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evolution of infectious bronchitis virus in china over the past two decades.avian infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) that affects poultry production worldwide. the absence of vaccine cross-protection and the frequent emergence of new variant strains complicate control of ibv. here we designed a study to measure the evolution dynamics of ibv strains in china. one hundered and seven complete sequences and 1022 s1-region sequences of chinese ibvs isolated between 1994 and 2014 were analysed by using mega 5.0 sof ...201627008625
characterization and analysis of an infectious bronchitis virus strain isolated from southern china in 2013.infectious bronchitis is a severe disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) that affects fowl flocks worldwide. the understanding of the mechanisms involved in ibv evolution and variation would provide important theoretical basis for prevention and control of the disease in the future.201626955947
pathogenesis and diagnostic approaches of avian infectious bronchitis.infectious bronchitis (ib) is one of the major economically important poultry diseases distributed worldwide. it is caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and affects both galliform and nongalliform birds. its economic impact includes decreased egg production and poor egg quality in layers, stunted growth, poor carcass weight, and mortality in broiler chickens. although primarily affecting the respiratory tract, ibv demonstrates a wide range of tissues tropism, including the renal and repro ...201626955391
a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for differentiation of massachusetts vaccine and brazilian field genotypes of avian infectious bronchitis virus.the avian infectious bronchitis virus is classified into serotypes or genotypes (or both) in different poultry-producing countries of the world. in brazil, massachusetts type (mass), used as a live vaccine, and local field brazilian variants (genotypes; br) predominate in the commercial poultry flocks. this study describes the development and validation of two real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions (rt-qpcr) for the specific detection of mass and br genotypes in allantoic flu ...201626953939
recombinant duck enteritis viruses expressing major structural proteins of the infectious bronchitis virus provide protection against infectious bronchitis in chickens.to design an alternative vaccine for control of infectious bronchitis in chickens, three recombinant duck enteritis viruses (rdevs) expressing the n, s, or s1 protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were constructed using conventional homologous recombination methods, and were designated as rdev-n, rdev-s, and rdev-s1, respectively. chickens were divided into five vaccinated groups, which were each immunized with one of the rdevs, covalent vaccination with rdev-n & rdev-s, or covalent vacci ...201626946113
responses of the toll-like receptor and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 signaling pathways to avian infectious bronchitis virus infection in chicks.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a gammacoronavirus in the family coronaviridae and causes highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. innate immunity plays significant roles in host defense against ibv. here, we explored the interaction between ibv and the host innate immune system. severe histopathological lesions were observed in the tracheal mucosa at 3-5 days post inoculation (dpi) and in the kidney at 8 dpi, with heavy viral loads at 1-11 and 1-28 dpi, respectively. the ex ...201626920710
genotyping of infectious bronchitis viruses from broiler farms in iraq during 2014-2015.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is one of the most critical pathogens in the poultry industry, causing serious economic losses in all countries including iraq. ibv has many genotypes that do not confer any cross-protection. this virus has been genotyped by sequence analysis of the s1 glycoprotein gene. a total of 100 tracheal and kidney tissue specimens from different commercial broiler flocks in the middle and south of iraq were collected from september 2013 to september 2014. thirty-two ibv- ...201626887967
s1 gene-based phylogeny of infectious bronchitis virus: an attempt to harmonize virus classification.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease that results in severe economic losses to the global poultry industry. the virus exists in a wide variety of genetically distinct viral types, and both phylogenetic analysis and measures of pairwise similarity among nucleotide or amino acid sequences have been used to classify ibv strains. however, there is currently no consensus on the method by which ibv sequences should be compared, and heterogeneous genet ...201626883378
interactive mechanism between avian infectious bronchitis s1 protein t cell peptide and avian mhc i molecule.this study aims to construct a 3d structure of the avian major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-β2m complex through homology modelling technology, perform molecular docking of the predicted infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1 protein potential epitope peptide sp6 (nqfyiklt) and the avian mhc-β2m complex, and demonstrate the interactive mechanism between sp6 and mhc using molecular dynamical simulations. the peptide sp6 and the non-related peptide np89-97 (pkktggpiy) were used to stimulate in vi ...201626876645
recombinant infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) h120 vaccine strain expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein of newcastle disease virus (ndv) protects chickens against ibv and ndv challenge.infectious bronchitis (ib) and newcastle disease (nd) are common viral diseases of chickens, which are caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv), respectively. vaccination with live attenuated strains of ibv-h120 and ndv-lasota are important for the control of ib and nd. however, conventional live attenuated vaccines are expensive and result in the inability to differentiate between infected and vaccinated chickens. therefore, there is an urgent need to develo ...201626873815
long-term detection of seasonal influenza rna in faeces and intestine.some cases of seasonal influenza virus (human influenza a virus (iav)/human influenza b virus (ibv)) are associated with abdominal symptoms. although virus rna has been detected in faeces, intestinal infection has not been clearly demonstrated. we aimed to provide evidence that iav/ibv infects the human intestine. this prospective observational study measured virus rna in faecal and sputum samples from 22 patients infected with iav/ibv (19 iav positive and three ibv positive). nineteen patients ...201627424942
productive replication of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus in peripheral blood monocytic cells, a strategy for viral dissemination and kidney infection in chickens.in the present study, the replication kinetics of nephropathogenic (b1648) and respiratory (massachusetts-m41) ibv strains were compared in vitro in respiratory mucosa explants and blood monocytes (kul01(+) cells), and in vivo in chickens to understand why some ibv strains have a kidney tropism. b1648 was replicating somewhat better than m41 in the epithelium of the respiratory mucosa explants and used more kul01(+) cells to penetrate the deeper layers of the respiratory tract. b1648 was product ...201627412035
