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compatibility between leptolegnia chapmanii and diflubenzuron and neem oil for the control of aedes aegypti.leptolegnia chapmanii is pathogenic to mosquito larvae. the compatibility between l. chapmanii and two insect growth regulators (igr), diflubenzuron and neem oil, was evaluated. l. chapmanii was grown on culture media containing different concentrations of each igr. the mycelial growth was significantly reduced with the highest concentrations of igr (f6,98=268, p<0.05). however, the production of zoospores (f6,56=0.93, p>0.05) and the larval mortality of aedes aegypti (f6,56=0.95, p>0.05) were n ...201931866096
a non-conformational qsar study for plant-derived larvicides against zika aedes aegypti l. vector.a set of 263 plant-derived compounds with larvicidal activity against aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae) vector is collected from the literature, and is studied by means of a non-conformational quantitative structure-activity relationships (qsar) approach. the balanced subsets method (bsm) is employed to split the complete dataset into training, validation and test sets. from 26,775 freely available molecular descriptors, the most relevant structural features of compounds affecting the bioact ...201931865579
age- and sex-related abc transporter expression in pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant aedes aegypti.resistance mechanisms to synthetic insecticides often include point mutations and increased expression of genes encoding detoxification enzymes. since pyrethroids are the main adulticides used against aedes aegypti, which vectors pathogens such as zika virus, understanding resistance to this insecticide class is of significant relevance. we focused on adenosine triphosphate (atp)-binding cassette (abc) transporters in the pyrethroid-resistant puerto rico (pr) strain of ae. aegypti. we investigat ...201931862982
leptolegnia chapmanii como alternativa biológica para el control de aedes aegyptileptolegnia chapmanii is a facultative pathogen of many species of mosquitoes, among which species of the genus aedes, culex and anopheles stand out for their medical and sanitary importance. the potential of l. chapmanii as an alternative to control lies in its virulence, pathogenicity and specificity against the larval stages of mosquitoes, and because of its harmlessness to non-target species such as fish and amphibians, among others. the natural presence of l. chapmanii had been reported in ...201931860189
the first characterization of a cystatin and a cathepsin l-like peptidase from aedes aegypti and their possible role in denv infection by the modulation of apoptosis.recently, a salivary gland transcriptome study demonstrated that the transcripts of a putative cystatin gene (seqid aael013287; aacystatins) from aedes aegypti were increased in denv2-infected mosquitoes and that silencing of the aacystatin gene resulted in an increase in denv titres. in this work, aacystatin was biochemically characterized; the purified recombinant inhibitor was able to inhibit typical cysteine proteases with a ki in the nm range. pulldown assays using aag2 cell extracts identi ...201931857170
insecticide resistance in culex quinquefasciatus say, 1823 in brazil: a review.culex quinquefasciatus is a successful invasive species broadly distributed in subtropical regions, including brazil. it is an extremely annoying mosquito due to its nocturnal biting behavior, in high-density populations and it is a potential bridge between sylvatic arbovirus from birds to man in urban territories. herein, we present a review concerning the methods of chemical control employed against cx. quinquefasciatus in brazil since the 1950's and insecticide resistance data registered in t ...201931852489
deducing the role of virus genome-derived piwi-associated rnas in the mosquito-arbovirus arms race.the p-element-induced wimpy testis (piwi)-associated rna (pirna) pathway is known for its role in the protection of genome integrity in the germline of drosophila melanogaster by silencing transposable elements. the pirnas that target transposons originate from pirna clusters in transposon-rich regions of the drosophila genome and are processed by three piwi family proteins. in aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which are two of the most important vectors of arthropod-borne viruses ( ...201931850054
mechanisms of transport of h+, na+ and k+, across the distal gastric caecum of larval aedes aegypti.measured changes in ion fluxes, transepithelial potential (tep) and basolateral membrane potential (vb) in response to ion transporter inhibitors were used to assess the mechanisms of transport of h+, na+ and k+, across the distal gastric caecum of larval aedes aegypti, a vector of yellow fever. preparations were stimulated with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht, 10-6 m) in order to maintain stable rates of h+, na+, and k+ transport across the distal caecum. transepithelial potential (tep), basolateral ...201931846613
effect of wolbachia walbb on a positive-sense rna negev-like virus: a novel virus persistently infecting aedes albopictus mosquitoes and cells.the aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector of several medically important arboviruses. the endosymbiotic bacterium, wolbachia pipientis, has emerged as a means of blocking transmission of arboviruses such as dengue and zika viruses. one wolbachia strain that has shown potential in field trials is walbb, a naturally occurring wolbachia strain of the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus. when transinfected into ae. aegypti, walbb exhibits strong virus inhibition. in addition to modulating a ...201931846415
antidengue potential of leaf extracts of pavetta tomentosa and tarenna asiatica (rubiaceae) against dengue virus and its vector aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).the aim of the present study was to screen the anti-dengue potential of crude leaf extracts of two plants from pavetta tomentosa and tarenna asiatica. for larvicidal assay, the acetone extract of both plants showed maximum effects, with the least lc50 and lc90 values (p. tomentosa (5.968 and 7.493 μg/ml) and t. asiatica (1.288 and 1.992 μg/ml)) and the same extract of both plants exhibited better pupicidal potency. the adulticidal activity of both plants (0-60 min interval periods) recorded best ...201931844692
author correction: cartography of odor chemicals in the dengue vector mosquito (aedes aegypti l., diptera/culicidae).an amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.201931844083
nano-emulsification enhances the larvicidal potential of the essential oil of siparuna guianensis (laurales: siparunaceae) against aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (diptera: culicidae).siparuna guianensis (laurales: siparunaceae) has a terpene-rich essential oil with great potential for larvicides. the poor water miscibility of their compounds makes nano-emulsions of great interest for novel bioactive systems, including for control of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). this species is adapted to urban environments with important role in the epidemiology of some arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya fever, zika, and urban yellow fever. the aim of the present study was to eva ...201931840745
could land cover influence aedes aegypti mosquito populations?aedes aegypti is mainly found in urban environments, where human activity guarantees the permanent availability of potential larval habitats. the present study aimed to test for a possible association between ae. aegypti infestation and land cover classes. from 23 february to 22 may 2015, immature mosquitoes (except eggs) were sampled in artificial containers identified in dwellings in córdoba city, argentina. the proportion of each land cover class was determined by spot-5 (satellites pour 1'ob ...201931840284
