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a 24-48 h fed amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome.multiple tick saliva proteins, the majority of which are unknown, confer tick resistance in repeatedly infested animals. the objective of this study was to identify the 24-48 h fed amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome. the 24-48 h tick-feeding phase is critical to tick parasitism as it precedes important events in tick biology, blood meal feeding and disease agent transmission. fed male, 24 and 96 h fed female phage display cdna expression libraries were biopanned using rabbit antibo ...201424962723
tick-borne pathogens and associated co-infections in ticks collected from domestic animals in central china.ticks can transmit a number of pathogens to humans and domestic animals. tick borne diseases (tbds), which may lead to organ failure and death have been recently reported in china. 98.75% of the total cases (>1000) in henan provinces have been reported in xinyang city. therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the fauna of ticks and detect the potential pathogens in ticks in xinyang, the region of central china.201424886497
transcriptional activation of antioxidants may compensate for selenoprotein deficiencies in amblyomma maculatum (acari: ixodidae) injected with selk- or selm-dsrna.the gulf-coast tick, amblyomma maculatum, possesses an elaborate set of selenoproteins, which prevent the deleterious effects from oxidative stress that would otherwise occur during feeding. in the current work, we examined the role of selenoprotein k (selk) and selenoprotein m (selm) in feeding a. maculatum by bioinformatics, transcriptional gene expression, rna interference and antioxidant assays. the transcriptional expression of selk did not vary significantly in salivary glands or midguts t ...201424698418
detection of borrelia theileri in rhipicephalus geigyi from mali.disease burden within cattle is a concern around the world. bovine borreliosis, one such disease, is caused by the spirochete borrelia theileri transmitted by the bite of an infected rhipicephalus (boophilus) species tick. a number of species within the genus are capable of transmitting the agent and are found on multiple continents. cattle in the west african nation of mali are infested with four species of rhipicephalus ticks of the subgenus boophilus: rhipicephalus annulatus, rhipicephalus mi ...201424709337
survey on cattle ticks in nur, north of iran.to survey the prevalence of cattle ticks in nur county and prepare a list of tick fauna in this district.201425182439
comparative bioinformatics, temporal and spatial expression analyses of ixodes scapularis organic anion transporting polypeptides.organic anion-transporting polypeptides (oatps) are an integral part of the detoxification mechanism in vertebrates and invertebrates. these cell surface proteins are involved in mediating the sodium-independent uptake and/or distribution of a broad array of organic amphipathic compounds and xenobiotic drugs. this study describes bioinformatics and biological characterization of 9 oatp sequences in the ixodes scapularis genome. these sequences have been annotated on the basis of 12 transmembrane ...201424582512
gene cloning, expression and immunogenicity of the protective antigen subolesin in dermacentor silvarum.subolesin (4d8), the ortholog of insect akirins, is a highly conserved protective antigen and thus has the potential for development of a broad-spectrum vaccine against ticks and mosquitoes. to date, no protective antigens have been characterized nor tested as candidate vaccines against dermacentor silvarum bites and transmission of associated pathogens. in this study, we cloned the open reading frame (orf) of d. silvarum 4d8 cdna (ds4d8), which consisted of 498 bp encoding 165 amino acid residu ...201424623890
hard tick factors implicated in pathogen transmission.ticks are the most common arthropod vector, after mosquitoes, and are capable of transmitting the greatest variety of pathogens. for both humans and animals, the worldwide emergence or re-emergence of tick-borne disease is becoming increasingly problematic. despite being such an important issue, our knowledge of pathogen transmission by ticks is incomplete. several recent studies, reviewed here, have reported that the expression of some tick factors can be modulated in response to pathogen infec ...201424498444
tick capillary feeding for the study of proteins involved in tick-pathogen interactions as potential antigens for the control of tick infestation and pathogen infection.ticks represent a significant health risk to animals and humans due to the variety of pathogens they can transmit during feeding. the traditional use of chemicals to control ticks has serious drawbacks, including the selection of acaricide-resistant ticks and environmental contamination with chemical residues. vaccination with the tick midgut antigen bm86 was shown to be a good alternative for cattle tick control. however, results vary considerably between tick species and geographic location. t ...201424450836
first record of borrelia burgdorferi b31 strain in dermacentor nitens ticks in the northern region of parana (brazil).the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of dna of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in ticks that feed on horses used for animal traction in rural jataizinho, parana, brazil. between february and june 2008, a total of 224 ticks was collected of which 75% were identified as dermacentor nitens and 25% as amblyomma cajenense. to amplify b. burgdorferi s.l. dna, the intergenic space region (isr) between the 5s (rrf) 23s (rrl) rrna genes was used as targets for nested-pcr. two tick ...201424516456
control of tick infestations and pathogen prevalence in cattle and sheep farms vaccinated with the recombinant subolesin-major surface protein 1a chimeric antigen.despite the use of chemical acaricides, tick infestations continue to affect animal health and production worldwide. tick vaccines have been proposed as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative for tick control. vaccination with the candidate tick protective antigen, subolesin (sub), has been shown experimentally to be effective in controlling vector infestations and pathogen infection. furthermore, escherichia coli membranes containing the chimeric antigen composed of sub fused ...201424398155
insecticide/acaricide resistance in fleas and ticks infesting dogs and cats.this review defines insecticide/acaricide resistance and describes the history, evolution, types, mechanisms, and detection of resistance as it applies to chemicals currently used against fleas and ticks of dogs and cats and summarizes resistance reported to date. we introduce the concept of refugia as it applies to flea and tick resistance and discuss strategies to minimize the impact and inevitable onset of resistance to newer classes of insecticides. our purpose is to provide the veterinary p ...201424393426
diversity of rickettsiales in the microbiome of the lone star tick, amblyomma americanum.ticks are important vectors for many emerging pathogens. however, they are also infected with many symbionts and commensals, often competing for the same niches. in this paper, we characterize the microbiome of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae), the lone star tick, in order to better understand the evolutionary relationships between pathogens and nonpathogens. multitag pyrosequencing of prokaryotic 16s rrna genes (16s rrna) was performed on 20 lone star ticks (including males, females, and ...201424162580
