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the effect of cold stress on the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks.cold stress is a physical environmental stressor with significant effect on the poultry industry. the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cold stress as a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks. the experimental challenge model included an oral inoculation with 10-fold dose of attenuated anticoccidial vaccine and multiple oral inoculations with a specific strain of clostridium perfringens. birds were either challenged or not as described above, and eit ...201526642742
evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for detection of cytomegalovirus in stool samples from patients with ulcerative colitis.to evaluate a multiplex pcr assay for the detection of bacterial and viral enteropathogens in stool samples from patients with ulcerative colitis (uc).201526640344
membrane-binding mechanism of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin is a key mediator of gas gangrene, which is a life-threatening infection that manifests as fever, pain, edema, myonecrosis, and gas production. alpha-toxin possesses phospholipase c and sphingomyelinase activities. the toxin is composed of an n-terminal domain (1-250 aa, n-domain), which is the catalytic site, and a c-terminal domain (251-370 aa, c-domain), which is the membrane-binding site. immunization of mice with the c-domain of alpha-toxin prevents the g ...201526633512
protection against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens by regulated delayed lysis salmonella vaccines.necrotic enteritis (ne), caused by gram-positive clostridium perfringens type a strains, has gained more attention in the broiler industry due to governmental restrictions affecting the use of growth-promoting antibiotics in feed. to date, there is only one commercial ne vaccine available, based on the c. perfringens alpha toxin. however, recent work has suggested that the netb toxin, not alpha toxin, is the most critical virulence factor for causing ne. these findings notwithstanding, it is cle ...201526629620
single molecule compression reveals intra-protein forces drive cytotoxin pore formation.perfringolysin o (pfo) is a prototypical member of a large family of pore-forming proteins that undergo a significant reduction in height during the transition from the membrane-assembled prepore to the membrane-inserted pore. here, we show that targeted application of compressive forces can catalyze this conformational change in individual pfo complexes trapped at the prepore stage, recapitulating this critical step of the spontaneous process. the free energy landscape determined from these mea ...201526652734
alternatives to antibiotics to prevent necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: a microbiologist's perspective.since the 2006 european ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, numerous studies have been published describing alternative strategies to prevent diseases in animals. a particular focus has been on prevention of necrotic enteritis in poultry caused by clostridium perfringens by the use of microbes or microbe-derived products. microbes produce a plethora of molecules with antimicrobial properties and they can also have beneficial effects through interactions with their h ...201526648920
an unusual necrotic myositis by clostridium perfringens in a german shepherd dog: a clinical report, bacteriological and molecular identification.clostridial myositis, considered to be rare in pet animals, is an acutely fatal toxaemic condition. some species of clostridia are responsible for necrotic myositis. a 2-year-old male german shepherd dog was admitted with non-weight bearing lameness and massive swelling of the left hind limb. clostridium perfringens type a with alpha toxin was diagnosed as a pathogenic agent. based on the history, the bacteria were introduced inside the tissue via contaminated needle following intramuscular inje ...201526973773
genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolated from broiler meat in northeastern of iran.clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is an important cause of bacterial food poisoning worldwide. the disease is caused by c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) encoded by cpe gene. the aim of this research was to identify the different types of c. perfringens and the presence of cpe gene in isolated bacteria from broilers' meat marketed in retail meat shops of mashhad city in northeastern of iran. after isolation of c. perfringens using conventional culture method and confirmation by specific 16 ...201526973762
rye affects bacterial translocation, intestinal viscosity, microbiota composition and bone mineralization in turkey poults.previously, we have reported that rye significantly increased both viscosity and clostridium perfringens proliferation when compared with corn in an in vitro digestive model. two independent trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of rye as a source of energy on bacterial translocation, intestinal viscosity, gut microbiota composition, and bone mineralization, when compared with corn in turkey poults. in each experiment, day-of-hatch, turkey poults were randomly assigned to either a corn or ...201525849537
claudin-4 spect imaging allows detection of aplastic lesions in a mouse model of breast cancer.the expression of claudin-4, a protein involved in tight junction complexes, is widely dysregulated in epithelial malignancies. claudin-4 is overexpressed in several premalignant precursor lesions, including those of cancers of the breast, pancreas, and prostate, and is associated with poor survival. a noncytotoxic c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (ccpe) is a natural ligand for claudin-4. here, we demonstrate whole-body quantitative spect imaging of preneoplastic breast ...201525840973
bacterial enteritis in ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks in the western cape province, south africa.ostrich (struthio camelus) chicks less than 3 mo age are observed to experience a high mortality rate that is often associated with enteritis. this study was undertaken to investigate the infectious bacteria implicated in ostrich chick enteritis. postmortems were performed on 122 ostrich chicks aged from 1 d to 3 mo and intestinal samples were subjected to bacterial culture. bacterial isolates were typed by pcr and serotyping. escherichia coli (e. coli; 49%) was the most frequently isolated from ...201525840967
characterization of clostridium perfringens isolates obtained from 2010 to 2012 from chickens with necrotic enteritis in korea.clostridium perfringens produces diverse virulent toxins that cause necrotic enteritis in poultry, resulting in a great negative impact on the poultry industry. to study the characteristics of c. perfringens in chickens, we isolated 88 strains from chickens (1 strain per flock) with necrotic enteritis. the isolated bacterial strains were screened for toxin type and antimicrobial susceptibility. necropsy of 17 chickens that died from necrotic enteritis revealed that their intestines were dilated ...201525840962
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and cpe-binding domain (c-cpe) for the detection and treatment of gynecologic cancers.clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) is a three-domain polypeptide, which binds to claudin-3 and claudin-4 with high affinity. because these receptors are highly differentially expressed in many human tumors, claudin-3 and claudin-4 may provide an efficient molecular tool to specifically identify and target biologically aggressive human cancer cells for cpe-specific binding and cytolysis. in this review we will discuss these surface proteins as targets for the detection and treatment of che ...201525835384
