Publications

the wide distribution of endornaviruses, large double-stranded rna replicons with plasmid-like properties.	the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv) recently accepted endornavirus as a new genus of plant dsrna virus. we have determined the partial nucleotide sequences of the rna-dependent rna polymerase regions from the large dsrnas (about 14 kbp) isolated from barley (hordeum vulgare), kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris), melon (cucumis melo), bottle gourd (lagenaria siceraria), malabar spinach (basella alba), seagrass (zostera marina), and the fungus helicobasidium mompa. phylogenetic ...	2006	16341944
influence of plant growth on degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in sludge-amended soil.	widespread application of sewage sludge to agricultural soils in denmark has led to concern about the possible accumulation and effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (las) in the soil ecosystem. therefore, we have studied the uptake and degradation of las in greenhouse pot experiments. sewage sludge was incorporated into a sandy soil to give a range from very low to very high applications (0.4 to 90 mg dry wt. ha(-1)). in addition, las was added as water solutions. the soil was transferred to ...	2006	11476504
comparative analysis of plant finds from early roman graves in ilok (cuccium) and sćitarjevo (andautonia), croatia--a contribution to understanding burial rites in southern pannonia.	a comparative archaeobotanical analysis of the plant remains from the early roman incineration graves in ilok and sćitarjevo shows the existence of a complex burial ritual, but at the same time enables a better understanding of the agriculture and trade of the 1st/early 2nd century ad in southern pannonia. most of the cereals found (hordeum vulgare, panicum miliaceum, triticum monococcum, t. dicoccon, t. aestivum i t. cf. spelta), the legumes (lens culinaris, vicia ervilia) and the fruit contrib ...	2006	16848163
trends in comparative genetics and their potential impacts on wheat and barley research.	we review some general points about comparative mapping, the evolution of gene families and recent advances in the understanding of angiosperm phylogeny. these are considered in relation to studies of large-genome cereals, particularly barley (hordeum vulgare) and wheat (triticum aestivum), with reference to methods of gene isolation. the relative merits of direct map-based cloning in barley and wheat, utilization of the smaller genome of rice (oryza sativa) and gene homology methods that utiliz ...	2006	11999846
identification of a vacuolar sucrose transporter in barley and arabidopsis mesophyll cells by a tonoplast proteomic approach.	the vacuole is the main cellular storage pool, where sucrose (suc) accumulates to high concentrations. while a limited number of vacuolar membrane proteins, such as v-type h(+)-atpases and h(+)-pyrophosphatases, are well characterized, the majority of vacuolar transporters are still unidentified, among them the transporter(s) responsible for vacuolar suc uptake and release. in search of novel tonoplast transporters, we used a proteomic approach, analyzing the tonoplast fraction of highly purifie ...	2006	16581873
molecular cloning and characterization of beta-expansin gene related to root hair formation in barley.	root hairs are specialized epidermal cells that play a role in the uptake of water and nutrients from the rhizosphere and serve as a site of interaction with soil microorganisms. the process of root hair formation is well characterized in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana); however, there is a very little information about the genetic and molecular basis of root hair development in monocots. here, we report on isolation and cloning of the beta-expansin (expb) gene hvexpb1, tightly related to roo ...	2006	16679418
ramosa2 encodes a lateral organ boundary domain protein that determines the fate of stem cells in branch meristems of maize.	genetic control of grass inflorescence architecture is critical given that cereal seeds provide most of the world's food. seeds are borne on axillary branches, which arise from groups of stem cells in axils of leaves and whose branching patterns dictate most of the variation in plant form. normal maize (zea mays) ears are unbranched, and tassels have long branches only at their base. the ramosa2 (ra2) mutant of maize has increased branching with short branches replaced by long, indeterminate one ...	2006	16399802
rmo1 confers blast resistance in barley and is located within the complex of resistance genes containing mla, a powdery mildew resistance gene.	isolates of magnaporthe oryzae (the causal agent of rice blast disease) can infect a range of grass species, including barley. we report that barley hordeum vulgare cv. baronesse and an experimental line, bcd47, show a range of resistance reactions to infection with two rice blast isolates. the complete resistance of baronesse to the isolate ken 54-20 is controlled by a single dominant gene, designated rmo1. rmo1 mapped to the same linkage map position on chromosome 1h as the powdery mildew resi ...	2006	16941907
influence of instar and commodity on insecticidal effect of two diatomaceous earth formulations against larvae of ephestia kuehniella (lepidoptera: pyralidae).	laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate the insecticidal effect of two diatomaceous earth (de) formulations, silicosec and pyrisec, against larvae of ephestia kuehniella zeller (lepidoptera: pyralidae). three instars were tested: first, third and fifth. the test was conducted in six commodities: barley hordeum vulgare (l.) (gramminae), rye secale cereale l. (gramminae), wheat triticum sp. (gramminae), wheat + 10% cracked wheat, wheat + 30% cracked wheat, and wheat flour. quantities o ...	2006	17066829
biotypic variation among north american russian wheat aphid (homoptera: aphididae) populations.	the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (mordvilko) (homoptera: aphididae), has been a major economic pest of small grains in the western united states since its introduction in 1986. recently, a new russian wheat aphid biotype was discovered in southeastern colorado that damaged previously resistant wheat, triticum aestivum l. biotype development jeopardizes the durability of plant resistance, which has been a cornerstone for russian wheat aphid management. our objective was to assess the rela ...	2006	17066823
estimating the contribution of mutation, recombination and gene conversion in the generation of haplotypic diversity.	recombination occurs through both homologous crossing over and homologous gene conversion during meiosis. the contribution of recombination relative to mutation is expected to be dramatically reduced in inbreeding organisms. we report coalescent-based estimates of the recombination parameter (rho) relative to estimates of the mutation parameter (theta) for 18 genes from the highly self-fertilizing grass, wild barley, hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum. estimates of rho/theta are much greater than e ...	2006	16624913
alterations of nadph:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase quantity and lipid composition in etiolated barley seedlings infected by barley stripe mosaic virus (bsmv).	summary to understand the phenomenon by which infection of seed-transmitted barley stripe mosaic virus (bsmv) alters membrane structures and inhibits protochlorophyllide biosynthesis of dark-grown barley (hordeum vulgare l.) plants, we analysed the presence of nadph:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (por, ec 1.3.1.33) and the galactolipid content and fatty acid composition. the amount of por in etioplasts of infected leaves, compared with non-infected leaves, was reduced, as measured by immunoe ...	2006	20507467
