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phytotoxic action mechanism of hapalocyclamide in lettuce seedlings.hapalocyclamide (cyclo-thiazole-l-alanine-oxazole-d-alanine-d-thiazoline-d-phenylalanine), a hexapeptide phytotoxic compound, was isolated from the terrestrial cyanobacterium hapalosiphon sp. the phytotoxic action of the compound was investigated in lettuce (lactuca sativa l. cv. great lakes no. 366) by determining its effects on several physiological processes. hapalocyclamide effectively inhibited mitosis process in root tips, which resulted in the suppression of primary root growth of lettuce ...201222771432
toxicological evaluation of vegetable oils and biodiesel in soil during the biodegradation process.vegetable oils and their derivatives, like biodiesel, are used extensively throughout the world, thus posing an environmental risk when disposed. toxicity testing using test organisms shows how these residues affect ecosystems. toxicity tests using earthworms (eisenia foetida) are widespread because they are a practical resource for analyzing terrestrial organisms. for phytotoxicological analysis, we used seeds of arugula (eruca sativa) and lettuce (lactuca sativa) to analyze the germination of ...201224031989
bioaccumulation of microcystins in lettuce.the contamination of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) by water-borne crude extracts of the cyanobacterium microcystin-producing microcystis aeruginosa (kützing) kützing was investigated. the aim of the study was to determine whether bioaccumulation of microcystins occurs in lettuce foliar tissue when sprayed with solutions containing microcystins at concentrations observed in aquatic systems (0.62 to 12.5 μg · l(-1) ). microcystins were found in lettuce foliar tissues (8.31 to 177.8 μg per kg of fres ...201227010003
raw and fungal-treated olive-mill wastewater effects on selected parameters of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) growth--the role of proline.olive-mill wastewater (omw) constitutes a major agricultural waste stream for which disposal is associated with significant environmental repercussions. no data are available on the effects of biotreated omw and of the protective role of exogenously provided proline on plant physiology. in the present study, omw was administered, either raw or previously treated by the white-rot fungus pleurotus ostreatus, with or without proline amendment, to lettuce plants growing in sterilized sand. biotreate ...201222560036
co-composting of spent coffee ground with olive mill wastewater sludge and poultry manure and effect of trametes versicolor inoculation on the compost maturity.the co-composting of spent coffee grounds, olive mill wastewater sludge and poultry manure was investigated on a semi-industrial scale. in order to reduce the toxicity of the phenolic fraction and to improve the degree of composting humification, composts were inoculated with the white-rot fungus trametes versicolor in the early stages of the maturation phase. during composting, a range of physico-chemical parameters (temperature and both organic matter and c/n reduction), total organic carbon, ...201222537889
effector identification in the lettuce downy mildew bremia lactucae by massively parallel transcriptome sequencing.lettuce downy mildew (bremia lactucae) is a rapidly adapting oomycete pathogen affecting commercial lettuce cultivation. oomycetes are known to use a diverse arsenal of secreted proteins (effectors) to manipulate their hosts. two classes of effector are known to be translocated by the host: the rxlrs and crinklers. to gain insight into the repertoire of effectors used by b. lactucae to manipulate its host, we performed massively parallel sequencing of cdna derived from b. lactucae spores and inf ...201222293108
effects of kaurane diterpene derivatives on germination and growth of lactuca sativa seedlings.kaurenoic and grandiflorenic acid, isolated from wedelia paludosa (asteraceae), some derivatives from these acids (alcohols, esters, amides, lactones, oximes) and other naturally occurring kaurane diterpenes were tested for their action on the growth of radical and shoot of lactuca sativa. gibberellic acid, ga3, a commercially available phytohormone, belonging to the same class of diterpenes, was also tested. some of the tested substances showed a remarkable activity either in the inhibition or ...201215787248
[biological effect of vibration on plants].the biological effect of vibration of lactuca sativa dry seeds and seedlings cultivated at optimal (20 degrees c) and suboptimal (4 degrees c) temperatures was studied. the effect of vibration slightly depended on its frequency (500-2000 hz). however, plant sensitivity to the exposure was related to their physiological state. vibration-induced disorders were transient, i.e. they returned to the normal rapidly enough.2012824497
deca: a new model for assessing the foliar uptake of atmospheric lead by vegetation, using lactuca sativa as an example.in the context of peri-urban atmospheric pollution by industrial lead recycling emissions, metal can transfer to plant shoots. home gardeners consuming their produce can therefore be exposed to metal pollution. the human health risk assessment protocol (hhrap) model from the united states environmental protection agency (us epa) classically used in risk assessment provides foliar metal uptake predictions for large farms but is not adapted to cultures in kitchen gardens. thus, this study develope ...201222940122
altered leaf colour is associated with increased superoxide-scavenging activity in aureusidin-producing transgenic plants.the health-promoting property of diets rich in fruits and vegetables is based, in part, on the additive and synergistic effects of multiple antioxidants. in an attempt to further enhance food quality, we introduced into crops the capability to synthesize a yellow antioxidant, aureusidin, that is normally produced only by some ornamental plants. for this purpose, the snapdragon (antirrhinum majus) chalcone 4'-o-glucosyltransferase (am4'cgt) and aureusidin synthase (amas1) genes, which catalyse th ...201222924954
note: in vivo ph imaging system using luminescent indicator and color camera.microscopic in vivo ph imaging system is developed that can capture the luminescent- and color-imaging. the former gives a quantitative measurement of a ph distribution in vivo. the latter captures the structural information that can be overlaid to the ph distribution for correlating the structure of a specimen and its ph distribution. by using a digital color camera, a luminescent image as well as a color image is obtained. the system uses hpts (8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate) as a luminesc ...201222852741
crop to wild introgression in lettuce: following the fate of crop genome segments in backcross populations.after crop-wild hybridization, some of the crop genomic segments may become established in wild populations through selfing of the hybrids or through backcrosses to the wild parent. this constitutes a possible route through which crop (trans)genes could become established in natural populations. the likelihood of introgression of transgenes will not only be determined by fitness effects from the transgene itself but also by the crop genes linked to it. although lettuce is generally regarded as s ...201222448748
utility of bioassays (lettuce, red clover, red fescue, microtox, metstick, hyalella, bait lamina) in ecological risk screening of acid metal (zn) contaminated soil.the objective of this study was to assess selected bioassays and ecological screening tools for their suitability in a weight of evidence risk screening process of acidic metal contaminated soil. intact soil cores were used for the tests, which minimizes changes in ph and metal bioavailability that may result from homogenization and drying of the soil. soil cores were spiked with zncl(2) or cacl(2). leachate collected from the soil cores was used to account for the exposure pathways through pore ...201222444727