focal bacterial meningitis following ascending bite wound infection leading to paraparesis in a captive california sea lion (zalophus californianus).magnetic resonance imaging was performed on a 15-yr-old captive female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) with a 2-wk history of progressive paraparesis and a 9-mo history of exudative skin lesion on the left thoracic wall. magnetic resonance images showed a well-defined muscle infiltrating lesion ventrolateral to the seventh cervical to the third thoracic vertebra on the left side, which extended through the left intervertebral foramina c7 to t3 into the vertebral canal, causing spina ...201525831587
the cpal quorum sensing system regulates production of hemolysins cpa and pfo to build clostridium perfringens biofilms.clostridium perfringens strains produce severe diseases, including myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans, in humans and animals. diseases are mediated by the production of potent toxins that often damage the site of infection, e.g., skin epithelium during myonecrosis. in planktonic cultures, the regulation of important toxins, such as cpa, cpb, and pfo, is controlled by the c. perfringens agr-like (cpal) quorum sensing (qs) system. strains also encode a functional luxs/ai-2 system. although c. p ...201525824838
multi-organ failure secondary to a clostridium perfringens gaseous liver abscess following a self-limited episode of acute gastroenteritis.clostridium perfringens is an unusual pathogen responsible for the development of a gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess. progression to septicemia with this infection has amplified case fatality rates.201525807198
effect of lactobacillus plantarum strain k21 on high-fat diet-fed obese mice.recent studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of specific probiotics on alleviating obesity-related disorders. here we aimed to identify probiotics with potential antiobesity activity among 88 lactic acid bacterial strains via in vitro screening assays, and a lactobacillus plantarum strain k21 was found to harbor abilities required for hydrolyzing bile salt, reducing cholesterol, and inhibiting the accumulation of lipid in 3t3-l1 preadipocytes. furthermore, effects of k21 on diet-induced o ...201525802537
clostridium perfringens type e virulence traits involved in gut colonization.clostridium perfringens type e disease in ruminants has been characterized by hemorrhagic enteritis or sudden death. although type e isolates are defined by the production of alpha and iota toxin, little is known about the pathogenesis of c. perfringens type e infections. thus far, the role of iota toxin as a virulence factor is unknown. in this report, iota toxin showed positive effects on adherence and colonization of c. perfringens type e while having negative effect on the adherence of type ...201525799452
the inhibitory effects of sorbate and benzoate against clostridium perfringens type a isolates.this study evaluated the inhibitory effects of sorbate and benzoate against clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning (fp) and non-food-borne (nfb) disease isolates. no significant inhibition of germination of spores of both fp and nfb isolates was observed in rich medium (ph 7.0) supplemented with permissive level of sodium sorbate (0.3% ≈ 0.13 mm undissociated sorbic acid) or sodium benzoate (0.1% ≈ 0.01 mm undissociated benzoic acid) used in foods. however, these levels of sorbate and ben ...201525790996
phytase modulates ileal microbiota and enhances growth performance of the broiler chickens.phytase is well studied and explored, however, little is known about its effects on the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. in total, 400 one-day-old female ross 308 chicks were randomly distributed to four experimental groups. the dietary treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 complete factorial design, with the factors being adequate (pc) or insufficient calcium (ca) and digestible phosphor (dp)(nc) and with or without 5000 phytase units (ftu)/kg of escherichia coli 6-phytase. the ga ...201525781608
structure-function analysis of peptide signaling in the clostridium perfringens agr-like quorum sensing system.the accessory growth regulator (agr)-like quorum sensing (qs) system of clostridium perfringens controls the production of many toxins, including beta toxin (cpb). we previously showed (j. e. vidal, m. ma, j. saputo, j. garcia, f. a. uzal, and b. a. mcclane, mol microbiol 83:179-194, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07925.x) that an 8-amino-acid, agrd-derived peptide named 8-r upregulates cpb production by this qs system. the current study synthesized a series of small signaling ...201525777675
animal models to study the pathogenesis of human and animal clostridium perfringens infections.the most common animal models used to study clostridium perfringens infections in humans and animals are reviewed here. the classical c. perfringens-mediated histotoxic disease of humans is clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene and the use of a mouse myonecrosis model coupled with genetic studies has contributed greatly to our understanding of disease pathogenesis. similarly, the use of a chicken model has enhanced our understanding of type a-mediated necrotic enteritis in poultry and has led ...201525770894
clostridial co-infection episodes in commercial laying hens.the present report describes two outbreaks of serious enteritis in commercial laying hens where clostridium perfringens and clostridium colinum were simultaneously detected. at the age of 44 and 31 weeks, two laying hen flocks showed an increase of the mortality rate and a worsening of productive performance. post-mortem examination revealed intestinal necrotic-haemorrhagic ulcerations and hepatic focal necrosis. the bacteriological examination yielded the isolation of c. colinum and c. perfring ...201525769045
health risk assessment related to waterborne pathogens from the river to the tap.a two-year monitoring program of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, giardia duodenalis cysts, escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens spores and adenovirus was conducted in three large rivers in france used for recreational activities and as a resource for drinking water production. fifty-liter river water and one thousand-liter tap water samples were concentrated using hollow-fiber ultrafiltration and analyzed by molecular biology or laser-scanning cytometry. in order to evaluate watershed land ...201525764059
use of yeast cell wall extract as a tool to reduce the impact of necrotic enteritis in broilers.the use of a yeast cell wall extract derived from saccharomyces cerevisiae (actigen(®)) has been proposed as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics. this experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of yeast cell extract as an alternative to zinc bacitracin or salinomycin using a necrotic enteritis challenge model. a feeding study was conducted using 480-day-old male ross 308 chicks assigned to 48 floor pens. a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed. the factors were: chal ...201525762162
an allosteric model for control of pore opening by substrate binding in the eutl microcompartment shell protein.the ethanolamine utilization (eut) microcompartment is a protein-based metabolic organelle that is strongly associated with pathogenesis in bacteria that inhabit the human gut. the exterior shell of this elaborate protein complex is composed from a few thousand copies of bmc-domain shell proteins, which form a semi-permeable diffusion barrier that provides the interior enzymes with substrates and cofactors while simultaneously retaining metabolic intermediates. the ability of this protein shell ...201525752492
