Publications

natural antibiotic susceptibility of providencia stuartii, p. rettgeri, p. alcalifaciens and p. rustigianii strains.	the natural antibiotic susceptibility of 38 providencia rettgeri, 35 p. stuartii, 23 p. alcalifaciens and 20 p. rustigianii strains was examined. mic values were determined by a microdilution procedure and evaluated by a table calculation programme. p. stuartii was the least susceptible providencia sp. and was naturally resistant to tetracyclines, some penicillins, older cephalosporins, sulphamethoxazole and fosfomycin and to antibiotics to which other species of enterobacteriaceae are also resi ...	1998	9839568
antibacterial activity of human pleural fluid: alone and in combination with antibiotics.	this study investigated the antibacterial activity of human pleural fluid (hpf) and its interaction with gentamicin (gm), meropenem (mrpm), ciprofloxacin (cpfx) and clarithromycin (cltm) against escherichia coli k-12, proteus rettgeri (sanelli) and staphylococcus aureus. minimal inhibitory concentrations or volumes, expressed as mic or volume percentage (miv, v/v%), were measured using a micro-dilution technique in microtiter plates. the antimicrobial activity of hpf combinations with antimicrob ...	1998	9916908
[meropenem: microbiologic perspective].	meropenem is a beta-lactamic carbapenem derived from thienamycin and is structurally characterized by the presence of a beta-methyl group in position c1 which confers stability to the molecule versus renal dehydropeptidase 1 (dhp-1), thereby making the coadministration of an enzyme inhibitor unnecessary. its esterochemical configuration of the lateral chain in c2 (dimethyl carbomoilpyrrolidenethium) increases the activity versus gram negative bacteria (enterobacteria and pseudomonas) and moreove ...	1997	9410064
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of gv129606, a new broad-spectrum trinem.	gv129606 is a new parenteral trinem antibiotic belonging to the beta-lactam class. it combines broad-spectrum activity (against gram-negative and -positive bacteria, aerobes and anaerobes), with high potency and resistance to beta-lactamases. comparative in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities were determined for gv129606 against more than 400 recent clinical isolates (aerobes, including beta-lactamase producers, and anaerobes), using representative antibacterial agents (meropenem, piperac ...	1997	9420050
[urinary bacteria in elderly patients with urinary incontinence and low levels of daily activity].	the results of bacteria isolated from the urine of inactive elderly patients with urinary incontinence in 1982, 87, 93 and 95 were compared and the chronological changes of urinary bacteria were analyzed. the following results were obtained: (1) the most common bacteria isolated from the patients in 1995 were d-group enterococcus, followed by providencia rettgeri, e. coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa and proteus mirabilis. it is thought that the main cause of the more frequent isolation of enterococc ...	1997	9493467
[in vitro antibacterial activity of a new parenteral penem, sulopenem].	eighty percent minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic80) of sulopenem against clinically isolated 12 to 80 strains of each of different bacteria were as follows: methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (mssa): 0.20 micrograms/ml, methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa): 50 micrograms/ml, coagulase-negative staphylococci: 3.13 micrograms/ml, streptococcus pyogenes: < or = 0.013 microgram/ml, streptococcus pneumoniae: < or = 0.013 microgram/ml, beta-streptococci: 0.05 microgram/ml, enterococc ...	1996	8786624
antimicrobial activity of human pancreatic juice and its interaction with antibiotics.	pancreatic juice (pj) should be a factor of variability in the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics eliminated by the pancreas during pancreatic infections. we studied its effects on the activity of antimicrobial drugs with different mechanisms of action. samples of pure pj were collected from 16 patients with stabilized external pancreatic fistulas. the antimicrobial activity of the juice at different concentrations (from 1.25 to 100%) alone and in combination with mezlocillin, imipenem, ceftr ...	1996	8878588
providencia rettgeri meningitis in hatchling saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus).		1996	8941426
the prevalence of gentamicin 2'-n-acetyltransferase in the proteeae and its role in the o-acetylation of peptidoglycan.	the prevalence of aac(2')-ia, a gene coding for gentamicin 2'-n-acetyltransferase in providencia stuartii, among species of the proteeae was investigated to determine if it is a common resistance factor and whether the correlation observed in p. stuartii between its expression and the levels of peptidoglycan o-acetylation represents a general feature of bacteria producing this form of modified peptidoglycan. an evaluation of the mics of gentamicin for each of the species of the proteeae did not ...	1996	8961557
[gram-negative bacteria contaminating the process of producing lysine].	the authors have isolated gram-negative bacteria of the enterobacteriaceae family from the culture liquid of industrial fermenters with low yield of lysine. most of them possessed the characters typical of klebsiella pneumoniae and escherichia coli, the rest were identified as the representatives of genera proteus, providencia, enterobacter, hafnia. strains of klebsiella pneumoniae, e.coli, proteus rettgeri manifested lysine-decarboxylase activity. the capacity of some strains to destruct lysine ...	1995	8563944
bacterial agents causing chronic suppurative otitis media.	ear swabs from 350 patients with chronic otitis media attending different orthorhinolaryngological clinics at different hospitals and health centres in benin city and ekpoma in edo state were screened for the presence of bacterial agents of chronic otitis media. results revealed the presence of 19 different species indicating polymicrobial infections. species isolated comprised staphylococcus aureus (33.6%), pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.3%), proteus mirabilis (17%), alcaligenes faecalis (6.2%) and ...	1995	7498006
loss of porins following carbapenem-resistance selection and adherence modification in enterobacteria.	the acquired resistance to the carbapenems is frequently joined to modified expression of porins or other outer membrane (om) structures, thus bacterial adherence, that also depends on the presence of peculiar surface structures, might theoretically be influenced. in this study the ability to adhere to hep-2 and i-407 eukaryotic cell monolayers was assayed for two susceptible strains of serratia marcescens, one strain of enterobacter cloacae and one of providencia rettgeri in comparison with tha ...	1995	7562008