[the isolation and identification of infectious bronchitis virus ptfy strain in muscovy ducks].in july 2009, some farms of breeding muscovy ducks on the peak of egg laying suffered the decrease of hatching rate and the quality of the eggs showing low mortality and no evident respiratory symptoms. the swelling and congestive ovary was visible after autopsy. this study was brought out for the diagnosis of these cases. the virus was isolated and identified by the methods of virus culture in chicken embryo, physical and chemical properties test, hemagglutinin test, ndv (newcastle diseases vir ...201627396165
tmprss2 independency for haemagglutinin cleavage in vivo differentiates influenza b virus from influenza a virus.influenza a and b viruses show clear differences in their host specificity and pandemic potential. recent studies have revealed that the host protease tmprss2 plays an essential role for proteolytic activation of h1, h3, and h7 subtype strains of influenza a virus (iav) in vivo. iav possessing a monobasic cleavage site in the haemagglutinin (ha) protein replicates poorly in tmprss2 knockout mice owing to insufficient ha cleavage. in the present study, human isolates of influenza b virus (ibv) st ...201627389476
serotype, antigenicity, and pathogenicity of a naturally recombinant tw i genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus in china.since 2009, strains of the naturally recombinant tw i genotype of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have caused considerable damage to the chinese poultry industry. to better understand the antigenicity and pathogenesis of this genotype, the characteristics of the ck/ch/ldl/140520 strain were compared to those of four commercial ib vaccine strains that are used commonly in china, as well as four attenuated viruses that represent two types of ibv strains, which are believed to have originated in ...201627374900
distribution of infectious bronchitis virus strains in different organs and evidence of vertical transmission in natural infection.on the basis of partial sequencing of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1 gene, this study investigated the molecular diversity of the virus in two life periods of a batch of breeding hens at the field level. the chicks were vaccinated against ibv on the second day of life with the vaccine ma5, but at the age of 18 days, they exhibited clinical signs and macroscopic lesions compatible with avian infectious bronchitis (ib). in the clinical disease stage, the ma5 vaccine strain was detected i ...201627586414
full-length genome sequencing analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolate associated with nephropathogenic infection.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) produces infectious bronchitis (ib) disease in poultry worldwide. in spite of proper vaccinations against the ibv, new ibv strains are continually emerging worldwide. in this study, a new highly virulent nephropathogenic ibv strain named ck/ch/xdc-2/2013 was identified from a vaccinated flock with clinical signs of ib in the jiangsu province of china. the full-length genome sequence of the isolate was 27,714 nucleotides long, and the genome was organized similar ...201627566728
genotyping and pathotyping of diversified strains of infectious bronchitis viruses circulating in egypt.to characterize the circulating infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains in egypt depending on the sequence of the spike-1 (s1) gene [hypervariable region-3 (hvr-3)] and to study the pathotypic features of these strains.201627563538
the establishment and characteristics of cell-adapted ibv strain h120.avian infectious bronchitis virus is an important pathogen in poultry worldwide. vaccination is the only effective way to prevent and control ibv infection. h120, one of the safest vaccine strains, which has been used worldwide as a primary vaccine, cannot adapt to passaged cells, which severely restricts the quality of the vaccine. based on the reverse genetics of our previous research work, we constructed the recombinant r-h120-beaudette-p65(s) strain by replacing the complete spike gene of h1 ...201627558123
polymorphisms in the s1 spike glycoprotein of arkansas-type infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) show differential binding to host tissues and altered antigenicity.sequencing avian infectious bronchitis virus spike genes re-isolated from vaccinated chicks revealed that many sequence changes are found on the s1 spike gene. in the arkdpi strain, y43h and ∆344 are the two most common changes observed. this study aims to examine the roles of y43h and ∆344 in selection in vivo. using recombinant arkdpi s1 proteins, we conducted binding assays on chicken tracheas and embryonic chorioallantoic membrane (cam). protein histochemistry showed that the y43h change all ...201627619927
gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus in quail.this paper expands on a previous report about coronaviruses in quail. after surveillance carried out in 2009 and 2010, some farmers started vaccinating quail with the massachusetts avian infectious bronchitis virus serotype. the samples for this study were collected in 2013 from são paulo state in southeastern brazil. pools of trachea, lungs, reproductive tract, kidneys, and enteric contents from quail and laying hens kept in the same farms and from quail-only farms as well as from both healthy ...201627610726
the sequence of the full spike s1 glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus circulating in egypt reveals evidence of intra-genotypic recombination.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) continues to circulate worldwide, with a significant impact on the poultry industry and affecting both vaccinated and unvaccinated flocks. several studies have focused on the hypervariable regions (hvrs) of the spike gene (s1); however, genetic and bioinformatics studies of the whole s1 gene are limited. in this study, the whole s1 gene of five egyptian ibvs was genetically analyzed. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the egyptian ibvs are clustered within two ...201627604121
pathogenicity of virulent infectious bronchitis virus isolate yn on hen ovary and oviduct.avian infectious bronchitis is an economically important poultry disease caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). ibv isolate yn is a virulent strain, which is genetically similar to most of the prevalent strains in china. in this study, 21-day-old commercial laying hens were infected with ibv strain yn. the damaging effects of the virus on the reproductive organs were evaluated with clinical observations, gross autopsy and histopathological examinations during the 100-day monitoring p ...201627599936
prediction and in silico identification of novel b-cells and t-cells epitopes in the s1-spike glycoprotein of m41 and cr88 (793/b) infectious bronchitis virus serotypes for application in peptide vaccines.bioinformatic analysis was used to predict antigenic b-cell and t-cell epitopes within the s1 glycoprotein of m41 and cr88 ibv strains. a conserved linear b-cell epitope peptide, ytsnettdvts(175-185), was identified in m41 ibv strains while three such epitopes types namely, vsnaspnsggvd(279-290), hpkcnfrpeni(328-338), and netnnagsvsdctagt(54-69), were predicted in cr88 ibv strains. analysis of mhci binding peptides in m41 ibv strains revealed the presence of 15 antigenic peptides out of which 12 ...201627667997
infectious bronchitis virus poly-epitope-based vaccine protects chickens from acute infection.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes major losses in the poultry industry. the safe and effective vaccine to control ibv spread is imperative. in the present study, we developed ibv s1 glycoprotein poly-epitope-based dna vaccine pv-s1b+s1t consisting of sh1208 and holte strain bf2-restricted t cell epitopes and australian t strain dominant b cell neutralization epitopes. specific pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with pv-s1b+s1t and control plasmids twice to elicit strong humoral and ce ...201627665355