defensive sesquiterpenes from senecio candidans and s. magellanicus, and their structure-activity relationships.eleven eremophilanolides, 1-3 and 6-13, and two eremophilanes, 24 and 25, were isolated from senecio candidans and s. magellanicus from the magallanes region (chile). compounds 2, 3, 9, and 10 have not been previously reported as natural products. their structures were established by nmr spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations. the x-ray analysis of compounds 11, 13, and 17 were also performed. different semisynthetic analogs from eremophilanolide 11 were generated to carry out a str ...201222422530
mapping qtl, epistasis and genotype × environment interaction of antioxidant activity, chlorophyll content and head formation in domesticated lettuce (lactuca sativa).fruits and vegetables are rich sources of antioxidants in human diets and their intake is associated with chronic disease prevention. lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) is a common vegetable in diets worldwide, but its nutritional content is relatively low. to elucidate the genetic basis of antioxidant content in lettuce, we measured the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (orac) and chlorophyll (chl) content as a proxy of β-carotene in an f(8) recombinant inbred line (ril) in multiple production cycles ...201222327242
carotenoids of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) grown on soil enriched with spent coffee grounds.the impact of spent coffee grounds on carotenoid and chlorophyll content in lettuce (lactuca sativa l. var. capitata) was evaluated. a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with spent coffee amounts ranging from 0% to 20% (v/v). all evaluated pigments increased proportionally to spent coffee amounts. lutein and β-carotene levels increased up to 90% and 72%, respectively, while chlorophylls increased up to 61%. biomass was also improved in the presence of 2.5% to 10% spent coffee, decreasing fo ...201222314378
led lighting and seasonality effects antioxidant properties of baby leaf lettuce.we report on the application of supplementary light-emitting diode (led) lighting within a greenhouse for cultivation of red, green and light green leaf baby lettuces (lactuca sativa l.) grown under natural illumination and high-pressure sodium (hps) lamps (16-h; ppfd-170 μmol m(-2)s(-1)) during different growing season. supplementary lighting from blue 455/470 nm and green 505/530 nm leds was applied (16-h; ppfd-30 μmol m(-2)s(-1)). our results showed that to achieve solely a positive effect is ...201225005972
heavy metals in soil and salad in the proximity of historical ferroalloy emission.emissions of manganese (mn), lead (pb), iron (fe), zinc (zn), copper (cu) from ferro-alloy operations has taken place in valcamonica, a pre-alp valley in the province of brescia, italy, for about a century until 2001. metal concentrations were measured in the soil of local home gardens and in the cultivated vegetables. soil analysis was carried out using a portable x-ray fluorescence (xrf) spectrometer in both surface soil and at 10 cm depth. a subset of soil samples (n = 23) additionally was an ...201227818841
a bayesian analysis of gene flow from crops to their wild relatives: cultivated (lactuca sativa l.) and prickly lettuce (l. serriola l.) and the recent expansion of l. serriola in europe.interspecific gene flow can lead to the formation of hybrid populations that have a competitive advantage over the parental populations, even for hybrids from a cross between crops and wild relatives. wild prickly lettuce (lactuca serriola) has recently expanded in europe and hybridization with the related crop species (cultivated lettuce, l. sativa) has been hypothesized as one of the mechanisms behind this expansion. in a basically selfing species, such as lettuce, assessing hybridization in n ...201222512715
plant growth inhibitor from the malaysian medicinal plant goniothalamus andersonii and related species.a crude methanol extract of goniothalamus andersonii j. sinclair strongly inhibited elongation of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) radicles. we conducted bioassay-guided purification of g. andersonii bark extract and obtained goniothalamin as the major bioactive compound. its ec50 values against elongation of lettuce radicles and hypocotyls were 50 and 125 micromol l(-1), respectively. among the six species tested, timothy was the most sensitive to goniothalamin. quantification of this compound in ot ...201223074907
activity-guided discovery of (s)-malic acid 1'-o-β-gentiobioside as an angiotensin i-converting enzyme inhibitor in lettuce (lactuca sativa).angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace), playing a crucial role in the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, is well-known to catalyze the conversion of the decapeptide angiotensin i into the physiologically active octapeptide angiotensin ii, triggering blood pressure increasing mechanisms. to meet the demand for natural phytochemicals as antihypertensive agents in functional food development, extracts prepared from a series of vegetables were screened for their ace-inhibitory activity by means of a ...201222762370
allelopathic and bioherbicidal potential of cladonia verticillaris on the germination and growth of lactuca sativa.responses to germination and initial growth of lactuca sativa (lettuce) submitted to organic extracts and purified compounds of cladonia verticillaris ("salambaia") were analyzed in this work. the experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions using extracts and pure compounds at different concentrations. none of the assays showed any influence on the germination of l. sativa seeds using c. verticillaris extracts; however, modifications in leaf area and seedling hypocotyl and root developme ...201222835725
hybridization between crops and wild relatives: the contribution of cultivated lettuce to the vigour of crop-wild hybrids under drought, salinity and nutrient deficiency conditions.with the development of transgenic crop varieties, crop-wild hybridization has received considerable consideration with regard to the potential of transgenes to be transferred to wild species. although many studies have shown that crops can hybridize with their wild relatives and that the resulting hybrids may show improved fitness over the wild parents, little is still known on the genetic contribution of the crop parent to the performance of the hybrids. in this study, we investigated the vigo ...201222660630
nitrate content in dandelion (taraxacum officinale) and lettuce (lactuca sativa) from organic and conventional origin: intake assessment.to estimate the actual intake of nitrate by consumption of different lettuce varieties, 52 samples of lettuce of different origins and dandelion from 15 different areas of northeast slovenia were analysed. for determination of actual nitrate content, a continuous flow method was used. the lowest nitrate content was detected in dandelion, with a mean value of 195 mg kg(-1) (ranging 47-487 mg kg(-1)). nitrate content in lettuce of different origins ranged 85-3237 mg kg(-1), with a mean value of 11 ...201224779737
cadmium-induced cyto- and genotoxicity are organ-dependent in lettuce.cadmium is a priority pollutant. its mechanisms and effects within different plant organs remain unclear. here, cyto-genotoxicity biomarkers were evaluated in roots and leaves after cd exposure (0, 1, 10, and 50 μm) of the model crop lactuca sativa l. (cv. "reine de mai"). overall, superoxide dismutase (sod) and catalase (cat) activities were stimulated in leaves, where cd accumulation was lower in comparison to that in roots. in roots, sod and peroxidase (pox, apx) activities were stimulated. m ...201222624971