different biological conditions influencing bacterial adherence assay.	adherence of bacteria to animal cells is considered the first step in the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases. the most suitable techniques developed in vitro to check the capacity of bacteria to adhere to different tissues use monolayers of established cell lines. we studied the influence of incubation time (1, 2, 3 hours), cell substrates (hep-2, h-407) and the number of bacteria per cell (1, 10, 100, 1000) on the adherence index (number of adherent bacteria per cell determined by microsc ...	1995	7629566
effect of salicylate on expression of flagella by escherichia coli and proteus, providencia, and pseudomonas spp.	osmotic stress, salicylate, and mar (multiple antibiotic resistance) mutation are known to block the expression of the ompf porin. since these conditions have also been shown to inhibit the expression of p and cfa fimbriae in escherichia coli, we speculated that they might affect the expression of flagella as well. hyperosmotic conditions have been shown to block the synthesis of flagellin and expression of flagella in e. coli (c. li, c. j. louise, w. shi, and j. adler, j. bacteriol. 175:2229-22 ...	1995	7729888
purification and preliminary crystallographic studies of penicillin g acylase from providencia rettgeri.	two isoforms of the heterodimeric enzyme penicillin g acylase (ec 3.5.1.11) from providencia rettgeri atcc 31052 (strain bro1) were purified to near homogeneity. the isoforms exhibited comparable enzymatic activities but differed slightly in the molecular weight and pi of their respective alpha-subunit. the origin of this difference was traced to the partial conversion of the n-terminal gln of the alpha-subunit to pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid (pyro-glu). the boundaries of the mature enzyme within ...	1995	7795527
in vitro activity of subinhibitory concentrations of quinolones on urea-splitting bacteria: effect on urease activity and on cell surface hydrophobicity.	the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and sparfloxacin on urease activity and on cell surface hydrophobicity of urea-splitting bacteria was examined. quinolones at 0.5 mics demonstrated variable effects on bacterial-urease activity. norfloxacin inhibited enzyme activity in proteus vulgaris and proteus mirabilis, while other quinolones had no effects. in morganella morganii, sparfloxacin and ciprofloxacin enhanced urease activity, parti ...	1995	7844396
update of lomefloxacin in vitro activity and spectrum. a multicenter trial testing contemporary pathogens following food and drug administration validation guidelines. lomefloxacin activity study group.	the united states food and drug administration recently recommended that the antimicrobial product package insert (ppi) subsection on microbiology be annually validated with regard to the compound's spectrum and potency. to address this request, a nine-laboratory trial was organized to test (two methods) lomefloxacin, a newer fluoroquinolone, and nine comparison drugs against ppi-listed pathogens (1934 strains). a broad geographic sampling (nine medical centers) was achieved, and lomefloxacin wa ...	1994	7867311
in vitro activity of the new fluoroquinolone cp-99,219.	the in vitro activity of the new fluoroquinolone cp-99,219 [7-(3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl)naphthyridone] was compared with those of four other quinolones against 541 gram-negative, 283 gram-positive, and 70 anaerobic bacterial isolates. cp-99,219 inhibited 90% of many isolates in the family enterobacteriaceae at a concentration of < or = 0.25 micrograms/ml (range, < 0.008 to 1 microgram/ml), an activity comparable to those of tosufloxacin and sparfloxacin and two times greater than that of temaflo ...	1994	7872757
microbiological studies of abscesses complicating bothrops snakebite in humans: a prospective study.	forty patients with abscesses at the site of bothrops bite were evaluated. ten brought the snake responsible for the bite, bothrops jararaca in all cases. on admission a sample was collected from each case for aerobic and anaerobic culture, and no abscesses drained spontaneously. none of the patients had received antibacterial therapy at this time. the bacteria most frequently isolated were morganella morganii (23 patients), providencia rettgeri (7) enterobacter sp. (4), escherichia coli (3), gr ...	1994	7940580
[antibacterial activity of aztreonam against clinical isolates].	to evaluate the antibacterial activity of a monobactam antibiotic, aztreonam (azt), mics of azt and other antibiotics against clinical isolates collected at 36 participating institutions after january 1992 were determined using the agar plate dilution method (size of inoculum, 10(6) cfu/ml) according to the japan society of chemotherapy standard. the antibiotics that were tested along with azt included piperacillin (pipc), cefoperazone (cpz), and amikacin (amk). azt was found to be more active a ...	1994	8051793
levofloxacin in vitro activity: results from an international comparative study with ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin.	levofloxacin, the s-(-)-isomer of ofloxacin, was compared to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against > 6000 recent clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria from six different countries. this international multicenter study demonstrated a high level of antibacterial activity of levofloxacin against all the members of enterobacteriaceae [minimum inhibitory concentration (mic)50s, < or = 0.03 to 0.12 mg/l] except providencia rettgeri (mic50, 2 mg/l), and providencia stuartii (mic50 ...	1994	8077990
isolation of three hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine-degrading species of the family enterobacteriaceae from nitramine explosive-contaminated soil.	three species of the family enterobacteriaceae that biochemically reduced hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (hmx) were isolated from nitramine explosive-contaminated soil. two isolates, identified as morganella morganii and providencia rettgeri, completely transformed both rdx and the nitroso-rdx reduction intermediates. the third isolate, identified as citrobacter freundii, partially transformed rdx and generated high concentratio ...	1994	7811097