[a case of freeze-dried gas gangrene antitoxin for the treatment of clostridium perfringens sepsis].a 66-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with high fever. we diagnosed a gas-containing liver abscess and performed percutaneous abscess drainage. however, 15 hours after admission, he developed massive intravascular hemolysis and acidosis. sepsis due to clostridium perfringens was suspected and we treated the patient intensively with multidisciplinary approaches, including antibiotics, mechanical ventilation, and renal replacement therapy. furthermore, we administered freeze-dried gas gan ...201525748160
loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assays for the species-specific detection of eimeria that infect chickens.eimeria species parasites, protozoa which cause the enteric disease coccidiosis, pose a serious threat to the production and welfare of chickens. in the absence of effective control clinical coccidiosis can be devastating. resistance to the chemoprophylactics frequently used to control eimeria is common and sub-clinical infection is widespread, influencing feed conversion ratios and susceptibility to other pathogens such as clostridium perfringens. despite the availability of polymerase chain re ...201525741643
microbial pathogens in wastewater treatment plants (wwtp) in hamburg.microbial pathogens are among the major health problems associated with water and wastewater. classical indicators of fecal contamination include total coliforms, escherichia coli, and clostridium perfringens. these fecal indicators were monitored in order to obtain information regarding their evolution during wastewater treatment processes. helminth eggs survive for a long duration in the environment and have a high potential for waterborne transmission, making them reliable contaminant indicat ...201525734765
a five site clostridium perfringens food-borne outbreak: a retrospective cohort study.in may of 2012, we investigated a food-borne clostridium perfringens outbreak in slovenia involving a single kitchen and five venues, with 477 exposed persons.201527646622
clostridium perfringens infection after transarterial chemoembolization for large hepatocellular carcinoma.we report an unusual case of clostridium perfringens liver abscess formation after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (tace) for large hepatocellular carcinoma. severe deterioration in liver and renal function accompanied with hemocytolysis was found on the 2(nd) day after tace. blood culture found clostridium perfringens and abdominal computed tomography revealed a gas-containing abscess in the liver. following antibiotics administration and support care, the infection was controlled and ...201525892893
vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess caused by gas gangrene presenting with complete paraplegia: a case report.gas gangrene is most often caused by clostridium perfringens infection. gas gangrene is a medical emergency that develops suddenly. the mortality rate is higher with trunk involvement than with involvement of the extremities, which carries a better prognosis. with respect to vertebral involvement, there are few reports in the literature. the purpose of this paper is to report a very rare case of vertebral osteomyelitis caused by gas gangrene.201525888739
non-classical azoreductase secretion in clostridium perfringens in response to sulfonated azo dye exposure.clostridium perfringens, a strictly anaerobic microorganism and inhabitant of the human intestine, has been shown to produce an azoreductase enzyme (azoc), an nadh-dependent flavin oxidoreductase. this enzyme reduces azo dyes into aromatic amines, which can be carcinogenic. a significant amount of work has been completed on the activity of azoc. despite this, much is still unknown, including whether azoreduction of these dyes occurs intracellularly or extracellulary. a physiological study of c.  ...201525881497
specific binding of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin fragment to claudin-b and modulation of zebrafish epidermal barrier.claudins (cldn) are the major components of tight junctions (tjs) sealing the paracellular cleft in tissue barriers of various organs. zebrafish cldnb, the homolog of mammalian cldn4, is expressed at epithelial cell-cell contacts and is important for regulating epidermal permeability. the bacterial toxin clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) has been shown to bind to a subset of mammalian cldns. in this study, we used the cldn-binding c-terminal domain of cpe (194-319 amino acids, ccpe 194-3 ...201525869230
attack rate in food poisoning: order in chaos.the frequency distributions of the numbers of patients and eaters were near lognormal for almost all food poisonings. the medians and ranges remained almost unchanged over time, although the annual number of incidents varied. however, the numbers of patients and eaters were not correlated for many of the food poisonings. a regular pattern relating the numbers of patients and eaters emerged for food poisonings exhibited strong seasonal incidence. for example, food poisonings caused by norovirus o ...201525866112
a novel pore-forming toxin in type a clostridium perfringens is associated with both fatal canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and fatal foal necrotizing enterocolitis.a role for type a clostridium perfringens in acute hemorrhagic and necrotizing gastroenteritis in dogs and in necrotizing enterocolitis of neonatal foals has long been suspected but incompletely characterized. the supernatants of an isolate made from a dog and from a foal that died from these diseases were both found to be highly cytotoxic for an equine ovarian (eo) cell line. partial genome sequencing of the canine isolate revealed three novel putative toxin genes encoding proteins related to t ...201525853427
neuroinflammation induced by intracerebroventricular injection of microbial neuraminidase.in the present paper, we describe the facts that took place in the rat brain after a single injection of the enzyme neuraminidase from clostridium perfringens into the right lateral ventricle. after injection, it diffused through the cerebrospinal fluid of the ipsilateral ventricle and the third ventricle, and about 400 μm into the periventricular brain parenchyma. the expression of icam1 in the endothelial cells of the periventricular vessels, iba1 in microglia, and gfap in astrocytes notably i ...201525853134
identification of the replication region in pbcnf5603, a bacteriocin-encoding plasmid, in the enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens strain f5603.most recent studies of clostridium perfringens plasmids have focused on toxin-encoding or antibiotic resistance plasmids. to cause intestinal disease, a toxigenic strain must grow in the intestines to levels allowing for sufficient toxin production and this in vivo growth often involves overcoming the normal intestinal microbial population. for this purpose, bacteriocin production might be important.201526055257
fatal clostridium perfringens septicemia suggested by postmortem computed tomography: a medico-legal autopsy case report.we report a fatal case of suspected clostridium (cl.) perfringens septicemia in a previously healthy woman in her eighties. at first, she presented at the hospital complaining of upper abdominal discomfort and vomiting, and was discharged the next day after ruling out any fatal conditions. however, her condition deteriorated approximately 10h after discharge and she died shortly after. the postmortem computed tomography (pmct) performed 29h postmortem revealed an excessive systemic gas accumulat ...201526048862