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in soils and vegetation near an e-waste recycling site in south china: concentration, distribution, source, and risk assessment.this study determined the concentrations of pahs generated from e-waste recycling activities and their potential impacts on soil, vegetation, and human health. the total pah concentrations in soils and plants ranged from 127 to 10,600 and 199 to 2420 ng/g, respectively. samples from an e-waste burning site had higher pah concentrations than samples from adjacent locations. the pahs in plants varied with plant species and tissue, and lactuca sativa l. contained the highest pahs of all the vegetab ...201223063924
first record of edessa meditabunda (f.) on lettuce in mato grosso state, brazil.we report the first record of the stink bug edessa meditabunda (f.) on lettuce lactuca sativa in the organic vegetable garden "cheiro verde" in tangará da serra, state of mato grosso, brazil (14°37'13″ s, 57°28'46″ w). during september, october, and november 2009, we collected 1,099 adults, 43 nymphs, and 29 egg masses. feeding by this stink bug possibly caused early bolting.201223950014
potent endogenous allelopathic compounds in lepidium sativum seed exudate: effects on epidermal cell growth in amaranthus caudatus seedlings.many plants exude allelochemicals--compounds that affect the growth of neighbouring plants. this study reports further studies of the reported effect of cress (lepidium sativum) seed(ling) exudates on seedling growth in amaranthus caudatus and lactuca sativa. in the presence of live cress seedlings, both species grew longer hypocotyls and shorter roots than cress-free controls. the effects of cress seedlings were allelopathic and not due to competition for resources. amaranthus seedlings grown i ...201222268144
toxicity of the effluent from an anaerobic bioreactor treating cereal residues on lactuca sativa.effluents generated during the process of anaerobic digestion should be treated before their disposal into the environment. the aim of this study was evaluating the effectiveness of the effluent treatment system from an anaerobic bioreactor, assessing the toxicity reduction with the lactuca sativa seed germination and root elongation inhibition test. three sampling points were selected along the effluent treatment system: inflow into the first treatment pond, outflow from the third pond and reci ...201221993347
conventional, organic and biodynamic farming: differences in polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of batavia lettuce.lactuca sativa l. ssp. acephala l., cv. batavia red mohican plants were cultivated under intensive conventional, organic and biodynamic farming and were analyzed for their polyphenol content and antiradical activity in order to demonstrate the influence of farming on yield, polyphenol content and antiradical activity.201221935957
development and application of a 6.5 million feature affymetrix genechip® for massively parallel discovery of single position polymorphisms in lettuce (lactuca spp.).high-resolution genetic maps are needed in many crops to help characterize the genetic diversity that determines agriculturally important traits. hybridization to microarrays to detect single feature polymorphisms is a powerful technique for marker discovery and genotyping because of its highly parallel nature. however, microarrays designed for gene expression analysis rarely provide sufficient gene coverage for optimal detection of nucleotide polymorphisms, which limits utility in species with ...201222583801
anthocyanin content and the activities of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in lettuce cultivars.anthocyanin content and the activities of polyphenol oxidase (ppo), peroxidase (pod) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) and their relationships were determined in the leaves of six lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) cultivars, exposed for 6 weeks to alternating three different day/night temperatures. anthocyanin content was found to be highest at 20/13°c, followed by 25/20°c and 30/25°c, showing accumulation of anthocyanin at low temperatures. activities of ppo and pal were also found to be highest ...201221718113
predicting effects of cations on copper toxicity to lettuce (lactuca sativa) by the biotic ligand model.a biotic ligand model (blm) was developed to estimate cu toxicity to lettuce (lactuca sativa) in terms of root elongation after 4 d of exposure. effects of na(+), k(+), ca(2+), and mg(2+) on cu toxicity were examined. the addition of these cations resulted in a 50-fold difference in the copper median effective activity (ec50 cu2+). however, these variations could not be interpreted entirely as a function of the concentrations of these cations alone. in particular, only the relationship between e ...201222105443
ethylene reduces plant gas exchange and growth of lettuce grown from seed to harvest under hypobaric and ambient total pressure.naturally occurring high levels of ethylene can be a problem in spaceflight and controlled environment agriculture (cea) leading to sterility and irregular plant growth. there are engineering and safety advantages of growing plants under hypobaria (low pressure) for space habitation. the goals of this research were to successfully grow lettuce (lactuca sativa cv. buttercrunch) in a long-term study from seed to harvest under hypobaric conditions, and to investigate how endogenously produced ethyl ...201222118875
toxicity of polyfluorinated and perfluorinated compounds to lettuce (lactuca sativa) and green algae (pseudokirchneriella subcapitata).recently, polyfluorinated and perfluorinated compounds (pfcs) have been detected in most surface waters around the world. because some pfcs are persistent and tend to accumulate in surface waters, their potential adverse effects to aquatic organisms have received increasing attention. nevertheless, currently available toxicity information is limited. the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity effects of seven pfcs on root elongation of lettuce (lactuca sativa) and photosynthesis of green ...201221626016
bioavailability of copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead in tropical savanna soils assessed by diffusive gradient in thin films (dgt) and ion exchange resin membranes.the technique of diffusion gradient in thin films (dgt) for assessing bioavailable metals has not been tested under field conditions. we assessed the relationships of dgt- and cation exchange resin-membrane-measured concentrations of cd, cu, pb, and zn with plant uptake of the metals under greenhouse and field conditions. in the greenhouse, the effective concentrations of cu, pb, and zn by dgt correlated significantly with uptake by sorghum (sorghum bicolor), but cation exchange resin-membrane-m ...201221590301
phytotoxic activity in flourensia campestris and isolation of (--)-hamanasic acid a as its active principle compound.an aqueous extract from flourensia campestris (asteraceae) dry aerial parts showed strong inhibition on the germination and growth of lactuca sativa. based on bio-guided chromatographic fractionation of aq. extracts from dry and fresh leaves and spectroscopic means, (-)-hamanasic acid a (7-carboxy-8-hydroxy-1(2), 12(13)-dien-bisabolene (1)) was isolated as the most inhibitory active principle on germination (ecg(50)=2.9 mm) and on root (ecr(50)=1.5 mm)/shoot (ecs(50)=2.0 mm) growth. as measured ...201222245633
