Publications

patterns of auxin distribution during gravitational induction of reaction wood in poplar and pine.	gravistimulation of tree stems affects wood development by unilaterally inducing wood with modified properties, called reaction wood. commonly, it also stimulates cambial growth on the reaction wood side. numerous experiments involving applications of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) or iaa-transport inhibitors have suggested that reaction wood is induced by a redistribution of iaa around the stem. however, in planta proof for this model is lacking. therefore, we have mapped endogenous iaa distributio ...	2004	15122024
[patterns of protein biosynthesis in the embryo and endosperm during embryogenesis in pinus sylvestris l].	the patterns of protein biosynthesis in the embryo and endosperm during embryogenesis in the scots pine were studied using electrophoresis and biochemistry methods. proteins of the albumin-globulin fraction were visualized already at the early embryonic stages. the main polypeptide components (48-60, 37-39, and 20-22 kda) were gradually accumulated in the course of maturation. a high synchrony was noted between the stages of embryogenesis and molecular events related to protein biosynthesis and ...	2004	15124350
[comparative study of allozyme polymorphism in groups of pine trees (pinus sylvestris l.) with different seed productivity].	genotypes of 196 pinus sylvestris l. plants from 10 natural populations of five ukrainian regions have been determined using 19 polymorphic isozyme loci. variability of quantity of full-grained, empty-grained and underdeveloped seeds in the cones of these plants has been studied. the basic indexes of genetic polymorphism were determined for 6 samples presented by 18-19 trees with high and low productivity of the full-grained, empty-grained and underdeveloped seeds. the maximum amount of rare all ...	2004	15131963
processes, dynamics and modelling of radiocaesium cycling in a chronosequence of chernobyl-contaminated scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) plantations.	in a large forested area affected by the chernobyl radioactive fallout, especially in cis, the lasting recycling of radiocaesium (137cs) by the trees is a source of long-term contamination of woody products. the quantitative description of the 137cs dynamics in contaminated forest is a prerequisite to predictive modelling and further management of such territories. three even-aged mono-specific scots pine stands (17, 37 and 57 years old) were selected in a contaminated woodland in southeastern b ...	2004	15144787
avoidance of nonhost plants by a bark beetle, pityogenes bidentatus, in a forest of odors.	the bark beetle, pityogenes bidentatus (coleoptera: scolytidae), searches in mixed conifer and deciduous forests of northern europe for suitable branches of its host, scots pine ( pinus sylvestris). we tested whether odors from several diverse nonhost trees and plants common in the habitat (e.g., mountain ash, sorbus aucuparia; oak, quercus robur; alder buckthorn, frangula alnus; blueberry, vaccinium myrtillus; raspberry, rubus idaeus; and grass, deschampsia flexuosa) would reduce the attraction ...	2004	15146267
bud endophytes of scots pine produce adenine derivatives and other compounds that affect morphology and mitigate browning of callus cultures.	endophytes are found in meristematic bud tissues of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) especially prior to growth, which would suggest their involvement in growth of the bud. to test this hypothesis, production of phytohormones by two bacterial (methylobacterium extorquens, pseudomonas synxantha) and one fungal endophyte (rhodotorula minuta) was studied by mass spectrometry. the most common gibberellins, auxins, or cytokinins were not detected in the fractions studied. instead, m. extorquens and r ...	2004	15153198
suitability of some southern and western pines as hosts for the pine shoot beetle, tomicus piniperda (coleoptera: scolytidae).	the pine shoot beetle, tomicus piniperda (l.), is an exotic pest that has become established in north america. discovered in ohio in 1992, it has since been found in at least 13 states and parts of canada. the beetle can cause significant growth loss in pines, and it represents a potential threat to trees in areas where it has not yet become established. to evaluate this threat to native pines, field and laboratory tests were conducted on several common and important southern and western species ...	2004	15154468
[effect of accumulating fluorine and sulphur compounds on the content of chlorophyll in pine needles (pinus sylvestris l.) from some areas of southern poland in 2001-2003].	concentrations of f(-), s and chlorophyll in needles of pines growing near metallurgical works and power plants were determined. a statistically significant positive correlation between f(-) (in the range of 4.32 to 21.98 microg f(-)/g d.m.) and chlorophyll and a negative correlation between s (in the range of 1094 to 2150 microg s/g d.m.) and chlorophyll was found. this result suggests an antagonistic interaction between f(-) and s in pine needles.	2004	16892589
forest health status in the carpathian mountains over the period 1997-2001.	the results of forest health status assessments in the carpathian mountains from the monitoring networks developed by the european union scheme on the protection of forest against atmospheric pollution (eu scheme) and international co-operative programme on assessment and monitoring of air pollution effects on forests (icp-forests), have led to a better understanding of the impact of air pollution and other stressors on forests at the regional scale. during the period 1997-2001, forests in the c ...	2004	15046844
epitypification of ophiostoma galeiforme and phylogeny of species in the o. galeiforme complex.	ophiostoma galeiforme was described first in 1951 from larix kaempferi in scotland, where it was found to be associated with the bark beetles hy-lurgops palliatus, dryocoetes autographus, and the ambrosia beetle trypodendron lineatum. the taxonomy of this fungus has been uncertain because of a lack of sexual structures on the type specimen and contamination of a preserved ex-type culture. the aim of this study was to clarify application of the species name, o. galeiforme, by designating an epity ...	2004	21148954
the use of plants as regular food in ancient subarctic economies: a case study based on sami use of scots pine innerbark.	this study combines ethnological, historical, and dendroecological data from areas north of the arctic circle to analyze cultural aspects of sami use of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) inner bark as regular food. bark was peeled in june when trees were at the peak of sapping, leaving a strip of undamaged cambium so the tree survived. as a result, it is possible to date bark-peeling episodes using dendrochronology. the paper argues that the use of scots pine inner bark reflects sami religious be ...	2004	21774149
nuclear and cytoplasmic variation within and between eurasian larix (pinaceae) species.	the genetic variation in nuclear and cytoplasmic markers was investigated in 28 populations belonging to eurasian larix species (l. decidua, l. sibirica, l. gmelinii, l. olgensis, and l. kaempferi). nuclear genetic variation was assessed at 214 aflp loci, and both pcr-rflp and four microsatellite loci were used to estimate variation of the chloroplast dna. variation of the mitochondrial genome was measured using rflps. although population differentiation at both nuclear and chloroplast markers w ...	2003	21659211
