Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| trabecular and cortical bone structure of the talus and distal tibia in pan and homo. | internal bone structure, both cortical and trabecular bone, remodels in response to loading and may provide important information regarding behavior. the foot is well suited to analysis of internal bone structure because it experiences the initial substrate reaction forces, due to its proximity to the substrate. moreover, as humans and apes differ in loading of the foot, this region is relevant to questions concerning arboreal locomotion and bipedality in the hominoid fossil record. | 2017 | 28542704 |
| hormones and human and nonhuman primate growth. | the aim of this paper was to review information pertaining to the hormonal regulation of nonhuman primate growth, with specific focus on the growth hormone (gh)-insulin-like growth factor (igf) axis and adrenal androgens. hormones of the gh-igf axis are consistently associated with measures of growth - linear, weight, or both - during the growth period; in adulthood, concentrations of igf-i, igf-binding protein-3, and gh-binding protein are not associated with any measures of size. comparing pat ... | 2017 | 28528334 |
| australopithecus sediba and the emergence of homo: questionable evidence from the cranium of the juvenile holotype mh 1. | malapa hominin (mh) 1, an immature individual whose second permanent molars had recently reached occlusion at the time of death, is the holotype of australopithecus sediba, a 2-myr-old south african taxon that has been hypothesized to link phylogenetically australopith-grade hominins to the homo clade. given the existence of 2.8 myr-old fossils of homo in eastern africa, this hypothesis implies a ghost lineage spanning at least 800 kyr. an alternative hypothesis posits a unique relationship betw ... | 2017 | 28526292 |
| clinical signs, diagnostics and successful treatment of a myocarditis in an adult chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) was presented with lethargic behaviour. echocardiography and abnormal cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers revealed a myocarditis. the animal fully recovered after prolonged treatment with losartan and carvedilol. this is the first report of the diagnosis and successful treatment of myocarditis in this species. | 2017 | 28523858 |
| evaluating the effect of a year-long film focused environmental education program on ugandan student knowledge of and attitudes toward great apes. | films, as part of a larger environmental education program, have the potential to influence the knowledge and attitudes of viewers. however, to date, no evaluations have been published reporting the effectiveness of films, when used within primate range countries as part of a conservation themed program. the great ape education project was a year-long environmental education program implemented in uganda for primary school students living adjacent to kibale national park (knp) and bwindi impenet ... | 2017 | 28519898 |
| kin-based cultural transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees. | current research on animal culture has focused strongly on cataloging the diversity of socially transmitted behaviors and on the social learning mechanisms that sustain their spread. comparably less is known about the persistence of cultural behavior following innovation in groups of wild animals. we present observational data and a field experiment designed to address this question in a wild chimpanzee community, capitalizing on a novel tool behavior, moss-sponging, which appeared naturally in ... | 2017 | 28508047 |
| etiology of triarchic psychopathy dimensions in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | the current study undertook analyses of genealogical data from a sample of 178 socially-housed chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) with well-documented pedigrees, to clarify the etiologic bases of triarchic psychopathy dimensions and the influence of early social rearing experiences. whereas biometric analyses for the full sample indicated significant heritability for the boldness dimension of psychopathy only, heritability estimates varied by early rearing, with all three triarchic dimensions showing ... | 2017 | 28503367 |
| both haemagglutinin-specific antibody and t cell responses induced by a chimpanzee adenoviral vaccine confer protection against influenza h7n9 viral challenge. | since 2013, the outbreak or sporadic infection of a new reassortant h7n9 influenza virus in china has resulted in hundreds of deaths and thousands of illnesses. an h7n9 vaccine is urgently needed, as a licensed human vaccine against h7n9 influenza is currently not available. here, we developed a recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine, adc68-h7ha, by cloning the h7n9 haemagglutinin (ha) gene into the chimpanzee adenoviral vector adc68. the efficacy of adc68-h7ha was evaluated in mice as well as gui ... | 2017 | 28500340 |
| hla-dp(84gly) constitutively presents endogenous peptides generated by the class i antigen processing pathway. | classical antigen processing leads to the presentation of antigenic peptides derived from endogenous and exogenous sources for mhc class i and class ii molecules, respectively. here we show that, unlike other class ii molecules, prevalent hla-dp molecules with β-chains encoding gly84 (dp(84gly)) constitutively present endogenous peptides. dp(84gly) does not bind invariant chain (ii) via the class ii-associated invariant chain peptide (clip) region, nor does it present clip. however, ii does faci ... | 2017 | 28489076 |
| the role of the placenta in the initiation of spiral artery remodelling in an early pregnant chimpanzee uterus. | in this study we evaluated the full extent of placental bed changes (centre to periphery) in a pregnant chimpanzee uterus, kept at the museum for central africa in tervuren, belgium. according to placental size the specimen was equivalent to an 8 weeks pregnant human uterus. | 2017 | 28487026 |
| effector cd8(+) t cell-derived interleukin-10 enhances acute liver immunopathology. | besides secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and effector molecules, effector cd8(+) t cells that arise upon acute infection with certain viruses have been shown to produce the regulatory cytokine interleukin (il)-10 and, therefore, contain immunopathology. whether the same occurs during acute hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection and role that il-10 might play in liver disease is currently unknown. | 2017 | 28483675 |
| a sequence in the loop domain of hepatitis c virus e2 protein identified in silico as crucial for the selective binding to human cd81. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a species-specific pathogenic virus that infects only humans and chimpanzees. previous studies have indicated that interactions between the hcv e2 protein and cd81 on host cells are required for hcv infection. to determine the crucial factors for species-specific interactions at the molecular level, this study employed in silico molecular docking involving molecular dynamic simulations of the binding of hcv e2 onto human and rat cd81s. in vitro experiments including su ... | 2017 | 28481946 |