genetic transformation of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) via infection of androgenetic pollen cultures with agrobacterium tumefaciens.	a novel genetic transformation method for barley (hordeum vulgare l.), based on infection of androgenetic pollen cultures with agrobacterium tumefaciens, is presented. winter-type barley cv. 'igri' was amenable to stable integration of transgenes mediated by a. tumefaciens strain lba4404 harbouring a vector system that confers hypervirulence, or by the non-hypervirulent strain gv3101 with a standard binary vector. the efficacy of gene transfer was substantially influenced by pollen pre-culture t ...	2006	17177801
protein polyubiquitination plays a role in basal host resistance of barley.	to study protein ubiquitination pathways in the interaction of barley (hordeum vulgare) with the powdery mildew fungus (blumeria graminis), we measured protein turnover and performed transient-induced gene silencing (tigs) of ubiquitin and 26s proteasome subunit encoding genes in epidermal cells. attack by b. graminis hyperdestabilized a novel unstable green fluorescent protein fusion that contains a destabilization domain of a putative barley 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, suggesti ...	2006	17114351
recessiveness and dominance in barley mutants deficient in mg-chelatase subunit d, an aaa protein involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis.	mg-chelatase catalyzes the insertion of mg2+ into protoporphyrin ix at the first committed step of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. it consists of three subunits: i, d, and h. the i subunit belongs to the aaa protein superfamily (atpases associated with various cellular activities) that is known to form hexameric ring structures in an atp-dependant fashion. dominant mutations in the i subunit revealed that it functions in a cooperative manner. we demonstrated that the d subunit forms atp-in ...	2006	17158606
structural and functional diversity within the cystatin gene family of hordeum vulgare.	phytocystatins are inhibitors of cysteine proteinases from plants putatively involved in defence and as endogenous regulators of protein turnover. seven genes encoding cystatins (hvcpi-1 to hvcpi-7), identified from est collections and from an endosperm cdna library, have been characterized. the intron-exon structure of their corresponding orfs has been determined and the predicted three-dimensional models for the seven barley cystatins have been established, based on the known crystal structure ...	2006	17099080
stage-specific suppression of basal defense discriminates barley plants containing fast- and delayed-acting mla powdery mildew resistance alleles.	nonspecific recognition of pathogen-derived general elicitors triggers the first line of plant basal defense, which in turn, preconditions the host towards resistance or susceptibility. to elucidate how basal defense responses influence the onset of mla (mildew resistance locus a)-specified resistance, we performed a meta-analysis of genechip mrna expression for 155 basal defense-related genes of barley (hordeum vulgare) challenged with blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, the causal agent of powder ...	2006	16941898
nonhost resistance of barley is successfully manifested against magnaporthe grisea and a closely related pennisetum-infecting lineage but is overcome by magnaporthe oryzae.	magnaporthe oryzae is a major pathogen of rice (oryza sativa l.) but is also able to infect other grasses, including barley (hordeum vulgare l.). here, we report a study using magnaporthe isolates collected from other host plant species to evaluate their capacity to infect barley. a nonhost type of resistance was detected in barley against isolates derived from genera pennisetum (fontaingrass) or digitaria (crabgrass), but no resistance occurred in response to isolates from rice, genus eleusine ...	2006	16941905
an attempt to identify recombinants between two sobemoviruses in doubly infected oat plants.	recombination in rna viruses is considered to play a major role as a driving force in virus variability to counterbalance loss in fitness that can be due to the accumulation of detrimental mutations. studies on mixed infections are pertinent for understanding the role of recombination in virus evolution. they also provide important baseline information for studying the biosafety of plants expressing viral sequences. to investigate the possibility of rna recombination occurrence between two sobem ...	2006	16978574
barley (hordeum vulgare l.).	crop improvement is limited by the availability of valuable traits in sexually compatible species. access to new characters using genetic engineering would be of great value. barley has been transformed using microprojectile bombardment and by direct gene transfer to protoplasts, but neither method has been able to produce fertile transformants in large numbers with simple transgene integration characteristics. agrobacterium-mediated transformation was first achieved in 1997, and it has become t ...	2006	16988343
[the potential of 1,1'-hexamethylenebis [3-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)] urea to modify genotoxic actions of chemical mutagens in various test-systems].	the main tasks of this investigation were to investigate the potential genotoxic effect of 1,1'-hexamethylenebis [3-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)] urea and to analyze its capacity to induce adaptive response (ar) against chemical mutagens in various test-systems. microbiological, cytogenetical and biochemical end-points were used. the sensitivity of test systems can be arranged as followed: human lymphocyte cultures > chlamydomonas reinhardtii > hordeum vulgare. it was obtained that hmpu can induce o ...	2006	17020088
genetic diversity analysis of tibetan wild barley using ssr markers.	one hundred and six accessions of wild barley collected from tibet, china, including 50 entries of the two-rowed wild barley hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum (hs), 29 entries of the six-rowed wild barley hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon (ha), and 27 entries of the six-rowed wild barley hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon var. lagunculiforme (hl), were analyzed using 30 ssr markers selected from the seven barley linkage groups for studying genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship of the thre ...	2006	17046592
cloning and characterization of four b-hordein genes from tibetan hull-less barley (hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare).	four b-hordein genes, designated bh1-bh4, were cloned using pcr amplification from two hull-less barley cultivars, zq7239 and zq148, collected from tibet. the results of sequencing indicated that bh1-bh4 contained complete open reading frames (orfs). comparison of their predicted polypeptide sequences with the published sequences suggested that they all share the same basic protein structure. phylogenetic analysis indicated that the deduced amino-acid sequences of bh1-bh4 genes were more closely ...	2006	17046594
multivesicular compartments proliferate in susceptible and resistant mla12-barley leaves in response to infection by the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus.	there is growing evidence that multivesicular bodies and cell wall-associated paramural bodies participate in the enhanced vesicle trafficking induced by pathogen attack. here, we performed transmission electron microscopy in combination with cytochemical localization of h2o2 to investigate multivesicular compartments during establishment of compatible interaction in susceptible barley (hordeum vulgare) and during hypersensitive response in resistant mla12-barley infected by the barley powdery m ...	2006	17083686