taxonomic re-evaluation of three related species of graphium, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny.	two fungi associated with bark beetles, graphium pseudormiticum (described in 1994) and rhexographium fimbriisporum (described in 1995), have two micromorphological characters in common. both species produce conidia with conspicuous basal frills, and the conidia align in chains, despite being produced in slime. the association of g. pseudormiticum with the pine bark beetle, orthotomicus erosus, and the association of r. fimbriisporum with the spruce bark beetle, ips typographus, suggest ecologic ...	2003	21148980
molecular analysis of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete communities in a pinus sylvestris l. stand reveals long-term increased diversity after removal of litter and humus layers.	abstract the number of fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal species in pine forests in the netherlands has decreased dramatically in recent decades. this decrease has been attributed to an increase in nitrogen deposition and the accumulation of litter and humus. the effects of sod cutting and the removal of litter and humus, to restore ectomycorrhizal diversity in a scots pine forest in dwingeloo, the netherlands, were investigated previously from 1990 to 1993. removal of the litter and humus resu ...	2003	19719606
developmental lignification and seasonal variation in beta-glucosidase and peroxidase activities in xylem of scots pine, norway spruce and silver birch.	we examined the relationship between beta-glucosidase and peroxidase activities and xylem lignification in the stems of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and silver birch (betula pendula roth) during the 1999 growing season. examination of stem cross sections stained with safranin and alcian blue for lignin and cellulose, respectively, indicated that radial growth of pine and spruce xylem began in late may, whereas the growth of birch xylem was initiated 2 ...	2003	12952784
defoliation-induced responses in peroxidases, phenolics, and polyamines in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) needles.	effects of artificial defoliation on defensive needle chemistry in scots pine (pitus sylvestris l.) were evaluated with particular emphasis on peroxidases, phenolic compounds, soluble sugars, polyamines, and foliar nitrogen levels. the study was carried out on a nutrient-poor scots pine stand with 8- to 25-year-old trees. defoliation treatment consisted of repeated defoliation in two successive years with respective control trees. defoliation was done before needle flushing by removing all matur ...	2003	12956514
wood properties of scots pines (pinus sylvestris) grown at elevated temperature and carbon dioxide concentration.	impacts of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide concentration ([co2]) on wood properties of 15-year-old scots pines (pinus sylvestris l.) grown under conditions of low nitrogen supply were investigated in open-top chambers. the treatments consisted of (i) ambient temperature and ambient [co2] (at+ac), (ii) ambient temperature and elevated [co2] (at+ec), (iii) elevated temperature and ambient [co2] (et+ac) and (iv) elevated temperature and elevated [co2] (et+ec). wood properties analyzed for t ...	2003	14532012
scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) growth and condition in a polluted environment: from decline to recovery.	the results of long-term investigations of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) growth and condition in the impact zone of one of the biggest air pollution sources in lithuania--mineral fertilizers plant "achema" are presented. the main attention is laid to the recovery of damaged stands since annual emissions to air were reduced essentially. the investigations indicated, that the recovery of tree increment was mostly caused by distinct reduction of emissions of nitrogen and sulphur oxides and dust ...	2003	12810314
effects of thinning treatment on an ectomycorrhizal succession under scots pine.	we describe a 16 yr dataset of ectomycorrhizal fruit bodies under scots pine (pinus sylvestris), starting from seedlings, and explore the effects of a 50% thinning treatment imposed in year 12. the over-riding pattern in the data was of successional development, with paxillus involutus and laccaria proxima in the earliest years, followed by suillus species, while in later years amanita and cortinarius species became prominent. the typical pattern was for each species in turn to increase to a max ...	2003	12825501
comparing est-based genetic maps between pinus sylvestris and pinus taeda.	a genetic map of pinus sylvestris was constructed using estp (expressed sequence tag polymorphism) markers and other gene-based markers, aflp markers and microsatellites. part of the estp markers (40) were developed and mapped earlier in pinus taeda, and additional markers were generated based on p. sylvestris sequences or sequences from other pine species. the mapping in p. sylvestris was based on 94 f(1) progeny from a cross between plus-tree parents e635c and e1101. aflp framework maps for th ...	2003	12827250
impact of emission from oil shale fueled power plants on the growth and foliar elemental concentrations of scots pine in estonia.	to study the impact of air pollution on the growth and elemental composition of conifers, 5 sample plots were established at different distances and directions from the estonian power plant (northeast estonia) in 1999-2000. the selected stands were 75-80(85)-yr-old parts (0.05 ha) of (oxalis)-myrtillus site type forest of 0.7-0.8 density. the soils of all sample plots were gleyic podzols (lkg) on sands. the several times higher ca concentration in the humus horizon of the sample plot ne from the ...	2003	12841691
chemical analysis of volatiles emitted by pinus svlvestris after induction by insect oviposition.	gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of the headspace volatiles of scots pine (pinus sylvestris) induced by egg deposition of the sawfly diprion pini were conducted. the odor blend of systemically oviposition-induced pine twigs. attractive for the eulophid egg parasitoid chrysonotomyia ruforum, was compared to volatiles released by damaged pine twigs (control) that are not attractive for the parasitoid. the mechanical damage inflicted to the control twigs mimicked the damage by a sawfly ...	2003	12857033
diffusion barriers of tripartite sporopollenin microcapsules prepared from pine pollen.	tripartite sporopollenin microcapsules prepared from pine pollen (pinus sylvestris l. and pinus nigra arnold) were analysed with respect to the permeability of the different strata of the exine which surround the gametophyte and form the sacci. the sexine at the surface of the sacci is highly permeable for polymer molecules and latex particles with a diameter of up to 200 nm, whereas the nexine covering the gametophyte is impermeable for dextran molecules, with a stokes' radius > or =4 nm (dextr ...	2003	12876191
variation in host resistance and pathogen selective value in the interaction between pinus sylvestris and the fungus crumenulopsis sororia.	there have been many studies of plant pathogen evolution in systems showing gene-for-gene control of host resistance. however little is known about situations, exemplified by scots pine, pinus sylvestris, and its fungal pathogen crumenulopsis sororia, where variation in host resistance is quantitative. in a field experiment genetically marked isolates of c. sororia from three natural populations were reciprocally inoculated on 1- and 2-year-old branch tissue of p. sylvestris in the three sites f ...	2003	12939618
137cs distribution among annual rings of different tree species contaminated after the chernobyl accident.	the distributions of 137cs among annual rings of pinus sylvestris and betula pendula at four experimental sites located in the most contaminated areas in the russian territory after the chernobyl accident in 1986 were studied. trees of different ages were sampled from four forest sites with different tree compositions and soil properties. the data analysis shows that 137cs is very mobile in wood and the 1986 rings do not show the highest contamination. the difference between pine and birch in th ...	2003	12683726