hydrolyzable and condensed tannins resistance in clostridium perfringens.tannins added in the diet are being used to improve nutrition and health in farm animals as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters and to control enteric clostridial diseases. however, the capacity of clostridium perfringens to develop resistance under the selective pressure of tannins is unknown. the purpose of this study was to determine if c. perfringens possess the ability to develop resistance against tannins in comparison with antimicrobial agents. susceptibility for 7 agps (antimic ...201526037239
massive pneumatosis without necrosis: a case report of clostridium perfringens sepsis in an extremely low birth weight infant.pneumatosis intestinalis and free intraperitoneal air on abdominal radiographs are considered pathognomonic signs of necrotizing enterocolitis (nec). we report a unique case of late-onset fulminant sepsis due to clostridium perfringens presenting with shock, extensive pneumatosis intestinalis and free intraperitoneal air in an extremely low birth weight infant without histopathological evidence of bowel necrosis or nec.201526485548
sensitive quantification of clostridium perfringens in human feces by quantitative real-time pcr targeting alpha-toxin and enterotoxin genes.clostridium perfringens is a widespread pathogen, but the precise quantification of this subdominant gut microbe remains difficult due to its low fecal count (particularly in asymptomatic subjects) and also due to the presence of abundant polymerase-inhibitory substances in human feces. also, information on the intestinal carriage of toxigenic c. perfringens strains in healthy subjects is sparse. therefore, we developed a sensitive quantitative real-time pcr assays for quantification of c. perfr ...201526482797
pathogen surveillance in wild bottlenose dolphins tursiops truncatus.the number and prevalence of diseases is rapidly increasing in the marine ecosystem. although there is an increase in the number of marine diseases observed world-wide, current understanding of the pathogens associated with marine mammals is limited. an important need exists to develop and apply platforms for rapid detection and characterization of pathogenic agents to assess, prevent and respond to disease outbreaks. in this study, a broad-spectrum molecular detection technology capable of dete ...201526480911
necrotic enteritis in chickens associated with clostridium sordellii.three outbreaks of necrotic enteritis-like disease associated with clostridium sordelii were diagnosed in commercial broiler chicken flocks with 18,000 to 31,000 birds between 18 and 26 days old. clinical signs in the affected flocks included high mortality up to 2% a day, depression, and diarrhea. the main gross changes included segmental dilation of the small intestine with watery contents, gas, mucoid exudate, and roughened and uneven mucosa, occasionally covered with a pseudomembrane. micros ...201526478166
an internal thioester in a pathogen surface protein mediates covalent host binding.to cause disease and persist in a host, pathogenic and commensal microbes must adhere to tissues. colonization and infection depend on specific molecular interactions at the host-microbe interface that involve microbial surface proteins, or adhesins. to date, adhesins are only known to bind to host receptors non-covalently. here we show that the streptococcal surface protein sfbi mediates covalent interaction with the host protein fibrinogen using an unusual internal thioester bond as a 'chemica ...201526032562
lipoproteins from clostridium perfringens and their protective efficacy in mouse model.clostridium perfringens is an obligately anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium and etiological agent for several diseases in humans and animals. the pathogen has been listed as validated biological agent and warrants development of medical countermeasures. the homologs of some of the lipoproteins identified from various fractions of c. perfringens in our previous studies were observed to be virulence determinants in other pathogenic bacteria. three putative virulence associated lipoproteins; polysaccha ...201526027922
critical illness in pregnancy: part ii: common medical conditions complicating pregnancy and puerperium.the first of this two-part series on critical illness in pregnancy dealt with obstetric disorders. in part ii, medical conditions that commonly affect pregnant women or worsen during pregnancy are discussed. ards occurs more frequently in pregnancy. strategies commonly used in nonpregnant patients, including permissive hypercapnia, limits for plateau pressure, and prone positioning, may not be acceptable, especially in late pregnancy. genital tract infections unique to pregnancy include chorioam ...201526020727
c-terminal clostridium perfringens enterotoxin-mediated antigen delivery for nasal pneumococcal vaccine.efficient vaccine delivery to mucosal tissues including mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues is essential for the development of mucosal vaccine. we previously reported that claudin-4 was highly expressed on the epithelium of nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (nalt) and thus claudin-4-targeting using c-terminal fragment of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) effectively delivered fused antigen to nalt and consequently induced antigen-specific immune responses. in this study, we applie ...201526018248
perfringolysin o: the underrated clostridium perfringens toxin?the anaerobic bacterium clostridium perfringens expresses multiple toxins that promote disease development in both humans and animals. one such toxin is perfringolysin o (pfo, classically referred to as θ toxin), a pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (cdc). pfo is secreted as a water-soluble monomer that recognizes and binds membranes via cholesterol. membrane-bound monomers undergo structural changes that culminate in the formation of an oligomerized prepore complex on the membrane sur ...201526008232
automated sampling procedures supported by high persistence of bacterial fecal indicators and bacteroidetes genetic microbial source tracking markers in municipal wastewater during short-term storage at 5°c.because of high diurnal water quality fluctuations in raw municipal wastewater, the use of proportional autosampling over a period of 24 h at municipal wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) to evaluate carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus removal has become a standard in many countries. microbial removal or load estimation at municipal wwtps, however, is still based on manually recovered grab samples. the goal of this study was to establish basic knowledge regarding the persistence of standard bacteri ...201526002900
location and stoichiometry of the protease cspb and the cortex-lytic enzyme slec in clostridium perfringens spores.the protease cspb and the cortex-lytic enzyme slec are essential for peptoglycan cortex hydrolysis during germination of spores of the clostridium perfringens food poisoning isolate sm101. in this study, western blot analyses were used to demonstrate that cspb and slec are present exclusively in the c. perfringens sm101 spore coat layer fraction and absent in the lysate from decoated spores and from the purified inner spore membrane. these results indicate why decoating treatments greatly reduce ...201525998819