hyalodendrins a and b, new decalin-type tetramic acid larvicides from the endophytic fungus hyalodendriella sp. ponipodef12.two new decalin/tetramic acid hybrid metabolites, hyalodendrins a (1) and b (2) were isolated from plant endophytic fungus hyalodendriella sp. ponipodef12. the structures of the new compounds were elucidated by analysis of the spectroscopic data, including nmr, hrms and ecd, and by chemical conversion. compounds 1 and 2 were phomasetin analogues, and both showed potent larvicidal activity against the fourth-instar larvae of aedes aegypti with the median lethal dose (lc50) values of 10.31 and 5.9 ...201931892246
co-occurrence of kdr mutations v1016i and f1534c and its association with phenotypic resistance to pyrethroids in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) populations from costa rica.aedes aegypti (linnaeus, 1762) is considered the most important mosquito vector species for several arboviruses (e.g., dengue, chikungunya, zika) in costa rica. the primary strategy for the control and prevention of aedes-borne diseases relies on insecticide-based vector control. however, the emergence of insecticide resistance in the mosquito populations presents a significant threat to these prevention actions. the characterization of the mechanisms driving the insecticide resistance in ae. ae ...201931891404
risk of dengue in central africa: vector competence studies with aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) populations and dengue 2 virus.dengue is the most important mosquito-borne diseases worldwide but was considered scarce in west-central africa. during the last decade, dengue outbreaks have increasingly been reported in urban foci in this region suggesting major epidemiological changes. however, in central africa where both vectors, aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus are well established, the role of each species in dengue transmission remains poorly investigated.201931887138
diverse sensitivities of trpa1 from different mosquito species to thermal and chemical stimuli.temperature and odors profoundly affect the behavior of animals. transient receptor potential channel, subfamily a, member 1 (trpa1) functions as a polymodal nociceptor for sensing both vital environmental cues in insects. mosquitoes are recognized as disease vectors, and many efforts have been devoted to investigations of their host-seeking behaviors and repellents. however, the physiological characteristics of mosquito trpa1 have not been systematically studied. we identified multiple alternat ...201931882848
spatial risk distribution of dengue based on the ecological niche model of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in the central mexican highlands.dengue is the most important viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, predominantly aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) (diptera:culicidae). forty percent of the world's population is at risk of contracting the disease, and a large area of mexico presents suitable environmental conditions for the life cycle of ae. aegypti. in particular, the central mexican highlands have a high population density, increasing the risk of transmission and propagation of dengue. in the present study, the potential dist ...201931880769
effect of d-allethrin aerosol and coil to the mortality of mosquitoes.commercial insecticides were widely used by communities to control the mosquito population in their houses. d-allethrin is one of insecticide ingredients widely distributed in two different concentrations namely 0.15% of aerosol and 0.3% of coil formulations. we aimed to understand the mortality of indoor mosquitoes after being exposed to d-allethrin 0.15% (aerosol) and 0.3% (coil) formulations.201931879666
clustering of zika viruses originating from different geographical regions using computational sequence descriptors.in this report we consider a data set, which consists of 310 zika virus genome sequences taken from different continents, africa, asia and south america. the sequences, which were compiled from genbank, were derived from the host cells of different mammalian species (simiiformes, aedes opok, aedes africanus, aedes luteocephalus, aedes dalzieli, aedes aegypti, and homo sapiens). for chemometrical treatment the sequences have been represented by sequence descriptors derived from their graphs or ne ...201931878862
nix is a male-determining factor in the asian tiger mosquito aedes albopictus.the initial signal that governs sex determination is highly variable among insects. a homolog of nix, the male-determining factor in aedes aegypti, was previously found in the asian tiger mosquito ae. albopictus. here we show that the ae. albopictus nix (aalnix) is more complex in gene structure and splice isoforms than its ae. aegypti homolog (aaenix). aalnix shows a similar transcription profile compared to aaenix. crispr/cas9-mediated knockouts of aalnix in vivo and in the ae. albopictus c6/3 ...201931901476
dirofilaria and wolbachia in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in central european russia and on the black sea coast.dirofilariasis is endemic in russia, as well as in many other european countries. the aim of this study was to assess the ability of mosquitoes to transfer dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens in regions with temperate and subtropical climates. the possible impact of the symbiotic bacterium wolbachia on dirofilaria transmission was also investigated. 5333 female mosquitoes were collected at 11 points in central european russia and on the black sea coast during the period 2013-2017. out of ...201930644356
lemongrass and cinnamon bark: plant essential oil blend as a spatial repellent for mosquitoes in a field setting.plant essential oils (eos) have been considered as spatial repellents to help disrupt the pathogen transmission cycle of mosquitoes. our objective was to assess spatial repellency effects of eos on the tropical yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) and on local mosquito populations in coastal british columbia (canada). in laboratory experiments using protocols of the world health organization, three of the solitary eos tested proved repellent to ae. aegypti: cinnamon bar ...201931143941
haemagogus leucocelaenus and haemagogus janthinomys are the primary vectors in the major yellow fever outbreak in brazil, 2016-2018.the yellow fever virus (yfv) caused a severe outbreak in brazil in 2016-2018 that rapidly spread across the atlantic forest in its most populated region without viral circulation for almost 80 years. a comprehensive entomological survey combining analysis of distribution, abundance and yfv natural infection in mosquitoes captured before and during the outbreak was conducted in 44 municipalities of five brazilian states. in total, 17,662 mosquitoes of 89 species were collected. before evidence of ...201930866775
bioefficacy of two nonpyrethroid insecticides for targeted indoor residual spraying against pyrethroid-resistant aedes aegypti.we evaluated the efficacy of bendiocarb (ficam w® 80%) and pirimiphos-methyl (actellic 300cs® 28.16%), applied to different surfaces potentially sprayable within houses during the application of a targeted indoor residual spraying (tirs) against a field pyrethroid-resistant strain of aedes aegypti. bioassays with cones were performed on cement (walls), wood (doors), and textile (cloth) surfaces within typical houses in the mexican city of merida (n = 10). optimal residual efficacy (>80% of mean ...201931922939