effects of environmental biomass-producing factors on cd uptake in two swedish ecotypes of pinus sylvestris.	a factorial design was used to study direct effects of external biomass-producing factors such as light, temperature and photoperiod on cadmium (cd) uptake and indirect effects, via change in biomass production in two ecotypes of scots pine (pinus silvestris). the aim was to find out if the external factors affect the cd uptake directly or via change in biomass production, and if the effect differs between ecotypes. seedlings were grown under 10 combinations of external factors, i.e. temperature ...	2003	12685768
nucleotide diversity at two phytochrome loci along a latitudinal cline in pinus sylvestris.	forest tree species provide many examples of well-studied adaptive differentiation, where the search for the underlying genes might be possible. in earlier studies and in our common conditions in a greenhouse, northern populations set bud earlier than southern ones. a difference in latitude of origin of one degree corresponded to a change of 1.4 days in number of days to terminal bud set of seedlings. earlier physiological and ecological genetics work in conifers and other plants have suggested ...	2003	12694283
does tree diversity increase wood production in pine forests?	recent experimental advances on the positive effect of species richness on ecosystem productivity highlight the need to explore this relationship in communities other than grasslands and using non-synthetic experiments. we investigated whether wood production in forests dominated by aleppo pine (pinus halepensis) and pyrenean scots pine (pinus sylvestris) differed between monospecific and mixed forests (2-5 species) using the ecological and forest inventory of catalonia (iefc) database which con ...	2003	12698352
above- and belowground biomass and net primary production in a 73-year-old scots pine forest.	we estimated above- and belowground biomass and net primary production (npp) of a 73-year-old scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) forest stand in the belgian campine region. total biomass for the stand was 176 mg ha(-1), of which 74.4% was found in stems. the root system contained 12.6% of total biomass, most of it in coarse roots (> 5 mm). fine roots (< 5 mm) comprised only about 1.7% of total biomass, and more than 50% of fine root biomass was retrieved in the litter layer and the upper 15 cm of ...	2003	12730042
light and water-use efficiencies of pine shoots exposed to elevated carbon dioxide and temperature.	an automatic gas exchange system was used to continuously measure water and carbon fluxes of attached shoots of scots pine trees (pinus sylvestris l.) grown in environment-controlled chambers for a 3-year period (1998-2000) and exposed to either normal ambient conditions (con), elevated co2 (+350 micro mol mol-1; ec), elevated temperature (+2-6 degrees c; et) or a combination of ec and et (ect). ec treatment enhanced the mean daily total carbon flux per unit projected needle area (fc.d) by 17-21 ...	2003	12740213
nir spectroscopic measurement of moisture content in scots pine seeds.	when tree seeds are used for seedling production it is important that they are of high quality in order to be viable. one of the factors influencing viability is moisture content and an ideal quality control system should be able to measure this factor quickly for each seed. seed moisture content within the range 3-34% was determined by near-infrared (nir) spectroscopy on scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) single seeds and on bulk seed samples consisting of 40-50 seeds. the models for predicting w ...	2003	12741646
nutrient conservation increases with latitude of origin in european pinus sylvestris populations.	nutrient availability varies across climatic gradients, yet intraspecific adaptation across such gradients in plant traits related to internal cycling and nutrient resorption remains poorly understood. we examined nutrient resorption among six scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) populations of wide-ranging origin grown under common-garden conditions in poland. these results were compared with mass-based needle n and p for 195 scots pine stands throughout the species' european range. at the common s ...	2003	12756524
seasonal variation in respiration of 1-year-old shoots of scots pine exposed to elevated carbon dioxide and temperature for 4 years.	sixteen 20-year-old scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) trees growing in the field were enclosed for 4 years in environment-controlled chambers that maintained: (1) ambient conditions (con); (2) elevated atmospheric co2 concentration (ambient + 350 micro mol mol-1; ec); (3) elevated temperature (ambient +2-6 degrees c; et); or (4) elevated co2 and elevated temperature (ect). the dark respiration rates of 1-year-old shoots, from which needles had been partly removed, were measured over the growing s ...	2003	12763759
the production of transgenic scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) via the application of transformed pollen in controlled crossings.	the study demonstrates the production of a transgenic scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedling through the application of transformed pollen in controlled crossings. the pollen lots were transformed by particle bombardment, resulting in transient transformation frequencies varying from 15 to 49% of the germinated pollen grains, and bombarded pollen was used to pollinate megasporangiate strobili. progeny was screened by histochemical, gus assays, and selected seedlings were further analysed by p ...	2003	12779126
regulation of amino acid uptake by carbon and nitrogen in pinus sylvestris.	the simultaneous uptake of 13 different amino acids by scots pine ( pinus sylvestris l.) was characterized and its regulation investigated after pre-treatments with a range of c and n metabolites. the uptake system exhibited a broad substrate specificity, acquiring all tested amino acids at similar uptake rates. uptake of all tested amino acids by excised roots was linear over a time period of 150 min and exhibited ph-dependency, showing a peak at ph 4.0-5.0. uptake was increased following pre-t ...	2003	12783339
comment on "biosorption of chromium(vi) from aqueous solution by cone biomass of pinus sylvestris".		2003	12798124
two endophytic fungi in different tissues of scots pine buds (pinus sylvestris l.).	two fungal species were isolated with different frequencies from pine tissue cultures originating from buds. one species was detected in 33.1% of the cultures initiated in march, and another was present in 1.7% of cultures initiated in june. based on analyses of phylogenetic and physiological characteristics these fungi were identified as hormonema dematioides (isolated in march) and rhodotorula minuta (isolated in june). probes targeted towards the 18s rrna of h. dematioides and r. minuta were ...	2003	12481234
acidification-induced chemical changes in coniferous forest soils in southern sweden 1988-1999.	thirty-two norway spruce [picea abies (l.) karst.] and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) stands in southern sweden were studied for a period of 12 years to evaluate acidification-induced chemical changes in the soil. soil, at 20-30 cm depth in the mineral layer, was sampled three times during this period (1988, 1993 and 1999). the results show that ph(bacl2) in mineral soil decreased by, on average, 0.17 units between 1988 and 1999, accompanied by an increase in aluminium (al) concentration and a ...	2003	12663207