characterization, validation and application of a dna microarray for the detection of mandatory and other waterborne pathogens.culture methods for the detection of indicator bacteria are currently used for detection of waterborne bacteria. the need for an increased range of analyzed bacteria coupled with the obtainment of rapid and early results justify the development of a dna microarray for the identification of waterborne pathogens. this dna microarray has 16 implanted probes with a median size of 147 bases, targeting 12 different parameters, including all mandatory indicator microorganisms, such as escherichia coli, ...201525998249
the myelin and lymphocyte protein mal is required for binding and activity of clostridium perfringens ε-toxin.clostridium perfringens ε-toxin (etx) is a potent pore-forming toxin responsible for a central nervous system (cns) disease in ruminant animals with characteristics of blood-brain barrier (bbb) dysfunction and white matter injury. etx has been proposed as a potential causative agent for multiple sclerosis (ms), a human disease that begins with bbb breakdown and injury to myelin forming cells of the cns. the receptor for etx is unknown. here we show that both binding of etx to mammalian cells and ...201525993478
impact of mutating the key residues of a bifunctional 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-cyclohydrolase from escherichia coli on its activities.methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-cyclohydrolase (fold) catalyzes interconversion of 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate and 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate in the one-carbon metabolic pathway. in some organisms, the essential requirement of 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate may also be fulfilled by formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (fhs). recently, we developed an escherichia coli strain in which the fold gene was deleted in the presence of clostridium perfringens fhs (e. coli δfold/p-fhs) and used it to ...201525988590
fate and transport of enteric microbes from septic systems in a coastal watershed.onsite wastewater treatment systems (owts) are commonly used in coastal areas to treat household wastewater. these systems represent potential sources of fecal pollution of groundwater and nearby surface water. owts are expected to reduce microbial concentrations in wastewater; however, system and environmental factors can affect treatment efficiency and impacts on ground and surface water. in the study of owts described in this article, the authors sampled septic tanks and groundwater at two ho ...201525985535
genome-wide transcriptional profiling of clostridium perfringens sm101 during sporulation extends the core of putative sporulation genes and genes determining spore properties and germination characteristics.the formation of bacterial spores is a highly regulated process and the ultimate properties of the spores are determined during sporulation and subsequent maturation. a wide variety of genes that are expressed during sporulation determine spore properties such as resistance to heat and other adverse environmental conditions, dormancy and germination responses. in this study we characterized the sporulation phases of c. perfringens enterotoxic strain sm101 based on morphological characteristics, ...201525978838
assembly and function of claudins: structure-function relationships based on homology models and crystal structures.the tetra-span transmembrane proteins of the claudin family are critical components of formation and function of tight junctions (tj). homo- and heterophilic side-by-side (cis) and intercellular head-to-head (trans) interactions of 27 claudin-subtypes regulate tissue-specifically the paracellular permeability and/or tightness between epithelial or endothelial cells. this review highlights the functional impact that has been identified for particular claudin residues by relating them to structura ...201525957516
impact of clean-label antimicrobials and nitrite derived from natural sources on the outgrowth of clostridium perfringens during cooling of deli-style turkey breast.organic acids and sodium nitrite have long been shown to provide antimicrobial activity during chilling of cured meat products. however, neither purified organic acids nor nano2 is permitted in products labeled natural and both are generally avoided in clean-label formulations; efficacy of their replacement is not well understood. natural and clean-label antimicrobial alternatives were evaluated in both uncured and in alternative cured (a process that uses natural sources of nitrite) deli-style ...201525951389
clostridium perfringens tpel induces formation of stress fibers via activation of rhoa-rock signaling pathway.clostridium perfringens tpel belongs to a family of large clostridial glucosylating cytotoxins. tpel modifies rac1 and ras subfamily proteins. herein we report tpel-induced formation of stress fibers via rhoa-rho kinase (rock) signaling. a recombinant protein (tpel1-525) derived from the tpel n-terminal catalytic domain in the presence of streptolysin o (slo) induced the formation of actin stress fibers in madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells in a dose-dependent manner. the rhoa/rock pathway i ...201525947919
recovery of staphylococcus aureus in gray mugil cephalus roe (bottarga): investigation by an integrated cultural/molecular approach.in the mediterranean area, salted and dried roe from the gray mugil cephalus "bottarga" represent a speciality food with great commercial value. bottarga is currently produced by a traditional handmade process and, the risk of human bacterial contamination during its manufacturing is still unknown; in this perspective the foodborne pathogen staphylococcus aureus could potentially contaminate this product due to poor sanitation or bad handling during processing. the aim of this work is: to evalua ...201525944563
plasmid partitioning systems of conjugative plasmids from clostridium perfringens.many pathogenic strains of clostridium perfringens carry several highly similar toxin or antibiotic resistance plasmids that have 35 to 40 kb of very closely related syntenous sequences, including regions that carry the genes encoding conjugative transfer, plasmid replication and plasmid maintenance functions. key questions are how are these closely related plasmids stably maintained in the same cell and what is the basis for plasmid incompatibility in c. perfringens. comparative analysis of the ...201525929175
the role of biological processes in reducing both odor impact and pathogen content during mesophilic anaerobic digestion.mesophilic anaerobic digestion (mad) produces renewable energy, but it also plays a role in reducing the impact of digestates, both by reducing odor and pathogen content. ten full-scale biogas plants characterized by different plant designs (e.g. single digesters, parallel or serial digesters), plant powers (ranging from 180 to 999 kwe), hydraulic retention time (hrt) (ranging between 20 to 70 days) and feed mixes were monitored and odors and pathogens were observed in both ingestates and digest ...201525925189
amino acid residue y196e substitution and c-terminal peptide synergistically alleviate the toxicity of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin.epsilon toxin (etx) is produced by clostridium perfringens type b and d strains, and is the causative agent of a lethal enterotoxemia in livestock animals and possibly in humans. however, many details of etx structure and activity are not known. therefore, it is important to clarify the relationship between etx structure and activity. to explore the effect and mechanism of etx amino acid residue y196e substitution and c-terminal peptide on toxicity, four recombinant proteins, retx (without 13 n- ...201525912943