phylogenetic and antigenic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus in southwestern china, 2012-2016.the aim of this study was to decipher the molecular epidemiological and antigenic characteristics of infectious bronchitis virus strains (ibvs) isolated in recent years in southwestern china. a total of 24 field strains were isolated from diseased chickens between 2012 and 2016. phylogenetic analysis based on s1 nucleotide sequences showed that 16 of the 24 isolates were clustered into four distinct genotypes: qx (37.5%), tw (16.7%, twi and twii), mass (8.3%), and j2 (4.2%). the qx genotype was ...201627530216
infectious bronchitis vaccine virus detection and part-s1 genetic variation following single or dual inoculation in broiler chicks.an investigation was undertaken of the extent of genetic variation occurring within infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccine strains following vaccination of day-old broiler chicks. chicks were divided into seven groups, with two groups receiving single massachusetts (mass) vaccinations and the other four were inoculated with combinations of different ibv serotypes; mass, 793b, d274, and arkansas (ark). the remaining group was maintained as an unvaccinated control. following vaccination, swabs ...201627917677
genetic mutations in live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses following single or dual in vitro infection of tracheal organ cultures.despite regular co-vaccination of two different strains of live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses, little is known about possible mutations in these viruses following vaccination. as an alternative to chicks, this study used an in vitro infection model to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) within the part-s1 gene of two live infectious bronchitis virus vaccine strains (793b and massachusetts) following single or dual inoculation onto tracheal organ cultures. results indicate tha ...201627902312
insights from molecular structure predictions of the infectious bronchitis virus s1 spike glycoprotein.infectious bronchitis virus is an important respiratory pathogen in chickens. the ibv s1 spike is a viral structural protein that is responsible for attachment to host receptors and is a major target for neutralizing antibodies. to date, there is no experimentally determined structure for the ibv s1 spike. in this study, we sought to find a predicted tertiary structure for ibv s1 using i-tasser, which is an automated homology modeling platform. we found that the predicted structures obtained wer ...201627836775
pathogenicity of a tw-like strain of infectious bronchitis virus and evaluation of the protection induced against it by a qx-like strain.avian infectious bronchitis, a highly contagious disease caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), is of considerable economic importance to the poultry industry. new ibv tw-like strains have increasingly emerged in china in recent years; hence, evaluating their pathogenicity and developing a specific vaccine to guard against their potential threat to the poultry industry is important. here, we examined the pathogenicity of a tw-like ibv strain (gd), and evaluated the protective efficac ...201627803698
full genome sequence analysis of a newly emerged qx-like infectious bronchitis virus from sudan reveals distinct spots of recombination.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection continues to cause economically important diseases in poultry while different geno- and serotypes continue to circulate globally. two infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv) were isolated from chickens with respiratory disease in sudan. sequence analysis of the hypervariable regions of the s1 gene revealed a close relation to the qx-like genotype which has not been detected in sudan before. whole genome analysis of ibv/ck/sudan/ar251-15/2014 isolate by nex ...201627793730
small interfering rna expression inhibits avian infectious bronchitis virus replication and inflammatory response.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major cause of poor weight gain and mortality among chicks.201626835751
effect of different vaccination strategies on ibv qx population dynamics and clinical outbreaks.the extreme variability and rapid evolution of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) has always represented the key challenge for its control because of the limited cross-protection among different strains. several experimental trials have proven a broadening of the protection spectrum when animals are vaccinated with multiple genotypes. nevertheless, the conditions of vaccine administration in field are so different that the generalization of experimental results is, at least, questionable. in the ...201627670071
prevalence of avian infectious bronchitis virus in broiler chicken farms in south of iraq, 2014 - 2015.avian infectious bronchitis (ib), caused by a gammacoronavirus, is an oie-listed (list b) disease and characterized by respiratory and renal involvements, causing high mortality, and economic loss in both layers and broilers. in comparison with other diagnostic methods, real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and conventional rt-pcr are potent, more sensitive and faster techniques for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) detection. this research was conducted to detect ibv using specific prime ...201628144423
impacts of poultry vaccination on viruses of wild bird.spillover of viruses from farmed poultry into wild birds is a relatively new area of study at the livestock-wildlife interface. these transmission events can threaten the health of wild birds. there is growing evidence of transmission of vaccine viruses from poultry to wild birds, including attenuated vaccine strains of newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus, and also spread of virulent viruses that may have evolved under the pressure of vaccine use, such as marek's disease viru ...201627359320
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant fusion proteins containing spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus and hemagglutinin of h3n2 influenza virus in chickens.infectious bronchitis (ib) is an acute and highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chickens and vaccination is the main method for disease control. the s1 protein, which contains several virus neutralization epitopes, is considered to be a target site of vaccine development. however, although protective immune responses could be induced by recombinant s1 protein, the protection rate in chickens was still low (<50%). here, we generated fused s1 proteins with ha2 protein (rs1-ha2) or transm ...201627497621
exploration of the bf2*15 major histocompatibility complex class i binding motif and identification of cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitopes from the h5n1 influenza virus nucleoprotein in chickens.the binding motif of bf2*15 major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i was explored by analyzing the interaction between an infectious bronchitis virus octapeptide and bf2*15, and the cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope from the nucleoprotein (np) of h5n1 virus was identified using experimental methods. computational methods, including homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation, and molecular docking analysis, were used. the recombinant plasmid pcaggs-np was constructed, and np expres ...201627518404