nearly complete genetic maps of pinus sylvestris l. (scots pine) constructed by aflp marker analysis in a full-sib family.	we have constructed nearly complete linkage maps of pinus sylvestris (l.) using aflp markers based on a two-way pseudo-testcross strategy in a full-sib family founded in an advanced breeding program. with 39 primer combinations, a total of 737 markers (320 from the mother and 417 from the father) segregated in a 1:1 ratio, corresponding to dna polymorphism: heterozygous in one parent and null in the other. in the maternal parent, 188 framework markers were mapped in 12 linkage groups, equivalent ...	2003	12671756
uptake and transfer of nutrients in ectomycorrhizal associations: interactions between photosynthesis and phosphate nutrition.	energy-dispersive x-ray microanalytical investigations and microautoradiographic studies were carried out to examine whether the uptake and transfer of phosphate (p) by an ectomycorrhizal fungus is affected by the carbohydrate supply of its host plant. for this purpose, non-mycorrhizal seedlings of pinus sylvestris l. and plants inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete suillus bovinus (l. ex fr.) kuntze were placed in the dark for 7 days in advance of a p supply. the subcellular element ...	2003	12682827
total vs. internal element concentrations in scots pine needles along a sulphur and metal pollution gradient.	analysis of foliar elements is a commonly used method for studying tree nutrition and for monitoring the impacts of air pollutants on forest ecosystems. interpretations based on the results of foliar element analysis may, however, be different in nutrition vs. monitoring studies. we studied the impacts of severe sulphur and metal (mainly cu and ni) pollution on the element concentrations (al, ca, cu, fe, k, mg, mn, ni, p, pb, s and zn) in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) foliage along an airborn ...	2003	12531316
effects of exogenous gibberellin and auxin on shoot elongation and vegetative bud development in seedlings of pinus sylvestris and picea glauca.	the hormonal control of stem unit (foliar appendage and axillary structure, if present, plus subtending internode) number and length was investigated in shoots of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and white spruce (picea glauca (moench) voss). seedlings were treated with six gibberellins (ga1, ga3, ga4, ga5, ga9 and ga20) and two auxins (indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) and naphthaleneacetic acid (naa)) when either neoformed growth was occurring or the terminal vegetative bud was developing. hormones w ...	2003	12533302
biochemical acclimation patterns of betula pendula and pinus sylvestris seedlings to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations.	acclimation of photosynthesis to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([co2]; 350 to 2,000 micromol mol-1) was followed in silver birch (betula pendula roth.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings for two years. chlorophyll fluorescence and concentrations of rubisco, chlorophyll, total soluble protein and nitrogen were monitored together with steady-state gas exchange at three co2 concentrations (ambient [co2] (345 +/- 20 micromol mol-1), the growth [co2] and 1950 +/- 55 ...	2003	12533303
contrasting effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on rubisco activity, chlorophyll fluorescence, needle ultrastructure and secondary metabolites in conifer seedlings.	scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) seedlings were grown for 50 days in growth chambers in an ambient or twice ambient carbon dioxide concentration ([co2]) at a day/night temperature of 19/12 degrees c or 23/16 degrees c. although elevated [co2] (ec) had only slight effects on the growth parameters measured, elevated temperature (et) increased above ground dry mass of both species. among treatments, biomass accumulation of both species was greatest in the ...	2003	12533304
relations between scots pine needle element concentrations and decreased needle longevity along pollution gradients.	scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) shoots were sampled along transects near one urban pollution source and two smelters. needle mg, p and k concentrations decreased from the second to the fourth age class linearly with needle survival along the urban pollution gradient. still, over 80% of the average concentration of these nutrients remained in the fourth needle age class. decreased needle longevity was closely related to the increased heavy metal concentrations near the smelters. near the urban p ...	2003	12535600
growth and nutrient uptake of ectomycorrhizal pinus sylvestris seedlings in a natural substrate treated with elevated al concentrations.	models of the effects of elevated concentrations of aluminum (al) on growth and nutrient uptake of forest trees frequently ignore the effects of mycorrhizal fungi. in this study, we present novel data indicating that ectomycorrhizal mycelia may prevent leaching of base cations and al. mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal pinus sylvestris l. seedlings were grown in sand obtained from the b-horizon of a local forest. in experiment 1, non-mycorrhizal seedlings and seedlings inoculated with hebeloma cf. ...	2003	12566266
bioindication of the anthropogenic effects on micropopulations of pinus sylvestris, l. in the vicinity of a plant for the storage and processing of radioactive waste and in the chernobyl npp zone.	results of a comparative analysis of the frequency and spectrum of cytogenetic anomalies are presented for reproductive (seeds) and vegetative (needles) samples taken from scotch pine (pinus sylvestris, l.) micropopulations growing at sites with differing levels of radioactive contamination in the chernobyl npp 30 km zone, and at the location of a facility for the processing and storage of radioactive wastes (the 'radon' lwpe, near the town of sosnovy bor in the leningrad region). the data obtai ...	2003	12590076
the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between lactarius deliciosus and pinus sylvestris in forest soil samples: symbiotic efficiency and development on roots of a rdna internal transcribed spacer-selected isolate of l. deliciosus.	the effect on plant growth of pre-inoculation of pinus sylvestris with the ectomycorrhizal (ecm) edible basidiomycete lactarius deliciosus (isolate d45) under controlled conditions, and the development on roots of this basidiomycete, were investigated in gamma-irradiated and unsterilized containers containing different forest soil cores or a perlite-vermiculite mixture. five months after planting, l. deliciosus mycorrhizal plants exhibited greater growth than the non-mycorrhizal ones in all soil ...	2003	12634915
in vitro evidence of mycoparasitism of the ectomycorrhizal fungus laccaria laccata against mucor hiemalis in the rhizosphere of pinus sylvestris.	interactions between the ectomycorrhizal fungus laccaria laccata and the soil fungus mucor hiemalis f. hiemalis in co-culture, and in the rhizosphere of in vitro-grown pinus sylvestris seedlings were investigated by light- and scanning electron-microscopy. in co-culture, mycelial growth away from the l. laccata colony reduced the number of aerial hyphae at the contact zone and increased the density and compactness of the mycelium-characterized gross morphology of the saprobic fungus. although th ...	2003	12634918
timing of ga4/7 application and the flowering of pinus sylvestris grafts in the greenhouse.	effects of varying the time of stem injection of gibberellin a4/7 (ga4/7) on male and female flowering in potted grafts of pinus sylvestris l. in a greenhouse were monitored in two consecutive years. flowering results for each application time were correlated with phenological characteristics and abiotic factors in an attempt to find reproducible indicators of the most effective time of ga4/7 treatment. the ga4/7 treatment had a significant effect on female flowering, but no effect on male flowe ...	2003	12642243