discriminating lethal concentrations for transfluthrin, a volatile pyrethroid compound for mosquito control in thailand.pyrethroids are commonly used to control malaria and dengue vectors in thailand. the lack of specific lethal discriminating concentrations (dcs) for specific mosquito species has possibly compromised more accurate assessments of physiological susceptibility to various chemicals over time. previous studies have established dcs of various residual pyrethroids against specific mosquitoes in thailand. however, dcs for transfluthrin (tft), a highly volatile pyrethroid compound, against mosquito vecto ...201931922934
geographical distribution of aedes aegypti aegypti and aedes aegypti formosus (diptera: culicidae) in kenya and environmental factors related to their relative abundance.the mosquito aedes aegypti (l.) is the primary vector of various infectious viruses and is typified by a polymorphic color and abundance of white scales on the body. it has been conventionally separated into two subspecies, ae. aeg. formosus (walker) (aaf) and ae. aeg. aegypti (l.) (aaa), with aaf considered a 'sylvan' form and aaa a 'domestic' form. because the two subspecies show different susceptibilities to dengue viruses it is important to understand their distribution. in this study, we co ...201931815285
vgsc-interacting proteins are genetically associated with pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti.association mapping of factors that condition pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti has consistently identified genes in multiple functional groups. toward better understanding of the mechanisms involved, we examined high throughput sequencing data (hts) from two aedes aegypti aegypti collections from merida, yucatan, mexico treated with either permethrin or deltamethrin. exome capture enrichment for coding regions and the aaegl5 annotation were used to identify genes statistically associated w ...201930695054
susceptibility profile of aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae) from montclair, california, to commonly used pesticides, with note on resistance to pyriproxyfen.the peridomestic anthropophilic aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae) is originated from the wild zoophilic subspecies aedes aegypti formosus in sub-saharan africa, and currently has a broad distribution in human-modified environments of the tropics and subtropics worldwide. in california, breeding populations were initially detected in 2013 in the cities of fresno, madera, and san mateo, and now can be found in 188 cities of 12 counties in the state. recent genetic studies suggest that this spe ...201930810751
activity of additives and their effect in formulations of metarhizium anisopliae s.l. ip 46 against aedes aegypti adults and on post mortem conidiogenesis.oil formulations of entomopathogenic fungi have interest for biological mosquito control.201930836061
epidemiological and clinical characteristics of dengue virus outbreaks in two regions of china, 2014 - 2015.dengue virus (denv), a single-stranded rna virus and flaviviridae family member, is transmitted by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes. denv causes dengue fever, which may progress to severe dengue. hospital-based surveillance was performed in two chinese regions, guangzhou and xishuangbanna, during the dengue epidemics in 2014 and 2015, respectively. acute-phase serum was obtained from 133 patients with suspected dengue infections during the peak season for dengue cases. viremia level ...201930835769
transcriptome sequencing and analysis of changes associated with insecticide resistance in the dengue mosquito (aedes aegypti) in vietnam.the mosquito aedes aegypti is a transmission vector for dangerous epidemic diseases in humans. insecticides have been used as the most general vector control method in the world. however, ae. aegypti have developed many resistant mechanisms such as reduced neuronal sensitivity to insecticides (target-site resistance), enhanced insecticide metabolism (metabolic resistance), altered transport, sequestration, and other mechanisms. it has become a major problem for vector control programs. transcrip ...201930834881
past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus.the global population at risk from mosquito-borne diseases-including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and zika-is expanding in concert with changes in the distribution of two key vectors: aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. the distribution of these species is largely driven by both human movement and the presence of suitable climate. using statistical mapping techniques, we show that human movement patterns explain the spread of both species in europe and the united states following their intr ...201930833735
discovery and characterization of 2-nitro-5-(4-(phenylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)- n-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)anilines as novel inhibitors of the aedes aegypti kir1 ( aekir1) channel.mosquito-borne arboviral diseases such as zika, dengue fever, and chikungunya are transmitted to humans by infected adult female aedes aegypti mosquitoes and affect a large portion of the world's population. the kir1 channel in ae. aegypti ( aekir1) is an important ion channel in the functioning of mosquito malpighian (renal) tubules and one that can be manipulated in order to disrupt excretory functions in mosquitoes. we have previously reported the discovery of various scaffolds that are activ ...201930832472
characterization, diversity, and structure-activity relationship study of lipoamino acids from pantoea sp. and synthetic analogues.a biological evaluation of a library of extracts from entomopathogen strains showed that pantoea sp. extract has significant antimicrobial and insecticidal activities. three hydroxyacyl-phenylalanine derivatives were isolated from this strain. their structures were elucidated by a comprehensive analysis of their nmr and ms spectroscopic data. the antimicrobial and insecticidal potencies of these compounds were evaluated, and compound 3 showed 67% mortality against aedes aegypti larvae at a conce ...201930832353
determination by chromatography and cytotoxotoxic and oxidative effects of pyriproxyfen and pyridalyl.pyriproxyfen (ppf) is a larvicide, used to combat the proliferation of aedes aegypti larvae. the objective of this study was to analyze the compounds of pyriproxyfen and pyridalyl (pyl) in a commercial larvicide to analyze the cytotoxic and oxidative effects of ppf and pyl. the toxic potential of ppf and pyl were assessed based on lethal concentration (lc50) in artemia salina, cytotoxicity based on the mitotic index and the chromosomal alterations in allium cepa and the oxidative damage in sacch ...201930831490
effects of methylmercury on mosquito oviposition behavior: maladaptive response to non-toxic exposure.animals can modulate their own exposure to environmental contaminants through behavioral plasticity such as diet and habitat choice. however, it remains unclear if behavior also has cascading effects on contaminant exposure across multiple generations. in insects, oviposition site selection is an important behavior females can use to modify offspring contaminant exposure risk. in this study, we use the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, to test how methylmercury (mehg) affects oviposition sit ...201930831364