| construction and characterization of an anti-hepatitis b virus pres1 humanized antibody that binds to the essential receptor binding site. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. with recent identification of hbv receptor, inhibition of virus entry has become a promising concept in the development of new antiviral drugs. to date, 10 hbv genotypes (a-j) have been defined. we previously generated two murine anti-pres1 monoclonal antibodies (mabs), kr359 and kr127, that recognize amino acids (aa) 19-26 and 37-45, respectively, in the receptor binding site (aa 13-58, genotype c). each m ... | 2017 | 28478661 |
| genetic factors and orofacial motor learning selectively influence variability in central sulcus morphology in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | captive chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) have been shown to learn the use of novel attention-getting (ag) sounds to capture the attention of humans as a means of requesting or drawing their attention to a desired object or food. there are significant individual differences in the use of ag sounds by chimpanzees and, here, we examined whether changes in cortical organization of the central sulcus (cs) were associated with ag sound production. mri scans were collected from 240 chimpanzees, including ... | 2017 | 28473646 |
| extraction of honey from underground bee nests by central african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in loango national park, gabon: techniques and individual differences. | a detailed analysis of tool use behaviors can disclose the underlying cognitive traits of the users. we investigated the technique used by wild chimpanzees to extract the underground nests of stingless bees (meliplebeia lendliana), which represent a hard-to-reach resource given their highly undetectable location. using remote-sensor camera trap footage, we analyzed 151 visits to 50 different bee nests by 18 adult chimpanzees of both sexes. we quantified the degree of complexity and flexibility o ... | 2017 | 28464365 |
| the postcranial skeletal maturation of australopithecus sediba. | in 2008, an immature hominin defined as the holotype of the new species australopithecus sediba was discovered at the 1.9 million year old malapa site in south africa. the specimen (mh1) includes substantial post-cranial skeletal material, and provides a unique opportunity to assess its skeletal maturation. | 2017 | 28464269 |
| divergent lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme profile in cellular compartments of primate forebrain structures. | the compartmentalization and association of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) with specific cellular structures (e.g., synaptosomal, sarcoplasmic or mitochondrial) may play an important role in brain energy metabolism. our previous research revealed that ldh in the synaptosomal fraction shifts toward the aerobic isoforms (ldh-b) among the large-brained haplorhine primates compared to strepsirrhines. here, we further analyzed the subcellular localization of ldh in primate forebrain structures using qua ... | 2017 | 28461219 |
| a novel oncolytic adenovirus based on simian adenovirus serotype 24. | among the oncolytic virotherapy, an emerging treatment for tumor, adenoviruses are widely used at present in preclinical and clinical trials. traditionally, oncolytic adenoviruses were developed based on the human adenovirus serotype 5 (adhu5). however, adhu5 has the drawbacks of preexisting anti-adhu5 immunity in most populations, and extensive sequestration of adhu5 by the liver through hexon, blood coagulation factor x (fx), and fx receptor interactions. to tackle these problems, we explored ... | 2017 | 28460470 |
| the shrinking human gut microbiome. | mammals harbor complex assemblages of gut bacteria that are deeply integrated with their hosts' digestive, immune, and neuroendocrine systems. recent work has revealed that there has been a substantial loss of gut bacterial diversity from humans since the divergence of humans and chimpanzees. this bacterial depauperation began in humanity's ancient evolutionary past and has accelerated in recent years with the advent of modern lifestyles. today, humans living in industrialized societies harbor t ... | 2017 | 28458095 |
| agricultural expansion as risk to endangered wildlife: pesticide exposure in wild chimpanzees and baboons displaying facial dysplasia. | prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors can affect development and induce irreversible abnormalities in both humans and wildlife. the northern part of kibale national park, a mid-altitude rainforest in western uganda, is largely surrounded by industrial tea plantations and wildlife using this area (sebitoli) must cope with proximity to human populations and their activities. the chimpanzees and baboons in this area raid crops (primarily maize) in neighboring gardens. sixteen youn ... | 2017 | 28454037 |
| hepatitis c virus indirectly disrupts dna damage-induced p53 responses by activating protein kinase r. | many dna tumor viruses promote cellular transformation by inactivating the critically important tumor suppressor protein p53. in contrast, it is not known whether p53 function is disrupted by hepatitis c virus (hcv), a unique, oncogenic rna virus that is the leading infectious cause of liver cancer in many regions of the world. here we show that hcv-permissive, liver-derived hepg2 cells engineered to constitutively express microrna-122 (hepg2/mir-122 cells) have normal p53-mediated responses to ... | 2017 | 28442604 |
| spray dried human and chimpanzee adenoviral-vectored vaccines are thermally stable and immunogenic in vivo. | cold chain-free vaccine technologies are needed to ensure effective vaccine delivery and coverage, particularly in resource-poor countries. however, the immunogenicity and thermostability of spray dried live viral vector-based vaccines such as recombinant adenoviral-vectored vaccines remain to be investigated. to address this issue, we have spray dried human adenoviral (adhu5)- and chimpanzee adenoviral (adch68)-vectored tuberculosis vaccines in a mannitol and dextran matrix. spray dried powders ... | 2017 | 28438408 |
| the predictive nature of transcript expression levels on protein expression in adult human brain. | next generation sequencing methods are the gold standard for evaluating expression of the transcriptome. when determining the biological implications of such studies, the assumption is often made that transcript expression levels correspond to protein levels in a meaningful way. however, the strength of the overall correlation between transcript and protein expression is inconsistent, particularly in brain samples. | 2017 | 28438116 |
| trabecular mapping: leveraging geometric morphometrics for analyses of trabecular structure. | trabecular microstructure of limb bone epiphyses has been used to elucidate the relationship between skeletal form and behavior among mammals. such studies have often relied on the analysis of a single volume of interest (voi). here we present a method for evaluating variation in bone microstructure across articular surfaces by leveraging sliding semilandmarks. | 2017 | 28432829 |
| biochemical, cellular, physiological, and pathological consequences of human loss of n-glycolylneuraminic acid. | about 2-3 million years ago, alu-mediated deletion of a critical exon in the cmah gene became fixed in the hominin lineage ancestral to humans, possibly through a stepwise process of selection by pathogen targeting of the cmah product (the sialic acid neu5gc), followed by reproductive isolation through female anti-neu5gc antibodies. loss of cmah has occurred independently in some other lineages, but is functionally intact in old world primates, including our closest relatives, the chimpanzee. al ... | 2017 | 28423240 |
