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[differential expression of proteins in leishmania (viannia) panamensis associated with mechanisms of resistance to meglumine antimoniate].the well-known drug resistance mechanisms to pentavalent antimony have been widely described in strains of the leishmania subgenus, but little is known about the mechanisms of resistance and the proteins associated with it in strains of the viannia subgenus such as leishmania panamensis.201223715190
disposition of antimony in rhesus monkeys infected with leishmania braziliensis and treated with meglumine antimoniate.antimony (sb) disposition and toxicity was evaluated in leishmania braziliensis-infected monkeys (macaca mulatta) treated with a 21-d course of low (low) or standard (std) meglumine antimoniate (ma) dosage regimens (5 or 20 mg sb(v)/kg body weight/d im). antimony levels in biological matrices were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icpms), while on-line ion chromatography coupled to icpms was used to separate and quantify sb species in plasma. nadir sb levels rose steadi ...201222129235
acute new world cutaneous leishmaniasis presenting as tuberculoid granulomatous dermatitis.acute primary cutaneous leishmaniasis typically presents microscopically with a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate containing admixed plasma cells, parasitized macrophages and abundant organisms. tuberculoid granulomatous changes may occur in the later phases of primary infection. a 23-year-old male presented 1 month after visiting peru with classic clinical findings of acute primary cutaneous leishmaniasis, while histopathology showed a tuberculoid granulomatous process that lacked any organisms in h ...201222236114
noninferiority of miltefosine versus meglumine antimoniate for cutaneous leishmaniasis in children.background. children have a lower response rate to antimonial drugs and higher elimination rate of antimony (sb) than adults. oral miltefosine has not been evaluated for pediatric cutaneous leishmaniasis. methods. a randomized, noninferiority clinical trial with masked evaluation was conducted at 3 locations in colombia where leishmania panamensis and leishmania guyanensis predominated. one hundred sixteen children aged 2-12 years with parasitologically confirmed cutaneous leishmaniasis were ran ...201222238470
Analysis of the protective potential of antigens released by Leishmania (Viannia) shawi promastigotes.Leishmania (Viannia) shawi causes cutaneous lesions in humans. Parasite antigens conferring significant protection against American tegumentar leishmaniosis (ATL) might be important for the development of effective vaccine. Therefore, this work evaluates the protective effect of antigenic fractions released by L. shawi. Antigens released by promastigotes to culture medium were concentrated and isolated by SDS-PAGE. The three main fractions LsPass1 (>75 kDa), LsPass2 (75-50 kDa) and LsPass3 (<50  ...201221882046
evaluation of an elisa for canine leishmaniasis immunodiagnostic using recombinant proteins.the present work describes the isolation and purification of two leishmania chagasi (= syn. leishmania infantum) recombinant proteins, rlci2b and rlci1a, and their use in the development of an immunoassay for the diagnostic of canine leishmaniasis. after protein expression and cell disruption, rlci2b was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography, whereas rlci1a, expressed as an inclusion body, was treated with urea and purified by anion-excha ...201221929686
a dysflagellar mutant of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis isolated from a cutaneous leishmaniasis patient.parasites of the leishmania genus alternate between the flagellated extracellular promastigote stage and intracellular amastigotes. here we report the characterization of a leishmania isolate, obtained from a cutaneous leishmaniasis patient, which presents peculiar morphological features.201222236464
leishmania chagasi naturally resistant to nitric oxide isolated from humans and dogs with visceral leishmaniasis in brazil.nitric oxide (no) plays an important role as a leishmanicidal agent in murine macrophages. no resistant escherichia coli and mycobacterium tuberculosis have been associated with poor outcomes of their resulting diseases. no resistant leishmania braziliensis has also been identified and exacerbates the clinical course of human leishmaniasis. we report, for the first time, natural resistance of leishmania chagasi promastigotes to no. these parasites were isolated from humans and dogs with visceral ...201222580230
in vitro evaluation of antiprotozoal and antiviral activities of extracts from argentinean mikania species.the aim of this study was to investigate the antiprotozoal and antiviral activities of four argentinean mikania species. the organic and aqueous extracts of mikania micrantha, m. parodii, m. periplocifolia, and m. cordifolia were tested on trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, leishmania braziliensis promastigotes, and dengue virus type 2. the organic extract of m. micrantha was the most active against t. cruzi and l. braziliensis exhibiting a growth inhibition of 77.6 ± 4.5% and 84.9 ± 6.1%, respect ...201222919289
the immunobiology of leishmania braziliensis infection.leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by protozoa of the genus leishmania that affect millions of people worldwide. these diseases are caused by distinct leishmania species, of which l. braziliensis, a new world representative of the leishmania genus, has been the least studied. although leishmaniasis caused by l. braziliensis induces a range of clinical manifestations ranging from mild localized lesions to severe mucosal involvement, few studies have focused on elucidating the immune mec ...201222701117
environmental factors associated with american cutaneous leishmaniasis in a new andean focus in colombia.to evaluate the environmental and ecological factors associated with leishmania transmission and vector abundance in chaparral, tolima-colombia.201222882595
peridomiciliary breeding sites of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in an endemic area of american cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern brazil.the occurrence of american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) in areas modified by humans indicates that phlebotomine sand fly vectors breed close to human habitations. potential peridomiciliary breeding sites of phlebotomines were sampled in an area of transmission of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in southeastern brazil. three concentric circles rounding houses and domestic animal shelters, with radii of 20, 40, and 60 m, defined the area to be monitored using adult emergence traps. of the 67 ph ...201223091196
participation of heparin binding proteins from the surface of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis promastigotes in the adhesion of parasites to lutzomyia longipalpis cells (lulo) in vitro.leishmania (v.) braziliensis is a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in brazil. during the parasite life cycle, the promastigotes adhere to the gut of sandflies, to avoid being eliminated with the dejection. the lulo cell line, derived from lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae), is a suitable in vitro study model to understand the features of parasite adhesion. here, we analyze the role of glycosaminoglycans (gags) from lulo cells and proteins from the parasites in this event.201222805335