protocols for testing the toxicity of novel insecticidal chemistries to mosquitoes.new classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such as zika, dengue and malaria. assays for rapid, high-throughput analyses of unformulated novel chemistries against mosquito larvae and adults are presented. we describe protocols for single point-dose and dose response assays to evaluate the toxicity of small molecule chemistries to the aedes aegypti vector of zika, dengue and yellow fever, the m ...201930829331
a comprehensive assessment of inbreeding and laboratory adaptation in aedes aegypti mosquitoes.modified aedes aegypti mosquitoes reared in laboratories are being released around the world to control wild mosquito populations and the diseases they transmit. several efforts have failed due to poor competitiveness of the released mosquitoes. we hypothesized that colonized mosquito populations could suffer from inbreeding depression and adapt to laboratory conditions, reducing their performance in the field. we established replicate populations of ae. aegypti mosquitoes collected from queensl ...201930828375
the first outbreak of dengue fever in greater darfur, western sudan.dengue virus (denv) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by the aedes mosquitoes, mainly aedes aegypti. dengue fever is a rapidly growing disease with expanding geographical distribution worldwide. we investigated a high number of non-malaria febrile cases reported to health clinics in refugee camps in the five states of darfur between august 2015 and march 2016. the clinical presentation of cases and case definition criteria suggested involvement of one or more arboviral hemorrha ...201930823624
trap location and premises condition influences on aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) catches using biogents sentinel traps during a 'rear and release' program: implications for designing surveillance programs.as the incidence of arboviral diseases such as dengue, zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever increases globally, controlling their primary vector, aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae), is of greater importance than ever before. mosquito control programs rely heavily on effective adult surveillance to ensure methodological efficacy. the biogents sentinel (bgs) trap is the gold standard for surveilling adult aedes mosquitoes and is commonly deployed worldwide, including during modern 'rear and re ...201930817823
efficacy of novel indoor residual spraying methods targeting pyrethroid-resistant aedes aegypti within experimental houses.challenges in maintaining high effectiveness of classic vector control in urban areas has renewed the interest in indoor residual spraying (irs) as a promising approach for aedes-borne disease prevention. while irs has many benefits, application time and intrusive indoor applications make its scalability in urban areas difficult. modifying irs to account for ae. aegypti resting behavior, named targeted irs (tirs, spraying walls below 1.5 m and under furniture) can reduce application time; howeve ...201930817759
socio-ecological factors associated with dengue risk and aedes aegypti presence in the galápagos islands, ecuador.dengue fever is an emerging infectious disease in the galápagos islands of ecuador, with the first cases reported in 2002 and subsequent periodic outbreaks. we report results of a 2014 pilot study conducted in puerto ayora (pa) on santa cruz island, and puerto baquerizo moreno (pb) on san cristobal island. to assess the socio-ecological risk factors associated with dengue and mosquito vector presence at the household level, we conducted 100 household surveys (50 on each island) in neighborhoods ...201930813558
assessment of the effectiveness of bg-sentinel traps baited with co2 and bg-lure for the surveillance of vector mosquitoes in miami-dade county, florida.vector-borne diseases are an increasing issue to public health, endangering billions of people worldwide. controlling vector mosquitoes is widely accepted as the most effective way to prevent vector-borne disease outbreaks. mosquito surveillance is critical for the development of control strategies under the integrated vector management framework. we hypothesize that the effectiveness and reliability of using bg-sentinel traps for the surveillance strongly depend on the bait used to attract mosq ...201930794670
widespread insecticide resistance in aedes aegypti l. from new mexico, u.s.a.aedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors of a variety of emerging viral pathogens, including yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and zika virus. this species has established endemic populations in all cities across southern new mexico sampled to date. presently, control of aedes-borne viruses relies on deployment of insecticides to suppress mosquito populations, but the evolution of insecticide resistance threatens the success of vector control programs. while insecticide resistance is quite common i ...201930794644
high frequencies of f1534c and v1016i kdr mutations and association with pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti from somgandé (ouagadougou), burkina faso.resistance to pyrethroid insecticides involving kdr mutations is widespread in aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) and potentially could impact control efforts in endemic countries. dengue cases had been sporadic in burkina faso for over a decade prior to the 2016-2017 outbreak that resulted in 15,074 suspected cases and 36 deaths, mainly in ouagadougou. these outbreaks highlighted the lack of information on numerous aspects of the biology, behaviour and insecticide status of local dengue ve ...201930787670
experimental study on the action of larvicides in aedes aegypti populations collected in the brazilian municipality of itabuna, bahia, under simulated field conditions.to evaluate, under simulated field conditions, the efficacy of pyriproxyfen (juvenile hormone), novaluron (chitin inhibitor) and spinosad (biolarvicide) in controlling aedes aegypti.201930785572
entomological and virological surveillance for dengue virus in churches in merida, mexico.this study was designed to assess whether churches in endemic dengue districts in merida, mexico provide suitable breeding habitats for mosquitoes and are potential sites for dengue virus (denv) transmission. churches were inspected for immature and adult mosquitoes once every week from november 2015 to october 2016. a total of 10,997 immatures of five species were collected. the most abundant species were aedes aegypti (6,051) and culex quinquefasciatus (3,018). the most common source of immatu ...201930785563
origin and expansion of the mosquito aedes aegypti in madeira island (portugal).historically known as the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti invaded madeira island in 2005 and was the vector of the island's first dengue outbreak in 2012. we have studied genetic variation at 16 microsatellites and two mitochondrial dna genes in temporal samples of madeira island, in order to assess the origin of the invasion and the population structure of this mosquito vector. our results indicated at least two independent colonization events occurred on the island, both having a south am ...201930783149
optimization of irradiation dose to aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus in a sterile insect technique program.the sterile insect technique (sit) may offer a means to control the transmission of mosquito borne diseases. sit involves the release of male insects that have been sterilized by exposure to ionizing radiation. we determined the effects of different doses of radiation on the survival and reproductive capacity of local strains of aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus in southern mexico. the survival of irradiated pupae was invariably greater than 90% and did not differ significantly in either sex for ...201930779779
