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emergence of h3n8 equine influenza virus in donkeys in china in 2017.equine influenza virus is a major respiratory pathogen in horses. although both horses and donkeys belong to the genus equus, donkey infection with influenza viruses is rare. in march 2017, an influenza outbreak occurred in donkeys in shandong province, china. the causative virus, a/donkey/shandong/1/2017(h3n8), was isolated from a dead donkey. genetic analysis indicated that the virus originated from influenza a (h3n8) clade 2 of the florida sub-lineage that has been circulating in asian equine ...201829408020
poisoning by brunfelsia uniflora in sheep and donkeys.farmers in the state of piauí in northeastern brazil reported nervous signs in ruminants and donkeys after ingestion of brunfelsia uniflora at the start of the rainy season when the plant is flowering. leaves of the plant, collected at the start or at the end of the rainy season, were administered in single doses of 5-20 g/kg body weight to 8 sheep and 3 donkeys. two sheep and 1 donkey that ingested 10 g/kg of the plant in november at the start of the rainy season, when the plant was flowering, ...201829405901
genetic monitoring of horses in the czech republic: a large-scale study with a focus on the czech autochthonous breeds.we propose the first comprehensive in-depth study monitoring horses in the czech republic. we scanned 9,289 animals from 44 populations for 17 equine strs. other equids analysed involved equus przewalskii and equus asinus. the total of 228 different alleles were detected, with the mean number of 13.4 per locus. the highest allelic richness (ar) was found in the welsh part bred (6.01), followed by the camargue (5.93) and czech sport pony (5.91), whereas the friesian exhibited the lowest ar (3.06) ...201829345072
roles of the 5' untranslated region of non-primate hepacivirus in translation initiation and viral replication.the 5' untranslated region (utr) of hepatitis c virus (hcv), which is composed of four domains (i, ii, iii and iv) and a pseudoknot, is essential for translation and viral replication. equine non-primate hepacivirus (ehcv) harbors a 5' utr consisting of a large 5' -terminal domain (i), three additional domains (i', ii and iii), which are homologous to domains i, ii and iii, respectively, of hcv, and a pseudoknot, in the order listed. in this study, we investigated the roles of the ehcv 5' utr in ...201829343570
cryoprotective effect of glutamine, taurine, and proline on post-thaw semen quality and dna integrity of donkey spermatozoa.this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of amino acid addition to semen on post-thaw quality of donkey spermatozoa. eighteen ejaculates were pooled and divided into aliquots which were cryopreserved in gent a®containing 1% ethylene glycol (gent-eg) and supplemented with 0 (as control), 20, 40, or 60 mm of glutamine, proline, or taurine. the greatest concentration (60 mm) of glutamine and taurine resulted in greater (p < 0.001) post-thaw sperm motility. amino acid supplementation did not ...201829325880
what is your diagnosis? transtracheal wash from a donkey. 201829319902
seroprevalence and risk factors fortheileria equiinfection in equines from khyber pakhtunkhwa province, pakistan.theileria equiis a tick borne protozoan parasite which causes piroplasmosis among equines worldwide. the present study was aimed to determine seroprevalence oft. equiin donkeys, horses, and mules from two equine populated districts (peshawar and charsadda) of khyber pakhtunkhwa (kpk), pakistan.201829317885
nutritional adequacy of a novel human milk fortifier from donkey milk in feeding preterm infants: study protocol of a randomized controlled clinical trial.fortification of human milk is a standard practice for feeding very low birth weight infants. however, preterm infants often still experience suboptimal growth and feeding intolerance. new fortification strategies and different commercially available fortifiers have been developed. commercially available fortifiers are constituted by a blend of ingredients from different sources, including plant oils and bovine milk proteins, thus presenting remarkable differences in the quality of macronutrient ...201829316931
first molecular evidence of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in pakistan.anaplasma phagocytophilum (a. phagocytophilum) is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (ega) disease in equines. this pathogen has zoonotic potential, which makes it very important to be detected and controlled as early as possible. this study was aimed to assess the molecular prevalence, associated risk factors of ega along with its effects on various hematological parameters. this study revealed an overall 10.67% prevalence in equine. horses showed h ...201829306724
cryopreservation of donkey sperm using non-permeable cryoprotectants.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of sucrose combined with bovine serum albumin (bsa), as non-permeable cryoprotectants, on donkey sperm parameters after cryopreservation, in comparison to a control extender containing glycerol. semen from five andalusian donkeys (n = 12) were centrifuged and resuspended with a commercial extender for equine sperm (gent a, minitube) adding 1% bsa and different concentrations (m, mol/l) of water-diluted sucrose: 0.05, 0. ...201829279198
an optimized immunohistochemistry protocol for detecting the guidance cue netrin-1 in neural tissue.netrin-1, an axon guidance protein, is difficult to detect using immunohistochemistry. we performed a multi-step, blinded, and controlled protocol optimization procedure to establish an efficient and effective fluorescent immunohistochemistry protocol for characterizing netrin-1 expression. coronal mouse brain sections were used to test numerous antigen retrieval methods and combinations thereof in order to optimize the stain quality of a commercially available netrin-1 antibody. stain quality w ...201829276694
radiography of the distal extremity of the manus in the donkey foal: normal images and quantitative characterization from birth to 2 years of age: a pilot study.this study describes a radiographic survey of the anatomical development of the distal extremity of the manus in the donkey from 0 to 2 years of age. the right distal limb of 10 donkey foals, born in the spring of 2012, underwent radiographs every month for the first 6 months of age and every 3 months during the following 18 months. latero-medial radiographs with and without barium marker at the coronary band and dorso-palmar radiographs with both front feet in weight bearing were obtained. the ...201829210097