survival and development of lymantria monacha (lepidoptera: lymantriidae) on north american and introduced eurasian tree species.	lymantria monacha (l.) (lepidoptera: lymantriidae), the nun moth, is a eurasian pest of conifers that has potential for accidental introduction into north america. to project the potential host range of this insect if introduced into north america, survival and development of l. monacha on 26 north american and eight introduced eurasian tree species were examined. seven conifer species (abies concolor, picea abies, p. glauca, p. pungens, pinus sylvestris with male cones, p. menziesii variety gla ...	2003	12650343
interactive effects of temperature and precipitation on soil respiration in a temperate maritime pine forest.	soil respiration (sr) was monitored periodically throughout 2001 in a scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) stand located in the belgian campine region. as expected for a temperate maritime forest, temperature was the dominant control over sr during most of the year. however, during late spring and summer, when soil water content (swc) was limiting, sr was insensitive to temperature (q(10) = 1.24). we observed that during prolonged rain-free periods, when swc was less than 15% (v/v), sr decreased dra ...	2003	14652226
carbon-thirteen cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance and fourier transform infrared studies of thermally modified wood exposed to brown and soft rot fungi.	thermally modified wood has many technically interesting properties, such as increased dimensional stability, low equilibrium moisture content, and enhanced biological and weather resistance. this paper describes solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) and fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopic studies on the decay of heat-treated and untreated pine (pinus sylvestris) by brown (poria placenta) and soft rot fungi. both techniques combined with multivariate data analysis proved to b ...	2003	14658617
drought stress alters the concentration of wood terpenoids in scots pine and norway spruce seedlings.	drought is known to have an impact on the resistance of conifers to various pests, for example, by affecting resin flow in trees. little is known, however, about the quantitative and qualitative changes in resin when trees are growing in low moisture conditions. we exposed scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) seedlings to medium and severe drought stress for two growing seasons and analyzed the monoterpenes and resin acids in the main stem wood after two y ...	2003	14584671
isolation of a novel antimicrobial peptide gene (sp-amp) homologue from pinus sylvestris (scots pine) following infection with the root rot fungus heterobasidion annosum.	a new family of antimicrobial peptide homologues termed sp-amp has been discovered in pinus sylvestris (scots pine). this is the first report of such proteins to be characterized in a conifer species. sp-amp1 was identified in a substructured cdna library of root tissue infected with the root rot fungus heterobasidion annosum and encodes a mature peptide of 79 amino acid residues. three additional members of the sp-amp family (sp-amps 2-4) encode cysteine-rich proteins of 105 amino acids, each c ...	2003	14612232
removal of cd(ii) and pb(ii) ions, from aqueous solutions, by adsorption onto sawdust of pinus sylvestris.	fixation of heavy metal ions (cd(ii) and pb(ii)) onto sawdust of pinus sylvestris is presented in this paper. batch experiments were conducted to study the main parameters such as adsorbent concentration, initial adsorbate concentration, contact time, kinetic, ph solution, and stirring velocity on the sorption of cd(ii) and pb(ii) by sawdust of p. sylvestris. kinetic aspects are studied in order to develop a model which can describe the process of adsorption on sawdust. the equilibrium of a solu ...	2003	14623423
detecting differences in crown transparency assessments between countries using the image analysis system croco.	estimates of crown transparency calculated using the semi-automatic image analysis system croco were compared with the visual estimates of survey teams from 12 european countries. for each of five european species (norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.), silver fir (abies alba mill.), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), beech (fagus sylvatica l.), oak (quercus robur l.)) 15 trees were assessed. in 64% of the comparisons, croco estimates and the survey teams' scores differed significantly, while d ...	2003	14632089
local variations in microfungal populations on pinus sylvestris needles.	we studied the fungal colonization of pinus sylvestris needles in two neighbouring sites, comparing stands of isolated and grouped trees. we observed large variations among the proportions of needles bearing fruit bodies of cyclaneusma minus, lophodermium pinastri, verticicladium trifidum and black lines characteristic of l. pinastri colonization. variations between sites and within trees were greater than that between stands or between trees. the frequency of l. pinastri colonization was negati ...	2003	14635770
albatrellus citrinus sp. nov., connected to picea abies on lime rich soils.	field observations indicated that a morphotype of albatrellus subrubescens seemed connected to picea abies and lime rich soils, while the original morphotype seemed connected with pinus sylvestris and indifferent to lime. we conducted a molecular study (its sequencing of 22 albatrellus specimens) to test the hypothesis that we in fact had discovered a new species. our results confirmed the hypothesis, i.e. the picea taxon (604 bp its) had little intraspecific variation in spite of 1600 km distan ...	2003	14635772
diversity of fungi in organic soils under a moorland--scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) gradient.	the conservation and regeneration of native scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) woodlands is being actively encouraged by conservation agencies in the uk because of their high biodiversity value. in the present study, the consequences of regeneration on terrestrial fungal communities was determined in three parallel transects running from open moorland, through an intermediate zone showing seedling colonization, into a mature scots pine forest at abernethy forest, cairngorm, scotland. soil cores we ...	2003	14641592
programmed cell death eliminates all but one embryo in a polyembryonic plant seed.	development of multiple embryos from a single zygote, the phenomenon called monozygotic polyembryony, is a widespread reproductive strategy found in higher plants and especially in gymnosperms. the enigma of plant monozygotic polyembryony is that only one embryo in a polyembryonic seed usually survives while the others are eliminated at an early stage. here we report that programmed cell death (pcd) is the major mechanism responsible for elimination of subordinate embryos in a polyembryonic seed ...	2002	12232793
measuring and simulating crown respiration of scots pine with increased temperature and carbon dioxide enrichment.	acclimation to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and temperature of respiration by the foliage in the crown of scots pine (pinus sylvestris) trees is measured and modelled. starting in 1996, individual 20-year-old trees were enclosed in chambers and exposed to either normal ambient conditions (con), elevated co2 concentration (ec), elevated temperature (et) or a combination of ec and et (ect). respiration of individual leaves within the crown was measured in 2000. to extrapolate ...	2002	12234144
diameter growth of scots pine (pinus sylvestris) trees grown at elevated temperature and carbon dioxide concentration under boreal conditions.	we investigated the impacts of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide concentration ([co2]) on diameter growth of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), aged about 20 years, grown with a low nitrogen supply in closed chambers at (i) ambient temperature and [co2] (at+ac), (ii) ambient temperature and elevated [co2] (at+ec), (iii) elevated temperature and ambient [co2] (et+ac), and (iv). elevated temperature and [co2] (et+ec). each treatment was replicated four times. diameter growth was monitored wit ...	2002	12359523