in vitro cytotoxicity induced by clostridium perfringens isolate carrying a chromosomal cpe gene is exclusively dependent on sporulation and enterotoxin production.clostridium perfringens type a is a common source of food poisoning (fp) and non-food-borne (nfb) gastrointestinal diseases in humans. in the intestinal tract, the vegetative cells sporulate and produce a major pathogenic factor, c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). most type a fp isolates carry a chromosomal cpe gene, whereas nfb type a isolates typically carry a plasmid-encoded cpe. in vitro, the purified cpe protein binds to a receptor and forms pores, exerting a cytotoxic activity in epithelial ...201525912832
use of power ultrasound to enhance the thermal inactivation of clostridium perfringens spores in beef slurry.clostridium perfringens is a pathogen of concern in pasteurised foods. the main objective of this study was to use power ultrasound to enhance the thermal inactivation of c. perfringens spores in beef slurry. the effect of simultaneous ultrasound and heat (ts, thermosonication) on the spore inactivation in beef slurry was first investigated. at 75 °c, a 60 min ts process (24 khz, 0.33 w/g) resulted in a less than 1.5 log reduction for both c. perfringens nzrm 898 and nzrm 2621 spores. then, the ...201525912313
clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin induces gm1a clustering and trka phosphorylation in the host cell membrane.clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin elicits various immune responses such as the release of cytokines, chemokines, and superoxide via the gm1a/trka complex. alpha-toxin possesses phospholipase c (plc) hydrolytic activity that contributes to signal transduction in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene. little is known about the relationship between lipid metabolism and trka activation by alpha-toxin. using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we monitored transbilayer movement of diacylglycerol (dag) wi ...201525910247
cyclodepsipeptides produced by actinomycetes inhibit cyclic-peptide-mediated quorum sensing in gram-positive bacteria.cyclic peptides are commonly used as quorum-sensing autoinducers in gram-positive firmicutes bacteria. well-studied examples of such molecules are thiolactone and lactone, used to regulate the expression of a series of virulence genes in the agr system of staphylococcus aureus and the fsr system of enterococcus faecalis, respectively. three cyclodepsipeptides ws9326a, ws9326b and cochinmicin ii/iii were identified as a result of screening actinomycetes culture extracts for activity against the a ...201526149266
structural and biochemical analyses of a clostridium perfringens sortase d transpeptidase.the assembly and anchorage of various pathogenic proteins on the surface of gram-positive bacteria is mediated by the sortase family of enzymes. these cysteine transpeptidases catalyze a unique sorting signal motif located at the c-terminus of their target substrate and promote the covalent attachment of these proteins onto an amino nucleophile located on another protein or on the bacterial cell wall. each of the six distinct classes of sortases displays a unique biological role, with sequential ...201526143922
in vitro probiotic characteristics of lactobacillus plantarum zdy 2013 and its modulatory effect on gut microbiota of mice.lactobacillus plantarum zdy 2013, a novel strain isolated from chinese traditional fermented acid beans, was systematically evaluated for its survival capacity under stress conditions (ph, bile salt, simulated gastrointestinal tract, and antibiotics), production of exopolysaccharide and antagonism against 8 pathogens. its effect on mice gut microbiota was also investigated by quantitative pcr and pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. the results showed that zdy 2013 can grow at ph 3.5 and ...201526142853
carriage of clostridium perfringens by benthic crabs in a sewage-polluted estuary.the estuary of bahía blanca (ebb), argentina, is an important wetland under intense sewage pollution. we investigated the occurrence of clostridium perfringens (cp) in populations of two benthic crabs (neohelice granulata and cyrtograpsus angulatus) and in sediment from the ebb. cp was found in 49.1% of the crabs and all of the isolates were identified as type a. the alpha (cpa) and enterotoxin (cpe) encoding genes were identified. genetic analyses identified 13 novel sequence types, and found n ...201526130524
differential decay of wastewater bacteria and change of microbial communities in beach sand and seawater microcosms.laboratory microcosm experiments were conducted to determine the decay kinetics of wastewater bacteria and the change of microbial communities in beach sand and seawater. cultivation-based methods showed that common fecal indicator bacteria (fibs; escherichia coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfringens) exhibited biphasic decay patterns in all microcosms. enterococci and c. perfringens, but not e. coli, showed significantly smaller decay rates in beach sand than in seawater. cultivation-indep ...201526125493
genome wide transcriptomic analysis identifies pathways affected by the infusion of clostridium perfringens culture supernatant in the duodenum of broilers in situ.clostridium perfringens type a is the main etiological factor for necrotic enteritis, a multifactorial enteric disease that penalizes performance, health, and welfare of poultry. lack of knowledge of host responses and disease pathogenesis is slowing down progress on developing therapies for disease control. a combined genomewide and targeted gene approach was used to investigate pathways and biological functions affected by the infusion of c. perfringens culture supernatant in the duodenum of b ...201526115301
gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess with septic shock.the pyogenic liver abscess caused by clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) is a rare but rapidly fatal infection. the main virulence factor of this pathogen is its α-toxin (lecithinase), which decomposes the phospholipid in cell membranes leading to cell lysis. once the bacteria are in blood stream, massive intravascular hemolysis occurs. this can present as anemia on admission with evidence of hemolysis as indicated by low serum haptoglobin, high serum lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), elevated i ...201526090240
using broiler litter and swine manure lagoon effluent in sawdust-based swine mortality composts: effects on nutrients, bacteria, and gaseous emissions.disposition of mortalities challenges confined animal feeding operations (cafos), especially sow (farrowing) farms, which experience mortalities daily. regulations and transportation costs may preclude incineration, landfill burial, and rendering; therefore, swine cafos in mississippi in the mid-south u.s. often compost mortalities. in this study, a farm-standard composting mix of sawdust (s) and water (w) was compared with mixes where n was supplied by broiler litter (l) and water was replaced ...201526081729
clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin causes selective death of mature oligodendrocytes and central nervous system demyelination.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ε-toxin) is responsible for a devastating multifocal central nervous system (cns) white matter disease in ruminant animals. the mechanism by which ε-toxin causes white matter damage is poorly understood. in this study, we sought to determine the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which ε-toxin causes pathological changes to white matter. in primary cns cultures, ε-toxin binds to and kills oligodendrocytes but not astrocytes, microglia, or neurons. in cere ...201526081637