isolation, transmission and purification of the high plains virus.	the wheat curl mite (aceria tosichella keifer) often simultaneously transmits the high plains virus and wheat streak mosaic virus under field conditions, resulting in doubly infected plants. in this study, a pure culture of the high plains virus (isolate hpv95id), which was infected with both high plains virus and wheat streak mosaic virus, was mechanically transmitted from barley (hordeum vulgáre l.) to maize (zea mays l.) by vascular puncture inoculation. different water temperatures and durat ...	2006	16672165
multivesicular bodies participate in a cell wall-associated defence response in barley leaves attacked by the pathogenic powdery mildew fungus.	localized cell wall modification and accumulation of antimicrobial compounds beneath sites of fungal attack are common mechanisms for plant resistance to fungal penetration. in barley (hordeum vulgare) leaves, light-microscopically visible vesicle-like bodies (vlbs) containing h(2)o(2) or phenolics frequently accumulate around cell wall appositions (syn. papillae), in which the penetration attempt of the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh) is halted. by ultrast ...	2006	16681841
cyclitols protect glutamine synthetase and malate dehydrogenase against heat induced deactivation and thermal denaturation.	the accumulation of cyclitols in plants is a widespread response that provides protection against various environmental stresses. the capacity of myo-inositol, pinitol, quercitol, and other compatible solutes (i.e., sorbitol, proline, and glycinebetaine) to protect proteins against thermally induced denaturation and deactivation was examined. enzymatic activity measurements of l-glutamine synthetase from escherichia coli and hordeum vulgare showed that the presence of cyclitols during heat treat ...	2006	16701563
major antifungal activity from the bulbs of indian squill urginea indica is a chitinase.	we have identified a chitinase with antifungal activity in the bulbs of the plant urginea indica(indian squill) and purified it about 26-fold. the purified preparation contained a mr 29 kda protein that was an active growth inhibitor of the fungal pathogens fusarium oxysporum and rhizoctonia solani in an in vitro assay. amino acid sequence analysis of the mr 29 kda protein revealed it to be highly homologous to the family 19 glycoside hydrolases, which are known to possess chitinase activity. th ...	2006	16739943
effect of barley endoprotease ep-b2 on gluten digestion in the intact rat.	celiac sprue is a multifactorial disease characterized by an intestinal inflammatory response to ingested gluten. proteolytically resistant gluten peptides from wheat, rye, and barley persist in the intestinal lumen and elicit an immune response in genetically susceptible individuals. here, we demonstrate the in vivo ability of a gluten-digesting protease ("glutenase") to accelerate the breakdown of a gluten-rich solid meal. the proenzyme form of endoprotease b, isoform 2 from hordeum vulgare (e ...	2006	16757540
cpd staining: an effective technique for detection of nors and other gc-rich chromosomal regions in plants.	mitotic chromosome spreads of 16 plant species belonging to six families were analyzed using an improved combined pi and dapi (cpd) staining procedure. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with 45s rdna probe was conducted sequentially on the same spreads to evaluate the efficiency and sensitivity of the technique. fluorochrome staining with chromomycin a3 (cma)-dapi also was conducted to clarify the properties of the sequences involved in the cpd banded regions. our results revealed that a ...	2006	16760123
molecular mapping of a recessive gene for resistance to stripe rust in barley.	barley stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei, is one of the most important barley (hordeum vulgare) diseases in the united states. the disease is best controlled using resistant cultivars. barley genotype grannenlose zweizeilige (gz) has a recessive gene (rpsgz) that is effective against all races of p. striiformis f. sp. hordei identified so far in the usa. to develop a molecular map for mapping the gene, f(8 )recombinant inbred lines (rils) were developed from the steptoe x ...	2006	16763858
root exudation from hordeum vulgare in response to localized nitrate supply.	root proliferation as a response to exploit zones of nutrient enrichment in soil has been demonstrated for a wide range of plant species. however, the effectiveness of this as a strategy to acquire nutrients is also dependent on interactions with the soil microbial community. specifically, c-flow from roots modifies microbial activity and probably the balance between nutrient mineralization and immobilization processes in the rhizosphere. in this study, near-natural abundance 13c-labelling and g ...	2006	16766600
jekyll encodes a novel protein involved in the sexual reproduction of barley.	cereal seed development depends on the intimate interaction of filial and maternal tissues, ensuring nourishment of the new generation. the gene jekyll, which was identified in barley (hordeum vulgare), is preferentially expressed in the nurse tissues. jekyll shares partial similarity with the scorpion cn4 toxin and is toxic when ectopically expressed in escherichia coli and tobacco (nicotiana tabacum). in barley, jekyll is upregulated in cells destined for autolysis. the gene generates a gradie ...	2006	16766690
hydrolysis of (1,4)-beta-d-mannans in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) is mediated by the concerted action of (1,4)-beta-d-mannan endohydrolase and beta-d-mannosidase.	a family gh5 (family 5 glycoside hydrolase) (1,4)-beta-d-mannan endohydrolase or beta-d-mannanase (ec 3.2.1.78), designated hvman1, has been purified 300-fold from extracts of 10-day-old barley (hordeum vulgare l.) seedlings using ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation, followed by ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction and size-exclusion chromatography. the purified hvman1 is a relatively unstable enzyme with an apparent molecular mass of 43 kda, a pi of 7.8 and a ph optimum of 4.75. the hvma ...	2006	16771710
phosphorus and nitrogen in rainfall simulation runoff after fresh and composted beef cattle manure application.	fresh beef cattle (bos taurus) manure has traditionally been applied to cropland in southern alberta, but there has been an increase in application of composted manure to cropland in this region. however, the quality of runoff under fresh manure (fm) versus composted manure (cm) has not been investigated. our objective was to compare runoff quality under increasing rates (0, 13, 42, 83 mg ha(-1) dry wt.) of fm and cm applied for two consecutive years to a clay loam soil cropped to irrigated barl ...	2006	16825447
zea mays assays of chemical/radiation genotoxicity for the study of environmental mutagens.	from a literature survey, 86 chemicals are tabulated that have been evaluated in 121 assays for their clastogenic effects in zea mays. eighty-one of the 86 chemicals are reported as giving a positive reaction (i.e. causing chromosome aberrations). of these, 36 are reported positive with a dose response. in addition, 32 assays have been recorded for 7 types of radiation, all of which reacted positively. the results of 126 assays with 63 chemicals and 12 types of radiation tested for the induction ...	2006	16828334
transformation of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) by agrobacterium tumefaciens infection of in vitro cultured ovules.	we report on a novel transformation procedure for barley by agrobacterium infection of in vitro cultured ovules. ovules of the cultivar golden promise were isolated a few hours after pollination and infected with the agrobacterium tumefaciens strain agl0 carrying the binary vector pvec8-gfp. the vector harboured a hygromycin resistance gene and the green fluorescence protein (gfp) gene. gfp-expressing embryos were isolated from the ovules, regenerated to plants and investigated by southern blot ...	2006	16832622