calcium water treatment residue reduces copper phytotoxicity in contaminated sandy soils.calcium water treatment residue (ca-wtr), an industrial by-product, was found to be effective in decreasing cu availability in contaminated soils and transport to the environment. in this study, a greenhouse study was conducted to test the ability of ca-wtr to reduce the toxicity and uptake of cu by ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) and lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) as indicator crop plants in cu-contaminated sandy soils. eight weeks growing period was observed in alfisol and spodosol amended with diff ...201222138174
molecular aspects of the antagonistic interaction of smoke-derived butenolides on the germination process of grand rapids lettuce (lactuca sativa) achenes.smoke-derived compounds provide a strong chemical signal to seeds in the soil seed bank, allowing them to take advantage of the germination niche created by the occurrence of fire. the germination stimulatory activity of smoke can largely be attributed to karrikinolide (kar(1) ), while a related compound, trimethylbutenolide (tmb), has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on germination. the aim of this study was to characterize the interaction of these potent fire-generated compounds. dose-r ...201223046112
uptake of perfluorinated alkyl acids by hydroponically grown lettuce (lactuca sativa).an uptake study was carried out to assess the potential human exposure to perfluorinated alkyl acids (pfaas) through the ingestion of vegetables. lettuce (lactuca sativa) was grown in pfaa-spiked nutrient solutions at four different concentrations, ranging from 10 ng/l to 10 μg/l. eleven perfluorinated carboxylic acids (pfcas) and three perfluorinated sulfonic acids (pfsas) were analyzed by hplc-ms/ms. at the end of the experiment, the major part of the total mass of each of the pfaas (except th ...201223043263
genomic regions in crop-wild hybrids of lettuce are affected differently in different environments: implications for crop breeding.many crops contain domestication genes that are generally considered to lower fitness of crop-wild hybrids in the wild environment. transgenes placed in close linkage with such genes would be less likely to spread into a wild population. therefore, for environmental risk assessment of gm crops, it is important to know whether genomic regions with such genes exist, and how they affect fitness. we performed quantitative trait loci (qtl) analyses on fitness(-related) traits in two different field e ...201223028403
influence of growing system on nitrate accumulation in two varieties of lettuce and red radicchio of treviso.green leafy vegetables contribute greatly to the total intake of nitrates from the daily diet. this study evaluates the influence of different cultivation systems on nitrate accumulation in leafy vegetables. two varieties of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) (lattuga romana, foglia di quercia) and two varieties of red radicchio of treviso (cychorium intibus l.) (early, late) were selected. lettuce varieties were both organically and biodynamically grown; red radicchio varieties were conventionally gro ...201222190077
molecular cloning and characterization of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase gene from lactuca sativa.vitamin e has been found to be associated with an important antioxidant property in mammals and plants. in photosynthetic organisms, the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (hppd; e.c. 1.13.11.27) plays an important role in the vitamin e biosynthetic pathway. the full-length cdna encoding hppd was isolated from lactuca sativa l. by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). the cdna, designated as lshppd, was 1743 base pairs (bp) long containing an open reading frame (orf) of 1338 bp encodi ...201121349599
inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution and electron transfer from the quinone acceptor qa- to qb by iron deficiency.the effect of iron deficiency on photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem ii (ps ii) was studied in leaves and thylakoid membranes of lettuce (lactuca sativa, romaine variety) plants. ps ii electron transport was characterized by oxygen evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. iron deficiency in the culture medium was shown to affect water oxidation and the advancement of the s-states. a decrease of maximal quantum yield of ps ii and an increase of fluorescence intensity at ste ...201121311974
selenium accumulation in lettuce germplasm.selenium (se) is an essential micronutrient for animals and humans. increasing se content in food crops offers an effective approach to reduce the widespread selenium deficiency problem in many parts of the world. in this study, we evaluated 30 diverse accessions of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) for their capacity to accumulate se and their responses to different forms of se in terms of plant growth, nutritional characteristics, and gene expression. lettuce accessions responded differently to sele ...201121153555
ecotoxicity of chlorophenolic compounds depending on soil characteristics.three chlorophenolic compounds (2-chlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol) were tested to assess their effects on two soils with different properties: a granitic soil (haplic arenosol) and a calcareous one (calcaric regosol). different concentrations of the pollutants (ranging from 0.001 to 10,000 mg kg(-1) soil, d.w.) were assayed for their effects on soil microbial activity and composition, using manometric respirometry and pcr-dgge analysis, respectively. other ecotoxicity ...201121531445
bioactive saponins from microsechium helleri and sicyos bulbosus.eleven oleanane-type saponins (1-11) have been isolated from microsechium helleri and sicyos bulbosus roots and were evaluated for their antifeedant, nematicidal and phytotoxic activities. saponins {3-o-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2β,3β,16α,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-o-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranoside} (1), and {3-o-β-d-glucopyranosyl-2β,3β,16α,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-o ...201121439597
effects of microcystin-lr, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and their mixture on lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) seeds and seedlings.microcystin-lr (mclr) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (las) are present widely in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, but their combined ecotoxicological risk is unknown. this study investigated the toxic effects of mclr, las and their mixture on lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) and evaluated mclr accumulation level in lettuce with or without las. the changes in seed germination and shoot/root growth, responses of the antioxidative defense system, and the accumulation of mclr in lettuce were tested ...201121409590
use of arsenic contaminated irrigation water for lettuce cropping: effects on soil, groundwater, and vegetal.the present study investigated the effects of using arsenic (as) contaminated irrigation water in lactuca sativa l. cropping. two different arsenic concentrations, i.e., 25 and 85 μg l(-1) and two different soils, i.e., sandy and clay loam, were taken into account. we determined the arsenic mobility in the different soil fractions, its amount in groundwater, and the phytotoxicity and genotoxicity. nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) and inductively coupled plasma (icp) were used to assess the lettu ...201120882365
can δ(15)n in lettuce tissues reveal the use of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser in organic production?the nitrogen isotopic fingerprint (δ(15)n) is reported to be a promising indicator for differentiating between organically and conventionally grown vegetables. however, the effect on plant δ(15)n of split nitrogen fertilisation, which could enable farmers to cover up the use of synthetic fertiliser, is not well studied. in this study the use of δ(15)n in lettuce as a potential marker for identifying the use of synthetic nitrogen fertiliser was tested on pot-grown lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) trea ...201120862716
