infection by immunosuppressive viruses in fowl with hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome in shandong province, china. | fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (fadv-4) is the pathogenic agent of hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (hhs) in chickens and ducks, which has caused huge economic losses for the chinese poultry industry since 2015. in order to objectively determine the prevalence and co-infection status of the virus in shandong province in china, we analyzed a total of 679 clinical cases of chickens and ducks from 36 farms in the province. the results showed that the fadv-4 infection rate was 65.2% (443/679), and th ... | 2019 | 31195615 |
| effective control measures considering spatial heterogeneity to mitigate the 2016-2017 avian influenza epidemic in the republic of korea. | during the winter of 2016-2017, an epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) led to high mortality in poultry and put a serious burden on the poultry industry of the republic of korea. effective control measures considering spatial heterogeneity to mitigate the hpai epidemic is still a challenging issue. here we develop a spatial-temporal compartmental model that incorporates the culling rate as a function of the reported farms and farm density in each town. the epidemiological and ge ... | 2019 | 31194835 |
| evaluation of protective efficacy when combining turkey herpesvirus-vector vaccines. | turkey herpesvirus (hvt) is widely used as a vaccine against marek's disease in chickens and recently as a vector for foreign genes from infectious bursal disease virus, newcastle disease (nd) virus, infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) virus, and avian influenza virus. advantages of hvt-vector vaccines are that the vaccines do not contain live respiratory viruses or live infectious bursal disease virus able to replicate and cause disease or embryo mortality, they can be administered at hatch or i ... | 2019 | 31251522 |
| investigation of flexibility of neuraminidase 150-loop using tamiflu derivatives in influenza a viruses h1n1 and h5n1. | this study focuses on design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of inhibitory potency of two series of sialylmimetic that target an exosite ("150-cavity") adjacent to the active site of influenza neuraminidases from a/california/07/2009 (h1n1) pandemic strain and a/chicken/nakorn-patom/thailand/cu-k2-2004 (h5n1). the structure-activity analysis as well as 3-d structure of the complex of parental compound with the pandemic neuraminidase p09n1 revealed high flexibility of the 150-cavity towards va ... | 2019 | 31128993 |
| pathogenicity and genomic changes of a 2016 european h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (clade 2.3.4.4) in experimentally infected mallards and chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 virus caused outbreaks in poultry and unusually high mortality in wild birds in 2016-2017. the pathobiology of one of these viruses was examined in mallards and chickens. high mortality and transmission to direct contacts were observed in mallards inoculated with medium and high doses of the virus. however, in chickens, high mortality occurred only when birds are given the high virus dose and no transmission was observed, indicating that the v ... | 2019 | 31493656 |
| the pb2 and m genes of genotype s h9n2 virus contribute to the enhanced fitness of h5nx and h7n9 avian influenza viruses in chickens. | genotype s h9n2 viruses frequently donate their internal genes to facilitate the generation of novel influenza viruses, e.g., h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8, which have caused human infection. genotype s was originated from the replacement of f/98-like m and pb2 genes of the genotype h with those from g1-like lineage. however, whether this gene substitution will influence the viral fitness of emerging influenza viruses remains unclear. we found that h5nx and h7n9 viruses with g1-like pb2 or m gene exhibi ... | 2019 | 31325836 |
| pathogenicity and full genome sequencing of the avian influenza h9n2 moroccan isolate 2016. | in morocco in early 2016, a low pathogenic avian influenza virus serotype h9n2 caused large economic losses to the poultry industry, with specific clinical symptoms and high mortality rates on infected farms. subsequent to the h9n2 outbreak, the causal agent was successfully isolated from chicken flocks with high morbidity and mortality rates, propagated on embryonated eggs, and fully sequenced. the phylogenetic analysis suggested that the moroccan isolate could have derived from the middle east ... | 2019 | 31251516 |
| comparative molecular characterization, pathogenicity and seroprevalence of avian influenza virus h9n2 in commercial and backyard poultry flocks. | this study was conducted to perform the comparative molecular characterization of avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2, pathogenicity and seroprevalence in commercial and backyard poultry flocks. fifty commercial poultry flocks were investigated between 2012 and 2015. eighteen flocks (36%) out of 50 were positive ha. seven (38.9%) out of 18 were positive by chromatographic strip test for ai common antigen. by real-time rt-pcr, only two flocks were positive h9. the molecular characterization of two d ... | 2019 | 31174705 |