multiple phosphorylation sites in the beta subunit of thylakoid atp synthase.	proteomic analyses of the beta subunit of the plastid atp synthase of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) revealed that mature protein was not carboxy terminus processed and suggested the correction of the 274 codon (gat to aat) in the data bank that was confirmed by dna sequencing. six isoforms of the atp synthase beta subunit with pi ranging from 4.95 to 5.14 were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de). mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the six isoforms differ in their phosphorylat ...	2006	16832703
the multigene family encoding germin-like proteins of barley. regulation and function in basal host resistance.	germin-like proteins (glps) have been shown to be encoded by multigene families in several plant species and a role of some subfamily members in defense against pathogen attack has been proposed based on gene regulation studies and transgenic approaches. we studied the function of six glp subfamilies of barley (hordeum vulgare) by selecting single mrnas for gene expression studies as well as overexpression and gene-silencing experiments in barley and arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). expressio ...	2006	16844832
genetic relatedness and population differentiation of himalayan hulless barley (hordeum vulgare l.) landraces inferred with ssrs.	a set of 107 hulless barley (hordeum vulgare l. subsp. vulgare) landraces originally collected from the highlands of nepal along the annapurna and manaslu himalaya range were studied for genetic relatedness and population differentiation using simple sequence repeats (ssrs). the 44 genome covering barley ssrs applied in this study revealed a high level of genetic diversity among the landraces (diversity index, di = 0.536) tested. the genetic similarity (gs) based upgma clustering and bayesian mo ...	2006	16845521
barley stripe mosaic virus-encoded proteins triple-gene block 2 and gammab localize to chloroplasts in virus-infected monocot and dicot plants, revealing hitherto-unknown roles in virus replication.	replication of barley stripe mosaic virus (bsmv), genus hordeivirus, is thought to be associated with vesicles in proplastids and chloroplasts, but the molecular details of the process and identity of virus proteins involved in establishing the virus replication complexes are unknown. in addition, bsmv encodes a triple-gene block of movement proteins (tgbs) that putatively share functional roles with their counterparts in other hordei-, pomo- and pecluviruses, but detailed information on the int ...	2006	16847137
mapped ds/t-dna launch pads for functional genomics in barley.	a system for targeted gene tagging and local saturation mutagenesis based on maize transposable elements (ac/ds) was developed in barley (hordeum vulgare l.). we generated large numbers of transgenic barley lines carrying a single copy of the non-autonomous maize ds element at defined positions in the genome. independent ds lines were either generated by activating ds elements in existing single-copy lines after crossing with actpase-expressing plants or by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. ...	2006	16889649
rhsp90 gene expression in response to several environmental stresses in rice (oryza sativa l.).	in this study, the gene for a rice (oryza sativa l.) 90 kda heat shock protein (rhsp90, genbank accession no. ab037681) was identified by screening rice root cdnas that were up-regulated under carbonate (nahco(3)) stress using the method of differential display, and cloned. the open-reading-frame of rhsp90-cdna was predicted to encode a protein containing 810 amino acids, which showed high similarity to proteins in hordeum vulgare (accession no. x67960) and catharathus roseus (accession no. l145 ...	2006	16889974
the barley serine/threonine kinase gene rpg1 providing resistance to stem rust belongs to a gene family with five other members encoding kinase domains.	the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) stem rust (puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) resistance gene rpg1 encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase with two tandem kinase domains. the rpg1 gene family was identified from the cv. morex and consists of five additional members with divergent homology to rpg1. all family members encode serine/threonine kinase-like proteins with at least one predicted catalytically active kinase domain. the five family members were sequenced from cdna and genomic dna and gen ...	2006	16896706
multiple avirulence paralogues in cereal powdery mildew fungi may contribute to parasite fitness and defeat of plant resistance.	powdery mildews, obligate biotrophic fungal parasites on a wide range of important crops, can be controlled by plant resistance (r) genes, but these are rapidly overcome by parasite mutants evading recognition. it is unknown how this rapid evolution occurs without apparent loss of parasite fitness. r proteins recognize avirulence (avr) molecules from parasites in a gene-for-gene manner and trigger defense responses. we identify avr(a10) and avr(k1) of barley powdery mildew fungus, blumeria grami ...	2006	16905653
n-methyltransferase involved in gramine biosynthesis in barley: cloning and characterization.	the indole alkaloid gramine occurs in leaves of certain barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cultivars but not in others. a gene sequence in barley that earlier was characterized as a jasmonate-induced o-methyltransferase (mt) (ec 2.1.1.6, genbank accession u54767) was here found to be absent in some barley cultivars and breeding lines that all lacked gramine. the cdna was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli and the recombinant protein purified. the purified recombinant protein methylated two substr ...	2006	16930646
a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase gene isolated from hordeum vulgare is differentially regulated by drought stress.	differential display was used to isolate cdna clones showing differential expression in response to aba, drought and cold in barley seedling shoots. one drought-regulated cdna clone (dd12) was further analyzed and found to encode a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (hvbcat-1). a genomic clone was isolated by probing the morex bac library with the cdna clone dd12 and the structure of hvbcat-1 was elucidated. the coding region is interrupted by six introns and contains a predicted mitocho ...	2006	16932885
identification of prevalent potyvirus on maize and johnsongrass in corn fields of tehran province of iran and a study on some of its properties.	during a growing season in 2004, 231 leaf samples of virus infected and mosaic and dwarf mosaic symptoms showing maize (zea mays l.) plants and 258 leaf samples of mosaic showing johnsongrass (sorghum halepens l.) plants from various corn fields in tehran province were collected. serological tests of das-elisa and diba were performed on samples using antisera of sugarcane mosaic virus (scmv), maize dwarf mosaic virus (mdmv), sorghum mosaic virus (srmv) and johnsongrasss mosaic virus (jgmv). in b ...	2006	17390895
mapping of major spot-type and net-type net-blotch resistance genes in the ethiopian barley line ci 9819.	net blotch of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), caused by the fungal phytopathogen pyrenophora teres drechs. f. teres smedeg., constitutes one of the most serious constraints to barley production worldwide. two forms of the disease, the net form, caused by p. teres f. teres, and the spot form, caused by p. teres f. maculata, are differentiated by the type of symptoms on leaves. several barley lines with major gene resistance to net blotch have been identified. earlier, one of these was mapped in the ...	2006	17426771