blind versus ultrasound-guided maxillary nerve block in donkeys.to describe the 'blind' and ultrasound-guided approaches to block the maxillary nerve in donkeys. to compare the success and complication rates between the 'blind' and ultrasound-guided techniques based on staining of nerves and other structures in cadavers and assessing level of analgesia in live animals.201829174959
china: will the donkey become the next pangolin? 201829164660
genomic comparison of bovine papillomavirus 1 isolates from bovine, equine and asinine lesional tissue samples.several attempts have been made to categorize equid- and bovid-specific bovine papillomavirus 1 (bpv1) isolates based on sequence tags. this study includes newly determined sequence information from 33 bpv1 isolates of equine, asinine and bovine origin and investigates sequence bias due to host species. twenty of the viral genomes were sequenced over their entire length and a further thirteen were sequenced, including flanking sequences, at two specific sites, the lcr and the e5 orf. alignment a ...201829113823
rapid determination of amino acids in beer, red wine, and donkey-hide gelatin by gradient elution of hplc: from micellar liquid chromatography to high submicellar liquid chromatography.amino acids (aas) in beer, red wine, and donkey-hide gelatin were rapidly determined by gradient lc elution from micellar lc to high submicellar lc. mobile phase a was a 0.075 m sodium dodecyl sulfate solution containing 20 mm ammonium acetate with a ph value adjusted to 3.5 with acetic acid solution, and mobile phase b was acetonitrile. optimized chromatographic conditions were as follows: mobile phase b increased from 25 to 60% (v/v) in 30 min and the use of a venusil xbp c18 column (5 µm, 250 ...201828762321
next generation sequencing for the investigation of an outbreak of salmonella schwarzengrund in nanjing, china.salmonella schwarzengrund is most frequently isolated from poultry meat and can cause human infections. s. schwarzengrund was isolated from diarrheal patients in a food poisoning event in nanjing, china.201828888545
effect of housing system on reproductive behaviour and on some endocrinological and seminal parameters of donkey stallions.reproductive management of male donkeys employed for artificial breeding has been poorly studied. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of housing system, with the animals grouped together in a paddock or kept in individual boxes, on sexual behaviour, cortisol and testosterone concentration and seminal characteristics of adult male donkeys. the study included four amiata donkey jacks (stallions) from which ejaculates, saliva and blood were collected during two distinct 3 weeks periods ...201828804963
proteins and bioactive peptides from donkey milk: the molecular basis for its reduced allergenic properties.the legendary therapeutics properties of donkey milk have recently been supported by many clinical trials who have clearly demonstrated that, even if with adequate lipid integration, it may represent a valid natural substitute of cow milk for feeding allergic children. during the last decade many investigations by ms-based methods have been performed in order to obtain a better knowledge of donkey milk proteins. the knowledge about the primary structure of donkey milk proteins now may provide th ...201728784499
martina franca donkey meat quality: influence of slaughter age and suckling technique.this work aimed to evaluate the effect of suckling technique and slaughter age on martina franca donkey meat quality. twenty martina franca male foals were involved in the trial. foals naturally assumed colostrum within 4h from birth. afterwards, 10 foals were partially artificially suckled (as), and 10 foals were naturally suckled (ns). all the foals were weaned at 180d, then housed indoors and fed the same diet. ten donkeys were slaughtered at 12months and the other 10 at the age of 18months. ...201728783609
differences in gastrointestinal lesions in different horse types.clinical impression suggests that some gastrointestinal lesions are more common in certain horse types. the study tested the hypothesis that relative prevalence of acute gastrointestinal lesions differs between equid types. in a retrospective caseâ€"control study, records (2010â€"2015) were reviewed for equids with acute gastrointestinal disease. signalment, details of gastrointestinal lesions and diagnoses were recorded. animals were categorised as miniature type, pony, arabian, light breed or ...201728780530
anticancer activity of cow, sheep, goat, mare, donkey and camel milks and their caseins and whey proteins and in silico comparison of the caseins.the present investigation was carried out to evaluate anticancer activity of cow, goat, sheep, mare, donkey and camel milks and their casein and whey proteins against mcf7 cell line. the structure-based properties of the casein proteins were also investigated, using bioinformatics tools to find explanation for their antitumor activities. the effect of different milks and their casein and whey proteins on mcf7 proliferation was measured using mtt assay at different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2 mg ...201728775991
ovarian dynamics and estrous cycle length in the donkey (equus asinus).nine jennies were monitored daily by ultrasonography during three complete ovarian cycles in order to evaluate if the timing of luteolysis and the growth pattern of the ovulatory follicle (ovf) before, during and after luteolysis are related to the length of the interovulatory interval (ioi). blood samples for progesterone determination were obtained daily during one of the cycles of each jenny. the cycles were classified according to the length of the ioi into three groups: short ioi (21.2 ± 0. ...201728763724
the integration of a macrophage-adapted live vaccine strain of equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav) in the horse genome.integration is an important feature of retroviruses and retrovirus-based therapeutic transfection vectors. the non-primate lentivirus equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav) primarily targets macrophages/monocytes in vivo. investigation of the integration features of eiavdlv121 strains, which are adapted to donkey monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms), is of great interest. in this study, we analysed the integration features of eiavdlv121 in equine mdms during in vitro infection. our previously pub ...201728884679