an archaeal glutamate decarboxylase homolog functions as an aspartate decarboxylase and is involved in β-alanine and coenzyme a biosynthesis.β-alanine is a precursor for coenzyme a (coa) biosynthesis and is a substrate for the bacterial/eukaryotic pantothenate synthetase and archaeal phosphopantothenate synthetase. β-alanine is synthesized through various enzymes/pathways in bacteria and eukaryotes, including the direct decarboxylation of asp by aspartate 1-decarboxylase (adc), the degradation of pyrimidine, or the oxidation of polyamines. however, in most archaea, homologs of these enzymes are not present; thus, the mechanisms of β- ...201424415726
dual silencing of long and short amblyomma americanum acidic chitinase forms weakens the tick cement cone stability.this study demonstrates that amblyomma americanum (aam) constitutively and ubiquitously expresses the long (l) and short (s) putative acidic chitinases (ach) that are distinguished by a 210 base pair (bp) deletion in aamach-s. full-length aamach-l and aamach-s cdna are 1959 and 1718 bp long, containing 1332 and 1104 bp open reading frames that code for 443 and 367 amino acid residues proteins with the former predicted to be extracellular and the latter intracellular. both aamach-l and aamach-s m ...201425189365
bioinformatic analyses of male and female amblyomma americanum tick expressed serine protease inhibitors (serpins).serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are a diverse family of proteins that is conserved across taxa. the diversity of amblyomma americanum serpins (aas) is far more complex than previously thought as revealed by discovery of 57 and 33 aas transcripts that are respectively expressed in male and female a. americanum ticks, with 30 found in both. while distinct reproductively, both male and female metastriate ticks, such as a. americanum, require a blood meal. thus, 30 aas sequences found in both m ...201425238688
a systems biology approach to the characterization of stress response in dermacentor reticulatus tick unfed larvae.dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius, 1794) is distributed in europe and asia where it infests and transmits disease-causing pathogens to humans, pets and other domestic and wild animals. however, despite its role as a vector of emerging or re-emerging diseases, very little information is available on the genome, transcriptome and proteome of d. reticulatus. tick larvae are the first developmental stage to infest hosts, acquire infection and transmit pathogens that are transovarially transmitted a ...201424586875
antiviral responses of arthropod vectors: an update on recent advances.arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges and sand flies, transmit many viruses that can cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals around the world. arthropod vector species are invading new areas due to globalisation and environmental changes, and contact between exotic animal species, humans and arthropod vectors is increasing, bringing with it the regular emergence of new arboviruses. for future strategies to control arbovirus transmission, it is important to improve ...201425674592
the salivary secretome of the biting midge, culicoides sonorensis.culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are hematophagous insects with over 1400 species distributed throughout the world. many of these species are of particular agricultural importance as primary vectors of bluetongue and schmallenberg viruses, yet little is known about culicoides genomics and proteomics. detailed studies of members from other blood-feeding dipteran families, including those of mosquito (culicidae) and black fly (simuliidae), have shown that protein components with ...201424949243
nhumirim virus, a novel flavivirus isolated from mosquitoes from the pantanal, brazil.we describe the isolation of a novel flavivirus, isolated from a pool of mosquitoes identified as culex (culex) chidesteri collected in 2010 in the pantanal region of west-central brazil. the virus is herein designated nhumirim virus (nhuv) after the name of the ranch from which the mosquito pool was collected. flavivirus rna was detected by real-time rt-pcr of homogenized mosquitoes and from the corresponding c6/36 culture supernatant. based on full-genome sequencing, the virus isolate was gene ...201425252815
anopheles gambiae salivary protein expression modulated by wild plasmodium falciparum infection: highlighting of new antigenic peptides as candidates of an. gambiae bites.malaria is the major parasitic disease worldwide caused by plasmodium infection. the objective of integrated malaria control programs is to decrease malaria transmission, which needs specific tools to be accurately assessed. in areas where the transmission is low or has been substantially reduced, new complementary tools have to be developed to improve surveillance. a recent approach, based on the human antibody response to anopheles salivary proteins, has been shown to be efficient in evaluatin ...201425526764
a spatially explicit metapopulation model and cattle trade analysis suggests key determinants for the recurrent circulation of rift valley fever virus in a pilot area of madagascar highlands.rift valley fever (rvf) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that causes high morbidity and mortality in ruminants. in 2008-2009, a rvf outbreak affected the whole madagascar island, including the anjozorobe district located in madagascar highlands. an entomological survey showed the absence of aedes among the potential rvf virus (rvfv) vector species identified in this area, and an overall low abundance of mosquitoes due to unfavorable climatic conditions during winter. no serological nor virolog ...201425474116
transcriptome of the female synganglion of the black-legged tick ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) with comparison between illumina and 454 systems.illumina and 454 pyrosequencing were used to characterize genes from the synganglion of female ixodes scapularis. go term searching success for biological processes was similar for samples sequenced by both methods. however, for molecular processes, it was more successful for the illumina samples than for 454 samples. functional assignments of transcripts predicting neuropeptides, neuropeptide receptors, neurotransmitter receptors and other genes of interest was done, supported by strong e-value ...201425075967
rural residents in china are at increased risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia chaffeensis.as emerging tick born rickettsial diseases caused by a. phagocytophilum and e. chaffeensis, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis have become a serious threat to human and animal health throughout the world. in particular, in china, an unusual transmission of nosocomial cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis occurred in anhui province in 2006 and more recent coinfection case of a. phagocytophilum and e. chaffeensis was documented in shandong province. although the seroprevalence of human granulocytic ...201424877080
assessment of four dna fragments (coi, 16s rdna, its2, 12s rdna) for species identification of the ixodida (acari: ixodida).the 5' region of cytochrome oxidase i (coi) is the standard marker for dna barcoding. however, coi has proved to be of limited use in identifying some species, and for some taxa, the coding sequence is not efficiently amplified by pcr. these deficiencies lead to uncertainty as to whether coi is the most suitable barcoding fragment for species identification of ticks.201424589289
a tick-borne segmented rna virus contains genome segments derived from unsegmented viral ancestors.although segmented and unsegmented rna viruses are commonplace, the evolutionary links between these two very different forms of genome organization are unclear. we report the discovery and characterization of a tick-borne virus--jingmen tick virus (jmtv)--that reveals an unexpected connection between segmented and unsegmented rna viruses. the jmtv genome comprises four segments, two of which are related to the nonstructural protein genes of the genus flavivirus (family flaviviridae), whereas th ...201424753611