rice plastidial n-glycosylated nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase is transported from the er-golgi to the chloroplast through the secretory pathway.	a nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (npp) activity that catalyzes the hydrolytic breakdown of adp-glucose (adpg) has been shown to occur in the plastidial compartment of both mono- and dicotyledonous plants. to learn more about this enzyme, we purified two npps from rice (oryza sativa) and barley (hordeum vulgare) seedlings. both enzymes are glycosylated, since they bind to concanavalin a, stain with periodic acid-schiff reagent, and are digested by endo-h. a complete rice npp cdna, d ...	2006	17028208
fructan chemical structure and sensitivity to an exohydrolase.	a fructan exohydrolase selective for (2----1)-linked terminal fructosyl linkages, isolated from barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv. morex) stems and leaf sheaths, was used to elucidate the chemical structures of several oligomeric fructans extracted from liliaceous and graminaceous species. products released by enzymic and mild acid hydrolysis were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of partially methylated alditol acetates p ...	2006	1797396
environmental impact from mountainous olive orchards under different soil-management systems (se spain).	soil erosion, runoff and nutrient-loss patterns over a two-year period (1999-2000) were monitored in erosion plots on a mountainside with olive (olea europaea cv. picual) trees under three different types of soil management: (1) non-tillage with barley (hordeum vulgare) strips of 4 m width (bs); (2) conventional tillage (ct); (3) non-tillage without plant strips (nt). the erosion plots, located in lanjaron (alpujarras) on the southern flank of the sierra nevada mountains in south-eastern spain, ...	2006	15990157
extreme population-dependent linkage disequilibrium detected in an inbreeding plant species, hordeum vulgare.	in human genetics a detailed knowledge of linkage disequilibrium (ld) is considered a prerequisite for effective population-based, high-resolution gene mapping and cloning. similar opportunities exist for plants; however, differences in breeding system and population history need to be considered. here we report a detailed study of localized ld in different populations of an inbreeding crop species. we measured ld between and within four gene loci within the region surrounding the hardness locus ...	2006	16219791
gene expression patterns and catalytic properties of udp-d-glucose 4-epimerases from barley (hordeum vulgare l.).	uge (udp-glc 4-epimerase or udp-gal 4-epimerase; ec 5.1.3.2) catalyses the interconversion of udp-gal and udp-glc. both nucleotide sugars act as activated sugar donors for the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides such as cellulose, xyloglucans, (1,3;1,4)-beta-d-glucan and pectins, together with other biologically significant compounds including glycoproteins and glycolipids. three members of the hvuge (barley uge) gene family, designated hvuge1, hvuge2 and hvuge3, have been characterized. q ...	2006	16266295
reconstitution of cyanogenesis in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and its implications for resistance against the barley powdery mildew fungus.	barley (hordeum vulgare l.) produces a leucine-derived cyanogenic beta-d-glucoside, epiheterodendrin that accumulates specifically in leaf epidermis. barley leaves are not cyanogenic, i.e. they do not possess the ability to release hydrogen cyanide, because they lack a cyanide releasing beta-d-glucosidase. cyanogenesis was reconstituted in barley leaf epidermal cells through single cell expression of a cdna encoding dhurrinase-2, a cyanogenic beta-d-glucosidase from sorghum. this resulted in a 3 ...	2006	16307283
map-based analysis of genes affecting the brittle rachis character in tetraploid wheat (triticum turgidum l.).	the mature spike rachis of wild emmer [triticum turgidum l. ssp. dicoccoides (körn. ex asch. and graebner) thell.] disarticulates spontaneously between each spikelet leading to the dispersion of wedge-type diaspores. by contrast, the spike rachis of domesticated emmer (triticum turgidum l. ssp. turgidum) fails to disarticulate and remains intact until it is harvested. this major distinguishing feature between wild and domesticated emmer is controlled by two major genes, brittle rachis 2 (br-a2) ...	2006	16328232
bedding and within-pen location effects on feedlot pen runoff quality using a rainfall simulator.	soluble salts, nutrients, and pathogenic bacteria in feedlot-pen runoff have the potential to cause pollution of the environment. a 2-yr study (1998-1999) was conducted at a beef cattle (bos taurus) feedlot in southern alberta, canada, to determine the effect of bedding material [barley (hordeum vulgare l.) straw versus wood chips] and within-pen location on the chemical and bacterial properties of pen-floor runoff. runoff was generated with a portable rainfall simulator and analyzed for chemica ...	2006	16455851
a proteomic analysis of 14-3-3 binding proteins from developing barley grains.	14-3-3 proteins are important eukaryotic regulatory proteins. barley (hordeum vulgare l.) 14-3-3a was over-expressed, immobilised and used to affinity purify 14-3-3 binding proteins from developing barley grains. binding was shown to be phosphorylation-dependent. these proteins were fractionated by page and identified by maldi-tof ms. in total, 54 14-3-3 binding proteins were identified, 49 of these interactions are novel to plants. these proteins fell into a number of functional categories. the ...	2006	16470656
arabidopsis pen3/pdr8, an atp binding cassette transporter, contributes to nonhost resistance to inappropriate pathogens that enter by direct penetration.	arabidopsis thaliana is a host to the powdery mildew erysiphe cichoracearum and nonhost to blumeria graminis f. sp hordei, the powdery mildew pathogenic on barley (hordeum vulgare). screening for arabidopsis mutants deficient in resistance to barley powdery mildew identified penetration3 (pen3). pen3 plants permitted both increased invasion into epidermal cells and initiation of hyphae by b. g. hordei, suggesting that pen3 contributes to defenses at the cell wall and intracellularly. pen3 mutant ...	2006	16473969
colonization of barley (hordeum vulgare) with salmonella enterica and listeria spp.	colonization of barley plants by the food-borne pathogens salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and three listeria spp. (l. monocytogenes, l. ivanovii, l. innocua) was investigated in a monoxenic system. herbaspirillum sp. n3 was used as a positive control and escherichia coli hb101 as a negative control for endophytic root colonization. colonization of the plants was tested 1-4 weeks after inoculation by determination of cfu, specific pcr assays and fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) w ...	2006	16629755
use of bacterial quorum-sensing components to regulate gene expression in plants.	we describe an efficient inducible system to regulate gene expression in plants based on quorum-sensing components found in gram-negative bacteria such as agrobacterium tumefaciens. these bacteria monitor their own population density by utilizing members of the n-acyl homoserine lactone family as inducers and a transcriptional activator as its receptor. in our study, we utilize the components from a. tumefaciens (i.e. 3-oxooctanyl-l-homoserine lactone [oohl]) synthesized by the trai protein and ...	2006	16607032
transcriptome analysis of the barley-fusarium graminearum interaction.	fusarium head blight (fhb) of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) is caused by fusarium graminearum. fhb causes yield losses and reduction in grain quality primarily due to the accumulation of trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). to develop an understanding of the barley-f. graminearum interaction, we examined the relationship among the infection process, don concentration, and host transcript accumulation for 22,439 genes in spikes from the susceptible cv. morex from 0 to 144 h after ...	2006	16610744