the unique dna sequences underlying equine centromeres.centromeres are highly distinctive genetic loci whose function is specified largely by epigenetic mechanisms. understanding the role of dna sequences in centromere function has been a daunting task due to the highly repetitive nature of centromeres in animal chromosomes. the discovery of a centromere devoid of satellite dna in the domestic horse consolidated observations on the epigenetic nature of centromere identity, showing that entirely natural chromosomes could function without satellite dn ...201728840244
new insights into the origin and the genetic status of the balkan donkey from serbia.the balkan donkey (equus asinus l.) is commonly regarded as a large-sized, unselected, unstructured and traditionally managed donkey breed. we assessed the current genetic status of the three largest e. asinus populations in the central balkans (serbia) by analysing the variability of nuclear microsatellites and the mitochondrial (mtdna) control region of 77 and 49 individuals respectively. we further analysed our mtdna dataset along with 209 published mtdna sequences of ancient and modern indiv ...201728815638
correlation between some arterial and venous blood gas parameters in healthy newborn martina franca donkey foals from birth to 96 hours of age.in neonatology, blood gas analysis is a useful tool in the evaluation of the health of newborns and plays a key role in early detection of critically ill subjects. because blood gas analysis parameters have not previously been studied in any depth in donkey foals, this study was performed on 16 healthy martina franca donkey foals born after an uncomplicated delivery. arterial and venous blood samples were collected at 5 minutes and at 12, 24, 72, and 96 hours of age. blood gas analysis was perfo ...201727667749
validation of a candidate causative mutation for white spotting in donkeys. 201727611565
reproductive characteristics of foal heat in female donkeys.in this study, the first postpartum heat, termed the foal heat, characteristics and performance in female donkey (jenny) of martina franca are described. to this end, the follicular development of 42 jennies during foal heat was compared with that of 31 jennies at the third estrus after foaling. estrus length (7.1±0.9 and 6.8±0.7 days), follicular development and preovulatory follicle size (43.7±3.5 and 45.1±2.5 mm) were similar between jennies during the foal heat and during the third estrus af ...201727571706
donkey´s milk is well accepted and tolerated by infants with cow´s milk food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: a preliminary study. 201728731417
rapid communication: generation offgf5knockout sheep via the crispr/cas9 system.sheep are an important source of fiber production. fibroblast growth factor 5 (fgf5) is a dominant inhibitor of length of the anagen phase of the hair cycle. knockout or silencing of the gene results in a wooly coat in mice, donkeys, dogs, and rabbits. in sheep breeding, wool length is one of the most important wool quality traits. however, traditional breeding cannot accurately and efficiently mediate an advanced genotype into the sheep genome. in this study, we generated 3 knockout sheep via t ...201728727005
th1/th2 balance and humoral immune response to potential antigens as early diagnostic method of equinestrongylusnematode infection.the aim of this study was to investigate the early diagnosis of strongyle infection based on early changes in th1 and th2 cytokines beside the diagnostic accuracy values and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and western blotting profiles using prepared strongyles antigens.201728717322
total phallic reconstruction after penile amputation for donkey bite: case report and review of the literature.there are very few reported cases of traumatic amputation of the male genitalia due to animal bite. the management involves thorough washout of the wounds, debridement, antibiotic prophylaxis, tetanus and rabies immunization followed by immediate reconstruction or primary wound closure with delayed reconstruction, when immediate reconstruction is not feasible. when immediate reconstruction is not feasible, long-term good functional and cosmetic results are still possible in the majority of cases ...201728679197
evaluation of ovarian structures using computerized microtomography.visualization and clear understanding of the ovarian structures are important in determining the stage of oestrus, helping to diagnose several pathologies and supporting advances in reproductive technologies. in this research, computerized microtomography (microct) was used to explore and characterize the ovarian structure of seven mammalian species. ovaries of rats, female dog, queens, cows, mares, sows and a female donkey were used. after microct scanning, the same samples were prepared for hi ...201728678959
trans-endoscopic diode laser fenestration of equine conchae via contralateral nostril approach.to describe and report preliminary outcomes of a contralateral trans-nasal endoscopic laser fenestration of the conchae for endoscopic examination and treatment of paranasal sinuses in horses.201728643340
the branching pattern of the brachiocephalic trunk in the donkey (equus asinus).donkeys are a member of the horse family (equidae) and share a common ancestor. however, in morphological terms, donkeys and horses are regarded as two separate subgenus. given variations in the branching pattern of the brachiocephalic trunk (bct) in different species of animals and the use of donkeys in anatomy courses at colleges of veterinary medicine, we conducted this study in order to investigate the branching patterns of bct and to describe detailed morphological information regarding don ...201728547914
seasonal variation of strongylosis in working donkeys of ethiopia: a cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.helminths are one of the major health problems of working donkeys, often with heavy worm burden and contributing to their early demise and/or reduction in their work output. cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were conducted to investigate the current infection prevalence and level of strongyles infection donkeys would acquire through different seasons in the mid-lowland agro-ecological zones of ethiopia. for this purpose, faecal samples from 206 (cross-sectional study) and 102 (longitudina ...201728536880