[bacterial resistance to antibiotics in the czech republic. the working group for monitoring resistance in the czech republic].	in 1991 the authors made an investigation on the resistance of clinically important bacteria. seventeen antibiotic centres in the czech republic participated in the investigation. the resistance to antibiotics of 32,567 strains of twelve bacterial species isolated from hospitalized patients depends on 1. the type of bacteria and antibiotics, 2. the source (specimen of pathological material) and 3. the locality (hospital). the resistance of staphylococcus aureus to oxacillin with the exception of ...	1994	8111828
predictive accuracy of disk diffusion test for proteus vulgaris and providencia species against five newer orally administered cephalosporins, cefdinir, cefetamet, cefprozil, cefuroxime, and loracarbef.	three members of the tribe proteeae (proteus vulgaris, providencia rettgeri, and providencia stuartii) were tested against five newer orally administered cephalosporins (cefdinir, cefprozil, cefuroxime, cefetamet, and loracarbef) by the disk diffusion and reference broth microdilution methods. one hundred strains of these organisms were tested to confirm the excessive interpretive error rates that previously had been noted for the disk diffusion test. the results indicate that the suggested disk ...	1994	8150976
rapid emergence of quinolone resistance in cirrhotic patients treated with norfloxacin to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.	we carried out quantitative culturing of stools from 31 hospitalized alcoholic patients with cirrhosis and ascites, before treatment with 400 mg of norfloxacin per day, weekly for the first month, and then every 2 weeks thereafter for 15 to 229 days (median, 54 days). members of the family enterobacteriaceae virtually disappeared from the stools (< 10(2)/g), but treatment had little effect on enterococci. no selection of resistant organisms occurred in 15 patients, but the remaining 16 patients ...	1994	8192461
[impression materials in focus: silicones of the 3d generation].		1994	284451
septisol foam antiseptic.		1994	263078
failure to respond to influenza vaccine in the aged: correlation with b-cell number and function.	failure to respond to influenza vaccination correlated with a decreased number and percentage of igd-bearing pbl and a dampened lymphocyte response to pwm in a subset of healthy aged volunteers. these subjects had normal levels of serum immunoglobulins, intact t cell function, and normal numbers of e-rosetting cells.	1993	309499
in vitro activity of cefpodoxime compared with other oral cephalosporins tested against 5556 recent clinical isolates from five medical centers.	a multicenter study was conducted in which the in vitro activity of cefpodoxime (the active metabolite of the prodrug ester cefpodoxime proxetil) was compared with those of cefixime, cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefadroxil, and clarithromycin against 5556 recent clinical isolates. cefpodoxime demonstrated potent activity against members of the enterobacteriaceae, in particular against species generally resistant to the established oral cephalosporins such as proteus vulgaris [minimum inhibitory concent ...	1993	8243035
[the antimicrobial activity of cefteram against recently clinically detected and isolated strains].	in order to examine antibiotic activities of cefteram (cftm), its minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic's) and those of other cephem drugs were determined against clinically isolated strains received from july 1990 to june 1991 and from july 1992 to february 1993 from medical facilities throughout the country and against clinically isolated strains detected in our laboratory in samples from patients with various infectious diseases. the obtained results are summarized below. 1. no cftm-resistan ...	1993	8254900
in vitro antimicrobial activities of lactoferrin, its concomitant use with cefpodoxime proxetil and clinical effect of cefpodoxime proxetil.	as one of the biodefense mechanisms, lactoferrin (lfn) in the secreta of female genital organ may be an interesting biological material in view of its antimicrobial activity. in the present study, we investigated antimicrobial activities of lfn and its combination with cefpodoxime proxetil (cpdx-pr), we also as evaluated clinical effect of cpdx-pr. the following results were obtained. 1. antimicrobial activities of lfn were tested against 15 strains of 10 species of bacteria, and potent activiti ...	1993	8360983
potent inhibitory action of the gastric proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole against urease activity of helicobacter pylori: unique action selective for h. pylori cells.	the gastric proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole, its active analog ag-2000, and omeprazole dose dependently inhibited urease activity extracted with distilled water from helicobacter pylori cells; the 50% inhibitory concentrations were between 3.6 and 9.5 microm, which were more potent than those of urease inhibitors, such as acetohydroxamic acid, hydroxyurea, and thiourea. these compounds also inhibited urease activity in intact cells of h. pylori and helicobacter mustelae but did not inhibit ur ...	1993	8494373
sequence of the providencia rettgeri lexa gene and its control region.		1993	8502572
[antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the proteeae in japan, 1989].	we discussed the antimicrobial susceptibilities of proteeae isolated in japan, 1989. eight hundred six clinical isolates were collected from 47 hospitals. these were comprised of 431 strains of proteus mirabilis, 155 proteus vulgaris, 154 morganella morganii, 44 providencia rettgeri and 22 providencia stuartii. antibiotics tested in this study were 2 penicillins, 5 cephems, 1 carbapenem and 2 aminoglycosides. the mic's were determined using the standard method of the japan society of chemotherap ...	1993	8515560
in vitro comparison activity of opc-17116, a new fluoroquinolone, against more than 5,000 recent clinical isolates from five medical centers.	the in vitro activity of opc-17116, a new fluoroquinolone, was compared with those of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and cefixime. a total of 5,231 fresh clinical isolates from five geographically separate us medical centers were tested. the primary results of this study are: 1. opc-17116 is very active against enterobacteriaceae [mic90s, 0.015-1 microgram/ml, except providencia rettgeri (mic90, > 8 micrograms/ml)], 2. among nonenteric gram-negative bacilli (e.g. xanthomonas maltophilia, mic90, 2 micr ...	1993	8106899