multilocus genotyping reveals a polyphyletic pattern among naturally antimony-resistant leishmania braziliensis isolates from peru.in order to understand the epidemiological dynamics of antimonial (sb(v)) resistance in zoonotic tegumentary leishmaniasis and its link with treatment outcome, we analyzed the population structure of 24 peruvian leishmania braziliensis clinical isolates with known in vitro antimony susceptibility and clinical phenotype by multilocus microsatellite typing (14 microsatellite loci). the genetic variability in the peruvian isolates was high and the multilocus genotypes were strongly differentiated f ...201121871584
a cutaneous ulcer resulting from mycobacterium ulcerans--leishmania braziliensis coinfection in south america.buruli ulcer is a tropical skin disease caused by mycobacterium ulcerans. its mode of transmission is not yet clearly understood. we report here a cutaneous ulcer in a european traveler in south america resulting from a coinfection detected specifically for mycobacterium ulcerans and leishmania braziliensis dna with real-time polymerase chain reaction. this observation of a unique cutaneous ulcer raises the issue about possible modes of transmission of those two pathogens by the same vector.201122049045
molecular diagnosis of leishmania mexicana in a cutaneous leishmaniasis case in sinaloa, mexico.abstract leishmaniasis has been considered endemic in sinaloa, mexico, since 1994. despite that leishmania mexicana is the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in other regions of mexico, the species causing cl in patients from sinaloa state has not been previously established, although leishmania braziliensis has been found in the neighboring southern state, nayarit. l. braziliensis is also associated with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which is a more complicated clinical var ...201121923263
in vitro leishmanicidal activity of imidazole- or pyrazole-based benzo[g]phthalazine derivatives against leishmania infantum and leishmania braziliensis species.objectives: to evaluate the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of imidazole-based (1-4) and pyrazole-based (5-6) benzo[g]phthalazine derivatives against leishmania infantum and leishmania braziliensis. methods: the in vitro activity of compounds 1-6 was assayed on extracellular promastigote and axenic amastigote forms, and on intracellular amastigote forms of the parasites. infectivity and cytotoxicity tests were performed on j774.2 macrophage cells using meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) as the ...201122127582
the influence of natural rubber/au nanoparticle membranes on the physiology of leishmania brasiliensis.the development of nanotechnology has generated new means of disease diagnosis and treatment. infectious diseases, including leishmaniasis, malaria, etc., have benefited from the advent of new nanomaterials and/or nanodevices capable of detecting specific antigens and antibodies with high specificity and low cost. in this paper, we present an investigation on a single-celled protozoan leishmaniasis parasite, a disease considered of standard infectivity, given the high degree of immunological spe ...201122101110
wild, synanthropic and domestic hosts of leishmania in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in minas gerais state, brazil.domestic, synanthropic and wild hosts of leishmania spp. parasites were studied in an area endemic for american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl), specifically in northern minas gerais state, brazil. domestic dogs and small forest mammals are reservoir hosts for l. (leishmania) infantum. however, the role that these animals play in the transmission cycle of the leishmania spp. that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis is not well known. this study evaluated 72 rodents, 25 marsupials and 98 domestic dogs ...201121890159
in vitro and in vivo behaviour of sympatric leishmania (v.) braziliensis, l. (v.) peruviana and their hybrids.summaryleishmania (viannia) braziliensis is the main cause of highly disfiguring mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (mcl) in south america. the related species l. (v.) peruviana has only been identified in simple cutaneous lesions (cl). hybrids between l. braziliensis and l. peruviana have been reported although genetic exchange in leishmania is considered to be rare. here we compared growth in vitro, adaptive capacity under thermal and oxidative stress and behaviour in a hamster model, of l. brazilien ...201122054424
natural infection of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in mus musculus captured in mato grosso, brazil.abstract we report natural infection by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in mus musculus and necromys lasiurus using molecular analyses (pcr-rflp) of femoral bone marrow and skin fragments. the aim of this study was to detect infection by pathogenic species of leishmania in small mammals in the state of mato grosso, brazil. the animals were captured in peixoto de azevedo, a cutaneous leishmaniasis-endemic region located in the north of the state, from october 30 to november 3, 2008. natural i ...201121923255
lutzomyia (pintomyia) fischeri (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae), a probable vector of american cutaneous leishmaniasis: detection of natural infection by leishmania (viannia) dna in specimens from the municipality of porto alegre (rs), brazil, using multiplex pcr assay.in order to determine natural leishmania (viannia) infection in lutzomyia (pintomyia) fischeri, a multiplex pcr methodology coupled to non-isotopic hybridization was adopted for the analysis of sand fly samples collected by cdc light traps in an endemic area of american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) in the periurban region of the municipality of porto alegre, rio grande do sul state, brazil. we analyzed by pcr methodology 560 specimens of lutzomyia (pintomyia) fischeri (520 females and 40 males) ...201121939631
Use of ELISA employing homologous and heterologous antigens for the detection of IgG and subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2) in the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis.Indirect immunofluorescence is the method recommended for the diagnosis of visceral leishmanisis in dogs, however, the accuracy of this technique is low and its use on a large scale is limited. Since ELISA does not present these limitations, this technique might be an option for the detection of IgG or specific IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses. Canine ehrlichiosis is an important differential diagnosis of American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL). The present study compared ELISA using Leishmania chagasi an ...201122012455
Identification of the HSP70-II gene in Leishmania braziliensis HSP70 locus: genomic organization and UTRs characterization.The heat stress suffered by Leishmania sp during its digenetic life-cycle is a key trigger for its stage differentiation. In Leishmania subgenera two classes of HSP70 genes differing in their 3' UTR were described. Although the presence of HSP70-I genes was previously suggested in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, HSP70-II genes had been reluctant to be uncovered.201121871099