larvicidal and ovicidal activities of artocarpus blancoi extracts against aedes aegypti.dengue control may be done by targeting its vector. in this study, we used artocarpus blancoi (elm.) merr. (moraceae) leaves, an endemic hematophagous insect repellent as a larvicide and ovicide.201930776315
natural vertical infection by dengue virus serotype 4, zika virus and mayaro virus in aedes (stegomyia) aegypti and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus.vertical transmission to progeny ensures the maintenance of arboviruses in their natural vectors. this mechanism is largely reported for dengue virus (denv) and yellow fever virus (yfv). few studies have addressed this mechanism for zika virus (zikv), mayaro virus (mayv) and other arboviruses. the present study investigated the natural infection rate by arboviruses in 4490 aedes (stegomyia) aegypti and 296 aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (diptera: culicidae) reared from eggs collected with ovitraps ...201930776139
interventions for the control of aedes aegypti in latin america and the caribbean: systematic review and meta-analysis.to determine the effectiveness and degree of implementation of interventions for the control of aedes aegypti in latin america and the caribbean (lac) as reported in scientific literature.201930771267
juvenile hormone controls ovarian development in female anopheles albimanus mosquitoes.anophelinae mosquitoes are vectors of human malaria, a disease that infects hundreds of millions of people and causes almost 600,000 fatalities annually. despite their medical importance, laboratory studies on key aspects of anophelinae reproductive biology have been limited, and in particular, relatively little is known about the role of juvenile hormone (jh) in the control of female reproduction. the study presented here attempts to fill a gap of knowledge in our understanding of the jh contro ...201930765796
female resistance and harmonic convergence influence male mating success in aedes aegypti.despite the importance of mosquito mating biology to reproductive control strategies, a mechanistic understanding of individual mating interactions is currently lacking. using synchronised high-speed video and audio recordings, we quantified behavioural and acoustic features of mating attempts between tethered female and free-flying male aedes aegypti. in most couplings, males were actively displaced by female kicks in the early phases of the interaction, while flight cessation prior to adoption ...201930765779
surveillance of aedes aegypti indoors and outdoors using autocidal gravid ovitraps in south texas during local transmission of zika virus, 2016 to 2018.the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, has facilitated the re-emergence of dengue virus (denv) and emergence of chikungunya virus (chikv) and zika virus (zikv) in the americas and the caribbean. the recent transmission of these arboviruses in the continental united states has been limited, to date, to south florida and south texas despite ae. aegypti occurring over a much larger geographical region within the country. the main goal of our study was to provide the first long term longitudinal ...201930763563
potential for sylvatic and urban aedes mosquitoes from senegal to transmit the new emerging dengue serotypes 1, 3 and 4 in west africa.dengue fever (den) is the most common arboviral disease in the world and dengue virus (denv) causes 390 million annual infections around the world, of which 240 million are inapparent and 96 million are symptomatic. during the past decade a changing epidemiological pattern has been observed in africa, with den outbreaks reported in all regions. in senegal, all denv serotypes have been reported. these important changes in the epidemiological profile of den are occurring in a context where there i ...201930759080
exome-wide association of deltamethrin resistance in aedes aegypti from mexico.aedes aegypti is the major vector of a number of arboviruses that cause disease in humans. without vaccines or pharmaceuticals, pyrethroid insecticides remain the major tool for public health protection. pyrethroid resistance is now widespread. replacement substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) that reduce the stability of pyrethroid binding account for most of the resistance, but metabolic mechanisms also inactivate pyrethroids. high-throughput sequencing and the a. aegypti l5 ...201930758862
risk of dengue transmission in cocody (abidjan, ivory coast).in recent years, an upsurge of vector-borne diseases has been reported in several parts of the world. among these is dengue fever, the first arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus aedes. after the detection of the dengue virus serological types (type 1, 2, and 3) in the health district of cocody-bingerville in ivory coast, entomological investigations were carried out in the city of cocody (host of most cases) to evaluate the risk of transmission of the disease in view of an effective ...201930755798
[effect of attraction of transfluthrin and linalool on the mosquito vector aedes aegypti]. 201930753763
citywide control of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) during the 2016 zika epidemic by integrating community awareness, education, source reduction, larvicides, and mass mosquito trapping.this investigation was initiated to control aedes aegypti and zika virus transmission in caguas city, puerto rico, during the 2016 epidemic using integrated vector management (ivm), which included community awareness and education, source reduction, larviciding, and mass-trapping with autocidal gravid ovitraps (ago). the epidemic peaked in august to october 2016 and waned after april 2017. there was a preintervention period in october/november 2016 and ivm lasted until august 2017. the area unde ...201930753539
quantitative evaluation of the behavioral response to attractant and repellent compounds in anopheles pseudopunctipennis and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) larvae.the mosquito anopheles pseudopunctipennis (theobald) is the principal vector for malaria in latin-america. aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) is the key vector of four important arboviral diseases: dengue, yellow fever, zika, and chikungunya. controlling larval stages to reduce the production of new adult mosquitoes is part of the integrated vector management strategies. however, there are few studies about the olfactory behavior on immature stages of mosquitoes, especially in an. pseudopun ...201930753516
vector competence of biting midges and mosquitoes for shuni virus.shuni virus (shuv) is an orthobunyavirus that belongs to the simbu serogroup. shuv was isolated from diverse species of domesticated animals and wildlife, and is associated with neurological disease, abortions, and congenital malformations. recently, shuv caused outbreaks among ruminants in israel, representing the first incursions outside the african continent. the isolation of shuv from a febrile child in nigeria and seroprevalence among veterinarians in south africa suggests that the virus ma ...201930753187
feasibility of feeding aedes aegypti mosquitoes on dengue virus-infected human volunteers for vector competence studies in iquitos, peru.transmission of dengue virus (denv) from humans to mosquitoes represents a critical component of dengue epidemiology. examinations of this process have generally been hampered by a lack of methods that adequately represent natural acquisition of denv by mosquitoes from humans. in this study, we assessed artificial and natural blood feeding methods based on rates of denv infection and dissemination within mosquitoes for use in a field-based epidemiological cohort study in iquitos, peru.201930753180