| k-mer content, correlation, and position analysis of genome dna sequences for the identification of function and evolutionary features. | in genome analysis, k-mer-based comparison methods have become standard tools. however, even though they are able to deliver reliable results, other algorithms seem to work better in some cases. to improve k-mer-based dna sequence analysis and comparison, we successfully checked whether adding positional resolution is beneficial for finding and/or comparing interesting organizational structures. a simple but efficient algorithm for extracting and saving local k-mer spectra (frequency distributio ... | 2017 | 28422050 |
| early clinical xenotransplantation experiences-an interview with thomas e. starzl, md, phd. | dr thomas e. starzl, who died on march 4, 2017, was one of the great pioneers of organ transplantation. he was also a pioneer in the field of xenotransplantation. in 1964, he carried out baboon kidney transplants in six patients with terminal renal disease for whom no living or deceased donor became available; graft survival was for 19-60 days, the grafts being lost largely through continuous complement activation. between 1966 and 1974, he carried out one ex vivo liver perfusion and three ortho ... | 2017 | 28421681 |
| erratum to: the laminar organization of the motor cortex in monodactylous mammals: a comparative assessment based on horse, chimpanzee, and macaque. | 2017 | 28421276 | |
| primates, lice and bacteria: speciation and genome evolution in the symbionts of hominid lice. | insects with restricted diets rely on symbiotic bacteria to provide essential metabolites missing in their diet. the blood-sucking lice are obligate, host-specific parasites of mammals and are themselves host to symbiotic bacteria. in human lice, these bacterial symbionts supply the lice with b-vitamins. here, we sequenced the genomes of symbiotic and heritable bacterial of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and monkey lice and used phylogenomics to investigate their evolutionary relationships. we find ... | 2017 | 28419279 |
| natural mortality and cause of death analysis of the captive chimpanzee (pan troglodytes): a 35-year review. | we present the spontaneous causes of mortality for 137 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) over a 35-year period. a record review of the pathology database was performed and a primary cause of mortality was determined for each chimpanzee. the most common causes of mortality were as follows: cardiomyopathy (40% of all mortalities), stillbirth/abortion, acute myocardial necrosis, chimpanzee-induced trauma, amyloidosis, and pneumonia. five morphologic diagnoses accounted for 61% of mortalities: cardiomyo ... | 2017 | 28418090 |
| hsv-1/hsv-2 infection-related cancers in bantu populations driving hiv-1 prevalence in africa: tracking the origin of aids at the onset of the 20th century. | at the onset of the 20th century, ancient clinical observations of cancer epidemics in bantu populations of sub-saharan africa were discovered. they were reported from 1914 to 1960, but remained unexplained. in 1983, in san francisco, calif., usa, cancer epidemics were related to infections by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) known as aids disease. yet since 1996, it is known that hiv-1 strains are not the only ones involved. in sub-saharan africa, recurrent orobuccal herpes simpl ... | 2017 | 28413399 |
| ischial form as an indicator of bipedal kinematics in early hominins: a test using extant anthropoids. | human ischia contrast with those of great apes in being craniocaudally short and dorsally projecting. this configuration is thought to facilitate greater hip extension in humans during bipedal locomotion. this link has been used to infer kinematics in early hominins, but the consequences of variation in ischial configuration for gait remain uncertain. kinematic data for a limited sample of extant nonhuman primates demonstrate that there is variation in hip extension in these taxa during bipedal ... | 2017 | 28406569 |
| lower ilium evolution in apes and hominins. | elucidating the pelvic morphology of the pan-homo last common ancestor (lca) is crucial for understanding ape and human evolution. the pelvis of ardipithecus ramidus has been the basis of controversial interpretations of the lca pelvis. in particular, it was proposed that the lower ilium became elongate independently in the orangutan and chimpanzee clades, making these taxa poor analogues for the pelvis of the lca. this study examines the variation in relative lower ilium height between and with ... | 2017 | 28406561 |
| elucidation of developmental patterns of marmoset corpus callosum through a comparative mri in marmosets, chimpanzees, and humans. | the corpus callosum (cc) is present in all primate brains and is the major white matter tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres for integration of sensory, motor and higher-order cognitive information. the midsagittal area of the cc has frequently been used as a sensitive biomarker of brain development. although the marmoset has been considered as an alternative non-human primate model for neuroscience research, the developmental patterns of the cc have not been explored. the present longitudi ... | 2017 | 28400206 |
| mammalian alox15 orthologs exhibit pronounced dual positional specificity with docosahexaenoic acid. | mammalian lipoxygenases (lox) have been implicated in cell differentiation and in the pathogenesis of inflammatory, hyperproliferative and neurological diseases. although the reaction specificity of mammalian lox with n-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid, arachidonic acid) has been explored in detail little information is currently available on the product patterns formed from n-3 polyenoic fatty acids, which are of particular nutritional importance and serve as substrate for the biosynthesis of pro-r ... | 2017 | 28400162 |
| superoxide dismutase 1 is positively selected to minimize protein aggregation in great apes. | positive (adaptive) selection has recently been implied in human superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1), a highly abundant antioxidant protein with energy signaling and antiaging functions, one of very few examples of direct selection on a human protein product (exon); the molecular drivers of this selection are unknown. we mapped 30 extant sod1 sequences to the recently established mammalian species tree and inferred ancestors, key substitutions, and signatures of selection during the protein's evolutio ... | 2017 | 28389720 |
| non-dietary analytical features of chimpanzee scats. | non-dietary aspects of ape scats such as scat weight and diameter are correlated with age and sex of defaecator for gorillas and orangutans. defaecation rates of primates, including apes, illuminate their role as primary seed dispersers. we assess if non-dietary features of scats for east african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) reveal such insights for members of the kanyawara community in kibale national park, uganda. our objective is to see if such data yield useful perspectives f ... | 2017 | 28378197 |