Leishmania (Viannia) shawi purified antigens confer protection against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis.OBJECTIVE: Leishmania (Viannia) shawi was characterized only recently, and few studies concerning the immunogenic and protective properties of its antigens have been performed. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of the five antigenic fractions isolated from L. (V.) shawi promastigotes in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Soluble antigen ...201122166919
leishmania (viannia) species identification on clinical samples from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in peru: assessment of a molecular stepwise approach.we present an algorithm based on three pcr assays for leishmania (viannia) species identification and assessed its performance using 70 specimens from peruvian patients. the succession of the assayed targets can be ordered according to species prevalence. sequential progression through the algorithm reduced the number of samples here studied by approximately 30% after each step.201122116151
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: insights on subcellular distribution and biochemical properties of heparin-binding proteins.SUMMARYLeishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease and an important public health issue. Glycosaminoglycan ligands in Leishmania parasites are potential targets for new strategies to control this disease. We report the subcellular distribution of heparin-binding proteins (HBPs) in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and specific biochemical characteristics of L. (V.) braziliensis HBPs. Promastigotes were fractionated, and flagella and membrane samples were applied to HiTrap Heparin affinity chromatogr ...201122053722
[role of three elisa tests using promastigote homogenates of leishmania braziliensis, l. amazonensis and l. guyanensis in the diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis].it is important to know whether the variability of species of leishmania parasites circulating in a region affects the performance of the elisa test for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the reactivity of the elisa using homogenates of promastigotes of leishmania (v.) braziliensis (elisab), leishmania (l) amazonensis (elisaa) and leishmania (v.) guyanensis (elisag) against different sera groups. samples from individuals with cutaneous leishmaniasis ( ...201122057166
energetic metabolism of axenic progmastigotes of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis.leishmania spp are protozoans capable of carbohydrates degradation and as energy source they can use glucose, aminoacids or lipids from the environment. the products of the metabolic pathways such as organic acids may be used as an index of their energetic metabolic profile. therefore, in this study a metabolic profile comparison was made between promastigotes from one reference strain (mhom/br/1975/m2903) and two different isolates of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis (mhom/br/2003/img3 and mho ...201121627966
lutzomyia longipalpis saliva or salivary protein ljm19 protects against leishmania braziliensis and the saliva of its vector, lutzomyia intermedia.leishmania transmission occurs in the presence of insect saliva. immunity to phlebotomus papatasi or lutzomyia longipalpis saliva or salivary components confers protection against an infection by leishmania in the presence of the homologous saliva. however, immunization with lutzomyia intermedia saliva did not protect mice against leishmania braziliensis plus lu. intermedia saliva. in the present study, we have studied whether the immunization with lu. longipalpis saliva or a dna plasmid coding ...201121655303
mmp-9 activity is induced by leishmania braziliensis infection and correlates with mucosal leishmaniasis.infection of humans with leishmania braziliensis typically results in localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (lcl). rarely, after months or years of apparent clinical cure, some patients develop the destructive mucosal leishmaniasis (ml). ml results from l. braziliensis dissemination, probably via phagocytic cells. as the preferred cells for leishmania spp. colonization, macrophages are critical to infection control, and may contribute to parasite dissemination. however, the host factors that determi ...201121663729
leishmanicidal effect of spiranthera odoratíssima (rutaceae) and its isolated alkaloid skimmianine occurs by a nitric oxide dependent mechanism.summaryleishmaniasis is one of the neglected diseases. high cost, systemic toxicity, and diminished efficacy due to development of resistance by the parasites has a negative impact on the current treatment options. thus, the search for a new, effective and safer anti-leishmanial drug becomes of paramount importance. compounds derived from natural products may be a better and cheaper source in this regard. this study evaluated the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of spiranthera odoratíssima (ru ...201121810308
cutaneous leishmaniasis with pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia simulating squamous cell carcinoma. 201121778837
molecular detection of leishmania braziliensis in rattus norvegicus in an area endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis in brazil.leishmania nested pcr (lnpcr) targeted to the ssurrna gene and dna sequencing were used to analyze 315 tissue samples from 80 rattus norvegicus specimens trapped in an area endemic for leishmaniasis in belo horizonte, minas gerais, brazil. of the samples analyzed, 17.46% (55/315) of all tissues, 10% (8/80) of skin, 26.92% (21/78) of blood, 30.76% (24/78) of bone marrow and 2.53% (2/79) of spleen were positive for leishmania. the overall infection prevalence was 36.25% (29/80) the dna sequencing ...201121767914
characterization of monomeric dna-binding protein histone h1 in leishmania braziliensis.summaryhistone h1 in leishmania presents relevant differences compared to higher eukaryote counterparts, such as the lack of a dna-binding central globular domain. despite that, it is apparently fully functional since its differential expression levels have been related to changes in chromatin condensation and infectivity, among other features. the localization and the aggregation state of l. braziliensis h1 has been determined by immunolocalization, mass spectrometry, cross-linking and electrop ...201121767437
rna interference in protozoan parasites: achievements and challenges.protozoan parasites that profoundly affect mankind represent an exceptionally diverse group of organisms, including plasmodium, toxoplasma, entamoeba, giardia, trypanosomes and leishmania. despite the overwhelming impact of these parasites, there remain many aspects to be discovered about mechanisms of pathogenesis and how these organisms survive in the host. combined with the ever increasing availability of sequenced genomes, rna interference (rnai), discovered a mere 13 years ago, has enormous ...201121764910
trimethoxy-chalcone derivatives inhibit growth of leishmania braziliensis: synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular modeling and structure-activity relationship (sar).in this work we described the synthesis, the antileishmanial activity and the molecular modeling and structure-activity relationship (sar) evaluations of a series of chalcone derivatives. among these compounds, the methoxychalcones 2h, 2i, 2j, 2k and 2l showed significant antileishmanial activity (ic(50)<10µm). interestingly 2i (ic(50)=2.7µm), 2j (ic(50)=3.9µm) and 2k (ic(50)=4.6µm) derivatives presented better antileishmanial activity than the control drug pentamidine (ic(50)=6.0µm). our sar st ...201121757358