bacteria: a novel source for potent mosquito feeding-deterrents.antibiotic and insecticidal bioactivities of the extracellular secondary metabolites produced by entomopathogenic bacteria belonging to genus xenorhabdus have been identified; however, their novel applications such as mosquito feeding-deterrence have not been reported. here, we show that a mixture of compounds isolated from xenorhabdus budapestensis in vitro cultures exhibits potent feeding-deterrent activity against three deadly mosquito vectors: aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae, and culex pipi ...201930746455
the long and short of hearing in the mosquito aedes aegypti.mating behavior in aedes aegypti mosquitoes occurs mid-air and involves the exchange of auditory signals at close range (millimeters to centimeters) [1-6]. it is widely assumed that this intimate signaling distance reflects short-range auditory sensitivity of their antennal hearing organs to faint flight tones [7, 8]. to the contrary, we show here that male mosquitoes can hear the female's flight tone at surprisingly long distances-from several meters to up to 10 m-and that unrestrained, resting ...201930744970
detection of rna-dependent rna polymerase of hubei reo-like virus 7 by next-generation sequencing in aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from brazil.advancements in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics have expanded our knowledge of the diversity of viruses (pathogens and non-pathogens) harbored by mosquitoes. hubei reo-like virus 7 (hrlv 7) was recently detected by the virome analysis of fecal samples from migratory birds in australia. we now report the detection of rna-dependent rna polymerase sequences of hrlv 7 in pools of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes species from the brazilian amazon forest. phylogenetic ...201930744159
modeling the present and future distribution of arbovirus vectors aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus under climate change scenarios in mainland china.aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus are two important mosquito species which transmit various infectious arbovirus diseases represented mainly by dengue fever. these two species of mosquito have a wide range of distribution and strong transfer capacity. with ongoing global climate change, we are facing an increasing public health threat from the rapid spread of vectors in wider geographical areas. based on observed occurrence records of ae. aegypti and ae. albopictus and high-resolution environme ...201930743113
acceptability of aedes aegypti blood feeding on dengue virus-infected human volunteers for vector competence studies in iquitos, peru.as part of a study to investigate drivers of dengue virus (denv) transmission dynamics, this qualitative study explored whether denv-infected residents of iquitos, peru, considered it acceptable (1) to participate in direct mosquito feeding experiments (lab-reared aedes aegypti mosquitoes fed directly on human volunteers) and (2) to provide blood meals indirectly (ae. aegypti fed on blood drawn from participants by venipuncture). twelve focus group discussions (fgds; 94 participants: 82 females ...201930742621
mathematical modeling of dengue epidemic: control methods and vaccination strategies.dengue is, in terms of death and economic cost, one of the most important infectious diseases in the world. so, its mathematical modeling can be a valuable tool to help us to understand the dynamics of the disease and to infer about its spreading by the proposition of control methods. in this paper, control strategies, which aim to eliminate the aedes aegypti mosquito, as well as proposals for the vaccination campaign are evaluated. in our mathematical model, the mechanical control is accomplish ...201930740641
small-molecule agonists of ae. aegypti neuropeptide y receptor block mosquito biting.female aedes aegypti mosquitoes bite humans to obtain blood to develop their eggs. remarkably, their strong attraction to humans is suppressed for days after the blood meal by an unknown mechanism. we investigated a role for neuropeptide y (npy)-related signaling in long-term behavioral suppression and discovered that drugs targeting human npy receptors modulate mosquito host-seeking. in a screen of all 49 predicted ae. aegypti peptide receptors, we identified npy-like receptor 7 (npylr7) as the ...201930735632
the perfect appetizer: a pharmacological strategy for a non-biting mosquito.new possibilities for vector-borne disease control are revealed by duvall et al. (2019), who link host-seeking behavioral modulation in aedes aegypti to neuropeptide y (npy)-like receptor 7. small-molecule screening yields agonist compounds able to activate npylr7 and suppress attraction to hosts.201930735629
loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) for the identification of invasive aedes mosquito species.invasive aedes mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) are of public health concern in europe because they are either recognized or potential vectors of pathogens. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a rapid and simple method for amplifying dna with high specificity and efficiency, with the technique having potential for application in the field, including in high-throughput format. specific lamp assays based on rdna internal transcribed spacers 1 or 2 sequences, considering intraspec ...201930734975
global outbreaks and origins of a chikungunya virus variant carrying mutations which may increase fitness for aedes aegypti: revelations from the 2016 mandera, kenya outbreak.in 2016, a chikungunya virus (chikv) outbreak was reported in mandera, kenya. this was the first major chikv outbreak in the country since the global reemergence of this virus in kenya in 2004. we collected samples and sequenced viral genomes from this outbreak. all kenyan genomes contained two mutations, e1:k211e and e2:v264a, recently reported to have an association with increased infectivity, dissemination, and transmission in the aedes aegypti vector. phylogeographic inference of temporal an ...201930860010
aedes aegypti agbr1 antibodies modulate early zika virus infection of mice.a recent epidemic of zika virus in the americas, affecting well over a million people, caused substantial mortality and morbidity, including guillain-barre syndrome, microcephaly and other fetal developmental defects1,2. preventive and therapeutic measures that specifically target the virus are not readily available. the transmission of zika virus is predominantly mosquito-borne, and aedes aegypti mosquitoes serve as a key vector for zika virus3. here, to identify salivary factors that modulate ...201930858571
modeling the impact of sterile males on an aedes aegypti population with optimal control.we use partial differential equations to describe the dynamics of an aedes aegypti mosquito population on an island, and the effects of a sterile male release. the model includes mosquito movement and an allee effect to capture extinction events. we apply optimal control theory to identify the release strategy that eliminates the mosquitoes most rapidly, conditional on a limited availability of sterile males. the optimal solution for a single location is to initially release a substantial number ...201930857942