a review of hyalomma scupense (acari, ixodidae) in the maghreb region: from biology to control.hyalomma scupense (syn. hyalomma detritum) is a two-host domestic endophilic tick of cattle and secondarily other ungulates in the maghreb region (africa). this species transmits several pathogens, among which two are major livestock diseases: theileria annulata and theileria equi. various other pathogens are also transmitted by this tick species, such as anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia bovis. hyalomma scupense is common in sub-humid and semi-arid areas of several regions in the world, m ...201424507485
molecular biology of insect sodium channels and pyrethroid resistance.voltage-gated sodium channels are essential for the initiation and propagation of the action potential in neurons and other excitable cells. because of their critical roles in electrical signaling, sodium channels are targets of a variety of naturally occurring and synthetic neurotoxins, including several classes of insecticides. this review is intended to provide an update on the molecular biology of insect sodium channels and the molecular mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. although mammalian ...201424704279
rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus resistant to acaricides and ivermectin in cattle farms of mexico.ticks and the diseases they transmit cause great economic losses to livestock in tropical countries. non-chemical control alternatives include the use of resistant cattle breeds, biological control and vaccines. however, the most widely used method is the application of different chemical classes of acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. populations of the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, resistant to organophosphates (op), synthetic pyrethroids (sp), amitraz and fipronil have bee ...201425054487
in vitro establishment of ivermectin-resistant rhipicephalus microplus cell line and the contribution of abc transporters on the resistance mechanism.the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most economically damaging livestock ectoparasites, and its widespread resistance to acaricides is a considerable challenge to its control. in this scenario, the establishment of resistant cell lines is a useful approach to understand the mechanisms involved in the development of acaricide resistance, to identify drug resistance markers, and to develop new acaricides. this study describes the establishment of an ivermectin (ivm)-resistant r. ...201424956999
esterase mediated resistance against synthetic pyrethroids in field populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) in punjab districts of india.detection of resistance levels against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, the most commonly used synthetic pyrethroids (sp), in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from thirteen districts of punjab (india) was carried out using adult immersion test. the regression graphs of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of concentrations of drugs were utilized for the determination of slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50% (lc50), 95% (lc95) and resistance factor (rf). on t ...201424927858
acaricidal activity of cymbopogon winterianus, vitex negundo and withania somnifera against synthetic pyrethroid resistant rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.detection of resistance levels against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, the most commonly used synthetic pyrethroids (sps) against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from moga, punjab (india) was carried out using larval packet test. results indicated the presence of resistance of level i and iii against cypermethrin (resistance factors (rf) = 4.67) and deltamethrin (rf = 34.2), respectively. adult immersion test was used to assess the acaricidal activity of aqueous and ethanolic extrac ...201424178747
streptomyces sp. lk3 mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its biomedical application.in the present study, the marine actinobacteria mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps) was achieved using streptomyces sp lk3. the synthesized agnps showed the characteristic absorption spectra in uv-vis at 420 nm, which confirmed the presence of nanoparticles. xrd analysis showed intense peaks at 2θ values of 27.51°, 31.87°, 45.57°, 56.56°, 66.26°, and 75.25° corresponding to (210), (113), (124), (240), (226), and (300) bragg's reflection based on the fcc structure of agnps. the ...201423771163
in vitro and in vivo acaricide action of juvenoid analogs produced from the chemical modification of cymbopogon spp. and corymbia citriodora essential oil on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the present study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal action of the chemically modified essential oil of cymbopogon spp. and corymbia citriodora on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. citronellal was converted into n-butylcitronellylamine and in n-prop-2-inylcitronellylamine, analogs of juvenoids, by reductive amination using butylamine (n1 to n3) and propargylamine (n4 to n7). in vitro assays included the adult immersion, and larval packet tests. engorged females were weighed in groups of 10 and ...201425085774
effect of ethanolic extract of capsicum frutescens l. on adult female of rhipicephalus microplus (ixodidae).this study evaluated the effects of ethanol extract of capsicum frutescens l. (solanaceae), colloquially known as malagueta pepper, on egg production and hatching rate of larvae of rhipicephalus microplus. plant samples were collected in montes claros, minas gerais, brazil. selected mature fruits were washed, dehydrated in a forced air oven at 40 ± 5 °c to constant weight. the material was incubated in absolute ethanol during 10 days, and the extract was filtered, dried, and stored in amber vial ...201424496493
acaricidal properties of the essential oil from zanthoxylum caribaeum against rhipicephalus microplus.zanthoxylum caribaeum lamarck (rutaceae) is plant species with a variety of medical applications, including insecticidal activity. this study determined the bioacaricidal activity of the essential oil from z. caribaeum leaves against engorged rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini, 1887) females using the adult immersion test. for this purpose, three serial concentrations (5.0, 2.5, and 1.25%, vol:vol, in 1% dimetilsulfoxide) of the essential oil were used. essential oil 5% caused 65% m ...201425276925
effects of fluazuron (2.5 mg/kg) and a combination of fluazuron (3.0 mg/kg) + abamectin (0.5 mg/kg) on the reproductive parameters of a field population of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus on experimentally infested cattle.the current study assessed the deleterious effects of two formulations of fluazuron (2.5 mg/kg fluazuron and a combination of 3.0 mg/kg fluazuron + 0.5 mg/kg abamectin) on the reproductive parameters of engorged rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus females that naturally detached from experimentally infested cattle in two experiments. based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that fluazuron (2.5 mg/kg) showed deleterious effects only on the hatchability percentage in the period of 2-7 po ...201424837997
rmkk, a tissue kallikrein inhibitor from rhipicephalus microplus eggs.rhipicephalus microplus is an important ectoparasite that is responsible for transmission of anaplasmosis and babesiosis to cattle. tissue kallikrein inhibitors might play an important role in r. microplus eggs. in the present work, we purified and characterized, a tissue kallikrein inhibitor presents in r. microplus eggs (rmkk), a protein which contains two kunitz domain in tandem. purified inhibitor was confirmed by amino terminal determination and its dissociation constant (ki) for bovine try ...201424814709