identification of leishmania spp. by molecular amplification and dna sequencing analysis of a fragment of the rrna internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2).isoenzyme analysis of cultured parasites is the conventional approach for leishmania species identification. molecular approaches have the potential to be more sensitive and rapid. we designed polymerase chain reaction (pcr) generic primers to amplify a segment of the rrna internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) from multiple leishmania species. to validate the selected its2 fragment, we tested clinical specimens and compared the species results obtained by the molecular approach (pcr, followed by ...201121752983
the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) against four medically relevant leishmania species of brazil.the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of miltefosine-« (zentaris gmbh) was assessed against four medically relevant leishmania species of brazil: leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis, leishmania (viannia) braziliensis, leishmania (viannia) guyanensis and leishmania (leishmania) chagasi. the activity of miltefosine against these new world species was compared to its activity against the old world strain, leishmania (leishmania) donovani, which is known to be sensitive to the effects of miltefosine. ...201121739037
lesion size correlates with leishmania antigen-stimulated tnf-levels in human cutaneous leishmaniasis.cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a worldwide disease endemic in several regions of the globe. the hallmark of cl is skin ulcers likely driven by efforts of the immune system to control leishmania growth. cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (tnf) and interferon-gamma can control disease progression in animal models. nevertheless, the impact of these cytokines in cl ulcer outcome is not well established in humans. in this study, 96 cl patients from an endemic area of leishmania braziliensis we ...201121734128
seco-limonoids and quinoline alkaloids from raputia heptaphylla and their antileishmanial activity.a novel seco-limonoid, rel-(1s,5r,9s,7r,8s,9r,10s,11r,13s,14r,15r,17r)-11,19-dihydroxy-7-acetoxy-7-deoxoichangin (raputiolide) (1), and two novel quinolone alkaloids n-methyl-2-phenoxyquinolin-4(1h)-one (heptaphyllone a) (2) and 6-methylbenzofuro[2,3-b]quinolin-4(1h)-one (heptaphyllone b) (3), along with the known seco-limonoid ichangin (4), were isolated from raputia heptaphylla pittier (rutaceae) stem bark. five known alkaloids, n-methyl-8-methoxyflindersine (5), skimmianine (6), kokusaginine ...201121720036
cd4(+) t cells defined by their v+¦ t cell receptor expression are associated with immunoregulatory profiles and lesion size in human leishmaniasis.leishmaniasis is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite, leishmania, that parasitizes human cells, and the cellular immune response is essential for controlling infection. in order to measure the host t cell response to leishmania infection, we have measured the expansion, activation state and functional potential of specific t cells as identified by their t cell receptor v+¦ region expression. in a group of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) patients, we evaluated these characteristics in ni ...201121726211
reappraisal of the immunopathogenesis of disseminated leishmaniasis: in situ and systemic immune response.disseminated leishmaniasis (dl) is an emerging form of leishmania braziliensis infection characterised by multiple cutaneous lesions on different parts of the body and a high rate of mucosal involvement. systemic production of tnf+¦ and ifn+¦ in dl patients is lower than in cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) caused by l. braziliensis, which may account for parasite dissemination due to the decreased ability to control parasite growth. in this study, the systemic and in situ immune response of dl and c ...201121723576
tlr1/2 activation during heterologous prime-boost vaccination (dna-mva) enhances cd8+ t cell responses providing protection against leishmania (viannia).leishmania (viannia) parasites present particular challenges, as human and murine immune responses to infection are distinct from other leishmania species, indicating a unique interaction with the host. further, vaccination studies utilizing small animal models indicate that modalities and antigens that prevent infection by other leishmania species are generally not protective.201121695103
Reproductive strategies and population structure in Leishmania: substantial amount of sex in Leishmania Viannia guyanensis.Leishmania species of the subgenus Viannia and especially Leishmania Viannia guyanensis are responsible for a large proportion of New World leishmaniasis cases. Since a recent publication on Leishmania Viannia braziliensis, the debate on the mode of reproduction of Leishmania parasites has been reopened. A predominant endogamic reproductive mode (mating with relatives), together with strong Wahlund effects (sampling of strains from heterogeneous subpopulations), was indeed evidenced. To determin ...201121722225
Chromosome and gene copy number variation allow major structural change between species and strains of Leishmania.Leishmania parasites cause a spectrum of clinical pathology in humans ranging from disfiguring cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral leishmaniasis. We have generated a reference genome for Leishmania mexicana and refined the reference genomes for Leishmania major, Leishmania infantum, and Leishmania braziliensis. This has allowed the identification of a remarkably low number of genes or paralog groups (2, 14, 19, and 67, respectively) unique to one species. These were found to be conserved in addi ...201122038252
leishmania species identification using fta card sampling directly from patients' cutaneous lesions in the state of lara, venezuela.a molecular epidemiological study was performed using fta card materials directly sampled from lesions of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in the state of lara, venezuela, where causative agents have been identified as leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and l. (leishmania) venezuelensis in previous studies. of the 17 patients diagnosed with cl, leishmania spp. were successfully identified in 16 patients based on analysis of the cytochrome b gene and rrna internal transcribed spacer sequ ...201121907375
combining diagnostic procedures for the management of leishmaniasis in areas with high prevalence of leishmania guyanensis.the amazon region corresponds to approximately 40% of the cases of leishmaniasis in brazil. we report a prospective study with 180 patients conducted in a health care unit that diagnoses 10% of the cases of leishmaniasis in the brazilian amazon. the study addresses how a combination of procedures improves diagnosis in areas with high prevalence of leishmania guyanensis.201122281902
a randomized clinical trial comparing meglumine antimoniate, pentamidine and amphotericin b for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by leishmania guyanensis.american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl) treatment remains a challenge, since most available drugs are injectable and only a small number of comparative, randomized clinical trials have been performed to support their use. moreover, treatment outcome may depend on the causative species of leishmania.201122281895