cholesterol segregates into submicrometric domains at the living erythrocyte membrane: evidence and regulation.although cholesterol is essential for membrane fluidity and deformability, the level of its lateral heterogeneity at the plasma membrane of living cells is poorly understood due to lack of appropriate probe. we here report on the usefulness of the d4 fragment of clostridium perfringens toxin fused to mcherry (theta*), as specific, non-toxic, sensitive and quantitative cholesterol-labeling tool, using erythrocyte flat membrane. by confocal microscopy, theta* labels cholesterol-enriched submicrome ...201526077601
a thermophilic phage endolysin fusion to a clostridium perfringens-specific cell wall binding domain creates an anti-clostridium antimicrobial with improved thermostability.clostridium perfringens is the third leading cause of human foodborne bacterial disease and is the presumptive etiologic agent of necrotic enteritis among chickens. treatment of poultry with antibiotics is becoming less acceptable. endolysin enzymes are potential replacements for antibiotics. many enzymes are added to animal feed during production and are subjected to high-heat stress during feed processing. to produce a thermostabile endolysin for treating poultry, an e. coli codon-optimized ge ...201526075507
oncoleaking: use of the pore-forming clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) for suicide gene therapy.suicide gene therapy has been shown to be very efficient in tumor eradication. numerous suicide genes were tested in vitro and in vivo demonstrating their therapeutic potential in clinical trials. apart from this, still growing efforts are made to generate more targeted and more effective suicide gene systems for cancer gene therapy. in this regard bacterial toxins are an alternative, which add to the broad spectrum of different suicide strategies. in this context, the claudin-targeted bacterial ...201526072402
convergent weaponry in a biological arms race.bacterial surface proteins covalently attach to host cells via a mechanism that is also used by immune system proteins that help eliminate invading pathogens.201526062771
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin c-terminal domain labeled to fluorescent dyes for in vivo visualization of micrometastatic chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer.identification of micrometastatic disease at the time of surgery remains extremely challenging in ovarian cancer patients. we used fluorescence microscopy, an in vivo imaging system and a fluorescence stereo microscope to evaluate fluorescence distribution in claudin-3- and -4-overexpressing ovarian tumors, floating tumor clumps isolated from ascites and healthy organs. to do so, mice harboring chemotherapy-naïve and chemotherapy-resistant human ovarian cancer xenografts or patient-derived xenog ...201526060989
the antimicrobial peptide sublancin ameliorates necrotic enteritis induced by clostridium perfringens in broilers.sublancin is an antimicrobial peptide produced by 168 containing 37 amino acids. the objective of this study was to investigate its inhibitory efficacy against both in vitro and in vivo. in the in vitro study, we determined that sublancin had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 μm against , which was much higher than the antibiotic lincomycin (0.281 μm). scanning electron microscopy showed that sublancin damaged the morphology of . the in vivo study was conducted on broilers for a 28-d perio ...201526523568
intestinal microbiota profiles of healthy pre-school and school-age children and effects of probiotic supplementation.this study aims to establish the baseline profile of intestinal microbiota in pre-school and school-age japanese children and to investigate the effects of a probiotic on the microbiota.201526496372
successful treatment of aortic root abscess in a patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension.continuous prostanoid infusion is an established treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension that has led to improvements in symptoms, exercise tolerance, and survival. patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (pah) who develop sepsis frequently experience clinical and hemodynamic deterioration associated with poor outcomes. successful management of sepsis involves identification of the source of infection, early antimicrobial administration, judicious fluid resuscitation, and continuatio ...201526697181
identification and characterization of a new enterotoxin produced by clostridium perfringens isolated from food poisoning outbreaks.there is a strain of clostridium perfringens, w5052, which does not produce a known enterotoxin. we herein report that the strain w5052 expressed a homologue of the iota-like toxin components sa and sb of c. spiroforme, named clostridium perfringens iota-like enterotoxin, cpile-a and cpile-b, respectively, based on the results of a genome sequencing analysis and a systematic protein screening. in the nicotinamide glyco-hydrolase (nadase) assay the hydrolysis activity was dose-dependently increas ...201526584048
effects of supplemental mannanoligosaccharides on growth performance, faecal characteristics and health in dairy calves.twenty holstein calves were used to investigate the effects of mannanoligosaccharides (mos) supplementation in the whole milk on growth performance, faecal score, faecal ph, selected faecal bacterial populations and health during the preweaning period. healthy calves selected by clinical examination were allocated to one of the two groups (control [cg] and experimental [eg]) at 5 days old. each group consisted of 5 male and 5 female calves. each calf in eg was supplemented with 7 g/d of a mos pr ...201526580284
microbial evaluation of sandboxes located in urban area.this paper presents the results of a study on the degree of bacteriological pollution of sandboxes situated in fenced and unfenced housing estates located in an urban area in olsztyn, poland. heterotrophic plate counts (hpc22, hpc37), enterobacteriaceae, escherichia coli, enterococcus spp., staphylococcus spp. and clostridium perfringens determined by cultivation and fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) methods were used as indicators of the sanitary state. their maximum number in the sand ...201525483374
differential outgrowth potential of clostridium perfringens food-borne isolates with various cpe-genotypes in vacuum-packed ground beef during storage at 12°c.in the current study, the outgrowth of spores of 15 different food isolates of clostridium perfringens was evaluated in vacuum-packed ground beef during storage at 12°c and 25°c. this included enterotoxic strains carrying the gene encoding the cpe enterotoxin on the chromosome (c-cpe), on a plasmid (p-cpe) and cpe-negative strains. the 15 strains were selected from a larger group of strains that were first evaluated for their ability to sporulate in modified duncan-strong sporulating medium. spo ...201525461607
detection and molecular typing of clostridium perfringens isolates from beef, chicken and turkey meats.here we describe a study investigating the presence of clostridium perfringens strains in meat samples and the toxin genes in the isolates by pcr. this study, for the first time, demonstrated the presence of c. perfringens type e in turkey meats, while c. perfringens type c strains isolated from chicken meats.201525460196