beneficial effects of exogenous iodine in lettuce plants subjected to salinity stress.salinity inhibits plant growth due to ionic and osmotic effects on metabolic processes and nutritional balance, leading to impaired physiological functions. selenium (se) and silicon (si) can be partially alleviated by the effects wrought by nacl on the plant metabolism. iodine (i), applied as iodate (io(3)(-)) in biofortification programmes, has been confirmed to improve the antioxidant response in lettuce plants. thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether the application of io(3)(-) ...201121683885
using response surface methodology to assess the effects of iron and spent mushroom substrate on arsenic phytotoxicity in lettuce (lactuca sativa l.).the effects of iron (fe) and spent mushroom substrate (sms) arsenic (as) phytotoxicity towards lettuce in artificial soils were investigated to separate the adverse soil parameters relating to as toxicity using a response surface methodology. sms induced the root elongation of lettuce in both control and as-treated soils. however, in phytotoxicity test using a median effective concentration (ec(50)) of as, fe and the interaction between both parameters (fe*sms) significantly affected ec(50), whi ...201121632176
a chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of photosynthetic efficiency, quantum yield and photon energy dissipation in psii antennae of lactuca sativa l. leaves exposed to cinnamic acid.this study investigated the effects of cinnamic acid (ca) on growth, biochemical and physiological responses of lactuca sativa l. ca (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mm) treatments decreased plant height, root length, leaf and root fresh weight, but it did not affect the leaf water status. ca treatment (1.5 mm) significantly reduced f(v), f(m), photochemical efficiency of psii (f(v)/f(m)) and quantum yield of psii (φpsii) photochemistry in l. sativa. the photochemical fluorescence quenching (qp) and non-p ...201122000052
application of molecular techniques to identification of three plusiine species, autographa nigrisigna, macdunnoughia confusa, and thysanoplusia intermixta (lepidoptera: noctuidae), found in integrated pest management lettuce fields in japan.three plusiine species, autographa nigrisigna, macdunnoughia confusa, and thysanoplusia intermixta (lepidoptera: noctuidae), are commonly found together in lettuce, lactuca sativa l., fields in japan. given the marked morphological similarities between these species and the difficulty associated with discriminating between them using only visual cues, we used multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to distinguish between the three target species. multiplex pcr uses four primers to simult ...201121882693
locus-dependent selection in crop-wild hybrids of lettuce under field conditions and its implication for gm crop development.gene escape from crops has gained much attention in the last two decades, as transgenes introgressing into wild populations could affect the latter's ecological characteristics. however, different genes have different likelihoods of introgression. the mixture of selective forces provided by natural conditions creates an adaptive mosaic of alleles from both parental species. we investigated segregation patterns after hybridization between lettuce (lactuca sativa) and its wild relative, l. serriol ...201125568012
evaluation of the phytotoxicity of polycontaminated industrial effluents using the lettuce plant (lactuca sativa) as a bioindicator.industrial wastewater containing heavy metals is generally decontaminated by physicochemical treatment consisting in insolublizing the contaminants and separating the two phases, water and sludge, by a physical process (filtration, settling or flotation). however, chemical precipitation does not usually remove the whole pollution load and the effluent discharged into the environment can be toxic even if it comes up to regulatory standards. to assess the impact of industrial effluent from 4 diffe ...201121835466
pilot study of the efficacy and safety of lettuce seed oil in patients with sleep disorders.lactuca sativa (garden lettuce) is a popular salad herb. it has been in use in folk medicine since ancient times as both an appetite stimulant and as an aid to sleep. l. sativa seed oil (sedan(®)) has demonstrated a pronounced sedative effect and potentiated the hypnotic effect of barbiturates in animal models. it also exhibited significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. in this study, we evaluated the sedative and hypnotic effects of l. sativa in patients suffering from insomnia.201121731897
heavy metal removal from industrial effluents by sorption on cross-linked starch: chemical study and impact on water toxicity.batch sorption experiments using a starch-based sorbent were carried out for the removal of heavy metals present in industrial water discharges. the influence of contact time, mass of sorbent and pollutant load was investigated. pollutant removal was dependent on the mass of sorbent and contact time, but independent of the contaminant load. the process was uniform, rapid and efficient. sorption reached equilibrium in 60 min irrespective of the metal considered (e.g. zn, pb, cu, ni, fe and cd), r ...201121067859
accumulation of heavy metals from contaminated soil to plants and evaluation of soil remediation by vermiculite.we evaluated the distribution of 15 metal ions, namely al, cd, cu, cr, fe, la, mn, ni, pb, sc, ti, v, y, zn and zr, in the soil of a contaminated site in piedmont (italy). this area was found to be heavily contaminated with cu, cr and ni. the availability of these metal ions was studied using tessier's sequential extraction procedure: the fraction of mobile species, which potentially is the most harmful for the environment, was much higher than that normally present in unpolluted soils. this soi ...201121055788
[analysis of essential oil extracted from lactuca sativa seeds growing in xinjiang by gc-ms].to analyze the components of essential oil from lactuca sativa seeds growing in xinjiang.201122500425
preliminary studies on growth and fresh weight of lettuce (lactuca sativa) as affected by clay pot irrigation and spacing.an experiment (completely randomized design) was set up to determine the effects of clay pot sub-surface irrigation (cpsi) and spacing on the growth and fresh weight of lettuce (lactuca sativa). the treatments were: cpsi with spacing; 15 x 15 cm, 20 x 20 cm and 30 x 30 cm. control treatments were watering can irrigation (wci) with the same spacing as above. treatments were replicated three times given a total of 18 experimental units. eighteen large enamel basins of 50/20 cm (diameter/height) we ...201122308659
molecular cloning and characterization of gene coding for γ-tocopherol methyltransferase from lettuce (lactuca sativa).γ-tocopherol methyltransferase is an important rate-limiting enzyme involved in tocopherol biosynthesis. the full-length cdna encoding γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (designated as lstmt) was cloned from lactuca sativa for the first time by rapid amplification of cdna ends and characterized by means of quantitative rt-pcr. the full-length cdna of lstmt was 1131 bp, with an open reading frame of 897 bp encoding a γ-tocopherol methyltransferase protein of 298 amino acids, with a calculated molecul ...201122194177
molecular cloning and characterization of a tocopherol cyclase gene from lactuca sativa (asteraceae).tocopherol cyclase is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in tocopherol biosynthesis. the full-length cdna encoding tocopherol cyclase (designated as lstc) was cloned from lettuce (lactuca sativa) for the first time by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) and characterized by means of quantitative rt-pcr. the full-length cdna of lstc was 1675 bp, with an open reading frame of 1521 bp, encoding a tocopherol cyclase protein of 506 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 56.76 kd and an iso ...201121523658