acaricide resistance in cattle ticks and approaches to its management: the state of play.cattle ticks are an important constraint on livestock production, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. use of synthetic acaricides is the primary method of tick control; therefore, it would be imperative to develop strategies to preserve the efficacy of existing acaricides. this paper summarizes the status of acaricide resistance in cattle ticks from different parts of the world and reviews modes of action of currently used acaricides, mechanism of resistance development, contributory ...201424709006
analysis of the risk factors relating to cows' resistance to rhipicephalus microplus ticks during the peripartum.this study aimed to evaluate season, breed, number of lactations and milk production as risk factors relating to rhipicephalus microplus infestation in dairy cows during the peripartum. eighty-four animals were randomly selected through proportional stratified sampling. all engorged and partially engorged female r. microplus specimens measuring 4.5-8.0 mm were counted during the 5 weeks before calving, calving week and 5 weeks after calving. the peripartum had a significant effect [calving (p < ...201424699772
molecular cloning of ra-shspi, a novel member of the hsp20 family from rhipicephalus annulatus salivary glands.infestation of cattle by ticks of rhipicephalus spp. results in severe veterinary and economical losses. identification of novel proteins from tick salivary glands will enhance our understanding of several aspects of tick physiology and will aid in the development of anti-tick vaccines. small heat shock proteins (hsps) have important roles in infection and immunity, especially between invertebrate vectors and mammalian hosts while initially performing their molecular chaperone activity. here, we ...201424625965
calculation of the efficacy of vaccines against tick infestations on cattle.cattle ticks are responsible for great economic losses in cattle farming worldwide, and their main control method, chemicals, has been showing problems, whether resulting from the development of resistant strains of ticks or environmental contamination. research studies directed toward developing vaccines against ticks are emerging. one way to evaluate those vaccines is to calculate the percentage of efficacy. the aim of this study was to analyze scientific publications archived in pubmed that u ...201424473884
comparison of tick resistance of crossbred senepol × limousin to purebred limousin cattle.the comparison of resistance to natural tick infestation by rhipicephalus microplus (canestrini, 1887) of crossbred senepol × limousin and purebred limousin cattle was investigated. the senepol breed, originated from st croix island in the caribbean is considered as a bos taurus breed adapted to tropical conditions. despite its b. taurus genetic background, it is believed to have a good tick resistance, but this resistance has never been assessed previously. tick counts under natural infestation ...201424366717
acaricide and ivermectin resistance in a field population of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) collected from red deer (cervus elaphus) in the mexican tropics.in the neotropics the control of tick infestations in red deer (cervus elaphus) is achieved primarily through the use of acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. in mexico, resistance to one or multiple classes of acaricides has been reported in rhipicephalus microplus infesting cattle, but information on acaricide susceptibility in r. microplus infesting red deer is lacking. in this study we report the level of resistance to different classes of acaricides and ivermectin in r. microplus collected f ...201424365245
in vitro acaricidal efficacy of plant extracts from brazilian flora and isolated substances against rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the tick rhipicephalus microplus causes significant losses in livestock cattle and has developed increasing resistance to the primary acaricides that are used to treat these infections. the objective of this study was to identify new biomolecules or isolated substances showing acaricidal activity from plants. larval packet tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of 11 species of plants and three isolated substances (betulinic acid, eugenol, and nerolidol) on r. microplus. an adult female im ...201424221889
acaricide activity of different extracts from piper tuberculatum fruits against rhipicephalus microplus.rhipicephalus microplus is the main tick that affects cattle. plant bioactive molecules can be used to control this ectoparasite. the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of piper tuberculatum fruit extracts obtained with different solvents on r. microplus larvae and engorged females. hexane, ethyl ether, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts of p. tuberculatum fruits were evaluated. after extraction, all of the extracts were dried. adult immersion tests and larval packet tests w ...201424221883
reassessment of the potential economic impact of cattle parasites in brazil.the profitability of livestock activities can be diminished significantly by the effects of parasites. economic losses caused by cattle parasites in brazil were estimated on an annual basis, considering the total number of animals at risk and the potential detrimental effects of parasitism on cattle productivity. estimates in u.s. dollars (usd) were based on reported yield losses among untreated animals and reflected some of the effects of parasitic diseases. relevant parasites that affect cattl ...201425054492
does rhipicephalus microplus tick infestation increase the risk for myiasis caused by cochliomyia hominivorax in cattle?the larval phase of cochliomyia hominivorax (screwworm) is an obligate parasite of vertebrate animals, particularly mammals, and widespread in south america, where it remains one of the most important parasitic diseases of domestic animals. the skin of cattle highly infested by ticks, with cutaneous lesions, exudation of tissue fluid and blood scent seems to produce the ideal environment for fly attraction. however, an association between these parasites was never investigated. the aim of this w ...201424176137
inhibition of the recombinant cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus glutathione s-transferase.rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus is a bloodsucking ectoparasite that causes severe production losses in the cattle industry. this study aims to evaluate the in vitro effects of tannic acid, hematin (gst inhibitors) and different plant extracts (rich in tannic acid) on the activity of the recombinant glutathione s-transferase enzyme of the egyptian cattle tick r. annulatus (rragst), in order to confirm their ability to inhibit the parasitic essential detoxification enzyme glutathione s-transfe ...201424953796
first report of fluazuron resistance in rhipicephalus microplus: a field tick population resistant to six classes of acaricides.the control of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus is based mainly on the use of chemical acaricides, which has contributed to the emerging problem of selection of resistant tick populations. currently, there are six main classes of acaricides commercially available in brazil to control cattle ticks, with fluazuron, a tick growth regulator with acaricidal properties, being the only active ingredient with no previous reports of resistance. ticks (designated the jaguar strain) were collected i ...201424560364