in vitro activity of du-6859a, a new fluorocyclopropyl quinolone.	du-6859a was tested against 844 recent clinical isolates (most from bacteremias) by using reference mic determination procedures. the activity of du-6859a against members of the family enterobacteriaceae was comparable to that of ciprofloxacin (range of mics for 90% of isolates [mic90], < or = 0.015 to 1 microgram/ml), and the highest mics were observed among serratia marcescens and providencia rettgeri isolates. the du-6859a mic90 for pseudomonas aeruginosa and xanthomonas maltophilia was 0.5 m ...	1993	8109948
antimicrobial resistance of 100 serial gram-negative isolates in two intensive care units.	to determine antimicrobial resistance pattern among gram-negative bacteria isolated from suspected sources of infections in patients hospitalized in two intensive care units (icus) at siriraj hospital from september 1991 to december 1991, minimal inhibitory concentrations of one-hundred consecutive gram-negative isolates for various antimicrobials were performed using the microbroth dilution method. of all gram-negative bacterial isolates, 25 per cent were pseudomonas aeruginosa, 22 per cent aci ...	1992	1308536
in vivo administration of recombinant growth hormone or gamma interferon activities macrophages: enhanced resistance to experimental salmonella typhimurium infection is correlated with generation of reactive oxygen intermediates.	purified and recombinant forms of growth hormone (gh) as well as of recombinant rat gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) enhance the survival of rats deprived of endogenous pituitary gh secretion by hypophysectomy (hx rats) and infected with virulent salmonella typhimurium. macrophages obtained from rats with intact pituitaries (pituitary-intact rats) or hx rats that were treated in vivo with either gh or the closely related hormone prolactin released elevated (p less than 0.05) levels of superoxide ani ...	1992	1316877
in vitro activity of opc-17116 compared to other broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones.	the in vitro activity of opc-17116 was compared to that of five similar fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and temafloxacin). a total of 700 isolates from recent cases of clinical bacteremia were tested. fifty additional stock strains with well-characterized resistance mechanisms were also processed. the minimal concentrations inhibiting 90% of strains (mic90) of enterobacteriaceae species were for opc-17116 0.015-0.5 micrograms/ml and for ciprofloxacin 0.015-0.25 ...	1992	1327789
[antibacterial activities of sisomicin against fresh clinical isolates].	to investigate antibacterial activities of sisomicin (siso), mics of siso as well as other aminoglycosides (ags) were determined against many clinical isolates which were obtained in 1991. results are summarized below: 1. no siso-resistant strains were observed among isolates of escherichia coli, citrobacter diversus, klebsiella pneumoniae, klebsiella oxytoca, enterobacter aerogenes, proteus mirabilis and morganella morganii. 2. in comparison with the results of our previous study against isolat ...	1992	1433905
the primary structure of providencia rettgeri penicillin g amidase gene and its relationship to other gram negative amidases.	the nucleotide sequence of penicillin g amidase (pa,e.c.3.5.1.11) of providencia rettgeri was determined. we aligned our p. rettgeri pa with other known gram negative periplasmically located beta-lactam amidases. the analysis revealed a high homology with other enterobacteric amidases (60%-65%), while with similar pseudomonas sp. amidases the homology exceeded 25%. these homologies indicate their common ancestry.	1992	1472713
avoidance of endotoxin-induced inflammation during studies of albumin clearance from caprine joints.	intra-articular injection of radiolabelled, commercial goat serum albumin (gsa) produces acute arthritis in caprine joints. this inflammation distorts clearance values and vitiates studies of normal lymphatic function. endotoxin, routinely found in commercial albumin preparations, appears to cause this local reaction. we describe a simple method for the preparation of low-endotoxin, radioiodinated serum albumin from aseptically collected serum. we have used this technique to prepare gsa for use ...	1992	1489542
[antimicrobial activities of ceftazidime on fresh clinical isolates].	antimicrobial activity of ceftazidime (caz) was compared with those of other cephem antibiotics against clinically isolated strains sent to us by medical institutions throughout japan in 1989 and 1991. those strains separated and identified from samples collected from patients with various infections were also examined, and the following results were obtained. 1. the results suggested that, compared with reports of studies conducted with clinical isolates in early 1980's, mic90 of caz in 1991 we ...	1992	1494227
in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of ljc 10,627.	the in vitro activity of ljc 10,627, a new carbapenem, was compared with those of imipenem, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and gentamicin. ljc 10,627 inhibited 90% of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, klebsiella oxytoca, enterobacter aerogenes, enterobacter agglomerans, enterobacter cloacae, hafnia alvei, citrobacter freundii, citrobacter diversus, proteus mirabilis, morganella morganii, proteus rettgeri, serratia marcescens, pseudomonas cepacia, salmonellae, shigellae, aeromonas, and yersiniae ...	1992	1510436
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneously administered u40 and u100 formulations of regular human insulin.	action profiles of 12 u of regular human insulin (actrapid hm) administered subcutaneously as a u40 or u100 formulation were studied. euglycaemic glucose clamps were performed on two separate days in 8 healthy subjects (basal i.v. insulin infusion 0.1 mu/kg/min, plasma glucose 5.0 mmol/l, mean +/- sd age 25 +/- 2 years, bmi 22.7 +/- 1.4 kg/m2). serum insulin concentrations increased after injection of u40 or u100 from similar baseline values to maximal individual concentrations of 305 +/- 79 vs. ...	1992	1563532
imipenem- and meropenem-resistant mutants of enterobacter cloacae and proteus rettgeri lack porins.	carbapenems such as imipenem and meropenem are not rapidly hydrolyzed by commonly occurring beta-lactamases. nevertheless, it was possible, by mutagenesis and selection, to isolate mutant strains of enterobacter cloacae and proteus rettgeri that are highly resistant to meropenem and imipenem. two alterations were noted in the e. cloacae mutants. first, the mutant strains appeared to be strongly derepressed in the production of beta-lactamases, which reached a very high level when the strains wer ...	1991	1656855