a gene encoding an abscisic acid biosynthetic enzyme (lsnced4) collocates with the high temperature germination locus htg6.1 in lettuce (lactuca sp.).thermoinhibition, or failure of seeds to germinate when imbibed at warm temperatures, can be a significant problem in lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) production. the reliability of stand establishment would be improved by increasing the ability of lettuce seeds to germinate at high temperatures. genes encoding germination- or dormancy-related proteins were mapped in a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between l. sativa cv. salinas and l. serriola accession uc96us23. this reveal ...201120703871
effects of ten antibiotics on seed germination and root elongation in three plant species.we applied a screening-level phytotoxicity assay to evaluate the effects of 10 antibiotics (at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10,000 μg/l) on germination and early plant growth using three plant species: lettuce (lactuca sativa), alfalfa (medicago sativa), and carrot (daucus carota). the range of phytotoxicity of the antibiotics was large, with ec₂₅s ranging from 3.9 μg/l to >10,000 μg/l. chlortetracycline, levofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole were the most phytotoxic antibiotics. d. carota was ...201121107831
evaluation of the effectiveness of various amendments on trace metals stabilization by chemical and biological methods.we evaluated the effects of five different kinds of amendments on heavy metals stabilization. the five amendments were: zero valent iron, limestone, acid mine drainage treatment sludge, bone mill, and bottom ash. to determine bioavailability of the heavy metals, different chemical extraction procedures were used such as, extraction with (ca(no(3))(2), dtpa; toxic characteristic leaching procedure (tclp), physiologically based extraction test (pbet) that simulates gastric juice, and sequential ex ...201121333442
determination of the hydroxycinnamate profile of 12 members of the asteraceae family.the hydroxycinnamates of the leaves of 12 plants of the astreraceae family, achillea millefolium, arnica montana, artemesia dracunculus, cichorium intybus, cnicus benedictus, cynara scolymus, echinops humilis, inula helenium, lactuca sativa, petasites hybridus, solidago virgaurea, and tanacetum parthenium were investigated qualitatively by lc-ms(n). thirty-nine chlorogenic acids were detected and all characterized to regioisomeric level on the basis of their fragmentation pattern in the tandem m ...201121453943
uranium uptake by hydroponically cultivated crop plants.hydroponicaly cultivated plants were grown on medium containing uranium. the appropriate concentrations of uranium for the experiments were selected on the basis of a standard ecotoxicity test. the most sensitive plant species was determined to be lactuca sativa with an ec(50) value about 0.1mm. cucumis sativa represented the most resistant plant to uranium (ec(50)=0.71 mm). therefore, we used the uranium in a concentration range from 0.1 to 1mm. twenty different plant species were tested in hyd ...201121486682
effects of indole amides on lettuce and onion germination and growth.auxins, such as indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), are important in plant germination and growth, while physiological polyamines, such as putrescine, are involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, and their concentrations increase during germination. in this work, novel indole amides were synthesized in good yields by monoacylation of morpholine and unprotected symmetrical diamines with indole-3-carboxylic acid, a putative metabolite of iaa, possessing no auxin-like activity. these amides were ...201122191214
benzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (boa) induced changes in leaf water relations, photosynthesis and carbon isotope discrimination in lactuca sativa.the effects are reported here of benzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (boa), an allelopathic compound, on plant water relations, growth, components of chlorophyll fluorescence, and carbon isotope discrimination in lettuce (lactuca sativa l.). lettuce seedlings were grown in 1:1 hoagland solution in perlite culture medium in environmentally controlled glasshouse. after 30 days, boa was applied at concentration of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mm and distilled water (control). boa, in the range (0.1-1.5 mm), decreased ...201121665486
toxicity of sodium tungstate to earthworm, oat, radish, and lettuce.due to unknown effects of the potential exposure of the terrestrial environment to tungsten substances, a series of toxicity studies of sodium tungstate (na(2) wo(4) ) was conducted. the effect on earthworm (eisenia fetida) survival and reproduction was examined using organisation for economic co-operation and development (oecd) guideline 222. no effect on either endpoint was seen at the highest concentration tested, resulting in a 56-d no-observed-effect concentration (noec) of ≥586 mg tungsten ...201121805499
scale up of 2,4-dichlorophenol removal from aqueous solutions using brassica napus hairy roots.chlorophenols are harmful pollutants, frequently found in the effluents of several industries. for this reason, many environmental friendly technologies are being explored for their removal from industrial wastewaters. the aim of the present work was to study the scale up of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-dcp) removal from synthetic wastewater, using brassica napus hairy roots and h(2)o(2) in a discontinuous stirred tank reactor. we have analyzed some operational conditions, because the scale up of suc ...201120951495
physico-chemical and toxicological assessment of liquid wastes from olive processing-related industries.background: in the last few years, agricultural uses of waste waters from olive processing-related industries have been gaining interest mainly with a view to composting or bio-fertilizers. the present work examines physico-chemical, toxicological and geno-toxicological properties of three liquid wastes, namely olive mill wastewater (omww), olive wet husk and olive brine. the effect of omww spreading on soil microbial activity and biomass was also evaluated. results: data from artemia salina and ...201121796638
genotoxicity evaluation of effluents from textile industries of the region fez-boulmane, morocco: a case study.in order to investigate the biological hazard of effluents from textile industries of fez-boulmane region in morocco, mutagenicity and phytotoxicity tests were performed on different biological systems. moreover, the efficiency of a sequencing batch reactor (sbr) system, working by activated sludge on a laboratory scale, was estimated by comparing the ecotoxicity results observed before and after wastewater treatment. evaluation of the genotoxic potential was investigated by means of classic mut ...201121840051
Characterization of a Loss-of-Function Mutant of Gibberellin Biosynthetic Gene LsGA3ox1 in Lettuce.A previous study generated lettuce (Lactuca sativa) mutant lines tagged by retrotransposon Tnt1 from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and identified a homozygous mutant, Tnt6a, that exhibited severe dwarf phenotype. Here we show that Tnt1 is inserted into the intron of gibberellin biosynthetic gene LsGA3ox1 in Tnt6a mutants. Expression analysis suggests that LsGA3ox1 is nearly knocked out in the Tnt6a mutants.201122146725