| progress on chicken t cell immunity to viruses. | avian virus infection remains one of the most important threats to the poultry industry. pathogens such as avian influenza virus (aiv), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), and infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) are normally controlled by antibodies specific for surface proteins and cellular immune responses. however, standard vaccines aimed at inducing neutralizing antibodies must be administered annually and can be rendered ineffective because immune-selective pressure results in the c ... | 2019 | 31101935 |
| comparative immune response and pathogenicity of the h9n2 avian influenza virus after administration of immulant®, based on echinacea and nigella sativa, in stressed chickens. | avian influenza vaccines are commonly used in the poultry industry, and some medicinal plants can increase the efficacy of such vaccines. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of immulant® (imu) (a commercial product based on echinacea and nigella sativa) on stress induced by dexamethasone (dex) in chickens vaccinated (vac) against the h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv-h9n2). seven experimental groups were included: the negative control, vac, dex, vac + dex, vac + dex + imu, vac + ... | 2019 | 31300109 |
| a single mutation n166d in hemagglutinin affects antigenicity and pathogenesis of h9n2 avian influenza virus. | some immune escape mutants of h9n2 virus and the corresponding mutations in hemagglutinin (ha) have been documented, but little is known about the impact of a single mutation on the antigenicity and pathogenesis of h9n2. in this study, seven critical sites in ha associated with the antigenicity were identified and the effects of a ha mutation (n166d) derived from a h9n2 escape mutant (m3f2) were investigated. although n166d did not significantly affect viral replication in madin-darby canine kid ... | 2019 | 31382442 |
| genetic and antigenic characterization of avian influenza h9n2 viruses during 2016 in iraq. | little is known about the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza a viruses circulating in poultry in iraq. | 2019 | 31360657 |
| genome sequences of an h9n2 avian influenza virus strain found in pakistan in 2017. | in 2017, we isolated an h9n2 avian influenza virus in pakistan. genetic analysis showed that the a/chicken/kasoor/si36/2017(h9n2) isolate belongs to the g1 lineage. in addition, this isolate possesses mammalian host-specific mutations which could possibly favor interspecies transmission, suggesting that pakistani h9n2 viruses are still potentially infectious for mammals. | 2019 | 31296678 |
| avian influenza h9n2 subtype in ghana: virus characterization and evidence of co-infection. | between november 2017 and february 2018, ghanaian poultry producers reported to animal health authorities a dramatic increase in mortality rate and a relevant drop in egg production in several layer hen farms. laboratory investigations revealed that the farms had been infected by the h9n2 influenza subtype. virological and molecular characterization of the viruses identified in ghana is described here for the first time. whole genome analysis showed that the viruses belong to the g1-lineage and ... | 2019 | 31142135 |
| poultry trading behaviours in vietnamese live bird markets as risk factors for avian influenza infection in chickens. | vietnamese poultry are host to co-circulating subtypes of avian influenza viruses, including h5n1 and h9n2, which pose a great risk to poultry productivity and to human health. aivs circulate throughout the poultry trade network in vietnam, with live bird markets being an integral component to this network. traders at lbms exhibit a variety of trading practices, which may influence the transmission of aivs. we identified trading practices that impacted on aiv prevalence in chickens marketed in n ... | 2019 | 31357255 |
| evolution of h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus during passages in chickens. | the process of avian influenza virus (aiv) evolution in a new host was investigated in the experiment in which ten serial passages of a turkey-derived h9n2 aiv were carried out in specific pathogen free chickens (3 birds/group) inoculated by oculonasal route. oropharyngeal swabs collected 3 days post infection were used for inoculation of birds in the next passage and subjected to analysis using deep sequencing. in total, eight mutations in the consensus sequence were found in the viral pool der ... | 2019 | 31351233 |
| different pathogenicity and transmissibility of goose-origin h5n6 avian influenza viruses in chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 viruses have been circulating in poultry in asia since 2013 and producing serious diseases in chickens. here, we analyzed the genetic properties of 10 h5n6 subtypes aivs from geese in 2015-2016 in guangdong province. phylogenic analysis showed that all ha genes of the 10 viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4, and their genes including ha, pa, pb1, m, np, and ns all derived from mix-like 1 (ch, vn, ls). their pb2 genes come from mix-like 2 (ch, vn, jp). the na g ... | 2019 | 31277451 |