memory modulation by brain benzodiazepines.	1. recent evidence indicates that post-training memory processes are down-regulated by benzodiazepine/gaba-a systems in the amygdala, septum and hippocampus. habituation and avoidance learning are accompanied by a decrease of benzodiazepine-like immunoreactivity in the three structures, explainable by a release of benzodiazepines. immediate post-training microinjection of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil into the hippocampus enhances retention of habituation. the post-training administra ...	1991	1797279
photoaffinity labeling of rat type i iodothyronine deiodinase.	the photoreactive compound p-nitrophenyl-2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate (pal) was coupled to [125i]rt3, t4, or t3 and incubated with liver and kidney microsomes of hypo-, hyper-, or euthyroid rats to identify the type i iodothyronine deiodinase. various substrates or inhibitors of the enzyme, including rt3, t4, t3, 6-n-propylthiouracil (ptu), and iopanoic acid, were used as competitors to establish the specificity of protein labeling. the pal derivatization enhanced the behavior of t4 and t3 ...	1991	1855452
tenth international meeting on n-nitroso compounds, mycotoxins and tobacco smoke: relevance to human cancer.		1991	1855829
in vitro and in vivo evaluation of ro 09-1428, a new parenteral cephalosporin with high antipseudomonal activity.	ro 09-1428, a new parenteral cephalosporin with a catechol moiety attached at position 7 of the cephalosporin ring, showed high in vitro activity against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, proteus vulgaris, and streptococcus pyogenes, with mics for 90% of strains tested (mic90s) of less than or equal to 0.39 micrograms/ml. morganella morganii, providencia rettgeri, citrobacter freundii, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcus pneumoniae were inhi ...	1991	1906261
biosynthesis of isochorismate in klebsiella pneumoniae: origin of o-2.	the shikimate metabolites are key precursors to a large number of natural products, including aromatic amino acids. chorismic acid is an important branch point in the biosynthetic pathway to aromatic amino acids. chorismic acid is also unique among natural products since it is the only compound known to undergo an enzymatic claisen rearrangement. a metabolite of chorismic acid, isochorismic acid, first observed in aerobacter aerogenes differs in its chemical structure by the location of the hydr ...	1991	1913340
[antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from patients at 6 hospitals in osaka].	we examined mics of 6 oral new quinolones and 4 oral cephems against bacteria isolated from patients at 6 hospitals in osaka during the period from january to june in 1990, and the following results were obtained. 1. all species excluding streptococcus pyogenes were more sensitive with less frequencies of resistance to new quinolones than to cephems. in new quinolones, tosufloxacin (tflx) was the most active against gram-positive cocci and ciprofloxacin (cpfx) and tflx had the highest activities ...	1991	1960855
oviposition by screwworm flies (diptera: calliphoridae) on contact with host fluids.	factor affecting oviposition by screwworm flies, cochliomyia hominivorax (coquerel), contacting different host fluids were examined in a laboratory bioassay. fresh bovine blood, which does not release the attractive odors involved in host finding, nevertheless stimulated as many or more females to oviposit than did the other fluids tested. these other fluids included attractive fluid from screwworm-infected wounds (a favored oviposition site in nature) and cultures of providencia rettgeri (a bac ...	1991	2019681
aerobic bacteria from nasal discharge of goats suffering from clinical ppr: isolation and identification.	bacteriological isolation of aerobic bacteria from nasal discharge of achondroplastic west african dwarf goats showing clinical signs of peste des petits ruminants (ppr), and the laboratory procedures carried out for the identification of the isolates are described. from a total of forty nasal swabs obtained seventy five isolates were recovered. the percentage frequency of isolation of different organisms in descending order of occurrence is as follows: staphylococcus 44.0%; streptococcus 22.67% ...	1991	2023545
[antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical isolates of morganella-proteus-providencia group of bacteria].	we examined in vitro susceptibilities of 3,109 isolates belonging to 5 species of proteeae to 2 penicillins, 5 cephems and 2 aminoglycosides. the isolates were collected from 69 hospital laboratories throughout japan between 1986 and 1988. minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined using the agar dilution method with inoculation of 10(8) cells/ml of bacteria. proteus mirabilis had marked susceptibilities to the penicillins and cephems tested. proteus vulgaris and morganella morganii were ...	1991	2041155
[is the proposal for the front organization's assumption of a political character supported?].		1991	245074
biochemical considerations regarding cellular regulation through messenger and allosteric systems. antagonism between catabolic oxidation of free fatty acids and anabolic aerobic glycolysis in the liver.	this theoretic study deals with some biochemical considerations 1) of a general nature, on cellular regulation both by the messenger systems: type a and type c (ms-a & ms-c) and by the allosteric system, and 2) of a special nature, taking into account, for example, the antagonism between the catabolic oxidation of free fatty acids (ffa) and anabolic aerobic glycolysis, as a major mechanism of allosteric short-term regulation of glycemic homeostasis. the discussion at molecular level is facilitat ...	1990	2080418
[susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents. a study mainly focused on imipenem. research group for testing imipenem susceptibility on clinical isolates].	we investigated susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to imipenem (ipm) and other antimicrobial agents at 459 hospital laboratories throughout japan from september to december of 1988. in this study, identification and susceptibility testing were performed at each hospital laboratory and the tests were carried out according to the 1-dilution or 3-dilution disc technique in which susceptibilities are classified into 4 grades: , ++, + and -. ipm had significantly high activity against st ...	1990	2086814