effect of plant a-amylase inhibitors on sunn pest, eurygaster integriceps puton (hemiptera: scutelleridae), alpha-amylase activity.	plant-insect interaction is a dynamic system, subjected to continual variation and change. in order to reduce insect attack, plants developed different defence mechanisms including chemical and physical barriers such as the induction of defensive proteins, volatiles that attract predators of the insect herbivores and secondary metabolites. proteinaceous inhibitors of alpha-amylase and proteases are widely distributed in cereals, legumes and some other plants. because of the possible importance o ...	2005	16628930
[experimental and mathematical modeling of population dynamics of rhizospheric bacteria under conditions of cadmium stress].	the method of membrane filters was used to study the population dynamics of bacteria belonging to the genera arthrobacter, flavobacterium, and klebsiella in barley (hordeum vulgare) rhizosphere under conditions of cadmium stress (5-15 mg cd/g soil). mathematical modeling allowed us to demonstrate that the phytoprotective effect is implemented via the following succession of events: the bacteria synthesize phytohormones (iaa and ethylene)-->root excretory activity increases-->the number of the ba ...	2005	16400997
luteibacter rhizovicinus gen. nov., sp. nov., a yellow-pigmented gammaproteobacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of barley (hordeum vulgare l.).	three strains of gram-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented, chemo-organotrophic bacteria, motile by a polar flagellum, were isolated from the rhizosphere of spring barley (hordeum vulgare l.) at a research field near copenhagen, denmark. the three strains, lj79, lj96t and lj99, formed visible colonies on one-tenth-strength tryptic soy broth supplemented with agar (1/10 tsba) after incubation for 6 days at 15 degrees c. the strains hydrolysed starch, casein (skimmed milk), gelatin and various pent ...	2005	16280484
cloning, characterization and expression of wheat edr1 (enhanced disease resistance) gene.	to investigate if there is an edr1 pathway in wheat (triticum aestivum l.), a pair of degenerate primers was designed according to the cdnas of arabidopsis thaliana edr1 gene and its homologs were used to isolate edr1 gene homologs from wheat. rt-pcr was conducted on the cdna template synthesized with rna of wheat leaves. a 627-bp cdna fragment representing an edr1 gene (named as taedr1) was isolated (genbank accession number: ay743662). subsequently, the 3050-bp full-length cdna sequence of tae ...	2005	16222089
hkt1 mediates sodium uniport in roots. pitfalls in the expression of hkt1 in yeast.	the function of hkt1 in roots is controversial. we tackled this controversy by studying na+ uptake in barley (hordeum vulgare) roots, cloning the hvhkt1 gene, and expressing the hvhkt1 cdna in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells. high-affinity na+ uptake was not detected in plants growing at high k+ but appeared soon after exposing the plants to a k(+)-free medium. it was a uniport, insensitive to external k+ at the beginning of k+ starvation and inhibitable by k+ several hours later. the exp ...	2005	16258014
the receptor-like mlo protein and the rac/rop family g-protein racb modulate actin reorganization in barley attacked by the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei.	cytoskeleton remodelling is a crucial process in determining the polarity of dividing and growing plant cells, as well as during interactions with the environment. nothing is currently known about the proteins, which regulate actin remodelling during interactions with invading pathogens. the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh) invades susceptible barley (hordeum vulgare l.) by penetrating epidermal cells, which remain intact during fungal development. in contras ...	2005	15634205
analysis of qtls for yield, yield components, and malting quality in a bc3-dh population of spring barley.	advanced backcross (ab)-quantitative trait locus (qtl) analysis has been successfully applied for detecting and transferring qtls from unadapted germplasm into elite breeding lines in various plant species. here, we describe the application of a modified ab breeding scheme to spring barley. a bc3-doubled haploid (dh) population consisting of 181 lines derived from the german spring barley cultivar 'brenda' (hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare) as the recurrent parent and the wild species line 'hs213' ...	2005	15549229
high-resolution mapping of the rym4/rym5 locus conferring resistance to the barley yellow mosaic virus complex (bammv, baymv, baymv-2) in barley (hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare l.).	soil-borne barley yellow mosaic virus disease--caused by a complex of at least three viruses, i.e. barley mild mosaic virus (bammv), barley yellow mosaic virus (baymv) and baymv-2--is one of the most important diseases of winter barley in europe. the two genes rym4, effective against bammv and baymv, and rym5, additionally effective against baymv-2, comprise a complex locus on chromosome 3hl, which is of special importance to european barley breeding. to provide the genetic basis for positional ...	2005	15551112
influence of canola and sunflower diet amendments on cattle feedlot manure.	cattle (bos taurus) producers can replace a part of the traditional diet of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) grain/silage with sunflower (helianthus annus l.) seeds or canola meal (brassica napus l.)/oil to enhance conjugated linoleic acids (cla) content in milk and meat for its positive health benefits. the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of feeding sunflower or canola to finishing steers on cattle manure chemical properties and volatile fatty acid (vfa) content. the control di ...	2005	15998867
mechanistic information from analysis of molecular weight distributions of starch.	a methodology is developed for interpreting the molecular weight distributions of debranched amylopectin, based on techniques developed for quantitatively and qualitatively finding mechanistic information from the molecular weight distributions of synthetic polymers. if the only events occurring are random chain growth and stoppage (i.e., the rates are independent of degree of polymerization over the range in question), then the number of chains of degree of polymerization n, p(n), is linear in ...	2005	16004469
development of a virus-induced gene-silencing system for hexaploid wheat and its use in functional analysis of the lr21-mediated leaf rust resistance pathway.	virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is an important tool for the analysis of gene function in plants. in vigs, viruses engineered to carry sequences derived from plant gene transcripts activate the host's sequence-specific rna degradation system. this mechanism targets the rnas of the viral genome for degradation, and as the virus contains transcribed plant sequence, homologous host mrnas are also targeted for destruction. while routinely used in some dicots, no vigs system was known for monocot ...	2005	16024691
virus-induced gene silencing-based functional characterization of genes associated with powdery mildew resistance in barley.	we successfully implemented virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) in barley (hordeum vulgare) for the functional characterization of genes required for mla13-mediated resistance toward the biotrophic barley pathogen blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. initially, barley cultivars were screened for their ability to host the barley stripe mosaic virus (bsmv)-vigs vector by allowing its replication and systemic movement without causing excessive symptoms. phytoene desaturase silencing leading to photoble ...	2005	16040663
the effects of barley straw (hordeum vulgare) on the growth of freshwater algae.	bioassays were conducted to determine the efficacy of barley straw liquor in controlling algal growth of 12 freshwater species of algae representing three divisions. barley straw liquor inhibited the growth of three nuisance algae common in freshwater: synura petersenii, dinobyron sp., and microcystis aeruginosa. however, selenastrum capricornutum, spirogyra sp., oscillatoria lutea var. contorta, and navicula sp. had significantly increased growth in the presence of straw liquor. the growth of t ...	2005	16051085