ecological responses to uv radiation: interactions between the biological effects of uv on plants and on associated organisms.solar ultraviolet (uv)-b radiation (280-315 nm) has a wide range of effects on terrestrial ecosystems, yet our understanding of how uv-b influences the complex interactions of plants with pest, pathogen and related microorganisms remains limited. here, we report the results of a series of experiments in lactuca sativa which aimed to characterize not only key plant responses to uv radiation in a field environment but also consequential effects for plant interactions with a sap-feeding insect, two ...201122150399
dynamics of nonpersistent aphid-borne viruses in lettuce crops covered with uv-absorbing nets.aphid-transmitted viruses frequently cause severe epidemics in lettuce grown under mediterranean climates. spatio-temporal dynamics of aphid-transmitted viruses and its vector were studied on lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) grown under tunnels covered by two types of nets: a commercial uv-absorbing net (bionet) and a standard net. a group of plants infected by cucumber mosaic virus (cmv, family bromoviridae, genus cucumovirus) and lettuce mosaic virus (lmv, family potyviridae, genus potyvirus) was t ...201122226944
occurrence and diversity of free-living protozoa on butterhead lettuce.the occurrence and diversity of free-living protozoa (flp) on butterhead lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) was investigated using four different sampling techniques (washing, swabbing, homogenization, and excising). flp were recovered from all leaf samples (n=64), and cultures were flp-positive after 1week. identification of flp was performed by light microscopy and sequencing of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge)-separated 18s rrna gene fragments. bodo saltans, spumella (-like) spp. and c ...201121513995
isolation of salmonella spp. from lettuce and evaluation of its susceptibility to novel bacteriocins of bacillus thuringiensis and antibiotics.in this study, 13% of fresh lettuce (lactuca sativa) samples collected from markets and supermarkets in two cities of mexico were contaminated with salmonella spp. from those samples, amplicons of ~300 base pairs (bp) were amplified, corresponding to the expected size of the invasion (inva) and internal transcribed spacer regions of the 16s and 23s rrna genes of salmonella spp. additionally, salmonella strains were isolated and harbored plasmids ranging from ~9 to 16 kbp. from these strains, 91% ...201121333148
biomedicine in the environment: cyclotides constitute potent natural toxins in plants and soil bacteria.bioactive compounds produced by plants are easily transferred to soil and water and may cause adverse ecosystem effects. cyclotides are gene-encoded, circular, cystine-rich mini-proteins produced in violaceae and rubiaceae in high amounts. based on their biological activity and stability, cyclotides have promising pharmaceutical and agricultural applications. we report the toxicity of the cyclotides: kalata b1, kalata b2, and cycloviolacin o2 extracted from plants to green algae (pseudokirchneri ...201121337607
expression of dengue-3 premembrane and envelope polyprotein in lettuce chloroplasts.dengue is an acute febrile viral disease with >100 million infections occurring each year and more than half of the world population is at risk. global resurgence of dengue in many urban centers of the tropics is a major concern. therefore, development of a successful vaccine is urgently needed that is economical and provide long-lasting protection from dengue virus infections. in this manuscript, we report expression of dengue-3 serotype polyprotein (prm/e) consisting of part of capsid, complet ...201121431782
selection of phytotoxin producing rhizobacteria.in order to select phytotoxin producing rhizobacteria to control weed plants, twenty five bacterial strains previously isolated from the rhizospheres of various plants were grown in a liquid medium and, after cell removal by centrifugation, the liquid phases were freeze-dried and the products were extracted with ethyl acetate/methanol. the extracts were concentrated to dryness under vacuum and dissolved in water and sucrose solution to be submitted to in vitro assays of lettuce (lactuca sativa l ...201121739082
tipburn in salt-affected lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) plants results from local oxidative stress.tipburn in lettuce is a physiological disorder expressed as a necrosis in the margins of young developing leaves and is commonly observed under saline conditions. tipburn is usually attributed to ca(2+) deficiencies, and there has very limited research on other mechanisms that may contribute to tipburn development. this work examines whether symptoms are mediated by increased reactive oxygen species (ros) production. two butter lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) varieties, sunstar (su) and pontina (po) ...201122137608
control of the myiasis-producing fly, lucilia sericata, with egyptian essential oils.myiasis caused by lucilia sericata (diptera: calliphoridae) is widely distributed throughout the world and affects both humans and animals. in addition, l. sericata larvae and adults may play a role in spreading causal agents of mycobacterial infections. therefore, it is important to establish new and safe alternative methods of controlling this blowfly.201121244384
increased exposure to uv-b radiation during early development leads to enhanced photoprotection and improved long-term performance in lactuca sativa.plant responses to uv radiation are numerous and often viewed as a negative influence on plant growth. here we demonstrate that early exposure to uv leads to increased photosynthetic productivity and increased final yield in a field-grown lettuce crop, and that additionally, exposure to uv also confers photoprotective benefits to plants grown under controlled conditions. such outcomes represent possible exploitable benefits of managed uv radiation exposure in modern crop production.201121535014
the inheritance of resistance to verticillium wilt caused by race 1 isolates of verticillium dahliae in the lettuce cultivar la brillante.verticillium wilt of lettuce caused by verticillium dahliae can cause severe economic damage to lettuce producers. complete resistance to race 1 isolates is available in lactuca sativa cultivar (cv.) la brillante and understanding the genetic basis of this resistance will aid development of new resistant cultivars. f(1) and f(2) families from crosses between la brillante and three iceberg cultivars as well as a recombinant inbred line population derived from l. sativa cv. salinas 88 × la brillan ...201121567237
internalization of murine norovirus 1 by lactuca sativa during irrigation.romaine lettuce (lactuca sativa) was grown hydroponically or in soil and challenged with murine norovirus 1 (mnv) under two conditions: one mimicking a severe one-time contamination event and another mimicking a lower level of contamination occurring over time. in each condition, lettuce was challenged with mnv delivered at the roots. in the first case, contamination occurred on day one with 5 × 10(8) reverse transcriptase quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) u/ml mnv in nutrient buffer, and irrigation wa ...201121296944
New and revisited species in Aspergillus section Nigri.Four new species, Aspergillus eucalypticola, A. neoniger, A. fijiensis and A. indologenus are described and illustrated. Aspergillus eucalypticola was isolated from Eucalyptus leaf from Australia, and is related to A. tubingensis and A. costaricaensis, but could clearly be distinguished from them based on either ß-tubulin or calmodulin sequence data. Aspergillus eucalypticola produced pyranonigrin A, funalenone, aurasperone B and other naphtho-?-pyrones. Aspergillus neoniger is also a biseriate ...201121892239