treatment of imported new world cutaneous leishmaniasis in germany.cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl), a parasitic disease which represents a public health problem, particularly in central and south america, has become a leading condition in travelers who return from tropical countries with skin disorders. cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis, the most common causative agent, requires systemic treatment because it is potentially able to disseminate and to cause mucosal or mucocutaneous disease. although several drugs are available for t ...201122004484
high-dose oral fluconazole therapy effective for cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania (vianna) braziliensis.we report for the first time the successful use of fluconazole to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania braziliensis. we used escalating doses from 5 to 8 mg/kg per day. at a dose of 5 mg/kg per day, 75% patients were cured, and at 8 mg/kg per day, the cure rate was 100%. fluconazole was well tolerated.201121890773
muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis in the new world: the ultimate subversion.infection by the human protozoan parasite leishmania can lead, depending primarily on the parasite species, to either cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions, or fatal generalized visceral infection. in the new world, leishmania (viannia) species can cause mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (mcl). clinical mcl involves a strong hyper-inflammatory response and parasitic dissemination (metastasis) from a primary lesion to distant sites, leading to destructive metastatic secondary lesions especially in the nas ...201121971185
american tegumentary leishmaniasis and hiv-aids association in a tertiary care center in the brazilian amazon.american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are both common infectious diseases in the brazilian amazon with overlapping expansion areas, which leads to the occurrence of leishmania/hiv coinfection. most atl/hiv-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) association cases have been reported from areas where leishmania (viannia) braziliensis is the main pathogen; this finding is in contrast with the amazon region, where l. (v.) guyanensis is the most implicated ...201121896816
Immunophenotyping of circulating T cells in a mucosal leishmaniasis patient coinfected with HIV.HIV coinfection modifies the clinical course of leishmaniasis by promoting a Th2 pattern of cytokine production. However, little information is available regarding the lymphocytic response in untreated coinfected patients. This work presents the immunophenotyping of Leishmania-stimulated T cells from a treatment-naÏve HIV+ patient with ML. Leishmania braziliensis antigens induced CD69 expression on CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells. It also increased IL-4 intracellular staining on CD3+CD4+GATA3- popul ...201121860904
a species-specific approach to the use of non-antimony treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis.we used a species-specific approach to treat 10 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosed using polymerase chain reaction. non-antimony treatments (oral miltefosine, ketoconazole, and liposomal amphotericin b) were chosen as an alternative to pentavalent antimony drugs based on likely or proven drug efficacy against the infecting species. leishmania viannia panamensis was diagnosed in three patients and treated successfully with oral ketoconazole. miltefosine treatment cured two patients w ...201121212212
immunoregulatory and effector activities in human cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis: understanding mechanisms of pathology.individuals infected with leishmania braziliensis may develop the relatively benign localized cutaneous (cl) form or the mucosal (ml) form of the disease, which represents a more severe and mutilating variation. interaction between parasite and host cells, as well as the genetic background of the host, are important determinants of the immune response, which is critical in determining disease outcome. our studies over the years have been designed to determine the immunoregulatory and effector fu ...201123504276
retraction. blepharo-conjunctivitis due to leishmania (viannia) braziliensis cutaneous infection: report of two cases in rio de janeiro, brazil. 201118812386
leishmanicidal and reversal multidrug resistance constituents from aeonium lindleyi.a new bicyclic diterpene with a labdane skeleton, 7-oxo-labd-8-en-15-ol ( 1), along with two known diterpenes and ten flavonoids were isolated from the leaves of aeonium lindleyi (crassulaceae). their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data, including 1d and 2d nmr experiments, and comparison with spectroscopic data reported in the literature. labdan-8 α,15-diol (2) and labd-8(17)-en-3 β,15-diol (3) showed leishmanicidal activity against leishmania tropica (ic (50) = 77.0 µ ...201120665372
comparison of gene expression patterns among leishmania braziliensis clinical isolates showing a different in vitro susceptibility to pentavalent antimony.evaluation of leishmania drug susceptibility depends on in vitro sb(v) susceptibility assays, which are labour-intensive and may give a biased view of the true parasite resistance. molecular markers are urgently needed to improve and simplify the monitoring of sb(v)-resistance. we analysed here the gene expression profile of 21 l. braziliensis clinical isolates in vitro defined as sb(v)-resistant and -sensitive, in order to identify potential resistance markers.201120678296
il-17 and regulatory cytokines (il-10 and il-27) in l. braziliensis infection.cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is characterized by high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and development of pathology. individuals with subclinical l. braziliensis infection (sc) have a positive skin test to leishmania, but do not develop disease. we evaluated whether the downregulation of inflammatory response in sc is mediated by il-10 and il-27 and whether il-17 is associated with control of infection. participants include sc individuals, patients with cl and healthy subjects. cytokines ...201121226726
leishmania (viannia) braziliensis identification by pcr in the state of para, brazil.the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is increasing and there is limited surveillance of leishmania species throughout the world. we identified the species associated with cl in a region of amazonia, an area recognized for its leishmania species variability. clinical findings were analyzed and correlated with the species identified in 93 patients. pcr assays were based on small subunit ribosomal dna (ssu-rdna) and g6pd, and were performed in a laboratory located 3,500km away. leishmania ...201121241996
dogs as reservoirs for leishmania braziliensis. 201121291626
randomized controlled clinical trial to access efficacy and safety of miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (viannia) guyanensis in manaus, brazil.miltefosine has been used in the treatment of several new world cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) species with variable efficacy. our study is the first evidence on its clinical efficacy in leishmania (viannia) guyanensis. in this phase ii/iii randomized clinical trial, 90 cl patients were randomly allocated (2:1) to oral miltefosine (2.5 mg/kg/day/28 days) (n = 60) or parenteral antimony (15-20 mg/sb/kg/day/20 days) (n = 30) according to age groups: 2-12 y/o and 13-65 y/o. patients were human immuno ...201121292895