follicular size predicts success in artificial insemination with frozen-thawed sperm in donkeys.in asses, semen collection, cryopreservation, and artificial insemination (ai) with frozen-thawed semen have been scarcely described and success rate, particularly following ai, is reportedly low. in the absence of reliable protocols, assisted reproductive technologies cannot support the conservation efforts aimed at endangered wild ass species and domestic donkey breeds. two experiments were conducted in this study. in experiment 1 we evaluated freezing abyssinian donkey (n = 5, 4 ejaculates ea ...201728520723
a model to infer the demographic structure evolution of endangered donkey populations.stemming from the worldwide donkey breeds project, an initiative aiming at connecting international researchers and entities working with the donkey species, molecularly tested pedigree analyses were carried out to study the genetic diversity, structure and historical evolution of the andalusian donkey breed since the 1980s to infer a model to study the situation of international endangered donkey breeds under the remarkably frequent unknown genetical background status behind them. demographic a ...201728506326
detecting taxonomic and phylogenetic signals in equid cheek teeth: towards new palaeontological and archaeological proxies.the plio-pleistocene evolution ofequusand the subsequent domestication of horses and donkeys remains poorly understood, due to the lack of phenotypic markers capable of tracing this evolutionary process in the palaeontological/archaeological record. using images from 345 specimens, encompassing 15 extant taxa of equids, we quantified the occlusal enamel folding pattern in four mandibular cheek teeth with a single geometric morphometric protocol. we initially investigated the protocol accuracy by ...201728484618
angiographic anatomy of the extracranial and intracranial portions of the internal carotid arteries in donkeys.in horses, the extracranial and intracranial pathway of the internal carotid artery has been described. the extracranial pathway of the internal carotid artery begins at the carotid termination and runs on the dorsal surface of the medial compartment of the guttural pouch. thereafter the internal carotid artery passes through the foramen lacerum to continue intracranially, forming part of the rostrolateral quadrants of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis). the objectives of this study ...201728439406
characterization of bacterial communities of donkey milk by high-throughput sequencing.the interest in donkey milk (dm) is growing because of its functional properties and nutritional value, especially for children with allergies and food intolerances. however, most of the available reports of dm microbiota are based on culture-dependent methods to investigate food safety issues and the presence of lactic acid bacteria (lab). the aim of this study was to determine the composition of dm bacterial communities using a high-throughput sequencing (hts) approach. bulk milk samples from ...201728431310
a functional approach to the body condition assessment of lactating donkeys as a tool for welfare evaluation.the breeding of lactating donkeys is increasing in western europe; with it the evaluation of body condition is growing in importance since it is considered a key principle for their welfare. however, assessment of body condition is a complex task, since several factors are involved. the aim of the present study is to investigate which animal-based indicators are the most reliable to describe the body condition of lactating donkeys. for this purpose, new animal-based indicators, which are easy to ...201728367363
effect of dietary plant extract on meat quality and sensory parameters of meat from equidae.plant extracts as lippia spp. have been proven antioxidant properties. recent studies have been shown that dietary supplementation with plant extracts is able to enhance meat quality parameters. studies regarding meat quality in equidae are limited.201728349536
characterisation of clotting factors, anticoagulant protein activities and viscoelastic analysis in healthy donkeys.studies have demonstrated differences in commonly measured haemostatic parameters between donkeys and horses. whether clotting factors, anticoagulant protein activities and thromboelastography parameters also differ between species is still unknown.201728323357
comparison of sedation and mechanical antinociception induced by intravenous administration of acepromazine and four dose rates of dexmedetomidine in donkeys.to assess and compare the sedative and antinociceptive effects of four dosages of dexmedetomidine in donkeys.201728291587
new approach to assess sperm dna fragmentation dynamics: fine-tuning mathematical models.sperm dna fragmentation (sdf) has been proved to be an important parameter in order to predict in vitro the potential fertility of a semen sample. colloid centrifugation could be a suitable technique to select those donkey sperm more resistant to dna fragmentation after thawing. previous studies have shown that to elucidate the latent damage of the dna molecule, sdf should be assessed dynamically, where the rate of fragmentation between treatments indicates how resistant the dna is to iatrogenic ...201728286648
dietary verbascoside supplementation in donkeys: effects on milk fatty acid profile during lactation, and serum biochemical parameters and oxidative markers.various uses of donkeys' milk have been recently proposed for human consumption on the basis of its nutritional characteristics. improvements in milk fatty acid profile and animal oxidative status can be induced through dietary supplementation of phenolic compounds. the study aimed to evaluate in donkeys the effects of dietary supplementation with verbascoside (vb) on: (i) the fatty acid profile and vitamins a and e contents of milk during a whole lactation, and (ii) blood biochemical parameters ...201728264745
asip gene variation in chinese donkeys. 201728198029
use of autologous platelet-rich plasma for a delayed consolidation of a tibial fracture in a young donkey.a 9-month-old filly donkey was referred for a comminuted diaphyseal fracture of the right tibia. surgical osteosynthesis, with multiple lag screws and a neutralization plate, was performed for anatomical reconstruction. despite a good gait condition, delayed bone consolidation and a bone gap were evident on follow up radiographic evaluations. due to delayed healing, autologous platelet-rich plasma (prp) was injected on the surface of the tibia. increased bone consolidation was evident on radiogr ...201728190827
modified thomas splint-cast combination for the management of limb fractures in small equids.to describe the management and outcome of limb fractures in small domestic equids treated with a modified thomas splint-cast combination (mtscc).201728145569