analysis of the transport activity of barley sucrose transporter hvsut1.	localization studies indicate that barley (hordeum vulgare) sucrose transporter hvsut1 functions in sucrose uptake into seeds during grain filling. to further understand the physiological function of hvsut1, we have expressed the hvsut1 cdna in xenopus laevis oocytes and analyzed the transport activity by two-electrode voltage clamping. consistent with a h(+)-coupled transport mechanism, sucrose induced large inward currents in hvsut1-expressing oocytes with a k (0.5) of 3.8 mm at ph 5.0 and a m ...	2005	16091371
ectopic expression of constitutively activated racb in barley enhances susceptibility to powdery mildew and abiotic stress.	small rac/rop-family g proteins regulate development and stress responses in plants. transient overexpression and rna interference experiments suggested that the barley (hordeum vulgare) rac/rop protein racb is involved in susceptibility to the powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. we created transgenic barley plants expressing the constitutively activated racb mutant racb-g15v under control of the maize (zea mays) ubiquitin 1 promoter. individuals of the t1 generation expressin ...	2005	16126850
nutrient and sediment losses under simulated rainfall following manure incorporation by different methods.	incorporation of manure into cultivated soils is generally recommended to minimize nutrient losses. a 3-yr study was conducted to evaluate sediment and nutrient losses with different tillage methods (moldboard plow, heavy-duty cultivator, double disk, and no-incorporation) for incorporation of beef cattle manure in a silage barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cropping system. runoff depths, sediment losses, and surface and subsurface nutrient transfers were determined from manured and unmanured field pl ...	2005	16151240
high-resolution mapping of the barley leaf rust resistance gene rph5 using barley expressed sequence tags (ests) and synteny with rice.	the rapidly growing expressed sequence tag (est) resources of species representing the poacea family and availability of comprehensive sequence information for the rice (oryza sativa) genome create an excellent opportunity for comparative genome analysis. extensive synteny between rice chromosome 1 and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) chromosome 3 has proven extremely useful for saturation mapping of chromosomal regions containing target genes of large-genome barley with conserved orthologous genes f ...	2005	16195886
qtls for straw quality characteristics identified in recombinant inbred lines of a hordeum vulgare x h. spontaneum cross in a mediterranean environment.	barley straw is commonly used as animal feed in many developing countries. even a small increase in its nutritive value can have a large impact on animal production, and hence, on rural livelihood and human nutrition. straw quality is strongly affected by environmental factors and is, therefore, difficult to improve with empirical breeding. the objective of this study was to identify molecular markers to facilitate the improvement of straw quality in barley. for this purpose, we have used the ge ...	2005	15678328
a proteomic approach for investigation of photosynthetic apparatus in plants.	the proteome of the photosynthetic apparatus of barley (hordeum vulgare), obtained by analysis of thylakoids without any previous fractionation, was mapped by native electrophoresis followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) as the second dimension two-dimensional-blue native (2-d/bn)/sds-page). this protocol provided an excellent alternative to the 2-d-isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for 2-d separation of the m ...	2005	15682463
chloroplast dna microsatellite analysis supports a polyphyletic origin for barley.	five barley chloroplast dna microsatellites (cpssrs) were used to study genetic relationships among a set of 186 barley accessions-34 hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum (hs accessions) from morocco, ethiopia, cyprus, crete, libya, iraq, iran, turkey, afghanistan and israel, 122 h. vulgare ssp. vulgare landraces (hv landraces) from spain, bolivia (old spanish introductions), morocco, libya and ethiopia and 20 modern european spring barleys (hv cultivars). all loci were polymorphic in the material st ...	2005	15723272
xantha-l encodes a membrane subunit of the aerobic mg-protoporphyrin ix monomethyl ester cyclase involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis.	chlorophyll biosynthesis is a process involving approximately 20 different enzymatic steps. half of these steps are common to the biosynthesis of other tetrapyrroles, such as heme. one of the least understood enzymatic steps is formation of the isocyclic ring, which is a characteristic feature of all (bacterio)chlorophyll molecules. in chloroplasts, formation of the isocyclic ring is an aerobic reaction catalyzed by mg-protoporphyrin ix monomethyl ester cyclase. an in vitro assay for the aerobic ...	2005	15824317
barley rom1 reveals a potential link between race-specific and nonhost resistance responses to powdery mildew fungi.	the rar1 gene, identified in the context of race-specific powdery mildew resistance mediated by the hordeum vulgare (barley) resistance (r) gene mla12, is required for the function of many r-mediated defense responses in mono- and dicotyledonous plant species. mla resistance is associated with an oxidative burst and a subsequent cell death reaction of attacked cells. rar1 mutants are impaired in these responses and, to identify genetic elements which negatively regulate the mla12-triggered respo ...	2005	15828681
production of a monoclonal antibody specific for high molecular weight glutenin subunits (hmw-gs) in wheat and its antigenic determinant.	wheat high molecular weight glutenin subunits (hmw-gs) 1bx14 and 1by15 isolated by preparative sds-page are used as antigen to immunize balb/c mice. subcutaneous inoculation of the antigen is performed. the intra-peritoneal injection is completed 3 days before fusion with myeloma cell (sp2/0) via peg-1500. the fusion cells are selected by indirect enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (elisa). positive hybrid cells are further verified three times by limit dilution of the culture cells. a hybridoma ...	2005	15844361
characterization and expression patterns of udp-d-glucuronate decarboxylase genes in barley.	udp-d-glucuronate decarboxylase (ec 4.1.1.35) catalyzes the synthesis of udp-d-xylose from udp-d-glucuronate in an essentially irreversible reaction that is believed to commit glycosyl residues to heteroxylan and xyloglucan biosynthesis. four members of the barley (hordeum vulgare) udp-d-glucuronate decarboxylase gene family, designated hvuxs1 to hvuxs4, have been cloned and characterized. barley hvuxs1 appears to be a cytosolic enzyme, while the others are predicted to be membrane-bound protein ...	2005	15849307
large-scale identification of expressed sequence tags involved in rice and rice blast fungus interaction.	to better understand the molecular basis of the defense response against the rice blast fungus (magnaporthe grisea), a large-scale expressed sequence tag (est) sequencing approach was used to identify genes involved in the early infection stages in rice (oryza sativa). six cdna libraries were constructed using infected leaf tissues harvested from 6 conditions: resistant, partially resistant, and susceptible reactions at both 6 and 24 h after inoculation. two additional libraries were constructed ...	2005	15888683