cell cycle arrest evidence, parasiticidal and bactericidal properties induced by l-amino acid oxidase from bothrops atrox snake venom.the present article describes an l-amino acid oxidase from bothrops atrox snake venom as with antiprotozoal activities in trypanosoma cruzi and in different species of leishmania (leishmania braziliensis, leishmania donovani and leishmania major). leishmanicidal effects were inhibited by catalase, suggesting that they are mediated by h(2)o(2) production. leishmania spp. cause a spectrum of diseases, ranging from self-healing ulcers to disseminated and often fatal infections, depending on the spe ...201121300133
leishmania rna virus controls the severity of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by infections with intracellular parasites of the leishmania viannia subgenus, including leishmania guyanensis. the pathology develops after parasite dissemination to nasopharyngeal tissues, where destructive metastatic lesions form with chronic inflammation. currently, the mechanisms involved in lesion development are poorly understood. here we show that metastasizing parasites have a high leishmania rna virus-1 (lrv1) burden that is recognized by the host ...201121311023
[evidence of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis by lutzomyia cruzi in the municipality of jaciara, state of mato grosso, brazil].the municipality of jaciara was classified in 2003 as a transmission area for visceral leishmaniasis in outbreak situations. this study aimed to establish evidence of transmission of leishmania (leishmania) infantum chagasi by lutzomyia cruzi in the municipality of jaciara, state of mato grosso, brazil.201121340413
laboratory tests performed on leishmania seroreactive dogs euthanized by the leishmaniasis control program.in 2008, in the west zone of rio de janeiro municipality-brazil, the leishmaniasis control program identified 155 dogs with titers = 40 by indirect immunofluorescence (iif) on blood collected onto filter paper. the objective of this study was to describe the laboratory test findings performed in dogs euthanized by the leishmaniasis program control of rio de janeiro municipality. dogs were examined, subjected to euthanasia and collection of clinical specimens. parasite isolation was obtained in 2 ...201121349644
the sand fly fauna (psychodidae: phlebotominae) in the region of saquarema, state of rio de janeiro, brazil, an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission.cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis, is sporadic in many rural and suburban areas of rio de janeiro state. an investigation was carried out during 2008/9 in the municipality of saquarema, rio de janeiro, southeast brazil, in order to identify the phlebotomine sand fly fauna. more than 2,100 sand flies were collected in peridomestic areas in two chicken coops using cdc light traps. nine species of phlebotomine sand flies were identified: nyssomyia intermedia, nyss ...201121366786
balb/c mice infected with antimony treatment refractory isolate of leishmania braziliensis present severe lesions due to il-4 production.leishmania braziliensis is the main causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in brazil. protection against infection is related to development of th1 responses, but the mechanisms that mediate susceptibility are still poorly understood. murine models have been the most important tools in understanding the immunopathogenesis of l. major infection and have shown that th2 responses favor parasite survival. in contrast, l. braziliensis-infected mice develop strong th1 responses and easily resolve ...201121390155
biological activity of three novel complexes with the ligand 5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4h)-one against leishmania spp.we report on new 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine complexes that have been developed and examined for both antiproliferative in vitro activity against leishmania infantum and leishmania braziliensis, and report their possible mechanism of action on l. infantum and l. braziliensis.201121393181
mucosal leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and leishmania (viannia) guyanensis in the brazilian amazon.leishmania (viannia) braziliensis is a parasite recognized as the most important etiologic agent of mucosal leishmaniasis (ml) in the new world. in amazonia, seven different species of leishmania, etiologic agents of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, have been described. isolated cases of ml have been described for several different species of leishmania: l. (v.) panamensis, l. (v.) guyanensis and l. (l.) amazonensis.201121408116
leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of extracts and naturally-occurring compounds from two lauraceae species.the in vitro leishmanicidal effects of ethanolic extracts and fifteen naturally-occurring compounds (five lignans, eight neolignans, a diterpene and a dihydrochalcone), obtained from pleurothyrium cinereum and ocotea macrophylla, were evaluated on promastigotes of leishmania panamensis and l. braziliensis. in addition, in order to determine the selective action on leishmania species as a safety principle, in vitro cytotoxicity on j774 cells was also evaluated for test compounds and extracts. one ...201121425681
cutaneous leishmaniasis in three dutch military cohorts following jungle training in belize.skin lesions occur frequently in travelers to tropical countries. military personnel acquire skin lesions regularly during jungle training as did dutch troops who trained in the jungle of belize in 1998, 2004 and 2009, in an area endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis. demographic and clinical data were collected retrospectively. diagnostic investigations for cutaneous leishmaniasis included giemsa stain, culture, pcr and nasba and histopathology of biopsies. treatment of leishmaniasis was with sod ...201121450527
antihelminthic therapy and antimony in cutaneous leishmaniasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients co-infected with helminths and leishmania braziliensis.helminth infections influence the clinical response to certain diseases and are associated with delayed healing time of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) caused by leishmania braziliensis. we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to examine the role of early versus deferred treatment of intestinal helminth infection on the clinical course of patients with cl treated with pentavalent antimony. (clinicaltrials.gov number nct00469495). a total of 90 patien ...201121460008
polymerase chain reaction detection of leishmania kdna from the urine of peruvian patients with cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.we hypothesized that leishmania kdna may be present in urine of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl). urine samples and standard diagnostic specimens were collected from patients with skin lesions. kdna polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was performed on samples from patients and 10 healthy volunteers from non-endemic areas. eighty-six of 108 patients were diagnosed with cl and 18 (21%) had detectable leishmania viannia kdna in the urine. sensitivity and specificity were 20.9% (95% confidence ...201121460009