sedative and mechanical antinociceptive effects of four dosages of romifidine administered intravenously to donkeys.although romifidine is commonly used to provide sedation and analgesia for the facilitation of clinical procedures in donkeys, limited scientific information is available for this drug in this species. this randomized, controlled, crossover, latin-square, blinded study compared the sedative and antinociceptive effects of four dosages of romifidine (40, 60, 80, and 100μg/kg iv; r40, r60, r80, and r100, respectively), acepromazine (0.1mg/kg iv; ace) and saline (0.9%, 5ml iv) by assigning sedation ...201728126600
multiplex-pcr as a rapid and sensitive method for identification of meat species in halal-meat products.species identification and authentication in meat products are important subjects for ensuring the health of consumers. the multiplex-pcr amplification and species- specific primer set were used for the identification of horse, donkey, pig and other ruminants in raw and processed meat products.201728088897
whole-genome sequencing reveals a potential causal mutation for dwarfism in the miniature shetland pony.the miniature shetland pony represents a horse breed with an extremely small body size. clinical examination of a dwarf miniature shetland pony revealed a lowered size at the withers, malformed skull and brachygnathia superior. computed tomography (ct) showed a shortened maxilla and a cleft of the hard and soft palate which protruded into the nasal passage leading to breathing difficulties. pathological examination confirmed these findings but did not reveal histopathological signs of premature ...201727942904
anatomical transverse magnetic resonance imaging study of ligaments in palmar surface of metacarpus in miniature donkey: identification of a new ligament.palmar region of metacarpus in the horses and donkeys is an important region because of its tendons and ligaments which contribute to stay apparatus. this study was done on forelimbs of 6 healthy miniature donkeys to detect the tendons, ligaments and their accessories on the palmar surface of metacarpus in this animal.201727830887
comparison of different cryopreservation methods for horse and donkey embryos.few studies have been published about cryopreservation and embryo assessment in horses and donkeys.201729105954
the association of emotion-driven impulsiveness, cognitive inflexibility and decision-making with weight status in european adolescents.to explore the association between emotion-driven impulsiveness, cognitive inflexibility, decision-making and weight status as reflected in body mass index (bmi) z-score (zbmi) in european adolescents.201729089612
a summary of new findings on the biological effects of selenium in selected animal species-a critical review.selenium is an essential trace element important for many physiological processes, especially for the functions of immune and reproductive systems, metabolism of thyroid hormones, as well as antioxidant defense. selenium deficiency is usually manifested by an increased incidence of retention of placenta, metritis, mastitis, aborts, lowering fertility and increased susceptibility to infections. in calves, lambs and kids, the selenium deficiency demonstrates by wmd (white muscle disease), in foals ...201729065468
a preliminary assessment of htst processing on donkey milk.due to increasing attention from consumers on non-bovine milk types, and to the increase in the number of small dairy donkey farms in italy, farmers require more advanced and reliable processing devices, in order to guarantee a safe product of high quality. to this aim, a new small-scale high-temperature short-time (htst) pasteurizer (72 °c for 15 s), prototyped by the authors, was tested on donkey milk. the efficacy of the htst device was tested on raw donkey milk microflora by enumeration of t ...201729056708
detection of leptospiral dna in the urine of donkeys on the caribbean island of saint kitts.leptospirosis is a global zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes classified within the genusleptospira. leptospires live in the proximal renal tubules of reservoir or chronic carrier animals, and are shed in the urine. naïve animals acquire infection either when they come in direct contact with a reservoir or infected animals or by exposure to environmental surface water or soil that is contaminated with their urine. in this study, urine samples from a herd of donkeys on the caribbean island ...201729056661
hair coat properties of donkeys, mules and horses in a temperate climate.there are clear differences between donkeys and horses in their evolutionary history, physiology, behaviour and husbandry needs. donkeys are often kept in climates that they are not adapted to and as such may suffer impaired welfare unless protection from the elements is provided.201729053900
effect of different extenders for donkey sperm vitrification in straws.aseptic vitrification of semen samples packed in straws has been successfully developed in human but not in donkeys. the aim of this study was to compare the effect of two extenders for donkey sperm vitrification using straws. ejaculates from four andalusian donkeys were collected, and samples were extended in inra-96 (i) or gent (g) supplemented with sucrose 0.25 m and 1% bovine serum albumin (bsa). extended samples were cooled for one hour at 5°c. for vitrification, samples were filled in cove ...201729052332
application of computed tomography and stereolithography to correct a complex angular and torsional limb deformity in a donkey.to report the evaluation, surgical planning, and outcome for correction of a complex limb deformity in the tibia of a donkey using computed tomographic (ct) imaging and a 3d bone model.201729023791
determination of reference values for intraocular pressure and schirmer tear test results in clinically normal domestic donkeys (equus asinus).this study was conducted to establish normal reference range for the schirmer tear test (stt) and intraocular pressure (iop) in clinically normal donkeys for use in clinical practice. sixteen adult ethiopian domestic donkeys were used in this study. complete ophthalmic examinations were performed without chemical restraint. stt values were evaluated in both eyes of all donkeys using a commercial stt strip. iop was measured in both eyes with a tono-pen vet (reichert. usa) without using regional n ...201728986387