| applying wet sieving fecal particle size measurement to frugivores: a case study of the eastern chimpanzee (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). | fecal particle size (fps) as quantified by wet sieving analysis is a measure of chewing efficiency relevant for the understanding of physiological adaptations and constraints in herbivores. fps has not been investigated systematically in frugivores, and important methodological problems remain. in particular, food items that are not chewed may skew estimates of fps. we address such methodological issues and also assess the influence of diet type and age on fps in wild chimpanzees. | 2017 | 28374441 |
| development of novel vaccines against infectious diseases based on chimpanzee adenoviral vector. | vaccination is considered to be the most effective method of preventing infectious or other diseases. adenovirus (ad) is one the most promising vectors in vaccine research and development. it can induce not only potent humoral but also cellular immune responses, and has therefore been widely applied in basic and translational studies. chimpanzee ad is a rare serotype circulating in humans. this circumvents the problem of preexisting immunity to human ad serotypes, enhancing chimpanzee ad prospec ... | 2017 | 28374240 |
| favorable ecological circumstances promote life expectancy in chimpanzees similar to that of human hunter-gatherers. | demographic data on wild chimpanzees are crucial for understanding the evolution of chimpanzee and hominin life histories, but most data come from populations affected by disease outbreaks and anthropogenic disturbance. we present survivorship data from a relatively undisturbed and exceptionally large community of eastern chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda. we monitored births, deaths, immigrations, and emigrations in the community between 1995 an ... | 2017 | 28366199 |
| ardipithecus ramidus and the evolution of language and singing: an early origin for hominin vocal capability. | in this paper we analyse the possibility that the early hominin ardipithecus ramidus had vocal capabilities far exceeding those of any extant non-human primate. we argue that erect posture combined with changes in craniofacial morphology, such as reduced facial and jaw length, not only provide evidence for increased levels of pro-sociality, but also increased vocal ability. reduced length of the face and jaw, combined with a flexed cranial base, suggests the larynx in this species was situated d ... | 2017 | 28363458 |
| is music enriching for group-housed captive chimpanzees (pan troglodytes)? | many facilities that house captive primates play music for animal enrichment or for caregiver enjoyment. however, the impact on primates is unknown as previous studies have been inconclusive. we conducted three studies with zoo-housed chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and one with group-housed chimpanzees at the national centre for chimpanzee care to investigate the effects of classical and pop/rock music on various variables that may be indicative of increased welfare. study one compared the behavi ... | 2017 | 28355212 |
| probing the evolutionary history of human bitter taste receptor pseudogenes by restoring their function. | lineage-specific gene losses can be driven by selection or environmental adaptations. however, a lack of studies on the original function of species-specific pseudogenes leaves a gap in our understanding of their role in evolutionary histories. pseudogenes are of particular relevance for taste perception genes, which encode for receptors that confer the ability to both identify nutritionally valuable substances and avoid potentially harmful substances. to explore the role of bitter taste pseudog ... | 2017 | 28333344 |
| bayesian analysis of evolutionary divergence with genomic data under diverse demographic models. | we present a new bayesian method for estimating demographic and phylogenetic history using population genomic data. several key innovations are introduced that allow the study of diverse models within an isolation-with-migration framework. the new method implements a 2-step analysis, with an initial markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) phase that samples simple coalescent trees, followed by the calculation of the joint posterior density for the parameters of a demographic model. in step 1, the mcmc s ... | 2017 | 28333230 |
| technical intelligence and culture: nut cracking in humans and chimpanzees. | according to the technical intelligence hypothesis, humans are superior to all other animal species in understanding and using tools. however, the vast majority of comparative studies between humans and chimpanzees, both proficient tool users, have not controlled for the effects of age, prior knowledge, past experience, rearing conditions, or differences in experimental procedures. we tested whether humans are superior to chimpanzees in selecting better tools, using them more dexteriously, achie ... | 2017 | 28332189 |
| variation in the insulin-like growth factor 1 gene in primates. | insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1) is a multifunctional peptide that is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes in many animal species, ranging from somatic growth in children to metabolism and tissue regeneration and repair in adults. the igf1 gene is under multifactorial regulation in the few species in which it has been studied, with major control being exerted by growth hormone through a gene expression pathway involving inducible binding of the stat5b tra ... | 2017 | 28324014 |
| developmental changes in feeding behaviors of infant chimpanzees at mahale, tanzania: implications for nutritional independence long before cessation of nipple contact. | weaning of chimpanzees is considered to occur at 4-5-years-old with complete cessation of nipple contact and timing of reconception calculated by inter-birth interval minus gestation length. this is also the basis of "early weaning" in humans (i.e., approximately 2.5-years-old). however, recent studies of the survival of orphans and the first molar (m1) eruption in wild chimpanzees have predicted that infants move toward nutritional independence at 3-years-old. therefore, this study aimed to inv ... | 2017 | 28319268 |
| the cervical spine of australopithecus sediba. | cervical vertebrae are rare in the early hominin fossil record, presenting a challenge for understanding the evolution of the neck and head carriage in hominin evolution. here, we examine the cervical vertebrae of australopithecus sediba, which unlike other south african taxa is known from associated cervical vertebrae. the a. sediba cervical vertebrae exhibit human-like values for wedging, pedicle cross-sectional areas, and articular facet heights, indicating reduced ventral loading relative to ... | 2017 | 28317555 |
| chimpanzee and human midfoot motion during bipedal walking and the evolution of the longitudinal arch of the foot. | the longitudinal arch of the human foot is commonly thought to reduce midfoot joint motion to convert the foot into a rigid lever during push off in bipedal walking. in contrast, african apes have been observed to exhibit midfoot dorsiflexion following heel lift during terrestrial locomotion, presumably due to their possession of highly mobile midfoot joints. this assumed dichotomy between human and african ape midfoot mobility has recently been questioned based on indirect assessments of in viv ... | 2017 | 28317554 |