one-carbon metabolic pathway rewiring in escherichia coli reveals an evolutionary advantage of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (fhs) in survival under hypoxia.in cells, n(10)-formyltetrahydrofolate (n(10)-fthf) is required for formylation of eubacterial/organellar initiator trna and purine nucleotide biosynthesis. biosynthesis of n(10)-fthf is catalyzed by 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase (fold) and/or 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (fhs). all eubacteria possess fold, but some possess both fold and fhs. however, the reasons for possessing fhs in addition to fold have remained unclear. we used escherichia coli, which n ...201525448816
genomic analyses of clostridium perfringens isolates from five toxinotypes.clostridium perfringens can be isolated from a range of environments, including soil, marine and fresh water sediments, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. some c. perfringens strains have attractive industrial applications, e.g., in the degradation of waste products or the production of useful chemicals. however, c. perfringens has been most studied as the causative agent of a range of enteric and soft tissue infections of varying severities in humans and animals. host prefer ...201525445567
parasitic gastroenteritis in lambs widespread.parasitic gastroenteritis diagnosed in lambs by all veterinary investigation centres, clostridium perfringens epsilon enterotoxaemia suspected in two cows, comparative quarterly porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome diagnoses reach a 10-year peak, failure of an entire colony of gulls in cumbria, endoparasitism the predominant feature in exotic farmed animals, these are among matters discussed in the animal and plant health agency's (apha's) disease surveillance report for september 2014.201525614548
evaluation of a membrane filtration method for the rapid enumeration of confirmed clostridium perfringens from water.a modification of the uk reference and iso 14189 tsca medium for the enumeration of clostridium perfringens from water coupled with a membrane filter transfer technique for testing for production of acid phosphatase was evaluated. the new tryptose cycloserine agar (tca) medium, which lacks sodium metabisulphite but contains sodium pyruvate to improve recovery, allows the isolation and confirmation of cl. perfringens within 18-24 h of sample processing. data from a multilaboratory study analysed ...201525514882
dynamic determination of kinetic parameters, computer simulation, and probabilistic analysis of growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked beef during cooling.the objective of this research was to develop a new one-step methodology that uses a dynamic approach to directly construct a tertiary model for prediction of the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked beef. this methodology was based on simultaneous numerical analysis and optimization of both primary and secondary models using multiple dynamic growth curves obtained under different conditions. once the models were constructed, the bootstrap method was used to calculate the 95% confidence i ...201525500276
two novel membrane proteins, tcpd and tcpe, are essential for conjugative transfer of pcw3 in clostridium perfringens.the anaerobic pathogen clostridium perfringens encodes either toxin genes or antibiotic resistance determinants on a unique family of conjugative plasmids that have a novel conjugation region, the tcp locus. studies of the paradigm conjugative plasmid from c. perfringens, the 47-kb tetracycline resistance plasmid pcw3, have identified several tcp-encoded proteins that are involved in conjugative transfer and form part of the transfer apparatus. in this study, the role of the conserved hypothetic ...201525488300
interaction of clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin with biological and model membranes: a putative protein receptor in cells.epsilon-toxin (etx) is a powerful toxin produced by some strains of clostridium perfringens (classified as types b and d) that is responsible for enterotoxemia in animals. etx forms pores through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, consisting of a β-barrel of 14 amphipathic β-strands. etx shows a high specificity for certain cell lines, of which madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) is the first sensitive cell line identified and the most studied one. the aim of this study was to establish the r ...201525485476
tight junctions. structural insight into tight junction disassembly by clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.the c-terminal region of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe) can bind to specific claudins, resulting in the disintegration of tight junctions (tjs) and an increase in the paracellular permeability across epithelial cell sheets. here we present the structure of mammalian claudin-19 in complex with c-cpe at 3.7 å resolution. the structure shows that c-cpe forms extensive hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions with the two extracellular segments of claudin-19. the claudin-19/c-cpe comple ...201525678664
complementary probes reveal that phosphatidylserine is required for the proper transbilayer distribution of cholesterol.cholesterol is an essential component of metazoan cellular membranes and it helps to maintain the structural integrity and fluidity of the plasma membrane. here, we developed a cholesterol biosensor, termed d4h, based on the fourth domain of clostridium perfringens theta-toxin, which recognizes cholesterol in the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane and organelles. the d4h probe disassociates from the plasma membrane upon cholesterol extraction and after perturbations in cellular cholesterol ...201525663704
recent insights into clostridium perfringens beta-toxin.clostridium perfringens beta-toxin is a key mediator of necrotizing enterocolitis and enterotoxemia. it is a pore-forming toxin (pft) that exerts cytotoxic effect. experimental investigation using piglet and rabbit intestinal loop models and a mouse infection model apparently showed that beta-toxin is the important pathogenic factor of the organisms. the toxin caused the swelling and disruption of hl-60 cells and formed a functional pore in the lipid raft microdomains of sensitive cells. these f ...201525654787
immunization with recombinant bivalent chimera r-cpae confers protection against alpha toxin and enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens type a in murine model.clostridium perfringens type a, an anaerobic pathogen is the most potent cause of soft tissue infections like gas gangrene and enteric diseases like food poisoning and enteritis. the disease manifestations are mediated via two important exotoxins, viz. myonecrotic alpha toxin (αc) and enterotoxin (cpe). in the present study, we synthesized a bivalent chimeric protein r-cpae comprising c-terminal binding regions of αc and cpe using structural vaccinology rationale and assessed its protective effi ...201525645504
clostridium perfringens: a review of enteric diseases in dogs, cats and wild animals.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus that is commonly part of the microbiota of humans and animals. it is considered a common enteric pathogen, but the pathogenesis and the predisposing factors of the disease commonly differ between host species. thus, specific research is necessary to understand the role of this pathogen, how to diagnose it, and which control measures are applicable. the aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of c. perfringens infections i ...201525644183
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