differences in delta13c and diameter growth among remnant scots pine populations in scotland.	published data suggest that differences in wood cellulose carbon isotope composition (delta13c) and xylem ring width among natural populations of scots pine in scotland (pinus sylvestris l.) are attributable to the persistence of palaeotypes of various post-glacial migratory origins. we assessed differences in wood cellulose delta13c and ring width among scottish scots pine populations grown in a clone bank and in natural stands at various locations in northern and central scotland. ring width a ...	2002	12359525
secondary metabolite concentrations and terpene emissions of scots pine xylem after long-term forest fertilization.	secondary compounds are known to be associated with the resistance of conifer xylem against insects and fungi. the effects of long-term forest fertilization with nitrogen (n) or with n, calcium (ca), and phosphorus (p) on secondary compounds in the xylem of 50-yr-old scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) trees were examined. xylem samples were collected from trees growing in three locations in southern finland: vilppula, padasjoki, and punkaharju. forests were fertilized every fifth (vilppula and pad ...	2002	12371188
pisolithus tinctorius promotes germination and forms mycorrhizal structures in scots pine somatic embryos in vitro.	the results of the present study show that inoculation with the ectomycorrhizal fungus pisolithus tinctorius (pers.) coker and couch potentially enhances the germination of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) somatic embryos in vitro. stimulation by pisolithus tinctorius was only observed in the absence of direct contact between the symbionts; mature embryos were not sufficiently robust for balanced interaction with the fungus on half-strength dcr medium. subsequently, on mmn medium with a reduced ...	2002	12375138
shift in ectomycorrhizal community composition in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedling roots as a response to nickel deposition and removal of lichen cover.	scots pine seedlings were exposed to wet-deposited nickel (ni) and removal of lichen cover in a dry heath scots pine forest. ni deposition affected the colonization of roots by indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungi in contrasting ways in intact and skimmed quadrats. highest frequencies of tubercle morphotypes of ectomycorrhiza were found in quadrats exposed to 100 mg m(-2) year(-1) ni in lichen covered treatment, while in skimmed quadrats these peaked after the treatment with 10 mg ni m(-2) year(-1). ...	2002	12442803
ectomycorrhizal fungi and exogenous auxins influence root and mycorrhiza formation of scots pine hypocotyl cuttings in vitro.	we studied the ability of the ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungi, pisolithus tinctorius (pers.) coker and couch and paxillus involutus (batsch) fr. (strain h), to produce indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) and to affect the formation and growth of roots on scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) hypocotyl cuttings in vitro. effects of indole-3-butyric acid (iba) and the auxin transport inhibitor, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (tiba), on rooting and the cutting-fungus interaction were also studied. both fungi produced iaa ...	2002	12464576
impact of needle age on the response of respiration in scots pine to long-term elevation of carbon dioxide concentration and temperature.	sixteen 20-year-old scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) trees growing in the field were enclosed in environment-controlled chambers that for 4 years maintained: (1) ambient conditions (con); (2) elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [co2] (ambient + 350 micromol mol-1; ec); (3) elevated temperature (ambient + 2-3 degrees c; et); or (4) elevated [co2] and temperature (ec+et). dark respiration rate, specific leaf area (sla) and the concentrations of starch and soluble sugars in needles we ...	2002	12464577
leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus during production of forest seedlings in containers.	little information is available concerning the contamination risk caused by forest seedling nurseries to local surface and ground waters compared with agricultural and horticultural production. leaching of nitrogen (n) and phosphorus (p) through peat growing medium in containers and nutrient uptake of seedlings were monitored in production of silver birch (betula pendula roth), norway spruce [picea abies (l.) karst], and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings. about half of the applied nutri ...	2002	12469836
partitioning of carbohydrates and biomass of needles in scots pine canopy.	the study was aimed at the quantitative evaluation of the temporal and spatial partitioning of non-structural carbohydrates and needle biomass in a canopy of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) growing in a myrtillus site type forest stand (predominant in estonia). the tree canopy was divided into ten equal layers and the material for the spatial partitioning of the investigated characteristics was sampled from all layers. our findings revealed a significant variation in morphology and in the parti ...	2002	12064730
neutral lipids and phospholipids in scots pine (pinus sylvestris) sapwood and heartwood.	variations in the concentration and composition of triacylglycerols, free fatty acids and phospholipids were analyzed in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) trees at five sites. disks were taken at breast height or at a height of 4 m from the stems of 81 trees differing in diameter and growth rate. the mean concentration of triacylglycerols in sapwood was 26 mg g(-1) dry mass; however, variation among trees was large (16-51 mg g(dm)(-1)). the concentration of triacylglycerols was slightly larger at ...	2002	12069923
interaction between laccaria laccata and trichoderma virens in co-culture and in the rhizosphere of pinus sylvestris grown in vitro.	interactions between the ectomycorrhizal fungus laccaria laccata and the soil fungus trichoderma virens in co-culture and in the rhizosphere of pinus sylvestris seedlings growing in vitro were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. the growth of t. virens was inhibited in co-culture. shortened, more branched and sometimes deformed or injured hyphae of t. virens were observed in the zone of inhibition. two-month-old mycorrhizae of p. sylvestris/ l. laccata were inoculated with a ...	2002	12072984
the electrical impedance spectroscopy of scots pine needles during cold acclimation.	the electrical impedance spectroscopy (eis) was applied to current-year needles of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) in an 8-year provenance field trial in central finland during frost hardening. the eis analysis of the needles using a model-a equivalent circuit indicated a sequence of events in the needles during their cold acclimation. some of the eis-parameters referred to maturation phenomena occurring during the pre-hardening phase at the end of the growing season, and some parameters displa ...	2002	12081531
the fungal sheath of ectomycorrhizal pine roots: an apoplastic barrier for the entry of calcium, magnesium, and potassium into the root cortex?	the apoplastic permeability of the fungal sheath of two different ectomycorrhizal associations of pinus sylvestris l. was analysed by laser microprobe mass analysis (lamma) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (edxs) after stable isotope labelling with 25mg, 41k and 44ca. entry of 25mg and 44ca into the outer cortical apoplast of non-mycorrhizal roots was detected after 4 min of labelling. after a longer exposure time the endodermis with its casparian band acted as an efficient apoplastic di ...	2002	12096105