| the human pelvis: variation in structure and function during gait. | the shift to habitual bipedalism 4-6 million years ago in the hominin lineage created a morphologically and functionally different human pelvis compared to our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. evolutionary changes to the shape of the pelvis were necessary for the transition to habitual bipedalism in humans. these changes in the bony anatomy resulted in an altered role of muscle function, influencing bipedal gait. additionally, there are normal sex-specific variations in the pelvis as w ... | 2017 | 28297184 |
| development of modular organization in the chimpanzee pelvis. | the bony pelvis of primates is a composite structure serving a variety of functions, and exhibiting a complex pattern of modularity and integration. still little is known, however, about how patterns of modularity and integration arise, and how they change throughout ontogeny. here we study the ontogeny of modularity and integration in developmental and functional units of the pelvis of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. we use methods of biomedical imaging and geometric morphometric ... | 2017 | 28297174 |
| the 40th anniversary of the ai project: the commemorative gift is a silk scarf painted by ai the chimpanzee. | 2017 | 28293756 | |
| tool use for corpse cleaning in chimpanzees. | for the first time, chimpanzees have been observed using tools to clean the corpse of a deceased group member. a female chimpanzee sat down at the dead body of a young male, selected a firm stem of grass, and started to intently remove debris from his teeth. this report contributes novel behaviour to the chimpanzee's ethogram, and highlights how crucial information for reconstructing the evolutionary origins of human mortuary practices may be missed by refraining from developing adequate observa ... | 2017 | 28287121 |
| skin temperature changes in wild chimpanzees upon hearing vocalizations of conspecifics. | a growing trend of research using infrared thermography (irt) has shown that changes in skin temperature, associated with activity of the autonomic nervous system, can be reliably detected in human and non-human animals. a contact-free method, irt provides the opportunity to uncover emotional states in free-ranging animals during social interactions. here, we measured nose and ear temperatures of wild chimpanzees of budongo forest, uganda, when exposed to naturally occurring vocalizations of con ... | 2017 | 28280584 |
| chimpanzees breed with genetically dissimilar mates. | inbreeding adversely affects fitness, whereas heterozygosity often augments it. therefore, mechanisms to avoid inbreeding and increase genetic distance between mates should be advantageous in species where adult relatives reside together. here we investigate mate choice for genetic dissimilarity in chimpanzees, a species in which many females avoid inbreeding through dispersal, but where promiscuous mating and sexual coercion can limit choice when related adults reside together. we take advantag ... | 2017 | 28280546 |
| precuneus proportions and cortical folding: a morphometric evaluation on a racially diverse human sample. | recent analyses have suggested that the size and proportions of the precuneus are remarkably variable among adult humans, representing a major source of geometrical difference in midsagittal brain morphology. the same area also represents the main midsagittal brain difference between humans and chimpanzees, being more expanded in our species. enlargement of the upper parietal surface is a specific feature of homo sapiens, when compared with other fossil hominids, suggesting the involvement of th ... | 2017 | 28279731 |
| reward type and behavioural patterns predict dogs' success in a delay of gratification paradigm. | inhibiting an immediate behaviour in favour of an alternative but more advantageous behaviour has been linked to individual success in life, especially in humans. dogs, which have been living in the human environment for thousands of years, are exposed to daily situations that require inhibition different in context from other non-domesticated species. one task regularly used to study inhibitory control is the delay of gratification task, which requires individuals to choose between an immediate ... | 2017 | 28272409 |
| an empirical evaluation of camera trapping and spatially explicit capture-recapture models for estimating chimpanzee density. | empirical validations of survey methods for estimating animal densities are rare, despite the fact that only an application to a population of known density can demonstrate their reliability under field conditions and constraints. here, we present a field validation of camera trapping in combination with spatially explicit capture-recapture (secr) methods for enumerating chimpanzee populations. we used 83 camera traps to sample a habituated community of western chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus ... | 2017 | 28267880 |
| risk alleles of genes with monoallelic expression are enriched in gain-of-function variants and depleted in loss-of-function variants for neurodevelopmental disorders. | over 3000 human genes can be expressed from a single allele in one cell, and from the other allele-or both-in neighboring cells. little is known about the consequences of this epigenetic phenomenon, monoallelic expression (mae). we hypothesized that mae increases expression variability, with a potential impact on human disease. here, we use a chromatin signature to infer mae for genes in lymphoblastoid cell lines and human fetal brain tissue. we confirm that across clones mae status correlates w ... | 2017 | 28265118 |
| novel single-stranded dna virus genomes recovered from chimpanzee feces sampled from the mambilla plateau in nigeria. | metagenomic approaches are rapidly expanding our knowledge of the diversity of viruses. in the fecal matter of nigerian chimpanzees we recovered three gokushovirus genomes, one circular replication-associated protein encoding single-stranded dna virus (cress), and a cress dna molecule. | 2017 | 28254982 |
| diversity in non-repetitive human sequences not found in the reference genome. | genomes usually contain some non-repetitive sequences that are missing from the reference genome and occur only in a population subset. such non-repetitive, non-reference (nrnr) sequences have remained largely unexplored in terms of their characterization and downstream analyses. here we describe 3,791 breakpoint-resolved nrnr sequence variants called using popins from whole-genome sequence data of 15,219 icelanders. we found that over 95% of the 244 nrnr sequences that are 200 bp or longer are ... | 2017 | 28250455 |
| conserved expression of transposon-derived non-coding transcripts in primate stem cells. | a significant portion of expressed non-coding rnas in human cells is derived from transposable elements (tes). moreover, it has been shown that various long non-coding rnas (lncrnas), which come from the human endogenous retrovirus subfamily h (hervh), are not only expressed but required for pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells (hescs). | 2017 | 28245871 |
| chimpanzee down syndrome: a case study of trisomy 22 in a captive chimpanzee. | we report a case of chimpanzee trisomy 22 in a captive-born female. because chromosome 22 in great apes is homologous to human chromosome 21, the present case is analogous to human trisomy 21, also called down syndrome. the chimpanzee in the present case experienced retarded growth; infantile cataract and vision problems, including nystagmus, strabismus, and keratoconus; congenital atrial septal defect; and hypodontia. all of these symptoms are common in human down syndrome. this case was the se ... | 2017 | 28220267 |