biological characterization of a new radioactive labeling reagent for bacterial penicillin-binding proteins.	radiolabeled penicillin g is widely used as the imaging agent in penicillin-binding protein (pbp) assays. the disadvantages of most forms of labeled penicillin g are instability on storage and the long exposure times usually required for autoradiography or fluorography of electrophoretic gels. we investigated the utility of radioiodinated penicillin v as an alternative reagent. radioiodination of p-(trimethylstannyl)penicillin v with [125i]na, using a modification of the chloramine-t method, is ...	1990	2113792
in-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial activities of e1040, a new cephalosporin with potent antipseudomonal activity.	e1040 is a new parenteral cephalosporin with a broad antibacterial spectrum and potent activity against gram-negative bacteria including pseudomonas aeruginosa. the in-vitro activities of e1040 against clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae, ent. aerogenes, providencia rettgeri, and morganella morganii were superior to those of ceftazidime, cefoperazone, cefmenoxime, and cefuzonam. the activities of e1040 against gram-positive cocci were comparable with those of ceftazidime, but it was less a ...	1990	2127928
binding of the bovine basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (kunitz) to human glu1-, lys77-, val442-, and val561-plasmin: a comparative study.	thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for the binding of the bovine basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (bpti, kunitz inhibitor) to human glu1-, lys77-, val442- and val561-plasmin (ec 3.4.21.7) have been determined between ph 3.0 and 9.5, and from 5.0 to 45.0 degrees c. the inhibitor-binding properties to human glu1-, lys77-, val442- and val561-plasmin suggest a possible role of bpti in modulating plasmin activity when the inhibitor is used therapeutically.	1990	2143086
inactivation of legionella pneumophila by monochloramine.	chloramination which is used in south australia to control the growth of naegleria fowleri, was investigated to see if it would also control that of legionella pneumophila. it was found that l. pneumophila was more sensitive than escherichia coli to monochloramine. at 1.0 mg/l, a 99% kill of l. pneumophila was achieved in 15 min compared with 37 min for a 99% kill of e. coli. combined with the stability of monochloramine, even at elevated temperatures, the results suggest that this disinfectant ...	1990	2196255
influence of temperature on beta-lactamase production and outer membrane proteins in gram-negative rods.	the influence of temperature (ranging from 28 to 42 degrees c) was studied on the phenotypic expression of chromosomally mediated beta-lactamases in gram-negative clinical isolates and in their beta-lactamase-depressed resistant counterparts. the enzymes were expressed most intensely at lower temperatures (28 or 32 degrees c). in most strains the enzyme was barely detectable at growth temperatures of 42 degrees c independent of the inducer employed. the release of the enzyme into the surrounding ...	1990	2253497
[bacterial flora of the oral cavity, fangs and venom of bothrops jararaca: possible source of infection at the site of bite].	culture of fang, fang sheath and venom of fifteen healthy freshly captured bothrops jararaca were analyzed. the bacteria most frequently encountered were group d streptococci (12 snakes), enterobacter sp. (6), providencia rettgeri (6), providencia sp. (4), escherichia coli (4), morganella morganii (3) and clostridium sp. (5). the bacteria observed are similar to those found in the abscesses from bothrops bitten patients. since these snake mouth bacteria may be inoculated during the snake bite, b ...	1990	2259834
additive interaction between tamoxifen and rifampicin in human biliary tract carcinoma cells.	a novel two-drug combination of tamoxifen and rifampicin has been investigated for the treatment of biliary tract-associated malignancies. their effects, alone and in combination, on human tumour cells were studied using two pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. mia paca-2 and aspc-1, and a gall bladder carcinoma cell line, g-415. inhibition of growth was used as an endpoint. the cells differed in sensitivity to equimolar doses of the two drugs given as single agents. combined doses of rifampicin and ...	1990	2265416
[susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents. a study mainly focused on imipenem. reported by the research group for testing imipenem susceptibility on clinical isolates].	this study was conducted to investigate susceptibilities of clinical bacterial isolates to imipenem (ipm) and other antibacterial agents at 64 hospital laboratories throughout japan from september to december of 1988. in this study, identification and susceptibility testing were carried out at each laboratory and the tests were performed according to the disk dilution method recommended by nccls in which susceptibilities are classified into "s", "ms", "i" and "r". ipm showed markedly high in vit ...	1990	2287060
morganella morganii urease: purification, characterization, and isolation of gene sequences.	morganella morganii, a very common cause of catheter-associated bacteriuria, was previously classified with the genus proteus on the basis of urease production. m. morganii constitutively synthesizes a urease distinct from that of other uropathogens. the enzyme, purified 175-fold by passage through deae-sepharose, phenyl-sepharose, mono-q, and superose 6 chromatography resins, was found to have a native molecular size of 590 kilodaltons and was composed of three distinct subunits with apparent m ...	1990	2345135
the sugar moiety of bovine s-antigen.	to obtain insight into the glycoprotein nature of s-antigen (s-ag), we have investigated the affinity of bovine s-ag for plant lectins, location of the sugar moiety within the molecule, and incorporation of radiolabelled mannose and glucosamine into s-ag. it was found (i) that only about 10% of purified s-ag was bound to concanavalin a (con a) and wheat germ agglutinin (wga) columns, (ii) that both concanavalin a and wheat germ agglutinin bound chymotryptic peptides derived from the c-terminal h ...	1990	2384003
monoclonal antibodies to quebec strain (q17) of bovine rotavirus.	fourteen monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against "quebec" strain (q17) of bovine rotavirus were isolated and characterized. four were specific for viral protein vp7 and ten were specific for viral protein vp6. five different isotypes were represented by this group of antibodies. all of the anti-vp6 and none of the anti-vp7 antibodies were sensitive to the effects of periodate on their antigen. the antibodies could be separated into three groups based on their relative resistance to the dissociation ...	1990	1698323