mucosal leishmania infantum infection.mucosal leishmaniasis is a well-known clinical manifestation of infections caused by species belonging to the leishmania (viannia) subgenus in central and south america but not of leishmania species endemic in the so-called old world. we report on three cases of mucosal leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (leishmania) infantum contracted in southern europe. two patients were immunocompromised; one patient had no underlying condition. lesions were located in the oral mucosa, oesophagus and nose. a ...201121499751
toll-like receptors participate in macrophage activation and intracellular control of leishmania (viannia) panamensis.toll-like receptors (tlrs) play a central role in macrophage activation and control of parasitic infections. their contribution to the outcome of leishmania infection is just beginning to be deciphered. we examined the interaction of leishmania panamensis with tlrs in the activation of host macrophages. l. panamensis infection resulted in up-regulation of tlr1, tlr2, tlr3 and tlr4 expression, and induced tnfα secretion by human primary macrophages at comparable levels and kinetics as specific tl ...201121518783
cytotoxicity and inhibition of platelet aggregation caused by an l-amino acid oxidase from bothrops leucurus venom.multifunctional l-amino acid oxidases (laaos) occur widely in snake venoms.201121539897
leishmania (viannia) infection in the domestic dog in chaparral, colombia.abstract. peridomestic transmission of american cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasingly reported and dogs may be a reservoir of leishmania (viannia) in this setting. we investigated the prevalence of infection in dogs in chaparral county, colombia, the focus of an epidemic of human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (viannia) guyanensis. two (0.72%) of 279 dogs had lesions typical of cutaneous leishmaniasis that were biopsy positive by kinetoplast dna polymerase chain reaction-southern ...201121540374
american cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis resistant to meglumine antimoniate, but with good response to pentamidine: a case report.this is a case report of a brazilian soldier with cutaneous leishmaniasis. the lesion relapsed following two systemic treatments with meglumine antimoniate. the patient was treated with amphotericin b, which was interrupted due to poor tolerance. following isolation of leishmania sp., six intralesional infiltrations of meglumine antimoniate resulted in no response. leishmania sp promastigotes were again isolated. the patient was submitted to intramuscular 4mg/kg pentamidine. parasites from the f ...201121552747
first clinical case of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in a domestic cat from french guiana.we report the first case of natural infection of a domestic female cat (felis catus) by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in french guiana. the infected animal had a cutaneous ulcer on the nose and nodules of different sizes in the ears. the diagnosis was confirmed by molecular analysis of cutaneous samples that detected the presence of leishmania parasites and allowed identifying the leishmania (viannia) braziliensis species. the discovery of a cat infected by l. (v.) braziliensis suggests the ...201121570189
comparative gene expression analysis throughout the life cycle of leishmania braziliensis: diversity of expression profiles among clinical isolates.most of the leishmania genome is reported to be constitutively expressed during the life cycle of the parasite, with a few regulated genes. inter-species comparative transcriptomics evidenced a low number of species-specific differences related to differentially distributed genes or the differential regulation of conserved genes. it is of uppermost importance to ensure that the observed differences are indeed species-specific and not simply specific of the strains selected for representing the s ...201121572980
in situ characterization of the granulomatous immune response with time in nonhealing lesional skin of leishmania braziliensis-infected rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).we have recently introduced a macaque (macaca mulatta) model of leishmania braziliensis-induced self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis in which the t cell-mediated inflammatory response effectively promotes parasite clearance and granuloma resolution. here we show that macaques infected with a highly pathogenic l. braziliensis strain displayed longstanding granulomatous lesions which lasted until the end of the observation period (52 weeks). immunoperoxidase staining of representative tissue secti ...201121601294
clinical and demographic stratification of test performance: a pooled analysis of five laboratory diagnostic methods for american cutaneous leishmaniasis.we evaluated performance characteristics of five diagnostic methods for cutaneous leishmaniasis. patients who came to the leishmania clinic of hospital nacional cayetano heredia in lima, peru, were enrolled in the study. lesion smears, culture, microculture, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and leishmanin skin test (lst) were performed. a total of 145 patients with 202 lesions were enrolled: 114 patients with 161 lesions fulfilled criteria for cutaneous leishmaniasis. sensitivity and specificity ...201020682880
leishmania tarentolae: utility as an in vitro model for screening of antileishmanial agents.primary screens for antileishmanial compounds use leishmania species pathogenic to humans that must be handled under biosafety conditions that cannot be adopted or guaranteed everywhere. leishmania tarentolae, a parasite isolated from the gecko tarentolae annularis, has not been considered pathogenic to humans. promastigotes of l. tarentolae have been previously used as a eukaryotic expression system for the production of recombinant proteins and in the amplification of genes involved in resista ...201020685203
use of fta cards for direct sampling of patients' lesions in the ecological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis.the fta card (whatman) was assessed for its utility as a molecular epidemiological tool in collecting samples from patients with leishmaniasis in peru because the card has a variety of merits; it is less invasive for patients and easy to handle for both physicians and other medical personnel for sample collection or diagnosis, in addition to its simplicity and easy countrywide and/or intercountry transportation for analysis. samples were collected from 132 patients suspected of having leishmania ...201020720027
sunlight triggered photodynamic ultradeformable liposomes against leishmania braziliensis are also leishmanicidal in the dark.being independent of artificial power sources, self administered sunlight triggered photodynamic therapy could be a suitable alternative treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis, that avoids the need for injectables and the toxic side effects of pentavalent antimonials. in this work we have determined the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of sunlight triggered photodynamic ultradeformable liposomes (udl). znpc is a hydrophobic zn phthalocyanine that showed 20% anti-promastigote activity (apa) and 20 ...201020727925
"everything you always wanted to know about sex (but were afraid to ask)" in leishmania after two decades of laboratory and field analyses.leishmaniases remain a major public health problem today (350 million people at risk, 12 million infected, and 2 million new infections per year). despite the considerable progress in cellular and molecular biology and in evolutionary genetics since 1990, the debate on the population structure and reproductive mode of leishmania is far from being settled and therefore deserves further investigation. two major hypotheses coexist: clonality versus sexuality. however, because of the lack of clear e ...201020808896