| keas perform similarly to chimpanzees and elephants when solving collaborative tasks. | cooperation between individuals is one of the defining features of our species. while other animals, such as chimpanzees, elephants, coral trout and rooks also exhibit cooperative behaviours, it is not clear if they think about cooperation in the same way as humans do. in this study we presented the kea, a parrot endemic to new zealand, with a series of tasks designed to assess cooperative cognition. we found that keas were capable of working together, even when they had to wait for their partne ... | 2017 | 28199322 |
| [heart transplantation;allograft and xenograft]. | prior to starting clinical cardiac allotransplantation, cardiac xenotransplantation was performed in human in 1960s. in 1964, hardy performed cardiac transplantation using a chimpanzee heart and bailey performed cardiac transplantation using a baboon heart to an infant with hypoplastic left heart. the use of cyclosporine has greatly improved the outcome of clinical cardiac transplantation and cardiac allotransplantation became an established treatment strategy for the patients with end-stage hea ... | 2017 | 28174392 |
| socially transmitted diffusion of a novel behavior from subordinate chimpanzees. | chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) demonstrate much cultural diversity in the wild, yet a majority of novel behaviors do not become group-wide traditions. since many such novel behaviors are introduced by low-ranking individuals, a bias toward copying dominant individuals ("rank-bias") has been proposed as an explanation for their limited diffusion. previous experimental work showed that chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) preferentially copy dominant over low-rank models. we investigated whether low ranki ... | 2017 | 28171684 |
| the mitochondrial genome of the guanaco louse, microthoracius praelongiceps: insights into the ancestral mitochondrial karyotype of sucking lice (anoplura, insecta). | fragmented mitochondrial (mt) genomes have been reported in 11 species of sucking lice (suborder anoplura) that infest humans, chimpanzees, pigs, horses, and rodents. there is substantial variation among these lice in mt karyotype: the number of minichromosomes of a species ranges from 9 to 20; the number of genes in a minichromosome ranges from 1 to 8; gene arrangement in a minichromosome differs between species, even in the same genus. we sequenced the mt genome of the guanaco louse, microthor ... | 2017 | 28164215 |
| cytidine deaminase efficiency of the lentiviral viral restriction factor apobec3c correlates with dimerization. | the seven apobec3 (a3) enzymes in primates restrict hiv/siv replication to differing degrees by deaminating cytosine in viral (-)dna, which forms promutagenic uracils that inactivate the virus. a polymorphism in human apobec3c (a3c) that encodes an s188i mutation increases the enzymatic activity of the protein and its ability to restrict hiv-1, and correlates with increased propensity to form dimers. however, other hominid a3c proteins only have an s188, suggesting they should be less active lik ... | 2017 | 28158858 |
| the extraordinary nature of barney's drumming: a complementary study of ordinary noise making in chimpanzees. | in a previous study (dufour et al., 2015) we reported the unusual characteristics of the drumming performance of a chimpanzee named barney. his sound production, several sequences of repeated drumming on an up-turned plastic barrel, shared features typical for human musical drumming: it was rhythmical, decontextualized, and well controlled by the chimpanzee. this type of performance raises questions about the origins of our musicality. here we recorded spontaneously occurring events of sound pro ... | 2017 | 28154521 |
| conspiracy beliefs and knowledge about hiv origins among adolescents in soweto, south africa. | we examined adolescents' knowledge regarding the origin of hiv/aids and correlates of beliefs surrounding conspiracy theories in soweto, south africa. now, a decade post-aids denialism, south africa has the largest antiretroviral therapy roll-out worldwide. however, conspiracy theories stemming from past aids denialism may impact hiv prevention and treatment efforts. | 2017 | 28151937 |
| evolution of local mutation rate and its determinants. | mutation rate varies along the human genome, and part of this variation is explainable by measurable local properties of the dna molecule. moreover, mutation rates differ between orthologous genomic regions of different species, but the drivers of this change are unclear. here, we use data on human divergence from chimpanzee, human rare polymorphism, and human de novo mutations to predict the substitution rate at orthologous regions of non-human mammals. we show that the local mutation rates are ... | 2017 | 28138076 |
| chimpanzees process structural isomorphisms across sensory modalities. | evolution has shaped animal brains to detect sensory regularities in environmental stimuli. in addition, many species map one-dimensional quantities across sensory modalities, such as conspecific faces to voices, or high-pitched sounds to bright light. if basic patterns like repetitions and identities are frequently perceived in different sensory modalities, it could be advantageous to detect cross-modal isomorphisms, i.e. develop modality-independent representations of structural features, expl ... | 2017 | 28135575 |
| resurrecting kir2dp1: a key intermediate in the evolution of human inhibitory nk cell receptors that recognize hla-c. | kir2dp1 is an inactive member of the human lineage iii kir family, which includes all hla-c-specific receptor genes. the lethal, and only, defect in kir2dp1 is a nucleotide deletion in codon 88. fixed in modern humans, the deletion is also in archaic human genomes. kir2dp1 is polymorphic, with dimorphism at specificity-determining position 44. by repairing the deletion, we resurrected 11 alleles of kir2dp1(f) , the functional antecedent of kir2dp1 we demonstrate how k44-kir2dp1(f) with lysine 44 ... | 2017 | 28122963 |
| utility of osteon circularity for determining species and interpreting load history in primates and nonprimates. | histomorphological analyses of bones are used to estimate an individual's chronological age, interpret a bone's load history, and differentiate species. among various histomorphological characteristics that can influence mechanical properties of cortical bone, secondary osteon (haversian system) population density and predominant collagen fiber orientation are particularly important. cross-sectional shape characteristics of secondary osteons (on.cr = osteon circularity, on.el = osteon elliptical ... | 2017 | 28121024 |
| aged chimpanzees exhibit pathologic hallmarks of alzheimer's disease. | alzheimer's disease (ad) is a uniquely human brain disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta protein (aβ) into extracellular plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (nft) made from intracellular, abnormally phosphorylated tau, and selective neuronal loss. we analyzed a large group of aged chimpanzees (n = 20, age 37-62 years) for evidence of aβ and tau lesions in brain regions affected by ad in humans. aβ was observed in plaques and blood vessels, and tau lesions were found in the form ... | 2017 | 28888720 |