in vitro antibacterial properties of cefetamet and in vivo activity of its orally absorbable ester derivative, cefetamet pivoxil.	the in vitro activity of cefetamet, the microbiologically active metabolite of the orally administered prodrug cefetamet pivoxil, was compared with that of cephalexin, cefaclor, cefuroxime and amoxicillin. cefetamet was highly active against enterobacteriaceae, neisseria spp., vibrio spp., haemophilus influenzae and streptococci other than enterococci. cefetamet inhibited cefaclor-resistant species such as proteus vulgaris, providencia stuartii, providencia rettgeri and serratia marcescens. stap ...	1989	2504597
[superoxide dismutase overcomes 2-cell block in mouse embryos].		1989	2504849
dactimicin, a new aminoglycoside: in vitro activity, post-antibiotic effect and interaction with other antibiotics.	the in vitro activity of the new aminoglycoside dactimicin in comparison to amikacin was tested alone and in combination with piperacillin, mezlocillin and ceftazidime against freshly isolated clinical pathogens. dactimicin was more active than amikacin against enterobacter cloacae, providencia rettgeri and salmonella spp., and less active than amikacin against escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa and acinetobacter anitratus. using the checkerboard technique, the combination of either dactim ...	1989	2506028
sequences that promote formation of catenated intertwines during termination of dna replication.	the normal sequence at which sv40 dna replication terminates (ter) is unusual in that it promotes formation of catenated intertwines when two converging replication forks enter to complete replication (weaver et al., 1985). here we show that yeast centromeric sequences also exhibit this phenomenon. cen3 caused accumulation of late replicating intermediates and catenated dimers in plasmids replicating in mammalian cells, but only when it was located in the termination region (180 degrees from ori ...	1989	2542894
cloning and characterization of the acyl-coenzyme a: 6-aminopenicillanic-acid-acyltransferase gene of penicillium chrysogenum.	a gene, aat, encoding acyl-coa: 6-aminopenicillanic acid acyltransferase (aat), the last enzyme of the penicillin (pn) biosynthetic pathway, has been cloned from the genome of penicillium chrysogenum as-p-78. the gene contains three introns in the 5'-region and encodes a protein of 357 amino acids with an mr of 39,943. it complements mutants of p. chrysogenum deficient in aat activity. the aat gene is expressed as a 1.15-kb transcript and the encoded protein appears to be processed post-translat ...	1989	2555269
usefulness of trehalose fermentation and l-glutamic acid decarboxylation for identification of biochemically aberrant providencia stuartii strains.	a total of 849 providencia isolates were collected during a 4-year period when an increased incidence of nosocomial providencia stuartii infection was noted in urologic wards. of these isolates, 630 were identified as p. stuartii, 206 were identified as providencia rettgeri, and 1 was identified as providencia alcalifaciens. twelve inositol-positive isolates from 10 patients (10 strains) resembled p. stuartii in fermenting trehalose but resembled p. rettgeri in fermenting d-arabitol or meso-eryt ...	1989	2570791
numerical analysis of electrophoretic protein patterns of providencia rettgeri strains from human faeces, urine and other specimens.	thirty-one strains of providencia rettgeri (mainly from humans) were characterized by one-dimensional sds-page of cellular proteins. the strains came from various countries and comprised 14 from urine, eight from faeces, two from bile (plus one from the liver of a sheep), two from sputum, one from an insect pupa and three the sources of which were unknown. also included, for reference purposes, were the type strains of the four other providencia species. the protein patterns, which contained 45- ...	1989	2584173
evaluation of stuart's transport medium containing penicillinase. an in vitro study. brief report.	an in vitro study was performed to evaluate the value of penicillinase in stuart's transport medium. swabs were taken from serum broth cultures of staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and proteus rettgeri, incubated with cefuroxime. following 24 hours' storage in the transport medium, the recovery of p. rettgeri was significantly higher from stuart's transport media containing penicillinase in a concentration of 100,000 units/ml, than from swabs stored in stuart's medium without penicillinase ...	1989	2590536
gas liquid chromatography of amines produced by the enterobacteriaceae.	1. gas liquid chromatography (glc) was used to test the production of amines by 85 strains of enterobacteriaceae. 2. the strains tested produced cadaverine, beta-phenylethylamine, putrescine, iso-amylamine, 2-methylbutylamine and iso-butylamine. 3. although the overlap in amine production between obviously different genera and species limits the general applicability of this methodology in clinical microbiology, the results obtained demonstrate the possibility of differentiating proteus rettgeri ...	1989	2620174
purification and characterization of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase from human postheparin plasma: production of monospecific antibody to the individual lipase.	lipoprotein lipase (lpl) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (htgl) were purified to homogeneity from human postheparin plasma. molecular, catalytic and immunological properties of the purified enzymes were investigated. the native molecular weights of lpl and htgl were 67,200 and 65,500, respectively, by gel chromatography. the subunit molecular weights of lpl and htgl were 60,600 and 64,600, respectively, suggesting that these enzymes are catalytically active in a monomeric form. in addition, the ...	1989	2663075
comparison of the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of cefepime (bmy-28142) with ceftazidime, cefuzonam, cefotaxime and cefmenoxime.	cefepime (bmy-28142), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, was evaluated for in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities in comparison with ceftazidime, cefuzonam, cefotaxime and cefmenoxime. cefepime showed a well-balanced, broad spectrum of activity against a number of clinical isolates collected in japan. the activity of cefepime against gram-positive bacteria was several times greater than that of ceftazidime, nearly comparable to cefotaxime and cefmenoxime, and slightly weaker than cefuzona ...	1989	2663406