historical changes in lead concentrations in tree-rings of sycamore, oak and scots pine in north-west england.	lead concentrations in tree rings of sycamore (acer pseudoplatanus l.), oak (quercus robur l.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) sampled at a parkland in north-west england were measured in wood formed since the mid-1800s. concentrations of pb in scots pine and oak peaked in wood formed between 1900 and 1940, most likely because of pb accumulation in heartwood, indicating that oak and scots pine are unsuitable for monitoring temporal changes in pb deposition at the study site. in contrast, pb ...	2002	12109483
seasonal responses of photosynthetic electron transport in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) studied by thermoluminescence.	the potential of photosynthesis to recover from winter stress was studied by following the thermoluminescence (tl) and chlorophyll fluorescence changes of winter pine needles during the exposure to room temperature (20 degrees c) and an irradiance of 100 micromol m(-2) s(-1). tl measurements of photosystem ii (psii) revealed that the s(2)q(b)(-) charge recombinations (the b-band) were shifted to lower temperatures in winter pine needles, while the s(2)q(a)(-) recombinations (the q-band) remained ...	2002	12111228
phytoremediation of subarctic soil contaminated with diesel fuel.	the effects of several plant species, native to northern latitudes, and different soil amendments, on diesel fuel removal from soil were studied. plant treatments included scots pine (pinus sylvestris), poplar (populus deltoides x wettsteinii), a grass mixture (red fescue, fesuca rubra; smooth meadowgrass, poa pratensis and perennial ryegrass, lolium perenne) and a legume mixture (white clover, trifolium repens and pea, pisum sativum). soil amendments included npk fertiliser, a compost extract a ...	2002	12118697
[analysis of natural regeneration barriers of pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantation on sandy land].	by employing comparison analysis, and field experiment of watering and soil-covering before overwintering for seedlings, the barriers of natural regeneration for mongolian pine plantations on sandy soil were identified. the experimental area was divided into 3 parts according to the state of natural regeneration. crown closure, litter, understory coverage, and site condition were the factors which affect natural regeneration. water deficit, but not low temperature during overwintering, is the ke ...	2002	12132148
tree-ring analysis for the assessment of anthropogenic changes and trends.	investigation of pine (pinus sylvestris l.) annual radial increment (width of annual tree rings) was carried out in the surroundings of one of the largest pollution sources in lithuania - jonava nitrogen fertilizers plant. the main objective of investigation was to analyse different sides of anthropogenic transformations of tree-ring series in the polluted environment: changes in tree growth intensity: variance changes in tree-ring series: changes in the relations with natural external factors. ...	2002	12139077
ozone-induced free polyamine response in scots pine in northern finland.	the study aimed to assess the ozone-induced response in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) needles by measuring free polyamine concentrations. an open-top chamber experiment with realistically elevated ozone concentrations was carried out in northern finland. a carry-over effect was detected: the concentrations of free polyamines, especially putrescine, were decreased at the beginning of the next growing season in the ozone-exposed trees. this indicates that the free polyamine pathway was not acti ...	2002	12166661
regulation of amino acid uptake in conifers by exogenous and endogenous nitrogen.	although an accumulating amount of research clearly indicates that plants are capable of taking up exogenous amino acids, the actual importance of such organic n sources for plant n nutrition is under debate. in this study, we show that amino acid uptake by scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) is significantly decreased by elevated internal nh(4)(+) levels, while it increases following exposure to exogenous amino acids. furthermore, amino acid uptake is larger in n-deficient plants than in plants gr ...	2002	12172847
impacts of seasonal air and soil temperatures on photosynthesis in scots pine trees.	seasonal courses of light-saturated rate of net photosynthesis (a360) and stomatal conductance (gs) were examined in detached 1-year-old needles of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) from early april to mid-november. to evaluate the effects of soil frost and low soil temperatures on gas exchange, the extent and duration of soil frost, as well as the onset of soil warming, were manipulated in the field. during spring, early summer and autumn, the patterns of a360 and gs in needles from the control ...	2002	12184973
canopy stomatal conductance and xylem sap abscisic acid (aba) in mature scots pine during a gradually imposed drought.	we investigated the effect of drought on canopy stomatal conductance (g(c)), and examined the hypothesis that g(c) is controlled by the chemical messenger abscisic acid (aba) produced in roots. beginning in november 1994, we subjected a mature stand of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) to an imposed 11-month drought. control plots were maintained at average-season soil water content. xylem sap was extracted from shoots at regular intervals from april to november 1995. soil water, sap flow and lea ...	2002	12184977
changes of morphogenic competence in mature pinus sylvestris l. buds in vitro.	the effects of season and cold storage on morphogenic competence in mature pinus sylvestris buds were investigated. peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity were measured as markers of oxidative metabolism. no growth in vitro was observed on explants detached from the end of january until the beginning of march. brachioblasts, each with a couple of needles, formed on 11% of the buds without macrostrobili that were detached in early april and introduced immediately into culture. of the explants ...	2002	12197528
radial patterns of sap flow in woody stems of dominant and understory species: scaling errors associated with positioning of sensors.	we studied sap flow in dominant coniferous (pinus sylvestris l.) and broadleaf (populus canescens l.) species and in understory species (prunus serotina ehrh. and rhododendron ponticum l.) by the heat field deformation (hfd) method. we attempted to identify possible errors arising during flow integration and scaling from single-point measurements to whole trees. large systematic errors of -90 to 300% were found when it was assumed that sap flow was uniform over the sapwood depth. therefore, we r ...	2002	12204847
biosorption of chromium(vi) from aqueous solution by cone biomass of pinus sylvestris.	biosorption of chromium(vi) on to cone biomass of pinus sylvestris was studied with variation in the parameters of ph, initial metal ion concentration and agitation speed. the biosorption of cr(vi) was increased when ph of the solution was decreased from 7.0 to 1.0. the maximum chromium biosorption occurred at 150 rpm agitation. an increase in chromium/biomass ratio caused a decrease in the biosorption efficiency. the adsorption constants were found from the freundlich isotherm at 25 degrees c. ...	2002	12227539
[activity of nucleoli in cells of different type in early embryogenesis of pinus sylvestris l].	early embryogeny of pinus silvestris l. is characterized by suspensory system formation consisting of several cell generation formed by apical cell fissions. a comparative analysis was made of quantitative characteristics of nucleoli of two functionally different cell types: the apical cells of meristematic nature, and specialized cells resulting from mitotic cycle of suspensory cells. we determined the number of nucleoli and their diameters, the character of distribution and variability of thes ...	2002	12683331