| information seeking about tool properties in great apes. | evidence suggests that great apes engage in metacognitive information seeking for food items. to support the claim that a domain-general cognitive process underlies ape metacognition one needs to show that selective information seeking extends to non-food items. in this study, chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and orangutans (pongo abelii) either had to determine the location of a desired food item or a property of a non-food item (length of a tool). we manipulated whether subjects received prior in ... | 2017 | 28883523 |
| lotus birth, a holistic approach on physiological cord clamping. | the positive effects of delayed cord clamping (dcc) has been extensively researched. dcc means: waiting at least one minute after birth before clamping and cutting the cord or till the pulsation has stopped. with physiological clamping and cutting (pcc) the clamping and cutting can happen at the earliest after the pulsation has stopped. with a lotus birth, no clamping and cutting of the cord is done. a woman called clair lotus day imitated the holistic approach of pcc from an anthropoid ape in 1 ... | 2017 | 28882580 |
| chimpanzees recognize their own delayed self-image. | unlike mirror self-recognition, recognizing one's own image in delayed video footage may indicate the presence of a concept of self that extends across time and space. while humans typically show this ability around 4 years of age, it is unknown whether this capacity is found in non-human animals. in this study, chimpanzees performed a modified version of the mark test to investigate whether chimpanzees could remove stickers placed on the face and head while watching live and delayed video image ... | 2017 | 28878955 |
| do juveniles help or hinder? influence of juvenile offspring on maternal behavior and reproductive outcomes in wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | compared to great apes, humans maintain a relatively rapid reproductive pace despite long periods of dependency. this seemingly contradictory set of traits is made possible by weaning offspring before nutritional independence and alloparents who help provide care. in traditional societies, this help may be provided to mothers in part by their juvenile offspring who carry, supervise, or provision younger siblings. in contrast to humans, chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) are nutritionally independent ... | 2017 | 28874268 |
| expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms mrna transcripts in the temporalis muscle of common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | the common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) is the primate that is phylogenetically most closely related to humans (homo sapiens). in order to shed light on the anatomy and function of the temporalis muscle in the chimpanzee, we have analyzed the expression patterns of the mrna transcripts of the myosin heavy chain (myhc) isoforms in different parts of the muscle. | 2017 | 28865772 |
| dental development in homo naledi. | humans' prolonged somatic development and life history are unique among primates, yet their evolutionary origins remain unclear. dental development has been used as a proxy to reconstruct life history evolution in the hominin clade and indicates a recent emergence of the human developmental pattern. here, we analyse tooth formation and eruption in two developing dentitions of homo naledi, a late-surviving, morphologically mosaic hominin species. deciduous dental development is more similar to hu ... | 2017 | 28855415 |
| effects of sex and early rearing condition on adult behavior, health, and well-being in captive chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | scientific evaluation of management strategies for captive species is part of the establishment of best practices for animal welfare. here we report the effects of sex, rearing, and a sex-by-rearing interaction on adult, captive chimpanzees' (pan troglodytes) behavior, health, well-being, personality, and orientation towards humans based on multiple methods (observation, animal records, and surveys). chimpanzees raised in three conditions, mother-reared (mr), standard nursery (st) and an experim ... | 2017 | 28851632 |
| analysis of 62 hybrid assembled human y chromosomes exposes rapid structural changes and high rates of gene conversion. | the human y-chromosome does not recombine across its male-specific part and is therefore an excellent marker of human migrations. it also plays an important role in male fertility. however, its evolution is difficult to fully understand because of repetitive sequences, inverted repeats and the potentially large role of gene conversion. here we perform an evolutionary analysis of 62 y-chromosomes of danish descent sequenced using a wide range of library insert sizes and high coverage, thus allowi ... | 2017 | 28846694 |
| social models enhance apes' memory for novel events. | nonhuman primates are more likely to learn from the actions of a social model than a non-social "ghost display", however the mechanism underlying this effect is still unknown. one possibility is that live models are more engaging, drawing increased attention to social stimuli. however, recent research with humans has suggested that live models fundamentally alter memory, not low-level attention. in the current study, we developed a novel eye-tracking paradigm to disentangle the influence of soci ... | 2017 | 28106098 |
| recombinant adenoviruses displaying matrix 2 ectodomain epitopes on their fiber proteins as universal influenza vaccines. | influenza is a zoonotic disease that poses severe threats to public health and the global economy. reemerging influenza pandemics highlight the demand for universal influenza vaccines. we developed a novel virus platform using extracellular domain iv of the matrix 2 protein (m2e), adc68-f3m2e, by introducing three conserved m2e epitopes into the hi loop of the chimpanzee adenovirus (adv) fiber protein. the m2e epitopes were expressed sufficiently on the adv virion surface without affecting fiber ... | 2017 | 28100621 |
| automated face detection for occurrence and occupancy estimation in chimpanzees. | surveying endangered species is necessary to evaluate conservation effectiveness. camera trapping and biometric computer vision are recent technological advances. they have impacted on the methods applicable to field surveys and these methods have gained significant momentum over the last decade. yet, most researchers inspect footage manually and few studies have used automated semantic processing of video trap data from the field. the particular aim of this study is to evaluate methods that inc ... | 2017 | 28095593 |
| a comparative and evolutionary analysis of the cultural cognition of humans and other apes. | the comparative and evolutionary analysis of social learning and all manner of cultural processes has become a flourishing field. applying the 'comparative method' to such phenomena allows us to exploit the good fortunate we have in being able to study them in satisfying detail in our living primate relatives, using the results to reconstruct the cultural cognition of the ancestral forms we share with these species. here i offer an overview of principal discoveries in recent years, organized thr ... | 2017 | 28065215 |
| evolution of transcript modification by n(6)-methyladenosine in primates. | phenotypic differences within populations and between closely related species are often driven by variation and evolution of gene expression. however, most analyses have focused on the effects of genomic variation at cis-regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers that control transcriptional activity, and little is understood about the influence of post-transcriptional processes on transcript evolution. post-transcriptional modification of rna by n(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)a) has been sh ... | 2017 | 28052920 |