prevalence of avian respiratory viruses in broiler flocks in egypt.in this study, respiratory viral pathogens were screened using real-time rt-pcr in 86 broiler chicken flocks suffering from respiratory diseases problems in 4 egyptian governorates between january 2012 and february 2014. the mortality rates in the investigated flocks ranged from 1 to 47%. results showed that mixed infection represented 66.3% of the examined flocks. mixed infectious bronchitis (ibv) and avian influenza (ai)-h9n2 viruses were the most common infection (41.7%). lack of ai-h9n2 vacc ...201626976895
accurate detection of avian respiratory viruses by use of multiplex pcr-based luminex suspension microarray assay.a novel oligonucleotide suspension microarray (luminex microsphere system) was developed for the rapid detection of avian respiratory viruses of major clinical importance. this test was optimized and validated with 70 clinical samples. the developed tool was accurate for high-throughput detection and differentiation of the most important avian respiratory viruses: avian influenza virus (aiv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), infection bronchitis virus (ibv), and infectious laryngotracheitis virus ...201627558184
health evaluation of african penguins (<i>spheniscus demersus</i>) in southern africa.the african penguin (spheniscus demersus) is an endangered seabird that breeds along the coast of namibia and south africa, and disease surveillance was identified as a priority for its conservation. aiming for the establishment of baseline data on the presence of potential pathogens in this species, a comprehensive health assessment (blood smear examination, haematology, biochemistry and serology) was conducted on samples obtained from 578 african penguins at 11 breeding colonies and a rehabili ...201627796116
detection and molecular characterization of chicken astrovirus associated with chicks that have an unusual condition known as "white chicks" in brazil.chicken astrovirus (castv) is one of many viruses related to enteric diseases in poultry that are associated with runting-stunting syndrome (rss), which affects young chickens. castv was also recently associated with an unusual condition in chicks called "white chicks." some hatcheries in certain states of brazil have reported several incubation problems, mortality, and the presence of chicks with white plumages over the past several months. these chicks were termed locally as "white chicks." th ...201626976903
molecular detection of chicken parvovirus in broilers with enteric disorders presenting curving of duodenal loop, pancreatic atrophy, and mesenteritis.enteric disorders are an important cause of economic losses in broiler chickens worldwide. several agents have been associated with enteric problems, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. in this study, broiler chickens showing signs of enteric disorders were subjected to molecular diagnosis for several viral agents and also for pathological examination for elucidating this problem. thus, the chickens were screened for avian nephritis virus (anv), chicken astrovirus (castv), avian rotavirus ...201626908891
full genome analysis of australian infectious bronchitis viruses suggests frequent recombination events between vaccine strains and multiple phylogenetically distant avian coronaviruses of unknown origin.australian strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have been evolving independently for many years, with control achieved by vaccination with local attenuated strains. previous studies have documented the emergence of recombinants over the last 20 years, with the most recent one, ck/aus/n1/08, detected in 2008. these recombinants did not appear to be controlled by the vaccines currently in use. in this study we sequenced the complete genomes of three emergent australian strains of ibv (ibv/ ...201627938680
identification of an infectious bronchitis coronavirus strain exhibiting a classical genotype but altered antigenicity, pathogenicity, and innate immunity profile.avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) poses economic threat to the poultry industry worldwide. pathogenic ibv 3575/08 was isolated from broilers vaccinated with the attenuated viral vaccine derived from a taiwan strain 2575/98. in this study, extensive investigations were conducted on the genome sequences, antigenicity, pathogenicity, and host immune responses of several ibv strains in specific-pathogen-free chickens. sequence analyses revealed that 3575/08 and 2575/98 shared high ...201627876864
gamma and deltacoronaviruses in quail and pheasants from northern italy.in view of the restricted knowledge on the diversity of coronaviruses in poultry other than chicken, this study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of coronaviruses in quail, pheasant, and partridge from two regions of northern italy. to this end, pools of tracheal and cloacal swabs from european quail (coturnix coturnix) and intestinal tract from pheasants (phasianus colchicus) and partridge (perdix perdix) flocks, with or without enteric signs, were collected during 2015. avian coronavi ...201627738120
phylogeny and s1 gene variation of infectious bronchitis virus detected in broilers and layers in turkey.the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (avcov-ibv) is recognized as an important global pathogen because new variants are a continuous threat to the poultry industry worldwide. this study investigates the genetic origin and diversity of avcov-ibv by analysis of the s1 sequence derived from 49 broiler flocks and 14 layer flocks in different regions of turkey. avcov-ibv rna was detected in 41 (83.6%) broiler flocks and nine (64.2%) of the layer flocks by taqman real-time rt-pcr. in addi ...201627610718
synthetic virus-like particles prepared via protein corona formation enable effective vaccination in an avian model of coronavirus infection.the ongoing battle against current and rising viral infectious threats has prompted increasing effort in the development of vaccine technology. a major thrust in vaccine research focuses on developing formulations with virus-like features towards enhancing antigen presentation and immune processing. herein, a facile approach to formulate synthetic virus-like particles (svlps) is demonstrated by exploiting the phenomenon of protein corona formation induced by the high-energy surfaces of synthetic ...201627552321
dynamics of avian coronavirus circulation in commercial and non-commercial birds in asia--a review.it is essential to understand the latest situation regarding avian coronaviruses (acovs), commonly referred to as the well-known avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), given that new and diverse types of ibv are continually being identified worldwide, particularly ones that are isolated from commercial poultry and associated with a wide range of disease conditions. the existing ibvs continue to evolve in various geographic areas in asia, which results in the recombination and co-circulation be ...201626629927
extensive coronavirus-induced membrane rearrangements are not a determinant of pathogenicity.positive-strand rna (+rna) viruses rearrange cellular membranes during replication, possibly in order to concentrate and arrange viral replication machinery for efficient viral rna synthesis. our previous work showed that in addition to the conserved coronavirus double membrane vesicles (dmvs), beau-r, an apathogenic strain of avian gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), induces regions of er that are zippered together and tethered open-necked double membrane spherules that resemble ...201627255716
a duplex rt-pcr assay for detection of h9 subtype avian influenza viruses and infectious bronchitis viruses.h9 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) are major pathogens circulating in poultry and have resulted in great economic losses due to respiratory disease and reduced egg production. as similar symptoms are elicited by the two pathogens, it is difficult for their differential diagnosis. so far, no reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay has been found to differentiate between h9 aiv and ibv in one reaction. therefore, developing a sensiti ...201632288952