variation in plant volatiles and attraction of the parasitoid diadegma semiclausum (hellén).	differences in allelochemistry of plants may influence their ability to attract parasitoids. we studied responses of diadegma semiclausum (hellén), a parasitoid of the diamondback moth (plutella xylostella l.), to inter- and intraspecific variation in odor blends of crucifers and a non-crucifer species. uninfested brussels sprout (brassica oleracea l. gemmifera), white mustard (sinapis alba l.), a feral brassica oleracea, and malting barley (hordeum vulgare l.) were compared for their attractivi ...	2005	15898495
ab-qtl analysis in spring barley. i. detection of resistance genes against powdery mildew, leaf rust and scald introgressed from wild barley.	the objective of this study was to map new resistance genes against powdery mildew (blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei l.), leaf rust (puccinia hordei l.) and scald [rhynchosporium secalis (oud.) j. davis] in the advanced backcross doubled haploid (bc2dh) population s42 derived from a cross between the spring barley cultivar 'scarlett' and the wild barley accession isr42-8 (hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum). using field data of disease severity recorded in eight environments under natural infestatio ...	2005	15902395
rar1, ror1, and the actin cytoskeleton contribute to basal resistance to magnaporthe grisea in barley.	the fungus magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast disease, is a major pathogen of rice and is capable of producing epidemics on other cultivated cereals, including barley (hordeum vulgare). we explored the requirements for basal resistance of barley against a compatible m. grisea isolate using both genetic and chemical approaches. mutants of the rar1 gene required for the function of major resistance gene-mediated resistance and mutants of the ror1 and ror2 genes required for full ex ...	2005	15915638
an empirical study of the evolution of virulence under both horizontal and vertical transmission.	according to current thinking, a parasite's transmission mode will be a major determinant of virulence, defined as the harm induced by parasites to their hosts. with horizontal transmission, virulence will increase as a byproduct of a trade-off between fitness gained through increased among-host transmission (infectivity) and fitness lost through increased virulence. with vertical transmission, virulence will decrease because a parasite's reproductive potential will be maximized only by decreasi ...	2005	15926685
the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e confers multiallelic recessive bymovirus resistance in hordeum vulgare (l.).	virus diseases are widespread threats for crop production, which can, in many cases, be controlled efficiently by exploiting naturally occurring resistance. barley, an important cereal species of the triticeae, carries two genes, rym4 and rym5, which are located in the telomeric region of chromosome 3hl and confer recessive resistance to various strains of the barley yellow mosaic virus complex. the barley 'eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e' (hv-eif4e) was identified as a candidate for ...	2005	15941403
a gibberellin-regulated calcineurin b in rice localizes to the tonoplast and is implicated in vacuole function.	many developmental and environmental signals are transduced through changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, yet only a few calcium-binding proteins have been identified in plants. calcineurin b-like (cbl) proteins are calcium-binding proteins that are thought to function as plant signal transduction elements. rna profiling using a rice (oryza sativa cv nipponbare) oligonucleotide microarray was used to monitor gene expression in de-embryonated rice grains. this analysis showed that a pu ...	2005	15980189
the amino acid sequence of ferredoxin from hordeum vulgare.	ferredoxin from barley consists of a single polypeptide chain of 97 amino acids, four of which are cysteine. these residues, which bind the iron atoms of the active centre, are in identical positions to those of other ferredoxins. the primary structure shows considerable similarity with other plant ferredoxins.	2005	1367267
the arabidopsis gamyb-like genes, myb33 and myb65, are microrna-regulated genes that redundantly facilitate anther development.	the functions of the vast majority of genes encoding r2r3 myb domain proteins remain unknown. the closely related myb33 and myb65 genes of arabidopsis thaliana have high sequence similarity to the barley (hordeum vulgare) gamyb gene. t-dna insertional mutants were isolated for both genes, and a myb33 myb65 double mutant was defective in anther development. in myb33 myb65 anthers, the tapetum undergoes hypertrophy at the pollen mother cell stage, resulting in premeiotic abortion of pollen develop ...	2005	15722475
fungitoxicity of some higher plants and synergistic activity of their essential oils against sclerotium rolfsii sacc. causing foot-rot disease of barley.	twenty five plant species were screened for their volatile components against hyphal growth and sclerotia formation of sclerotium rolfsii causing foot rot disease of barley (hordeum vulgare). leaves of chenopodium ambrosioides (ca), lippia alba (la), azadirachta indica (ai) and eucalyptus globulus (eg) were found to be strongly toxic. their volatile active factors were isolated in the form of essential oils which were tested for toxicity individually and in six combinations (1:1 v/v) viz. ca-la, ...	2005	18697732
cereal phosphate transporters associated with the mycorrhizal pathway of phosphate uptake into roots.	a very large number of plant species are capable of forming symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi. the roots of these plants are potentially capable of absorbing p from the soil solution both directly through root epidermis and root hairs, and via the am fungal pathway that delivers p to the root cortex. a large number of phosphate (p) transporters have been identified in plants; tissue expression patterns and kinetic information supports the roles of some of these in the ...	2005	16133217
evolutionary expansion, gene structure, and expression of the rice wall-associated kinase gene family.	the wall-associated kinase (wak) gene family, one of the receptor-like kinase (rlk) gene families in plants, plays important roles in cell expansion, pathogen resistance, and heavy-metal stress tolerance in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). through a reiterative database search and manual reannotation, we identified 125 oswak gene family members from rice (oryza sativa) japonica cv nipponbare; 37 (approximately 30%) oswaks were corrected/reannotated from earlier automated annotations. of the 1 ...	2005	16286450
cloning and expression analysis of a vacuolar na+/h+ antiporter gene from alfalfa.	a full-length cdna, named msnhx1, encoding a vacuolar na+/h+ antiporter was cloned from alfalfa (medicago sativa), using degenerate primers, followed by 3' and 5' race. the cdna sequence was 2225 bp long and included an open reading frame encoding a deduced protein of 541-amino-acid polypeptide. the deduced amino acid sequence showed high similarity (more than 73%) to those of the previously cloned na+/h+ antiporters form arabidopsis thaliana, qryza sativa, atriplex gemlinin, beta vulgaris and h ...	2005	16243725
plant-based microarray data at the european bioinformatics institute. introducing atmiamexpress, a submission tool for arabidopsis gene expression data to arrayexpress.	arrayexpress is a public microarray repository founded on the minimum information about a microarray experiment (miame) principles that stores miame-compliant gene expression data. plant-based data sets represent approximately one-quarter of the experiments in arrayexpress. the majority are based on arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana); however, there are other data sets based on triticum aestivum, hordeum vulgare, and populus subsp. atmiamexpress is an open-source web-based software application f ...	2005	16219923