morphological integration in the appendicular skeleton of two domestic taxa: the horse and donkey.organisms are organized into suites of anatomical structures that typically covary when developmentally or functionally related, and this morphological integration plays a determinant role in evolutionary processes. artificial selection on domestic species causes strong morphological changes over short time spans, frequently resulting in a wide and exaggerated phenotypic diversity. this raises the question of whether integration constrains the morphological diversification of domestic species an ...201728978726
a lectin histochemical study to detect variation in glycosylation at the feto-maternal interface in three interbreeding equine species.in this study, we compare glycosylation at the fetomaternal interface in 3 equine species: horse, donkey and zebra, all of which can interbreed to produce hybrids, to assess their glycan similarities and differences.201728962689
the cortical dynamics of speaking: lexical and phonological knowledge simultaneously recruit the frontal and temporal cortex within 200 ms.language production models typically assume that retrieving a word for articulation is a sequential process with substantial functional delays between conceptual, lexical, phonological and motor processing, respectively. nevertheless, explicit evidence contrasting the spatiotemporal dynamics between different word production components is scarce. here, using anatomically constrained magnetoencephalography during overt meaningful speech production, we explore the speed with which lexico-semantic ...201728943413
ex vivo trypanocidal activity of 1-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)thiosemicarbazide against trypanosoma equiperdum.trypanosoma equiperdum is the causative agent of dourine, a venereal disease in horses and donkeys. this parasite has a widely distribution, is found in africa, asia, southern and eastern europe, russia, mexico and venezuela. the t. equiperdum is morphologically indistinguishable to other trypanozoon species, however differs from other mammalian trypanosomes due to the fact that it is primarily a tissue parasite, generating cutaneous plaques, swelling of genitalia and neurological signs. the aim ...201728935118
measuring and modeling for the assessment of the genetic background behind cognitive processes in donkeys.new productive niches can offer new commercial perspectives linked to donkeys' products and human therapeutic or leisure applications. however, no assessment for selection criteria has been carried out yet. first, we assessed the animal inherent features and environmental factors that may potentially influence several cognitive processes in donkeys. then, we aimed at describing a practical methodology to quantify such cognitive processes, seeking their inclusion in breeding and conservation prog ...201728934612
genetic diversity and paternal origin of domestic donkeys.numerous studies have been conducted to investigate genetic diversity, origins and domestication of donkey using autosomal microsatellites and the mitochondrial genome, whereas the male-specific region of the y chromosome of modern donkeys is largely uncharacterized. in the current study, 14 published equine y chromosome-specific microsatellites (y-str) were investigated in 395 male donkey samples from china, egypt, spain and peru using fluorescent labeled microsatellite markers. the results sho ...201728929497
identification of a divergent genotype of equine arteritis virus from south american donkeys.a novel equine arteritis virus (eav) was isolated and sequenced from feral donkeys in chile. phylogenetic analysis indicates that the new virus and south african asinine strains diverged at least 100 years from equine eav strains. the results indicate that asinine strains belonged to a different eav genotype.201728921885
effect of farming system on donkey milk composition.donkey milk is considered as a functional food for sensitive consumers, such as children who are allergic to cow milk. no information is available regarding the effect of farming systems on the quality of donkey milk. the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the farming system and lactation stage on donkey milk with respect to gross composition, as well as fat-soluble vitamins and fatty acids (fa).201729131337
characterization of the ovarian preantral follicle populations and its correlation with age and nutritional status in brazilian northeastern donkeys (equus assinus).this study aimed to characterize the ovarian follicular population and to determine its correlations with the age and nutritional status of donkeys of the northeastern brazilian breed. a total of 10 females with a mean age of 5.1±3.2years were submitted to ovariectomy by videolaparoscopy to obtain the ovaries. in the laboratory, the ovaries were sectioned into 6-12 fragments of approximately 7mm in diameter, which were fixed in carnoy, dehydrated in increasing concentrations of alcohol (85%, 95% ...201729126831
effects of management practices on the welfare of dairy donkeys and risk factors associated with signs of hoof neglect.this research paper aimed to investigate donkey welfare in dairy husbandry systems and to identify the potential factors affecting it at animal level. in 2015, twelve dairy donkey farms (19-170 donkeys per farm, mean = 55 ± 48), distributed throughout italy, were visited. on each farm, the animal welfare indicators (awin) welfare assessment protocol for donkeys was used by two trained assessors to evaluate the welfare of animals for a total of 257 donkeys assessed. the protocol includes animal-b ...201729125086
decision-making in children in the hungry donkey test: a behavioral analysis.this study analyzed choice behavior in the hungry donkey task, with a focus on learning trajectories and the stability of preference, in 100 children of different ages (8-9, 10-11, 12-13, 14-15, and 16-17 years old). the results indicated that (a) learning occurred as the task progressed, (b) early adolescents performed poorly during the task, and (c) most of the participants did not reach the stability criterion during the task. the present study suggests that decision-making in children and ad ...201729172711
endocardial peripheral nerve sheath tumour with features of a benign schwannoma in a donkey.a peripheral nerve sheath tumour, with features of a benign schwannoma and arising from the endocardium of the right ventricle, was found incidentally during routine post-mortem examination of a 28-year-old gelding donkey. macroscopically, five round to oval, white to grey and red, firm masses, firmly attached to the endocardium were identified. microscopically, the endocardium and adjacent subendocardium were infiltrated by a variably demarcated, non-encapsulated mesenchymal neoplasm with featu ...201729169623