laboratory evaluation of larvicidal and oviposition deterrent properties of edible plant oils for potential management of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) in drinking water containers.the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) transmits several devastating arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and zika virus, making development of inexpensive and eco-friendly strategies for its control an urgent priority. we evaluated the lethality of 13 commonly used plant-derived edible oils against late-third instar ae. aegypti and then tested the three most lethal oils for stage-specific differences in lethality. we also examined the effects of the most lethal (he ...201930855084
udp-glycosyltransferase genes and their association and mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in anopheles sinensis (diptera: culicidae).udp-glycosyltransferase (ugt) is an important biotransformation superfamily of enzymes. they catalyze the transfer of glycosyl residues from activated nucleotide sugars to acceptor hydrophobic molecules, and function in several physiological processes, including detoxification, olfaction, cuticle formation, pigmentation. the diversity, classification, scaffold location, characteristics, phylogenetics, and evolution of the superfamily of genes at whole genome level, and their association and muta ...201930845961
molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of zika virus from field-caught mosquitoes in various regions of thailand.zika virus (zikv) infection is an emerging and re-emerging arbovirus disease that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. zikv infections were first described in thailand in 1954 from the sera of indigenous residents and several travelers returning from thailand in 2014. however, reported cases in thailand have been increasing since 2015 and 2016, and epidemiological information about the vectors of zikv is unclear. we investigated the molecular epidemiology and genetic ...201930845707
updated methods for the production of toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (diptera, culicidae) for use as biocontrol agent against container breeding pest mosquitoes in harris county, texas.the complex biologies of pestiferous mosquito species complicate the development of a single, across the board effective control measure. the use of traditional biological control through predators, parasitoids, and microbes, though part of a multimodal, integrated pest management approach, is scant in current standard mosquito control operations. at this time, traditional, whole organism mosquito biocontrol agents are not commercially available, and if their integration into a release program i ...201930843583
urban and semi-urban mosquitoes of mexico city: a risk for endemic mosquito-borne disease transmission.since past century, vector-borne diseases have been a major public health concern in several states of mexico. however, mexico city continues to be free of endemic mosquito-borne viral diseases. the city is the most important politic and economic state of mexico and one of the most important city of latin america. its subtropical highland climate and high elevation (2240 masl) had historically made the occurrence of aedes species unlikely. however, the presence of other potential disease vectors ...201930840661
genome sequences of chikungunya virus isolates circulating in midwestern brazil.chikungunya virus (chikv) is a reemerging arbovirus of the family togaviridae that causes chikv fever, a disease that can extend from weeks to years depending on whether clinical signs of arthralgia persist. chikv is mainly transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes and possibly reached the americas in 2013, causing an outbreak in brazil in 2015. so far, two evolutionary lineages of chikv have been reported in brazil: the asian and the east-central-south african (ecsa) lineages. in this study, six ...201930729309
repellency assessment of nepeta cataria essential oils and isolated nepetalactones on aedes aegypti.there is an increased need for improved and affordable insect repellents to reduce transmission of rapidly spreading diseases with high mortality rates. natural products are often used when deet cannot be afforded or accessed and when consumers choose not to use a synthetic repellent. the essential oils from two newly bred nepeta cataria (catnip) plants representing two different chemotypes and their respective isolated nepetalactone isomers were evaluated as mosquito repellents against aedes ae ...201930728370
engineered resistance to zika virus in transgenic aedes aegypti expressing a polycistronic cluster of synthetic small rnas.recent zika virus (zikv) outbreaks have highlighted the necessity for development of novel vector control strategies to combat arboviral transmission, including genetic versions of the sterile insect technique, artificial infection with wolbachia to reduce population size and/or vectoring competency, and gene drive-based methods. here, we describe the development of mosquitoes synthetically engineered to impede vector competence to zikv. we demonstrate that a polycistronic cluster of engineered ...201930723148
genotoxic and mutagenic assessment of spinosad using bioassays with tradescantia pallida and drosophila melanogaster.spinosad (spn) is a naturally-occurring insecticide obtained from the fermentation process of the actinomycete saccharopolyspora spinosa. owing to the larvicidal action, the compound has been used in the control of aedes aegypti. as a new insecticide commercially available in the market, few data are reported on genotoxic effects in non-target organisms. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the mutagenic effect of spn through the micronucleus test in tradescantia pallida (trad-mcn) ...201930721808
assessment of acute toxicity and cytotoxicity of fluorescent markers produced by cardanol and glycerol, which are industrial waste, to different biological models.the amphyphylic triazoanilines recently synthesized 1-(4-(3-aminophenyl)-1h-1,2,3- triazole-1-yl)-3-(3-pentadecylphenoxy)propan-2-ol (1) and 1-(4-(4-aminophenyl)-1h- 1,2,3-triazole-1-yl)-3-(3-pentadecylphenoxy)propan-2-ol (2), synthesized from cardanol and glycerol, have photophysical properties which allow their use in the development of fluorescent biomarkers with applicability in the biodiesel quality control. based on this, the present research evaluated the toxic effects of both compounds i ...201930719661
evaluation of enhanced oviposition attractant formulations against aedes and culex vector mosquitoes in urban and semi-urban areas.surveillance is not only an important tool to assess the population dynamics of vector mosquitoes, but it can also be used to control vector-borne diseases. mosquito vectors that belong to several genera such as anopheles, aedes, and culex play a crucial role in the transmission of malaria, dengue, chikungunya, zika, and elephantiasis diseases worldwide. we tested the efficacy of two commercial-grade oviposition attractant formulations that were developed for the container-inhabiting aedes aegyp ...201930719534
homologs of human dengue-resistance genes, fkbp1b and atcay, confer antiviral resistance in aedes aegypti mosquitoes.dengue virus (denv) is transmitted by mosquitoes and is a major public health concern. the study of innate mosquito defense mechanisms against denv have revealed crucial roles for the toll, imd, jak-stat, and rnai pathways in mediating denv in the mosquito. often overlooked in such studies is the role of intrinsic cellular defense mechanisms that we hypothesize to work in concert with the classical immune pathways to affect organismal defense. our understanding of the molecular interaction of de ...201930717390