current situation, genetic relationship and control measures of infectious bronchitis virus variants circulating in african regions.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major viral pathogen of commercial poultry, affecting chickens of all ages and causing major economic losses in poultry industry worldwide. frequent points of mutations and recombination events in the s1 gene region, result in the emergence of new ibvs variants circulating in the form of several serotypes/genotypes that can be partially or poorly neutralized by current vaccines. ibv is well studied worldwide, nevertheless in african countries epidemiologica ...201632288944
successive occurrence of recombinant infectious bronchitis virus strains in restricted area of middle east.routine molecular diagnostic testing by our laboratory, based on using a primer pair with conservative binding sites on the spike glycoprotein coding sequence, has indicated the recurring of a unique phylogenetic cluster of chicken infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv) in the middle east since 2010. the nearly full-length s1 subunit of the spike gene phylogeny of selected strains, however, split up this grouping, suggesting potential recombination in the s1 gene. in order to clarify this, various ...201629492274
[enzymatic studies of avian infectious bronchitis. behavior of some enzymes (got, gpt, aldolase, ldh, fac, fal, lap and sdh) in the amino-allantoid fluids of normal and infected embryonated eggs]. 20164322161
[evaluation of the efficiency of differential diagnosis of influenza by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction].the paper gives the results of a comparative analysis of the detection of influenza viruses in clinical samples, by using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and by virus isolation in mdck cell cultures. the investigation employed 267 nasopharyngeal swab specimens obtained from patients with influenza symptoms during two epidemic seasons (2008-2009 and 2009-2010). influenza viruses were found in 104 samples (48 with influenza a virus (iav) and 56 with influenza b virus (ibv)) ...201622624473
infectious bronchitis coronavirus inhibits stat1 signaling and requires accessory proteins for resistance to type i interferon activity.the innate immune response is the first line of defense against viruses, and type i interferon (ifn) is a critical component of this response. similar to other viruses, the gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) has evolved under evolutionary pressure to evade and counteract the ifn response to enable its survival. previously, we reported that ibv induces a delayed activation of the ifn response. in the present work, we describe the resistance of ibv to ifn and the potential role of ...201526401035
seroepidemiologic survey of potential pathogens in obligate and facultative scavenging avian species in california.throughout the world, populations of scavenger birds are declining rapidly with some populations already on the brink of extinction. much of the current research into the factors contributing to these declines has focused on exposure to drug residues, lead, and other toxins. despite increased monitoring of these declining populations, little is known about infectious diseases affecting scavenger bird species. to assess potential infectious disease risks to both obligate and facultative scavenger ...201526606755
isolation and molecular characterization of nephropathic infectious bronchitis virus isolates of gujarat state, india.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a common, highly contagious, acute, and economically important viral disease of chickens caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv, sp. avian coronavirus). five pooled tissue suspensions of 50 layer birds and one reference massachusetts vaccine strain were inoculated into specific pathogen free (spf) chicken egg for isolation of ibv. reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was carried out using post inoculated allontoic fluid to amplify the spike ( ...201526436120
hatchery spray cabinet administration does not damage avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus vaccine based on analysis by electron microscopy and virus titration.studies in our laboratory showed that the arkansas-delmarva poultry industry (ark-dpi) vaccine given to 1-day-old chickens by hatchery spray cabinet replicated poorly and failed to adequately protect broilers against homologous virus challenge, whereas the same vaccine given by eye-drop did replicate and the birds were protected following homologous virus challenge. to determine if mechanical damage following spray application plays a role in failure of the ark-dpi vaccine, we examined the morph ...201526292549
experimental infection of inbred balb/c and a/j mice with massachusetts and brazilian strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv).the ability of avian coronaviruses to replicate in mice was investigated to investigate interspecies transmission. two inbred mouse strains (balb/c and a/j) with different genetic backgrounds were inoculated with the avian coronavirus strains mass and br-i and monitored for at least 10 days. analysis of viral rna, histopathological examinations, immunohistochemistry and serology were performed. after virus inoculation, neither clinical signs nor evident gross lesions were observed. viral rna, hi ...201525951972
age-dependent immune responses and immune protection after avian coronavirus vaccination.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is an endemic disease of chickens and a major contributor to economic losses for the poultry industry despite vaccination. recent observations indicated that chicks may have an immature immune system immediately after hatching when vaccinated for ibv. therefore we hypothesized that early ibv vaccination will generate an immature, poorly protective ibv-specific immune response contributing to immune escape and persistence of ibv. to test this hypothesis the ibv-s ...201525910920
transient dominant selection for the modification and generation of recombinant infectious bronchitis coronaviruses.we have developed a reverse genetics system for the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in which a full-length cdna corresponding to the ibv genome is inserted into the vaccinia virus genome under the control of a t7 promoter sequence. vaccinia virus as a vector for the full-length ibv cdna has the advantage that modifications can be introduced into the ibv cdna using homologous recombination, a method frequently used to insert and delete sequences from the vaccinia virus genome. ...201525720477
co-infection with multiple respiratory pathogens contributes to increased mortality rates in algerian poultry flocks.respiratory infections are a common cause for increased mortality rates in poultry worldwide. to improve intervention strategies, circulating pathogens have to be identified and further characterized. because of the lack of diagnostic tools, it was not known what pathogens contribute to the high mortality rates in association with respiratory disease in algeria. our objective was to determine if primary pathogens including mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms), avian influenza ...201526478165