spicy adjectives and nominal donkeys: capturing semantic deviance using compositionality in distributional spaces.sophisticated senator and legislative onion. whether or not you have ever heard of these things, we all have some intuition that one of them makes much less sense than the other. in this paper, we introduce a large dataset of human judgments about novel adjective-noun phrases. we use these data to test an approach to semantic deviance based on phrase representations derived with compositional distributional semantic methods, that is, methods that derive word meanings from contextual information, ...201726991668
technological aspects of horse meat products - a review.horse meat and its products can be considered as a food with a high nutritional value. however, due to cases of economically motivated food adulteration by the intentional addition of horse meat beef products in recent years, horse meat has become a controversial issue. consumer confidence in meat products and the meat industry has diminished, although consumers consider the differences between the food content and the label as the major issue rather than the safety and nutritional characteristi ...201729195938
biochemical analysis of some serum trace elements in donkeys and horses in eastern region of kingdom of saudi arabia.little is known about the serum levels of trace elements in donkeys and horses in saudi arabia. this study aimed to investigate the levels of some trace elements in these two species in the eastern region of saudi arabia and to compare the obtained results with the reference values.201729184375
west african donkey's liveweight estimation using body measurements.the objective of this study was to determine a formula for estimating the liveweight in west african donkeys.201729184368
african animal trypanosomiasis as a constraint to livestock health and production in karamoja region: a detailed qualitative and quantitative assessment.nagana (african animal trypanosomiasis-aat) and tick-borne diseases (tbds) constrain livestock production in most parts of sub-saharan africa. to this realisation, uganda government set up an african trypanosomiasis (at) control unit, which among other activities generates national tsetse control priority maps using apparent tsetse density data. such maps underestimate mechanically transmitted aat and thus ought to be refined using actual at prevalence data. we therefore set out to generate up-t ...201729178951
survey on basal blood plasma catecholamine concentrations in martina franca donkey (equus asinus).catecholamines are among the most frequently investigated parameters for studying sympathoadrenal activity in response to stress conditions.201729265484
identification of the adulteratedasini corii collawith cytochrome c oxidase subunit i gene-based polymerase chain reaction.asini corii colla(acc) (namely donkey hide gelatin, e'jiao in chinese) was one of the most valuable tonic traditional chinese medicines which is an infallible remedy to promote hematopoiesis. it should be produced by fresh or dried donkey hide according to chinese pharmacopeia (2015 edition) with a long-time decoction, while as donkey and horse (or mule) all belong to equids so their hides or their hide gelatins are share much in common, that cause the difficult in distinguishing raw materials d ...201729263623
complementing endozoochorous seed dispersal patterns by donkeys and goats in a semi-natural island ecosystem.endozoochory is, in grazing systems, a substantial vector for seed dispersal. it can play an important role in vegetation dynamics, especially in colonization processes through seed input on the vegetation and on the soil seed bank. we investigated the endozoochorous seed input of donkeys and goats on a semi-natural island ecosystem in the mediterranean. through germination experiments, we assessed the viable seed content of the dung of these grazing animals to estimate their suitability and eff ...201729258563
dramatic decline in donkey populations blamed on consumer demand for 'ejiao'. 201729222142
exploring animal models that resemble idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.large multicenter clinical trials have led to two recently approved drugs for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (ipf); yet, both of these therapies only slow disease progression and do not provide a definitive cure. traditionally, preclinical trials have utilized mouse models of bleomycin (blm)-induced pulmonary fibrosis-though several limitations prevent direct translation to human ipf. spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis occurs in other animal species, including dogs, horses, donkeys, and ...201728804709
serological survey for brucella antibodies in donkeys of north-eastern nigeria.a cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted to determine seroprevalence and risk factors influencing the presence of brucella antibodies in donkeys of borno state, north-eastern nigeria. the study aimed at providing baseline information that may be used in planning a control policy against equine brucellosis. blood samples were collected from 601 donkeys, comprised of 374 males and 227 females from the six agricultural zones of the state between march 2013 and september 2014. the sera ...201728616790
undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1 (utf1) and deleted in azoospermia-like (dazl) expression in the testes of donkeys.putative markers for each specific germ cell stage can be a useful tool to study the fate and functions of these cells. undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1 (utf1) is a putative marker for undifferentiated spermatogonia in humans, rats and horses. the deleted in azoospermia-like (dazl) protein is also expressed by differentiated spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in several species. however, whether the expression patterns of these molecular markers are identical and appli ...201728109031
first record of anopheles stephensi in sri lanka: a potential challenge for prevention of malaria reintroduction.the major malaria vector in sri lanka is reported to be anopheles culicifacies with anopheles subpictus, anopheles annularis, and anopheles varuna considered as potential vectors. the occurrence of anopheles stephensi, which is the key vector of urban malaria in india and the middle east, had never been reported from sri lanka.201728797253