attraction of female aedes aegypti (l.) to aphid honeydew.plant sugar is an essential dietary constituent for mosquitoes, and hemipteran honeydew is one of the many forms of plant sugar that is important to mosquitoes. many insects rely on volatile honeydew semiochemicals to locate aphids or honeydew itself. mosquitoes exploit volatile semiochemicals to locate sources of plant sugar but their attraction to honeydew has not previously been investigated. here, we report the attraction of female yellow fever mosquitoes, aedes aegypti, to honeydew odorants ...201930717169
analysis of salivary glands and saliva from aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti infected with chikungunya viruses.chikungunya virus (chikv) is a medically important mosquito-borne virus transmitted to humans by infected aedes (stegomyia) species. in 2013⁻2014, ae. aegypti transmitted chikv to humans in the caribbean and in 2005⁻2006, ae. albopictus transmitted chikv on la réunion island (indian ocean basin). chikv lr2006 opy1 from the la réunion epidemic was associated with a mutation (e1:a226v) in the viral e1 glycoprotein that enhanced chikv transmission by ae. albopictus. chikv r99659 from the caribbean ...201930717086
water-induced strong protection against acute exposure to low subzero temperature of adult aedes albopictus.as an important vector of dengue and zika, aedes albopictus has been the fastest spreading invasive mosquitoes in the world over the last 3-4 decades. cold tolerance is important for survival and expansion of insects. ae. albopictus adults are generally considered to be cold-intolerant that cannot survive at subzero temperature. however, we found that ae. albopictus could survive for several hours' exposure to -9 to -19 oc so long as it was exposed with water. median lethal time (lt50) of ae. al ...201930716071
pyrethroids use: threats on metabolic-mediated resistance mechanisms in the primary dengue vector aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).the emergence of pyrethroid resistance in aedes aegypti (l.) has limited the success of vector control. early detection of resistance could assist authorities in deciding well-suited control strategies to minimize operational failures of ae. aegypti control. herein, biochemical analysis was performed to investigate the mechanisms involved in pyrethroid resistance in nine populations of indonesian ae. aegypti. enzymes of adult ae. aegypti such as esterases (ests), glutathione-s-transferases (gsts ...201930715464
transcriptional profile of aedes aegypti leucine-rich repeat proteins in response to zika and chikungunya viruses.aedes aegypti (l.) is the primary vector of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and zika viruses. the leucine-rich repeats (lrr)-containing domain is evolutionarily conserved in many proteins associated with innate immunity in invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as plants. we focused on the aaelrim1 and aaeapl1 gene expressions in response to zika virus (zikv) and chikungunya virus (chikv) infection using a time course study, as well as the developmental expressions in the eggs, larvae, pupae, ...201930708982
rapid loss of resistance to satyrization in invasive mosquitoes and the effects of age on interspecific mating frequency.in several areas where aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) and aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) have come in contact following successful invasions, ae. aegypti have been rapidly displaced by ae. albopictus. recent work has confirmed that mating interference, in the form of satyrization, is likely a driving factor in these competitive displacements. however, in sites of sympatry, ae. aegypti females evolve resistance to satyrization, and in the laboratory, satyrization-susceptib ...201930668807
florida aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) and aedes albopictus vector competency for zika virus.zika virus (zikv) first spread into brazil in 2013 and is now present throughout the americas. in 2016, florida witnessed the beginnings of local zikv transmission. no reports of local transmission have been reported for 2018; however, travel related cases continue to be reported. recurrence of local transmission in the united states is a major public health risk in florida where vectors aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae, linnaeus) and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae, skuse) are abundant an ...201930668772
infection pattern of mayaro virus in aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) and transmission potential of the virus in mixed infections with chikungunya virus.mayaro virus (mayv; togaviridae; alphavirus) has drawn increasing attention as an arthropod-borne virus with potential to cause outbreaks among the human populations of the western hemisphere. in the tropical regions of central and south america, the virus exists in sylvatic cycles between mosquitoes and primate reservoirs such as marmosets. although forest-dwelling mosquitoes are regarded as important vectors for mayv, it has been shown previously that the virus can infect and potentially be tr ...201930668762
response of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) survival, life history, and population growth to oak leaf and acorn detritus.aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) and aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) are invasive container mosquitoes that are of potential medical importance in the southern united states. seeds (acorns) and leaves from oak trees can contribute seasonally to the detritus of larval container habitats. herein, we examined the effect of acorns and leaves from the southern live oak (quercus virginiana mill.), which has a concomitant range with these mosquitoes, on the population performance o ...201930668756
spermathecal filling in aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus: effects of female and male body sizes and species.the mosquitoes aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) and aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) are ecologically similar species that have evolved independently in their native ranges, ae. aegypti in africa and ae. albopictus in asia. where their invasive ranges overlap, interspecific mating is facilitated by both species swarming to mate around bloodmeal hosts during daylight. here, we test hypotheses to account for variation in spermathecal filling in females of ae. aegypti and ae. al ...201930668724
arbovirus coinfection and co-transmission: a neglected public health concern?epidemiological synergy between outbreaks of viruses transmitted by aedes aegypti mosquitoes, such as chikungunya, dengue, and zika viruses, has resulted in coinfection of humans with multiple viruses. despite the potential impact on public health, we know only little about the occurrence and consequences of such coinfections. here, we review the impact of coinfection on clinical disease in humans, discuss the possibility for co-transmission from mosquito to human, and describe a role for modeli ...201930668574
entomological and sociobehavioral components of heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection in two florida communities with a high or low prevalence of dogs with heartworm infection.objective to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding heartworms (dirofilaria immitis) and mosquito vectors among residents (dog owners and non-dog owners) in 2 neighborhoods in florida and to perform entomological surveys of mosquito species in these neighborhoods and identify mosquito species infected with heartworm. design cross-sectional study. sample 2,572 mosquitoes and 96 residents of 2 northern florida communities. procedures a 32-item questionnaire was orally administered to ...201930668298
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