longitudinal monitoring for respiratory pathogens in broiler chickens reveals co-infection of chlamydia psittaci and ornithobacterium rhinotracheale.chlamydia psittaci is prevalent in broiler chicken production. however, the role of c. psittaci in the respiratory disease complex needs to be clarified. our aim was to identify the time point when a c. psittaci infection appeared on a broiler farm and to examine the presence of other respiratory pathogens at that time. we focused on the 'major' respiratory pathogens occurring in belgian broilers, namely infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian metapneumovirus (ampv), ornithobacterium rhinotrach ...201525724936
genome-wide screen reveals valosin-containing protein requirement for coronavirus exit from endosomes.coronaviruses are rna viruses with a large zoonotic reservoir and propensity for host switching, representing a real threat for public health, as evidenced by severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and the emerging middle east respiratory syndrome (mers). cellular factors required for their replication are poorly understood. using genome-wide small interfering rna (sirna) screening, we identified 83 novel genes supporting infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) replication in human cells. thirty of ...201526311884
antiviral cystine knot α-amylase inhibitors from alstonia scholaris.cystine knot α-amylase inhibitors are cysteine-rich, proline-rich peptides found in the amaranthaceae and apocynaceae plant species. they are characterized by a pseudocyclic backbone with two to four prolines and three disulfides arranged in a knotted motif. similar to other knottins, cystine knot α-amylase inhibitors are highly resistant to degradation by heat and protease treatments. thus far, only the α-amylase inhibition activity has been described for members of this family. here, we show t ...201526546678
isolation of chicken astrovirus from specific pathogen-free chicken embryonated eggs.astroviruses have been associated with enteric disorders in many animal species, including chickens. here, we describe the isolation, propagation, and pathological characteristics of chicken astrovirus (castv) in specific pathogen free (spf) chicken embryonated eggs (cee) from chickens with diarrhea and runting-stunting syndrome. the cee were inoculated via the yolk sac route. viral confirmation was carried out using pcr techniques and transmission electron microscopy negative staining with ammo ...201525805833
acoustic trapping as a generic non-contact incubation site for multiplex bead-based assays.in this study, we show a significantly reduced assay time and a greatly increased bead recovery for a commercial luminex-based multiplex diagnostic immunoassay by performing all liquid handling steps of the assay protocol in a non-contact acoustic trapping platform. the luminex assay is designed for detecting antibodies in poultry serum for infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, newcastle disease virus and avian reovirus. here, we show proof-of-concept of a microfluidic sy ...201525467518
molecular detection of infectious bronchitis and avian metapneumoviruses in oman backyard poultry.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and avian metapneumovirus (ampv) are economically important viral pathogens infecting chickens globally. identification of endemic ibv and ampv strains promotes better control of both diseases and prevents production losses. orophrayngeal swab samples were taken from 2317 birds within 243 different backyard flocks in oman. swabs from each flock were examined by rt-pcr using part-s1 and g gene primers for ibv and ampv respectively. thirty-nine chicken flocks were ...201525613085
immune responses and interactions following simultaneous application of live newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and avian metapneumovirus vaccines in specific-pathogen-free chicks.interactions between live newcastle disease virus (ndv), avian metapneumovirus (ampv) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccines following simultaneous vaccination of day old specific pathogen free (spf) chicks were evaluated. the chicks were divided into eight groups: seven vaccinated against ndv, ampv and ibv (single, dual or triple) and one unvaccinated as control. haemagglutination inhibition (hi) ndv antibody titres were similar across all groups but were above protective titres. ampv v ...201525482324
development of an elisa based on a multi-fragment antigen of infectious bronchitis virus for antibodies detection.to develop a cost-effective elisa for detection of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) by using a multi-fragment protein as coating antigen.201526272397
evaluating protection against infectious bronchitis virus by clinical signs, ciliostasis, challenge virus detection, and histopathology.in this study, we examined the association among clinical signs, ciliostasis, virus detection, and histopathology for evaluating protection of vaccinated chickens against homologous and heterologous infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) challenge. at 5 days following challenge with ibv, we found a good correlation among clinical signs, ciliostasis in the trachea, challenge virus detection, and microscopic lesions in the trachea, with all four criteria being negative in fully protected birds and posi ...201526478154
an impedance immunosensor based on low-cost microelectrodes and specific monoclonal antibodies for rapid detection of avian influenza virus h5n1 in chicken swabs.early screening of suspected cases is the key to control the spread of avian influenza (ai) h5n1. in our previous studies, an impedance biosensor with an interdigitated array microelectrode based biochip was developed and validated with pure ai h5 virus, but had limitations in cost and reliability of the biochip, specificity of the antibody against asian in-field h5n1 virus and detection of h5n1 virus in real samples. the purpose of this study is to develop a low-cost impedance immunosensor for ...201525263315
[child and adolescent interepydemic immunity to influenza viruses].our aim was to evaluate the child and adolescent population immunity to influenza a viruses (iav) and influenza b virus (ibv).201526495719
the proteome of the infectious bronchitis virus beau-r virion.infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious respiratory disease of poultry caused by the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). it was thought that coronavirus virions were composed of three major viral structural proteins until investigations of other coronaviruses showed that the virions also include viral non-structural and genus-specific accessory proteins as well as host-cell proteins. to study the proteome of ibv virions, virus was grown in embryonated chicken eggs, purified by su ...201527257648
activation of the chicken type i interferon response by infectious bronchitis coronavirus.coronaviruses from both the alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus genera interfere with the type i interferon (ifn) response in various ways, ensuring the limited activation of the ifn response in most cell types. of the gammacoronaviruses that mainly infect birds, little is known about the activation of the host immune response. we show that the prototypical gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), induces a delayed activation of the ifn response in primary renal cells, tracheal epit ...201525378498
structural view and substrate specificity of papain-like protease from avian infectious bronchitis virus.papain-like protease (plpro) of coronaviruses (covs) carries out proteolytic maturation of non-structural proteins that play a role in replication of the virus and performs deubiquitination of host cell factors to scuttle antiviral responses. avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), the causative agent of bronchitis in chicken that results in huge economic losses every year in the poultry industry globally, encodes a plpro. the substrate specificities of this plpro are not clearly understood. he ...201525609249