mustard seed meal mixtures: management of meloidogyne incognita on pepper and potential phytotoxicity.meals produced when oil is extracted from seeds in the brassicaceae have been shown to suppress weeds and soilborne pathogens. these seed meals are commonly used individually as soil amendments; the goal of this research was to evaluate seed meal mixes of brassica juncea (bj) and sinapis alba (sa) against meloidogyne incognita. seed meals from bj 'pacific gold' and sa 'idagold' were tested alone and in combinations to determine rates and application times that would suppress m. incognita on pepp ...201122791910
quality traits of conventional and transgenic lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) at harvesting by nmr metabolic profiling.metabolism of genetically modified (gm) lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) leaves was investigated by comparing nmr metabolic profiles of three lines (t(3)b12, t(7)b7, and t(7)b14) overexpressing the e. coli asparagine synthetase a gene with those of the wild type (wt) at 24, 56, and 64 days after sowing (das). statistical analyses based on hydro-soluble compound profiles significantly and maximally discriminated the wt from gm-lines at optimal harvest time (56 das). the t(7)b14 metabolic variations we ...201020469910
the role of heterologous chloroplast sequence elements in transgene integration and expression.heterologous regulatory elements and flanking sequences have been used in chloroplast transformation of several crop species, but their roles and mechanisms have not yet been investigated. nucleotide sequence identity in the photosystem ii protein d1 (psba) upstream region is 59% across all taxa; similar variation was consistent across all genes and taxa examined. secondary structure and predicted gibbs free energy values of the psba 5' untranslated region (utr) among different families reflecte ...201020130101
residues of bioenergy production chains as soil amendments: immediate and temporal phytotoxicity.the current shift towards bioenergy production increases streams of bioenergy rest-products (rps), which are likely to end-up as soil amendments. however, their impact on soil remains unclear. in this study we evaluated crop phytotoxicity of 15 rps from common bioenergy chains (biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol and pyrolysis). the rps were mixed into a sandy soil and the seedling root and shoot elongation of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.), radish (raphanus sativus l.), and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) ...201021256672
influence of soil fumigation by methyl bromide and methyl iodide on rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial community structure.rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbial communities were evaluated on roots and leaves of growth chamber-grown lettuce (lactuca sativa (l.) cv. green forest) plants by culture-dependent and -independent methods after soil fumigation. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) with 16s rrna primers followed by cloning and sequencing was used to identify major rrna bands from the rhizosphere and phyllosphere. three weeks after fumigation, there were no differences (p = 0.16) in rhizosphere micr ...201020512733
photosynthetic responses of lettuce to downy mildew infection and cytokinin treatment.changes in primary metabolism of lettuce, lactuca sativa l. (cv. cobham green), induced by compatible interaction with the biotrophic oomycete pathogen bremia lactucae regel (race bl 16), under two intensities of illumination in the presence and absence of exogenous cytokinins were studied by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. thirteen days post-inoculation leaf discs infected by b. lactucae exhibited impairments of photosynthesis associated with biotrophic infections, including: reductions in ph ...201020471849
analysis of bacteria, parasites, and heavy metals in lettuce (lactuca sativa) and rocket salad (eruca sativa l.) irrigated with treated effluent from a biological wastewater treatment plant.this study aimed to evaluate the viability of using treated residuary water from the biological wastewater treatment plant of ribeirão preto to grow vegetables, through the characterization and quantification of parasites, coliforms, and heavy metals. three equal cultivation areas were prepared. the first was irrigated with treated/chlorinated (0.2 mg l(-1)) wastewater, the second one with treated wastewater without chlorination, and the third site with potable water, which was the control group ...201019639268
herbicidal activity of volatiles from coriander, winter savory, cotton lavender, and thyme isolated by hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction.the volatiles from coriandrum sativum l., satureja montana l., santolina chamaecyparissus l., and thymus vulgaris l. were isolated by hydrodistillation (essential oil) and supercritical fluid extraction (volatile oil). their effect on seed germination and root and shoot growth of the surviving seedlings of four crops ( zea mays l., triticum durum l., pisum sativum l., and lactuca sativa l.) and two weeds ( portulaca oleracea l. and vicia sativa l.) was investigated and compared with those of two ...201020886818
expression of a cholera toxin b subunit-neutralizing epitope of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus fusion gene in transgenic lettuce (lactuca sativa l.).transgenic plants have been used as a safe and economic expression system for the production of edible vaccines. a synthetic cholera toxin b subunit gene (ctb) was fused with a synthetic neutralizing epitope gene of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (sctb-scoe), and the sctb-scoe fusion gene was introduced into a plant expression vector under the control of the ubiquitin promoter. this plant expression vector was transformed into lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) using the agrobacterium-mediated tra ...201021153716
ecotoxicological characterization of tannery wastewater in dhaka, bangladesh.tanning industries are one of the main economic activities in bangladesh. it has been well documented that wastewater discharged from tanneries without appropriate treatment results in detrimental effects on the ecosystem. no ecotoxicity evaluation of any aquatic environment in bangladesh has been conducted so far. in this study a battery of toxicity bioassays and chemical analysis were carried out from water samples obtained from three sampling points: upstream from discharging site on river bu ...201021186722
characterization of acc deaminase gene in pseudomonas entomophila strain ps-pjh isolated from the rhizosphere soil.the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) deaminase cleaves the ethylene precursor acc into alpha-ketobutyrate and ammonia. the decreased level of ethylene allows the plant to be more resistant to a wide environmental stress including plant pathogens. in the present study, we characterized the acc deaminase activity of a pseudomonas entomophila strain ps-pjh isolated from the red pepper rhizosphere region of red pepper grown at jinan, korea. the isolate produced 23.8 +/- 0.4 micromol of ...201020082369
phosphomannose isomerase gene for selection in lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) transformation.a positive selection system using phosphomannose isomerase was employed for agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of lettuce (lactuca sativa l. var. 'achát'). it was shown that the mannose-based selection system works very well with the lettuce genotype used, reaching up to 25% transformation efficiency on the medium with 20 g/l mannose and 20 g/l sucrose. the best transformation efficacy with the commonly-used kanamycin at 100 mg/l as a selection agent was 21%. southern blot analyse ...201020234883
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