substance p in dorsal root ganglion neurons in young and adult rats, after nociceptive stimulation during the neonatal period.the nervous system is highly plastic during the neonatal period, being sensitive to noxious stimuli, which may cause short- and long-term pain responsivity changes. understanding plasticity in peripheral pain pathways is crucial, particularly when the nervous system is still under development and remodeling process. substance p (sp) is widely used as a marker for peripheral neurons with unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers. we investigated the number of sp immunoreactive neurons in the dorsa ...201729244245
bartonella infection in asymptomatic horses and donkeys from tuscany, central italy.to investigate the occurrence of bartonella sp. infection in asymptomatic horses and donkeys living in tuscany, central italy.201729203105
genetic diversity of piroplasmids species in equids from island of são luís, northeastern brazil.equine piroplasmosisis, a tick-borne disease caused by the intra-erythrocytic protozoans babesia caballi and theileria equi, has economic importance due to the international trade and the increased movement of horses all over the world. the goal of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of phylogenetic diversity of t. equi and b. caballi genotypes among infected equids from são luís island, state of maranhão, northeastern brazil. between december of 2011 and june of 2012, edta-blood and serum ...201728977247
detomidine and butorphanol for standing sedation in a range of zoo-kept ungulate species.general anesthesia poses risks for larger zoo species, like cardiorespiratory depression, myopathy, and hyperthermia. in ruminants, ruminal bloat and regurgitation of rumen contents with potential aspiration pneumonia are added risks. thus, the use of sedation to perform minor procedures is justified in zoo animals. a combination of detomidine and butorphanol has been routinely used in domestic animals. this drug combination, administered by remote intramuscular injection, can also be applied fo ...201728920785
sequencing and sequence analysis of partial nucleoprotein (n) gene and phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus field isolates from gujarat state, india.the present study was undertaken with an aim of characterization of rabies virus (genus lyssavirus of the family rhabdoviridae under the order mononegavirales) by sequencing of partial nucleoprotein (n) gene of rabies virus and phylogenetic analysis to know the genotype and lineage of rabies virus present in gujarat state of india. a total of 32 samples (18 brain samples and 14 saliva samples) were aseptically collected from live and dead animals (viz. dog, buffalo, cow, goat, donkey and hyena) ...201729291220
mitochondrial dna genetic variations among four horse populations in egypt.horses are one of the early domesticated animals in the world that changed societies and civilizations on a continent-wide scale. due to the rare information about the genetic characterization of different horse populations in egypt, this study aimed to identify the genetic biodiversity and relationships between four horse populations reared in egypt. genomic dna was extracted and mtdna region was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the alignment of 384-bp amplified fragments showed ...201730647688
comparative seroprevalence and risk factor analysis of trypanosoma evansi infection in equines from different agro-climatic zones of punjab (india).as parasitaemia is low and fluctuating during the chronic stage of infection, accurate detection of trypanosoma evansi in blood is difficult. the primary aims of this investigation were to assess for the first time the seroprevalence of t. evansi in all agro-climatic zones of punjab, by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) and card agglutination test (catt/t. evansi), and to evaluate the risk factors associated with latent trypanosomosis. a total of 319 equine serum samples collec ...201730160686
molecular survey in relation to risk factors and haemato-biochemical alteration in theileria equi infection of equines in punjab province, india.equine piroplasmosis caused by theileria equi, an apicomplexan intracellular haemoprotozoan parasite effects equids throughout the world. current investigation is the first detailed epidemiological survey report based on conventional (blood smear) and primary polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of t. equi on 464 equids (426 horses and 38 donkeys/mules) in punjab province of india. pcr targeting 18s rrna gene of t. equi produced high fidelity 709bp amplification products with 100% c ...201731014636
the stress response of ragusano donkey (equus asinus) to different semen collection techniques.the aim of the present study was to characterize the stress response of donkeys to different semen collection techniques, comparing the physiological patterns of hormonal (adrenocorticotropic hormone: acth, cortisol) and biochemical variables (creatinine, total protein, urea, aspartate aminotransferase: ast, alanine aminotransferase: alt), and routine seminal parameters and sexual behaviour. twenty two healthy ragusano donkeys were used and were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups based on diff ...201729611652
bells, bomas and beefsteak: complex patterns of human-predator conflict at the wildlife-agropastoral interface in zimbabwe.reports of livestock depredation by large predators were systematically collected at three study sites in northwestern zimbabwe from 2008-2013. we recorded 1,527 incidents (2,039 animals killed and 306 injured). lions (panthera leo) and spotted hyaenas (crocuta crocuta) were mostly responsible, and cattle and donkeys most frequently attacked. patterns of predation were variable among study sites. nevertheless, some overall patterns were apparent. predators selected livestock close to the size of ...201728149682
african horse sickness virus: history, transmission, and current status.african horse sickness virus (ahsv) is a lethal arbovirus of equids that is transmitted between hosts primarily by biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae). ahsv affects draft, thoroughbred, and companion horses and donkeys in africa, asia, and europe. in this review, we examine the impact of ahsv critically and discuss entomological studies that have been conducted to improve understanding of its epidemiology and control. the transmission of ahsv remains a major research ...201728141961
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