low nitrogen losses with a new source of nitrogen for cultivation of conifer seedlings.	losses of nitrogen (n) when cultivating plants may cause a number of adverse environmental effects. n losses from conifer nurseries, for instance, may have a considerable impact on the local environment, and studies indicate that the bulk of added n is not recovered in the cultivated plants. this study was conducted to obtain insight into the causes of the low recovery and to test an alternative n fertilizer. hence, growth of the economically important scots pine (pinus sylvestris (l).) seedling ...	2002	12487309
[restoration of pine plantations after effect of ionizing radiation in the region of the accident at the chernobyl atomic energy station].	the main results of the 12-year radiation-genetic monitoring of radiobiological, cytogenetic, and genetic parameters in the pinus sylvestris l. forest plantations from the zone of the accident at the chernobyl nuclear power plant presented. acute ionizing irradiation at doses > 1 gy was shown to induce the formation of morphoses and depressed growth; at doses > 2 gy, the reproductive ability of the trees declined. the radiobiological parameters showed a linear (or close to linear) dose-effect re ...	2002	12530162
seasonal variation in nitrogen net uptake and root plasma membrane h+-atpase activity of scots pine seedlings as affected by nutrient availability.	we examined changes in nitrogen (n) net uptake and activity and amount of plasma membrane h+-atpase (pm-atpase) in roots of hydroponically cultured scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings throughout a simulated second growing season. seedlings were grown with low (0.25 mm n) or high (2.5 mm n) nutrient availability to determine whether root pm-atpase is dependent on an external nutrient supply. climatic conditions in the growth chamber simulated the mean growing season from may to mid-october ...	2002	11772550
ethylene metabolism in scots pine (pinus sylvestris) shoots during the year.	ethylene evolution, concentrations of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc) and acc conjugates, activities of acc synthase and acc oxidase, and cambial growth as measured by tracheid production were monitored from november to july in 1-year-old shoots, and between july and september in current-year shoots, of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.). needles, buds and four stem parts (cortex, phloem, cambial region and mature xylem) were surveyed. ethylene evolution was quantified by gas chromatog ...	2002	11772556
low nucleotide diversity at the pal1 locus in the widely distributed pinus sylvestris.	nucleotide polymorphism in scots pine (pinus sylvestris) was studied in the gene encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal, ec 4.3.1.5). scots pine, like many other pine species, has a large current population size. the observed levels of inbreeding depression suggest that scots pine may have a high mutation rate to deleterious alleles. many scots pine markers such as isozymes, rflps, and microsatellites are highly variable. these observations suggest that the levels of nucleotide variation shou ...	2002	11801746
urban polluted forest soils induce elevated root peroxidase activity in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings.	plant biomass. mycorrhizal status and root peroxidase activity were measured in ectomycorrhizal scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings grown in urban polluted and native, non-polluted forest soils with added ammonium or potassium sulphates simulating n and s deposition of urban areas. peroxidase activity in the fine roots of seedlings planted in polluted forest soils was higher than in those planted in non-polluted soils and correlated positively with the activities measured in an earlier st ...	2002	11806455
the true distribution and accumulation of radiocaesium in stem of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.).	the radial and vertical distributions of radiocaesium, potassium and calcium were determined in two scots pine stands (17 and 58 yr old) similarly affected by the chernobyl fallout. for both age classes, concentrations are always the lowest in the stemwood, highest in the inner bark and intermediary levels were observed for the outer bark. due to the cumulative character of its biomass. however. stemwood is a long-term major reservoir of 137cs. with tree development, changes in the 137cs radial ...	2002	11814168
effects of trichloroacetic acid on the nitrogen metabolism of pinus sylvestris--a 13c/15n tracer study.	trichloroacetic acid (tca) can be found in various environmental compartments like air, rain and plants all over the world. it is assumed that tca is an atmospheric degradation product of volatile chloroorganic hydrocarbons. the herbicide effect of tca in higher concentrations is well known, but not much is known about the phytotoxic effects in environmentally relevant concentrations. it can be shown in this study by using the 13c/15n stable isotope tracer technique that [13c]tca is taken up by ...	2002	11827283
effect of fertilisation on the potassium and radiocaesium distribution in tree stands (pinus sylvestris l.) and peat on a pine mire.	this paper compares the effects of single and repeated fertilisation on the contents of potassium, 134cs and 137cs in different scots pine compartments at different levels above ground and in the peat profile 9 years after the chernobyl disaster. the material was collected from a ditch spacing and fertilisation experiment in finland. above a needle potassium concentration of 3.0 mg g(-1) in composed crown samples, 137cs and 134cs concentrations remained at about the same level but below that the ...	2002	11843526
nitrate reductase activity in some subarctic species and uv influence in the foliage of betula pendula roth. seedlings.	nitrate reductase (nr) activity was studied in the foliage of five subarctic species: mature trees of european white birch (betula pubescens erch. s.s.), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), norway spruce (picea abies l. karst), ericaceous shrub bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), naturally growing in a forest, and seed-grown silver birch (betula pendula roth.) seedlings in an ultraviolet (uv) exclusion field experiment at the pallas-ounastunturi national park in finnish lapland (68 degrees n). mean ...	2002	11846159
comparing the variation of needle and wood terpenoids in scots pine provenances.	we determined variation in both the concentration and composition of terpenoids in needles and wood within nine scots pine (pinus sylvestris) provenances. seedlings of different provenances representing a 1200-km n-s transect from estonia to northern finland were cultivated in suonenjoki nursery field, central finland, for seven years. growth of seedlings and the number of vertical resin ducts in wood were also determined. alpha-pinene and 3-carene were the major monoterpenes both in the needles ...	2002	11868675
identification of a hydrophobin gene that is developmentally regulated in the ectomycorrhizal fungus tricholoma terreum.	the symbiosis between ectomycorrhizal fungi and trees is an essential part of forest ecology and depends entirely on the communication between the two partners for establishing and maintaining the relationship. the identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes is a step to identifying such signals and to understanding the regulation of this process. we determined the role of hydrophobins produced by tricholoma terreum in mycorrhiza formation and hyphal development. a hydr ...	2002	11872494