a comparative study on cypermethrin resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and hyalomma anatolicum from punjab (india).a study to evaluate cypermethrin resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and hyalomma anatolicum collected from muktsar and mansa districts of punjab state, india, was conducted by using adult immersion test (ait). the regression graphs of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of concentrations of cypermethrin was utilized for the determination of slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50% (lc50), and the resistance factor (rf). on the basis of the data generated o ...201424252261
reprolysin metalloproteases from ixodes persulcatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus microplus ticks.metalloproteases (mps) have been considered essential for blood feeding and other physiological functions in several hematophagous animals, including ticks. we report the characterization of mp sequences of three important ticks from asia, africa and america: ixodes persulcatus (ip-mps), rhipicephalus sanguineus (rs-mps) and r. microplus (brrm-mps). amino acid sequence identity between r. microplus and r. sanguineus mps ranged from 76 to 100 %, and identities among i. persulcatus, i. ricinus and ...201424687173
a list of the 70 species of australian ticks; diagnostic guides to and species accounts of ixodes holocyclus (paralysis tick), ixodes cornuatus (southern paralysis tick) and rhipicephalus australis (australian cattle tick); and consideration of the place of australia in the evolution of ticks with comments on four controversial ideas.seventy species of ticks are known from australia: 14 soft ticks (family argasidae) and 56 hard ticks (family ixodidae). sixteen of the 70 ticks in australia may feed on humans and domestic animals (barker and walker 2014). the other 54 species of ticks in australia feed only on wild mammals, reptiles and birds. at least 12 of the species of ticks in australian also occur in papua new guinea. we use an image-matching system much like the image-matching systems of field guides to birds and flower ...201425236960
phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genome sequences indicates that the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, contains a cryptic species.cattle ticks of the subgenus rhipicephalus (boophilus) are major agricultural pests worldwide, causing billions of dollars in losses annually. rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus and r. microplus are the most well-known and widespread species, and a third species, r. australis, was recently reinstated for 'r. microplus' from australia and parts of southeast asia. we use mitochondrial genome sequences to address the phylogenetic relationships among the species of the subgenus boophilus. we sequen ...201424685498
3β-o-tigloylmelianol from guarea kunthiana: a new potential agent to control rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, a cattle tick of veterinary significance.chemical investigation of guarea kunthiana fruits, guided by their effect on the reproductive cycle of engorged females of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus-a major economic problem to the livestock industry worldwide-led to isolation of 3β-o-tigloylmelianol, a new protolimonoid, from the bioactive hexane phase obtained by partitioning the crude ethanol extract. an adult immersion test was performed. the compound strongly inhibited egg-laying and hatchability (99.2% effectivene ...201425546624
acaricidal activity of ocimum basilicum and spilanthes acmella against the ectoparasitic tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (arachinida: ixodidae).the ectoparasitic tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected at various cattle farms in and around chennai was subjected to treatment of different crude solvent extracts of leaves of ocimum basilicum and spilanthes acmella for acaricidal activity. among various solvent extracts of leaves of o. basilicum and s. acmella used, chloroform extract of o. basilicum at concentrations between 6% and 10% exhibited 70% and 100% mortality of ticks when compared to control. the lc50 and lc90 values ...201425382467
acaricidal properties of the formulations based on essential oils from cymbopogon winterianus and syzygium aromaticum plants.the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, has caused serious harm to livestock raising in brazil, considering the costs of controlling it, loss of revenue due to smaller production of milk and meat, and damage to leather, in addition to transmitting diseases. the use of medicinal plants is considered an alternative to the recurring resistance to chemicals. due to the need for efficient alternatives with less environmental impact, this study aimed to develop contact formulations with ...201425199555
molecular cloning and characterization of two novel autophagy-related genes belonging to the atg8 family from the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is an obligate haematophagous arthropod and the major problem for cattle industry due to economic losses it causes. the parasite shows a remarkable adaptability to changing environmental conditions as well as an exceptional ability to survive long-term starvation. this ability has been related to a process of intracellular protein degradation called autophagy. this process in ticks is still poorly understood and only few autophagy-related (atg) genes have been ...201425039003
acaricide activity in vitro of acmella oleracea against rhipicephalus microplus.cattle tick control has been limited by the resistance of these parasites to synthetic acaricides. natural products are a possible alternative as they have different mechanisms of action. acmella oleracea is a native plant with a large cultivated area in the amazon region and could be easily used for large-scale preparation of a commercial product. this study evaluated the in vitro action of the hexane extract of the aerial parts of a. oleracea on larvae and engorged females of the cattle tick r ...201425033813
design, synthesis, in vitro evaluation and preliminary sar studies of n-(2-(heteroaryloxy)propyl)phenothiazines against rhipicephalus microplus cattle tick.a family of 15 n-substituted phenothiazines was designed, synthesized and their acaricidal activity against rhipicephalus microplus was determined in vitro. the synthetic methodology is simple and can be employed in multigram scale. the rationale for the structure-based design of these compounds is the potential for azines and phenothiazine to engage in π-π interactions; these fragments, joined together by a short, flexible alkoxide linker, structurally resemble phenothiazine-based cholinesteras ...201424878192
rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick in vitro feeding methods for functional (dsrna) and vaccine candidate (antibody) screening.rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) ticks cause economic losses for cattle industries throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world estimated at $us2.5 billion annually. lack of access to efficacious long-lasting vaccination regimes and increases in tick acaricide resistance have led to the investigation of targets for the development of novel tick vaccines and treatments. in vitro tick feeding has been used for many tick species to study the effect of new acaricides ...201424875450
efficacy of fipronil (1.0 mg/kg) against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus strains resistant to ivermectin (0.63 mg/kg).the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fipronil (1 mg/kg) against three strains of ivermectin-resistant rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (r. (b.) microplus), naturally infesting cattle from different states of brazil. three rural properties with a history of macrocyclic lactones ineffectiveness against the cattle tick, and low frequency use of fipronil in the herd, were selected for the study. the animals were randomized according to the mean tick counts, performed on days -3, -2 ...201424853051