| improved detection of influenza a virus from blue-winged teals by sequencing directly from swab material. | the greatest diversity of influenza a virus (iav) is found in wild aquatic birds of the orders anseriformes and charadriiformes. in these birds, iav replication occurs mostly in the intestinal tract. fecal, cloacal, and/or tracheal swabs are typically collected and tested by real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) and/or by virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs in order to determine the presence of iav. virus isolation may impose bottlenecks that select variant populations that are different from those ... | 2019 | 31236242 |
| rapid construction and immunogenicity testing of a novel h5 virus-like particle prototype vaccine against clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. | from october 2016 to july 2017, 47 countries have been affected by highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 subtype, including european and african, and it has been the most severe hpai outbreak ever in europe. the development of effective influenza vaccines is required to combine preventive and control measures in order to avoid similar avian influenza epidemics taking place. here we describe a novel prototype recombinant virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine based ... | 2019 | 31131578 |
| two single incursions of h7n7 and h5n1 low pathogenicity avian influenza in u.k. broiler breeders during 2015 and 2016. | low pathogenicity (lp) avian influenza viruses (aivs) have a natural reservoir in wild birds. these cause few (if any) overt clinical signs, but include h5 and h7 lpaivs, which are notifiable in poultry. in the european union, notifiable avian disease (nad) demands laboratory confirmation with prompt statutory interventions to prevent dissemination of infection to multiple farms. crucially, for h5 and h7 lpaivs, movement restrictions and culling limit the further risk of mutation to the correspo ... | 2019 | 31131576 |
| recovery of influenza a viruses from lake water and sediments by experimental inoculation. | influenza a viruses (iav) are zoonotic pathogens relevant to human, domestic animal and wildlife health. many avian iavs are transmitted among waterfowl via a faecal-oral-route. therefore, environmental water where waterfowl congregate may play an important role in the ecology and epidemiology of avian iav. water and sediment may sustain and transmit virus among individuals or species. it is unclear at what concentrations waterborne viruses are infectious or remain detectable. to address this, w ... | 2019 | 31091283 |
| contaminated feed-borne bacillus cereus aggravates respiratory distress post avian influenza virus h9n2 infection by inducing pneumonia. | avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 is identified in chickens with respiratory disease while bacillus cereus (b. cereus) has been frequently isolated from chicken feed in china. however, the roles of co-infection with these two pathogens remain unclear. in the present study, spf chicks were intragastrically administered with 108 cfu/ml of b. cereus for 7 days and then inoculated intranasally with 100 eid50 of h9n2 three days later. alternatively, chickens were initially inoculated with h9n2 and t ... | 2019 | 31076729 |
| intranasally administered polyethylenimine adjuvanted influenza m2 ectodomain induces partial protection against h9n2 influenza a virus infection in chickens. | this study aimed to investigate whether intranasally coadministered four tandem copies of extracellular domains of m2 (m2e) and polyethyleneimine (pei), a mucosal adjuvant, can protect chickens against h9n2 influenza a virus infection. groups of chickens were intranasally vaccinated with m2e plus pei adjuvant, m2e alone or pei adjuvant, and antibody (serum igg and mucosal iga) and cellular (cd4+ t cells and ifn-γ levels) immune responses were measured post-vaccination. we demonstrated that the c ... | 2019 | 30885310 |
| modelling the impact of biosecurity practices on the risk of high pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in australian commercial chicken farms. | as of 2018, australia has experienced seven outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) in poultry since 1976, all of which involved chickens. there is concern that increases in free-range farming could heighten hpai outbreak risk due to the potential for greater contact between chickens and wild birds that are known to carry low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai). we use mathematical models to assess the effect of a shift to free-range farming on the risk of hpai outbreaks of h5 or h7 ... | 2019 | 30851932 |
| knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with avian influenza along the live chicken market chains in eastern china: a cross-sectional survey in shanghai, anhui, and jiangsu. | the avian influenza (ai) virus of the h7n9 subtype emerged in china in 2013. live bird markets (lbms) selling live meat chickens were indicated to present a high-risk of the virus dissemination. this study aimed to quantify the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (kap) on ai and to measure the associated risk factors among different actors along the live chicken market chain within h7n9-affected eastern provinces in china. a cross-sectional survey was conducted in these provinces from j ... | 2019 | 30891947 |