genome-wide association study of antibody level response to ndv and ibv in jinghai yellow chicken based on slaf-seq technology.newcastle disease (nd) and avian infectious bronchitis (ib) are contagious diseases of chickens. to identify genes associated with antibody levels against nd and ib, a genome-wide association study was performed using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (slaf-seq) technology in jinghai yellow chickens. this determined six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) that were associated with antibody levels against newcastle disease virus (ndv): rsz2494661, rsz2494710, rs1211307701, rs1211307 ...201525588649
inhibitory effects of lithium chloride on replication of type ii porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vitro.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) is one of the most serious diseases affecting the swine industry worldwide; however, there are no efficient control strategies against prrs virus (prrsv) at present. therefore, development of new antiviral treatment strategies is urgently needed. as reported, lithium chloride (licl) can efficiently impair the replication of a variety of viruses, including infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) and transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tg ...201525560301
molecular and antigenic characteristics of massachusetts genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus in china.in this study, 418 ibvs were isolated in samples from 1717 chicken flocks. twenty-nine of the isolates were classified as the massachusetts genotype. these 29 isolates, as well as two previously isolated massachusetts genotype ibv strains, were studied further. of the 31 strains, 24 were h120-like and two were m41-like isolates as determined by complete genomic sequence analysis, indicating that most of the ibv isolates were likely the reisolated vaccine virus. the remaining five ibv isolates, c ...201526482289
epidemiology of avian infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in iran (2010-2014).infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in vaccinated chicken flocks continues to cause enormous economic losses to the poultry industry in iran. a molecular surveillance of ibv genotypes involved in outbreaks of disease was performed. specimens of trachea, kidney, and cecal tonsil were collected from 250 suspected flocks (more than 2500 samples) and identified between 2010 and 2014. partial spike glycoprotein gene sequences revealed seven distinct genotypes, including mass, 793/b, is720, variant 2, q ...201526478163
analysis of the s1 gene of the avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) reveals changes in the ibv genetic groups circulating in southern thailand.the new variants of the avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) produce a range of symptoms and cause global economic losses to the poultry industry. we investigated the s1 glycoprotein of 24 recent ibv isolates from chickens and demonstrated that two predominant genetic groups were circulating in southern thailand between 2008 and 2013. seven ibv variants, isolated from 2008 to 2009, were clustered in the thailand tha001 group i while 15 ibv variants, isolated from 2009 to 2013, were classified ...201525983048
prevalence and molecular characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus in poultry flocks in morocco from 2010 to 2014 and first detection of italy 02 in africa.the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and diversity of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) genotypes in poultry flocks in 16 areas of morocco between 2010 and 2014. a total of 360 chicken flocks suspected of being infected by ibv were screened for the ibv n gene using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). flocks were classified into four groups according to their ibv vaccination programme. group 1 contained unvaccinated birds. group 2 received a sing ...201525925561
domestic pigs are susceptible to infection with influenza b viruses.influenza b virus (ibv) causes seasonal epidemics in humans. although ibv has been isolated from seals, humans are considered the primary host and reservoir of this important pathogen. it is unclear whether other animal species can support the replication of ibv and serve as a reservoir. swine are naturally infected with both influenza a and c viruses. to determine the susceptibility of pigs to ibv infection, we conducted a serological survey for u.s. midwest domestic swine herds from 2010 to 20 ...201525673727
phylodynamic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus in south america.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a coronavirus of chickens that causes great economic losses to the global poultry industry. the present study focuses on south american ibvs and their genetic relationships with global strains. we obtained full-length sequences of the s1 coding region and n gene of ibv field isolates from uruguay and argentina, and performed phylodynamic analysis to characterize the strains and estimate the time of the most recent common ancestor. we identified two major sout ...201525667323
antiviral effect of lithium chloride on infection of cells by porcine parvovirus.porcine parvovirus (ppv) causes reproductive failure in pigs, which leads to economic losses to the industry. as reported previously, licl efficiently impairs the replication of a variety of viruses, including the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), and pseudorabies herpesvirus. we demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of ppv replication in swine testis (st) cells by licl is dose-dependent, and that the antiviral effect of licl occu ...201525663217
development and efficacy of a novel live-attenuated qx-like nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus vaccine in china.in this study, we attenuated a chinese qx-like nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain, yx10, by passaging through fertilized chicken eggs. the 90th passage strain (yx10p90) was selected as the live-attenuated vaccine candidate strain. yx10p90 was found to be safe in 7-day-old specific pathogen free chickens without induction of morbidity or mortality. yx10p90 provided nearly complete protection against qx-like (ch i genotype) strains and partial protection against other two ma ...201525636916
various levels and forms of dietary α-lipoic acid in broiler chickens: impact on blood biochemistry, stress response, liver enzymes, and antibody titers.the present experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of various levels and forms of α-lipoic acid (ala) on blood biochemistry, immune and stress response, and antibody titers in broiler chickens. the four levels (7.5, 15, 75, and 150 ppm) and 2 sources (powder, p-ala and encapsulated, e-ala) of ala along with negative (c-) and positive control (c+; contains antibiotics) diets consisted of 10 dietary treatments, and these treatments were allocated to 1,200 1-d-old chicks and were replicate ...201525630676
serotype shift of a 793/b genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus by natural recombination.an infectious bronchitis coronavirus, designated as ck/ch/lhlj/140906, was isolated from an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain h120-vaccinated chicken flock, which presented with a suspected infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection. a phylogenetic analysis based on the s1 gene clustered ck/ch/lhlj/140906 with the 793/b group; however, a pairwise comparison showed that the 5' terminal of the s1 gene (containing hypervariable regions i and ii) had high sequence identity with the h120 stra ...201525843651