determination of discriminating dose and evaluation of amitraz resistance status in different field isolates of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in india.field tick isolates of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus were collected from eleven districts located in the northern and eastern states of india to access the resistance status to "amitraz". adult immersion test was optimized using laboratory reared acaricide susceptible ivri-i line and minimum effective concentration was determined as 487.7 ppm with 95 % confidence interval of 455.8-521.8. the discriminating concentration was determined as 975.4 ppm and was tested on female ticks collected b ...201424659517
efficacy of extracts from plants of the brazilian pantanal against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.this research evaluated the in vitro acaricidal activity of extracts from 21 plant species from the pantanal of mato grosso do sul. during stage i, a larval immersion test was performed using three extract concentrations (5%, 20%, and 40%). during stage ii, we used only plants that showed over 95% efficiency at the 40% concentration in stage i in an amount sufficient for the adult immersion test. aeschynomene denticulata, angelonia hirta, aspilia latissima, caperonia castaneifolia, centratherum ...201424473878
comparison of three larval bioassays to evaluate susceptibility of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus to amitraz.field samples of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from the state of rio grande do sul, brazil, were assessed using the following methods: larval packet test (lpt), larval immersion test (lit) and syringe immersion test (sit). the following parameters were determined for each population and for the mozo susceptible reference strain: lethal concentration for 50% (lc50) with its 95% confidence interval (95% ci), regression line slope and resistance ratio (rr). using the lpt, only one population ...201424473873
influence of tea tree oil (melaleuca alternifolia) on the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus.the aim of this study was to verify the influence of tea tree oil (tto) (melaleuca alternifolia) tested in its pure and nanostructured (tto nanoparticles) forms on the reproduction of female rhipicephalus microplus. for our purpose, female ticks were collected from naturally infected animals and treated in vitro with tto (1, 5, and 10 %) and tto nanoparticles (0.075, 0.375, and 0.75 %). in order to validate the tests, they were performed in triplicate using positive (amitraz) and negative (untre ...201424368704
a family of serine protease inhibitors (serpins) in the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.proteins belonging to the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily play essential roles in many organisms. in arthropods these proteins are involved in innate immune system, morphogenesis and development. in mammals serpins regulate pathways that are essential to life such as blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, inflammation and complement activation, some of which are considered the host's first line of defense to hematophagous and/or blood dueling parasites. thus, it is hypothesized that tic ...201424333790
effect of new ethyl and methyl carbamates on rhipicephalus microplus larvae and adult ticks resistant to conventional ixodicides.the effects of six new synthetic carbamates on fully engorged females of four rhipicephalus microplus strains (one reference strain susceptible to conventional ixodicides, two strains multiresistant to ixodicides and one tick field isolate) were compared. in addition, the effect of two other new synthetic carbamates was tested on larvae from the same strains. the first six tested carbamates reduced egg laying and inhibited egg hatching in the four studied strains (p<0.05). compared with untreate ...201424315692
the action of two ethyl carbamates on acetylcholinesterase and reproductive organs of rhipicephalus microplus.the effects produced by the new synthetic carbamates ethyl-(4-bromophenyl) carbamate and ethyl-(4-chlorophenyl) carbamate on the acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity, egg structure and reproductive organs of two rhipicephalus microplus strains were evaluated. inhibition kinetic parameters showed that the studied carbamates are weak inhibitors and have a low affinity for r. microplus ache. histologically, in oocytes from carbamate-treated engorged female ticks, a loss of shape, cytoplasmic vacuol ...201424315691
determination of the susceptibility of unengorged larvae and engorged females of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) to different methods of dissolving thymol.the present study evaluated efficacy of thymol against engorged females and unengorged larvae of rhipicephalus microplus when diluted in 1 % dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) (formulation 1) and diluted in hydro-ethanol solutions of 50 % (formulation 2), 40 % (formulation 3), and 30 % (formulation 4). the immersion test was used on the engorged females for all dilution methods, while the larval packet method was applied to the larvae to test formulations 3 and 4 since the other two had already been test ...201424292541
an update on distribution models for rhipicephalus microplus in west africa.the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, which reached the west african region approximately 8 years ago, has established viable populations in côte d'ivoire and benin and spread rapidly from the assumed points of introduction. however, existing maps of its distribution range do not agree on the areas at risk, most probably due to suboptimal modelling approaches. therefore, we undertook a re-investigation of the potential distribution range based on a high-quality dataset from west africa that ...201324258904
the embryogenesis of the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: the establishment of a new chelicerate model system.chelicerates, which include spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs, are members of the phylum arthropoda. in recent years, several molecular experimental studies of chelicerates have examined the embryology of spiders; however, the embryology of other groups, such as ticks (acari: parasitiformes), has been largely neglected. ticks and mites are believed to constitute a monophyletic group, the acari. due to their blood-sucking activities, ticks are also known to be vectors of sever ...201324166799
characterization of the pyrethroid resistance profile of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus populations from the states of rio grande do sul and mato grosso do sul, brazil.cattle ticks rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus are mainly controlled in brazil by means of acaricide products, without any official policies in this regard. acaricides continue to be sold indiscriminately, and this has contributed towards making the problem of resistance widespread, thus making diagnosis and monitoring of tick resistance essential. here, bioassays (larval packet test) were performed on tick populations from the states of rio grande do sul and mato grosso do sul regarding their ...201324142169
ovary histology and quantification of hemolymph proteins of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus treated with melia azedarach.this study aimed to analyze ovary histology and quantify total protein in the hemolymph of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus females treated with hexane extracts from green fruits of melia azedarach. eight engorged females were immersed in the extract at 0.25% concentration, and eight in water containing 5% acetone (control). the females were dissected 72 hours after treatment, and the ovaries were weighed and subjected to standard histological techniques. the total protein concentration was m ...201324142163