| social learning and culture in child and chimpanzee. | a few decades ago, we knew next to nothing about the behavior of our closest animal relative, the chimpanzee, but long-term field studies have since revealed an undreamed-of richness in the diversity of their cultural traditions across africa. these discoveries have been complemented by a substantial suite of experimental studies, now bridging to the wild through field experiments. these field and experimental studies, particularly those in which direct chimpanzee-child comparisons have been mad ... | 2017 | 28051932 |
| morphological integration of the cranium in homo, pan, and hylobates and the evolution of hominoid facial structures. | modern humans diverge from other extant hominids (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) in a series of craniofacial morphological features. like hylobatids, they possess a face with a reduced subnasal prognathism that is associated with a globular basicranium. these traits are not independent, as the skull is a complex integrated structure. the aim of the present study is to determine relationships between the face and the basicranium in two hominid genera (homo and pan) and a hylobatid genus ( ... | 2017 | 28035660 |
| oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees. | intergroup conflict is evident throughout the history of our species, ubiquitous across human societies, and considered crucial for the evolution of humans' large-scale cooperative nature. like humans, chimpanzee societies exhibit intragroup coordination and coalitionary support during violent intergroup conflicts. in both species, cooperation among group members is essential for individuals to gain access to benefits from engaging in intergroup conflict. studies suggest that a contributive mech ... | 2017 | 28028227 |
| proposed association between the hexanucleotide repeat of c9orf72 and opposability index of the thumb. | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) is a fatal disease caused by motor neuron and sub-cerebral projection neuron degeneration. we sought to explore the particular susceptibility of humans to neurodegeneration and whether any characteristic human features might predispose to selective vulnerability of the critical motor circuitry in als. the pathophysiology of the c9orf72 repeat is not yet understood, despite its role as a common cause of als and frontotemporal dementia. | 2017 | 28010125 |
| assessment of behavior and space use before and after forelimb amputation in a zoo-housed chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | primates possess great manual dexterity, and their limbs are integral to many aspects of normal functioning (e.g., climbing, feeding). as such, the loss of a limb carries the risk of significant disability and potentially harmful impairment of species-typical functioning. limb loss is known to occur in some wild primate populations due to entanglement in hunting snares, but can also occur in captive settings due to injury that necessitates therapeutic amputation. in this study, we conducted a de ... | 2017 | 27981610 |
| fluid dipping technology of chimpanzees in comoé national park, ivory coast. | over a 6 month period during the dry season, from the end of october 2014 to the beginning of may 2015, we studied tool use behavior of previously unstudied and non-habituated savanna chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) living in the comoé national park, ivory coast (ci). we analyzed all the stick tools and leaf-sponges found that the chimpanzees used to forage for ants, termites, honey, and water. we found a particular behavior to be widespread across different chimpanzee communities in the par ... | 2017 | 28002878 |
| conservatism and "copy-if-better" in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | social learning is predicted to evolve in socially living animals provided the learning process is not random but biased by certain socio-ecological factors. one bias of particular interest for the emergence of (cumulative) culture is the tendency to forgo personal behaviour in favour of relatively better variants observed in others, also known as the "copy-if-better" strategy. we investigated whether chimpanzees employ copy-if-better in a simple token-exchange paradigm controlling for individua ... | 2017 | 27999955 |
| young children, but not chimpanzees, are averse to disadvantageous and advantageous inequities. | the age at which young children show an aversion to inequitable resource distributions, especially those favoring themselves, is unclear. it is also unclear whether great apes, as humans' nearest evolutionary relatives, have an aversion to inequitable resource distributions at all. using a common methodology across species and child ages, the current two studies found that 3- and 4-year-old children (n=64) not only objected when they received less than a collaborative partner but also sacrificed ... | 2017 | 27918977 |
| darwin comes to clinic. | what might be the benefits of whole-genome rather than whole-exome sequencing (wes) for identifying the genetic causes of human disabilities? a recent paper by doan et al. focuses attention on mutations in human accelerated regions (hars), a subset of genomic regulatory elements showing accelerated evolution between chimpanzees and humans. | 2017 | 27908673 |
| chimpanzee uses manipulative gaze cues to conceal and reveal information to foraging competitor. | tactical deception has been widely reported in primates on a functional basis, but details of behavioral mechanisms are usually unspecified. we tested a pair of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) in the informed forager paradigm, in which the subordinate saw the location of hidden food and the dominant did not. we employed cross-correlations to examine temporal contingencies between chimpanzees' behavior: specifically how the direction of the subordinate's gaze and movement functioned to manipulate t ... | 2017 | 27889921 |
| mother-infant interactions in captive and wild chimpanzees. | we review studies on mother-infant interactions in chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, in captive and wild environments. infant cognitive development is formed through mother-infant interactions during the long dependent period, which is approximately 5 years. patterns of interaction between mothers and infants are different from those observed in adult chimpanzees. mother-infant interactions are relatively altruistic, although solicitation by infants is almost always required. active tea ... | 2017 | 27887738 |
| dyadic interactions, attachment and the presence of triadic interactions in chimpanzees and humans. | from a developmental perspective, dyadic interactions with social partners and dyadic interactions with objects underpin early social cognition in humans and chimpanzees. in humans, dyadic social relationships form in the first three months of life, dyadic relations with objects form in the first 6 months of life, and triadic relations begin around 8-12 months. in chimpanzees, a similar developmental pattern is evident with dyadic social relationships forming in the first three months of life, d ... | 2017 | 27856032 |