genomic and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of infectious bronchitis coronavirus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a gammacoronavirus that causes a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. a qx-like strain was analysed by high-throughput illumina sequencing and genetic variation across the entire viral genome was explored at the sub-consensus level by single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) analysis. thirteen open reading frames (orfs) in the order 5'-utr-1a-1ab-s-3a-3b-e-m-4b-4c-5a-5b-n-6b-3'utr were predicted. the relative frequencies of missense: silent snps wer ...201525843648
development of a multi-epitope antigen of s protein-based elisa for antibodies detection against infectious bronchitis virus.an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method based on a novel multi-epitope antigen of s protein (se) was developed for antibodies detection against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). the multi-epitope antigen se protein was designed by arranging three s gene fragments (166-247 aa, s1 gene; 501-515 aa, s1 gene; 8-30 aa, s2 gene) in tandem. it was identified to be approximately 32 kda as a his-tagged fusion protein and can bind ibv positive serum by western blot analysis. the cond ...201525832890
atypical velogenic newcastle disease in a commercial layer flock in japan.in 2002, a commercial layer flock in japan was initially diagnosed as being infected with infectious bronchitis (ib) based on clinical signs, virus isolation, and serological analysis but was later found to be atypically infected with velogenic newcastle disease virus (ndv) following molecular diagnosis. the flock had slightly decreased egg production and an increased occurrence of soft-shelled eggs without significant mortality. ib-like viruses were isolated, which caused dwarfing and curling i ...201525810410
cd107a as a marker of activation in chicken cytotoxic t cells.the study aimed to evaluate cell surface mobilisation of cd107a as a general activation marker on chicken cytotoxic t cells (ctl). experiments comprised establishment of an in vitro model for activation-induced cd107a mobilisation and design of a marker panel for the detection of cd107a mobilisation on chicken ctl isolated from different tissues. moreover, cd107a mobilisation was analysed on ctl isolated from airways of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv)-infected birds direct ex vivo and upon in ...201525743852
analysis of the complete genomic sequences of two virus subpopulations of the australian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine vics.although sequencing of the 3' end of the genome of australian infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) has shown that their structural genes are distinct from those of ibvs found in other countries, their replicase genes have not been analysed. to examine this, the complete genomic sequences of the two subpopulations of the vics vaccine, vics-v and vics-del, were determined. compared with vics-v, the more attenuated vics-del strain had two non-synonymous changes in the non-structural protein 6 (nsp6 ...201525721384
protein histochemistry using coronaviral spike proteins: studying binding profiles and sialic acid requirements for attachment to tissues.protein histochemistry is a tissue-based technique that enables the analysis of viral attachment patterns as well as the identification of specific viral and host determinants involved in the first step in the infection of a host cell by a virus. applying recombinantly expressed spike proteins of infectious bronchitis virus onto formalin-fixed tissues allows us to profile the binding characteristics of these viral attachment proteins to tissues of various avian species. in particular, sialic aci ...201525720479
partial purification of ibv and subsequent isolation of viral rna for next-generation sequencing.rna viruses are known for a high mutation rate and rapid genomic evolution. as such an rna virus population does not consist of a single genotype but is rather a collection of individual viruses with closely related genotypes-a quasispecies, which can be analyzed by next-generation sequencing (ngs). this diversity of genotypes provides a mechanism in which a virus population can evolve and adapt to a changing environment. sample preparation is vital for successful sequencing. the following proto ...201525720476
isolation and propagation of coronaviruses in embryonated eggs.the embryonated egg is a complex structure comprised of an embryo and its supporting membranes (chorioallantoic, amniotic, yolk). the developing embryo and its membranes provide the diversity of cell types that are needed for successful replication of a wide variety of different viruses. within the family coronaviridae the embryonated egg has been used as a host system primarily for two avian coronaviruses within the genus gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and turkey coronaviru ...201525720472
the early immune response to infection of chickens with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in susceptible and resistant birds.infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious respiratory disease which causes tracheal lesions and also affects the reproductive tract and is responsible for large economic losses to the poultry industry every year. this is due to both mortality (either directly provoked by ibv itself or due to subsequent bacterial infection) and lost egg production. the virus is difficult to control by vaccination, so new methods to curb the impact of the disease need to be sought. here, we seek to identify gen ...201526452558
analysis of synonymous codon usage in spike protein gene of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is responsible for causing respiratory, renal, and urogenital diseases in poultry. ibv infection in poultry leads to high mortality rates in affected flocks and to severe economic losses due to a drop in egg production and a reduced gain in live weight of the broiler birds. ibv-encoded spike protein (s) is the major protective immunogen for the host. although the functions of the s protein have been well studied, the factors shaping synonymous codon usage bias a ...201526452019
prevalence of newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus in avian influenza negative birds from live bird markets and backyard and commercial farms in ivory-coast.newcastle disease (nd) and infectious bronchitis (ib) are two major viral diseases affecting the respiratory tracts of birds and whose impact on african poultry is still poorly known. in the present study we aimed at assessing ndv and ibv prevalences in ivory-coast by molecular screening of >22,000 avian swabs by nested pcr and by serology testing of close to 2000 avian sera from 2010 through 2012. the ndv and ibv seroprevalences over the study period reached 22% and 72%, respectively. we found ...201526412525
protection conferred by live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses against variant middle east is/885/00-like and is/1494/06-like isolates in commercial broiler chicks.the ability of the infectious bronchitis h120 (a massachusetts strain) and cr88 (a 793b strain) live attenuated vaccine viruses to protect from two middle east infectious bronchitis virus isolates, is/885/00-like (is/885) and is/1494/06-like (is/1494) in broiler chicks was investigated. day-old chicks were separated into three groups, (i) vaccinated with h120 at day-old followed by cr88 at 14 days-old, (ii) vaccinated with h120 and cr88 simultaneously at day-old and again with cr88 at 14 days-ol ...201526392909
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