effect of deforestation and introduction of exotic grasses as livestock forage on the population dynamics of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) in northern argentina.the effect of deforestation and the introduction of exotic grasses on the population dynamics of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in northern argentina was analysed. biological parameters that were measured included proportion of females ovipositing, pre-oviposition period, incubation period of eggs, proportion of egg clusters hatching, larval longevity and total non-parasitic period. no significant differences were observed in proportion of females ovipositing and in pre-oviposition period b ...201324140239
protective action of tagetes minuta (asteraceae) essential oil in the control of rhipicephalus microplus (canestrini, 1887) (acari: ixodidae) in a cattle pen trial.the rhipicephalus microplus tick is globally regarded as the most economically important ectoparasite of livestock, and the evolution of resistance to commercial acaricides among cattle tick populations is of great concern. the essential oil derived from tagetes minuta may be efficacious against cattle tick infestation, and the results of a cattle pen trial using this essential oil for the control of ticks are reported here. the chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by gc-ms a ...201323778081
alarming spread of the asian cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus in west africa-another three countries are affected: burkina faso, mali and togo. 201323722233
a new approach to characterization of the resistance of populations of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) to organophosphate and pyrethroid in the state of minas gerais, brazil.the monitoring of resistance of cattle tick populations in brazil to the chemical bases in use is largely limited to investigation of the phenotypic profile. there are few studies investigating the role played by the genotypic profile in acaricide resistance in the country. therefore, the aim of the present study was to carry out molecular characterization and trace out the genetic profile of populations of rhipicephalus microplus with respect to resistance to the organophosphate and pyrethroid ...201323639866
approaches towards tick and tick-borne diseases control.ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals as well as humans, considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases. tick-borne diseases are responsible worldwide for great economic losses in terms of mortality and morbidity of livestock animals. this review concerns to the different tick and tick-parasites control methods having a major focus on vaccines. control of tick infestations has been mainly based on the use of acaricides, a contr ...201323559344
acaricides efficiency on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from bahia state north-central region.the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is responsible for major losses in the brazilian livestock, mainly due to reduction in cattle productive performance. resistance development to major classes of acaricide widely used nowadays has been extensively reported, as well as the occurrence of residues from these compounds in animal products and the environment. this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of acaricides on r. (b.) microplus collected from rural properties in the north-ce ...201323538503
gene expression profiling of adult female tissues in feeding rhipicephalus microplus cattle ticks.the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, is an economically important pest, especially for resource-poor countries, both as a highly adaptive invasive species and prominent vector of disease. the increasing prevalence of resistance to chemical acaricides and variable efficacy of current tick vaccine candidates highlight the need for more effective control methods. in the absence of a fully annotated genome, the wealth of available expressed sequence tag sequence data for this species p ...201323500075
acaricidal activity of essential oils from five endemic conifers of new caledonia on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the aim of the present study was to demonstrate acaricidal activity on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus of essential oils from endemic conifers of new caledonia in the context of the development of natural alternatives. acaricidal activity of essential oils extracted from resin and heartwood of five endemic conifers of new caledonia (araucaria columnaris, agathis moorei, agathis ovata, callitris sulcata, and neocallitropsis pancheri) was evaluated on 14- to 21-day-old rhipicep ...201323371495
effect of new ethyl and methyl carbamates on biological parameters and reproduction of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus.the effect of carbamates on engorged female rhipicephalus microplus ticks and larvae was evaluated using the adult immersion test (ait) and the larval packet test (lpt), respectively. seventeen synthetic carbamates different from current commercial acaricides were synthesised at the national autonomous university of mexico. none of the carbamates had an effect on the percentage of females laying eggs. six of the compounds inhibited egg laying up to 65.4% and inhibited egg hatching by up to 100% ...201323347759
effect of aqueous extracts of baccharis trimera on development and hatching of rhipicephalus microplus (acaridae) eggs.this study evaluated the effects of aqueous extracts of baccharis trimera (less.) dc (asteraceae), colloquially known as carqueja, on egg production, and hatching rate of larvae of rhipicephalus microplus. plant samples were collected in montes claros, north of minas gerais, brazil. adult female ticks were distributed into 24 homogeneous groups of 10. the in vitro test was performed by immersing each group in 10 ml solutions of aqueous extracts at 50, 100, 150, or 200mg of fresh leaves ml(-1). t ...201323347758
in vitro activities of plant extracts from the brazilian cerrado and pantanal against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).a total of 73 ethanol extracts from different anatomical parts of 44 plant species belonging to 24 families, native to the mid-western region of brazil, were assessed in vitro for their effect on the reproductive cycle of engorged females of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, using the adult immersion test. all extracts were evaluated at the concentration of 0.2 % and, among the extracts tested, the one obtained from the fruits of guarea kunthiana (meliaceae) proved to be highl ...201323344640
acaricidal activity of lippia gracilis essential oil and its major constituents on the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the present study aimed to evaluate the activity of lippia gracilis schauer essential oil obtained from different l. gracilis genotypes and their major components, carvacrol and thymol against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (cattle tick) larvae and engorged females. the larval test was performed parallel to the adult immersion test for engorged females for four l. gracilis genotypes. similar tests were further performed for their major compounds carvacrol and thymol. carvacrol (lc50 of 0.22 ...201323337330
the conserved role of the akt/gsk3 axis in cell survival and glycogen metabolism in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus embryo tick cell line bme26.tick embryogenesis is a metabolically intensive process developed under tightly controlled conditions and whose components are poorly understood.201323274741