murine model of chronic l. (viannia) panamensis infection: role of il-13 in disease.leishmania (viannia) organisms are the most prevalent etiologic agents of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in the americas. nevertheless, our knowledge of the immunological mechanisms exploited by l. (viannia) organisms remains limited and the mechanisms underlying disease are not well understood. here, we report the development of a balb/c mouse model of l. (v.) panamensis infection that is able to reproduce chronic disease, with persistent infection and clinically evident lesions for over 1 year. ...201020827674
immunoenzymatic assay for the diagnosis of american tegumentary leishmaniasis using soluble and membrane-enriched fractions from infectious leishmania (viannia) braziliensis.the diagnosis of american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl) is based on the visualization or isolation of the parasite, which is a time-consuming and poorly sensitive method. in this study, we evaluated the accuracy and reliability of elisa for the diagnosis of atl using soluble (sf) and membrane-enriched (mf) antigen fractions obtained from an infectious strain of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis. a total of 152 serum samples investigated at a referral center in rio de janeiro, brazil, between 2 ...201020872561
anti-leishmanial effects of purified compounds from aerial parts of baccharis uncinella c. dc. (asteraceae).species of baccharis exhibit antibiotic, antiseptic, wound-healing, and anti-protozoal properties, and have been used in the traditional medicine of south america for the treatment of several diseases. in the present work, the fractionation of etoh extract from aerial parts of baccharis uncinella indicated that the isolated compounds caffeic acid and pectolinaringenin showed inhibitory activity against leishmania (l.) amazonensis and leishmania (v.) braziliensis promastigotes, respectively. more ...201020886232
leishmania-specific surface antigens show sub-genus sequence variation and immune recognition.a family of hydrophilic acylated surface (hasp) proteins, containing extensive and variant amino acid repeats, is expressed at the plasma membrane in infective extracellular (metacyclic) and intracellular (amastigote) stages of old world leishmania species. while hasps are antigenic in the host and can induce protective immune responses, the biological functions of these leishmania-specific proteins remain unresolved. previous genome analysis has suggested that parasites of the sub-genus leishma ...201020927190
antigenic extracts of leishmania braziliensis and leishmania amazonensis associated with saponin partially protects balb/c mice against leishmania chagasi infection by suppressing il-10 and il-4 production.this study evaluated two vaccine candidates for their effectiveness in protecting balb/c mice against leishmania chagasi infection. these immunogenic preparations were composed of leishmania amazonensis or leishmania braziliensis antigenic extracts in association with saponin adjuvant. mice were given three subcutaneous doses of one of these vaccine candidates weekly for three weeks and four weeks later challenged with promastigotes of l. chagasi by intravenous injection. we observed that both v ...201020944999
[mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in morocco, evidence of the parasite's ecological evolution?]. 201020947275
natural infections of man-biting sand flies by leishmania and trypanosoma species in the northern peruvian andes.abstract the natural infection of sand flies by leishmania species was studied in the andean areas of peru where cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (viannia) peruviana is endemic. sand flies were captured by human bait and center for disease control (cdc) light trap catches at nambuque and padregual, department of la libertad, peru, and morphologically identified. among 377 female sand flies dissected, the two dominant man-biting species were lutzomyia (helcocyrtomyia) peruensis (211 f ...201020954867
retention and loss of rna interference pathways in trypanosomatid protozoans.rna interference (rnai) pathways are widespread in metaozoans but the genes required show variable occurrence or activity in eukaryotic microbes, including many pathogens. while some leishmania lack rnai activity and argonaute or dicer genes, we show that leishmania braziliensis and other species within the leishmania subgenus viannia elaborate active rnai machinery. strong attenuation of expression from a variety of reporter and endogenous genes was seen. as expected, rnai knockdowns of the sol ...201021060810
characterization of leishmania spp. causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in manaus, amazonas, brazil.in the state of amazonas, american tegumentary leishmaniasis is endemic and presents a wide spectrum of clinical variability due to the large diversity of circulating species in the region. isolates from patients in manaus and its metropolitan region were characterized using monoclonal antibodies and isoenzymes belonging to four species of the parasite: leishmania (viannia) guyanensis, 73% (153/209); leishmania (viannia) braziliensis, 14% (30/209); leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis, 8% (17/209 ...201021072540
the expression of tlr9 in human cutaneous leishmaniasis is associated with granuloma.the toll-like receptor (tlr) signalling pathway is the first system that defends against leishmania. after recognising leishmania as nonself, tlrs trigger nf-κb expression.nf-κb proceeds to the nucleus and promotes the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines. tlr9 is thus an important factor in the induction of an effective immune response against leishmania. we examined the pattern of tlr9 expression in 12 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania braziliensis detected by p ...201021086718
therapeutic failure in american cutaneous leishmaniasis is associated with gelatinase activity and cytokine expression.cutaneous lesions caused by leishmania braziliensis infection occasionally heal spontaneously, but with antimonials therapy heal rapidly in approximately 3 weeks. however, about 15% of the cases require several courses of therapy. matrix metalloproteinase-2 (mmp-2) and mmp-9 are gelatinases that have been implicated in other chronic cutaneous diseases and skin re-epithelialization. these enzymes are controlled by their natural inhibitors [tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (timps)] and by so ...201021091666
exacerbation of leishmania (viannia) shawi infection in balb/c mice after immunization with soluble antigen from amastigote forms.the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of immunization with soluble amastigote (amaag) and promastigote (proag) antigens from leishmania (viannia) shawi on the course of infection in balb/c mice. after immunization with amaag, the challenged group showed greater lesion size and parasite load in the skin and lymph nodes, associated with diminished interleukin (il)-2, il-4, il-10, interferon (ifn)-γ and nitrate levels in the supernatant of lymph node cell cultures, together with increases ...201021091779
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