activity of essential oil of lippia triplinervis gardner (verbenaceae) on rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the objective of this work was to characterize and investigate the acaricidal activity of the essential oil of the aerial parts of lippia triplinervis at different concentrations on unengorged larvae and engorged females of rhipicephalus microplus. the essential oil yielded 2.21 % (w/w to dry matter) and was composed mainly of carvacrol (31.9 %), thymol (30.6 %), and p-cymene (12.3 %). two tests were performed to assess the acaricidal activity: the modified larval packet test, with concentration ...201323224609
evolution of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor-like kunitz domain-containing protein family in rhipicephalus microplus.one of the principle mechanisms utilised by ticks to obtain a blood meal is the subversion of the host's haemostatic response. this is achieved through the secretion of saliva containing anti-haemostatic proteins into the feeding lesion. lineage-specific expansion of predicted secretory protein families have been observed in all previously studied ticks and occurred in response to adaptation to a blood-feeding environment. of these, the predominant families are common between both hard and soft ...201323220044
chemical composition and efficacy of dichloromethane extract of croton sphaerogynus baill. (euphorbiaceae) against the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, causing high economic impact on cattle production. the control of tick infestations is regarded worldwide as critical and has been based on the use of organophosphates, synthetic pyretroids, amitraz and recently ivermectin and fipronil. the present study reports the analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the constituents of leaf extracts of croton sphaerogynus and results of acaricidal ...201323200750
in vitro diagnosis of the first case of amitraz resistance in rhipicephalus microplus in santo tomé (corrientes), argentina.in argentina, the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus has already developed resistance to organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids. however, no cases of amitraz resistance have ever been recorded in this country despite its heavy use. a recent failure of amitraz to control ticks in a farm located in santo tomé, province of corrientes, resulted in the collection of samples for acaricide resistance diagnosis. the modified drummond adult immersion test (ait) and the larval tarsal test (ltt) were ...201323153823
survey of pyrethroids resistance in indian isolates of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: identification of c190a mutation in the domain ii of the para-sodium channel gene.monitoring acaricide resistance and understanding the underlying mechanisms are critically important in developing strategies for resistance management and tick control. eighteen isolates of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from four agro-climatic regions of india were characterized and the resistant data were correlated with bioassay results, esterase enzyme activities and with the presence/absence of point mutation in the para-sodium channel gene. the adult immersion test was stan ...201323092687
first report of fipronil resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus of mexico.five strains of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from tamaulipas mexico were tested for resistance against several classes of acaricides commonly used. all were resistant to fipronil. four of five were co-resistant to permethrin and coumaphos in addition to being resistant to fipronil. one strain, el zamora was found multi-resistant to permethrin, coumaphos, fipronil, and amitraz. selection with fipronil for 3 generations produced a resistance ratio of 8.3 and 9.4 at the lc(50) and ...201323026557
understanding the genetic, demographical and/or ecological processes at play in invasions: lessons from the southern cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, is the ixodid species causing the largest economic losses in tropical agrosystems because of its recurrent invasive success, explosive demography on bovine herds, vector competence for diverse pathogens and frequent development of acaricide resistance. its ecology and the physiological bases of the acaricide resistances it developed, as well as alternative tick control measures, have been intensively studied for decades. by contrast, the tick po ...201322945880
efficacy of eprinomectin pour-on against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus on buffaloes.a trial was conducted on 12 buffaloes naturally infested with rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus to evaluate the efficacy of eprinomectin pour-on at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight. a reduction in live tick count by 45.94, 63.96, 81.53, 90.54, 98.19 and 100 % was observed on days 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 post-treatment, respectively. the reinfestation of ticks was not observed up to 42 days of trial period. on the basis of the present trial of eprinomectin pour-on, it can be recommended for use i ...201324431562
frequency distribution of hard ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting bubaline population of district toba tek singh, punjab, pakistan.the current research was conducted to define the epidemiological parameters related to the prevalence and associated risk factors of tick infestation in buffaloes in the toba tek singh district of central punjab, pakistan. the prevalence of ticks on buffaloes was 31.21 % (352/1,128). among the species of ticks, the prevalence of hyalomma marginatum (75.56 %; 266/352) was higher (p < 0.05; odd's ratios (or) = 3.09) than rhipicephalus microplus (24.44 %; 86/352). female buffaloes (69.60 %; 245/352 ...201323086441
molecular and functional characterization of the first tick cap2b (periviscerokinin) receptor from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).the cdna of the receptor for cap(2b)/periviscerokinin (pvk) neuropeptides, designated rhimi-cap(2b)-r, was cloned from synganglia of tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. this receptor is the ortholog of the insect cap(2b)/pvk receptor, as concluded from analyses of the predicted protein sequence, phylogenetics and functional expression. expression analyses of synganglion, salivary gland, malpighian tubule, and ovary revealed rhimi-cap(2b)-r transcripts. the expression in mammalian cells of ...201324055303
molecular survey of hard ticks in endemic areas of tick-borne diseases in china.over the past several years, there was a substantial increase in the number of cases of known and novel tick-borne infections in humans in china. to better understand the ticks associated with these infections, we collected hard ticks from animals or around livestock shelters in 29 localities in 5 provinces (beijing, henan, hubei, inner mongolia, and zhejiang) where cases of tick-borne illness were reported. we collected 2950 hard ticks representing 7 species of 4 genera (dermacentor sinicus, ha ...201323538111
acetylcholinesterases of blood-feeding flies and ticks.acetylcholinesterase (ache) is the biochemical target of organophosphate (op) and carbamate pesticides for invertebrates, vertebrate nerve agents, and ache inhibitors used to reduce effects of alzheimer's disease. organophosphate pesticides (ops) are widely used to control blood-feeding arthropods, including biting flies and ticks. however, resistance to ops in pests affecting animal and human health has compromised control efficacy. op resistance often results from mutations producing an op-ins ...201323036311
epidemiology of ixodid ticks in cattle population of various agro-climatic zones of punjab, india.to determine the epidemiology of ixodid ticks in bovines of different agro-climatic zones of punjab state, india.201324144025
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