mutations affecting regulation of cobinamide biosynthesis in salmonella typhimurium.	transcription of the genes for cobalamin biosynthesis is reduced during aerobic growth. we isolated and characterized mutants that showed a 2- to 90-fold increase in aerobic expression of the cobinamide biosynthesis (cobi) genes, depending on the particular mutation and growth conditions. four different classes of mutations were characterized. all mutations (cobri through cobriv) were cis-acting, dominant mutations that mapped near the promoter end of the cobi operon. two of these classes of mut ...	1989	2687248
antibody responses and protection in mice immunized with herpes simplex virus type 1 antigen immune-stimulating complex preparations.	the formation of immune-stimulating complexes (iscoms) obtained by mixing the glycoside quil a with an antigen preparation derived from herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1)-infected cell cultures using a zwitterionic detergent is described. the hsv-1 antigen preparation incorporated into iscoms elicited significantly greater antibody responses in mice than the same preparation administered together with aluminium hydroxide gel, and provided complete protection against hsv-1 or hsv-2 lethal, syste ...	1989	2769234
[cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents in fuenlabrada: objectives, features of the population, design, participation, equipment, laboratory technics, and quality control].	fuenlabrada is at the present time the most industrialized town placed at the south are of madrid. this population has some peculiar attractive characteristics from the epidemiologic point of view. perhaps the most important is that the majority of its inhabitants are immigrant from other depressed rural areas of the country, with a low socio-economic and cultural level. the new conditions of life could have changed the life expectation and the causes of morbidity and mortality of this populatio ...	1989	2772364
regional histochemical aspects of xanthine oxidase activity in ischemic and reperfused small intestine of the rat.	the study describes regional changes of xanthine oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase activities as shown by the ischemic and reperfused small intestine of the rat. the results are obtained with enzyme histochemical methods, including densitometrical verifications, and are substantiated with biochemical enzyme determinations. the decrease of xanthine oxidase activity was best visible in the anoxic duodenum and jejunum, where the findings of histochemical enzyme determinations agreed with those ac ...	1989	2776176
induction potency of various beta-lactam derivatives in gram-negative rods.	the induction potency of various beta-lactams as well as that of 'nonspecific' inducers such as the media employed or body fluids were studied in gram-negative clinical isolates and in their resistant corresponding counterparts. in all wild-type isolates quite a few beta-lactams (mainly cefoxitin and imipenem) shared the ability to induce the chromosomal beta-lactamase, whereas all beta-lactams - including 6-aps and 7-cps clavulanic acid, and sulbactam (both beta-lactamase inhibitors), exhibited ...	1989	2785904
two cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients: supplemental treatment with aerosolised pentamidine isethionate.	two cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients who were diagnosed by the aspiration-lung-biopsy. they were treated with 4 mg/kg of pentamidine isethionate intravenously administered followed by pentamidine aerosol inhalation. although clinical and laboratory findings were improved by the fifth or seventh day of intravenous therapy, substantial leukocytopenia, from 3,000/cmm to 600/cmm and from 2,700/cmm to 1,000/cmm, occurred. at this point ...	1989	2786100
intraspinal course of descending serotoninergic pathways innervating the rodent dorsal horn and lamina x.	although numerous studies have discussed serotoninergic pathways projecting from the brainstem to the spinal cord, the intraspinal course of these descending axons remains a matter of debate. one of the difficulties with traditional immunohistochemical methods is that the interpretation of results has been subjective. we have therefore employed a computer-assisted image-processing system to provide objective measurements of serotonin immuno-reactivity within the rodent dorsal horn and lamina x c ...	1989	2794118
purification and characterization of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase from pig liver.	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase was isolated from cytosolic pig liver extracts and purified 3100-fold to apparent homogeneity. purification made use of ammonium sulfate fractionation, precipitation with acetic acid and chromatography on deae-cellulose and 2',5'-adp-sepharose with 28% recovery of total activity. the native enzyme has a molecular mass of 206 kda and is apparently composed of two similar, if not identical, subunits. proteolytic cleavage reveals two fragments with apparent molecular ...	1989	2806259
smoking and other tobacco use.		1989	2815598
smoking and other tobacco use.		1989	2815598
on the estimation of pulmonary capillary pressure from arterial occlusion.	we have attempted to evaluate some approaches for estimating pulmonary capillary pressure from the transient pressure data obtained from the tip of the swanz-ganz catheter after inflation of the balloon. to this end experiments were carried out in anesthetized dogs in which pulmonary vasoconstriction was induced by infusion of histamine, serotonin, or norepinephrine or by hypoxia. in a group of closed chest dogs, the time course for the fall in the catheter tip pressure toward the wedge pressure ...	1989	2817586
3-sulfonyl-1-carba-1-dethiacephems.	the stability of the 1-carba-1-dethiacephalosporin framework has allowed the synthesis of a range of 3-sulfonyl-1-carba-1-dethiacephems unavailable for a variety of reasons in the cephem arena. the known p-nitrobenzyl 7 beta-(phenoxyacetamido)-3-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy]-1-carba -1- dethia-3-cephem-4-carboxylate served as a precursor to this series of compounds. displacement of the enol triflate with various sulfinates in acetonitrile or dmf and deprotection of the intermediates led to 7 ...	1989	2810332
hypotensive anesthesia in total hip replacement.		1988	266276
development of gentamicin resistance in gram-negative bacteria in czechoslovakia and correlation with its usage.	widespread use of gentamicin in czechoslovakia began in 1975 when it became more available, although its use remained restricted until 1986. starting in 1980 a remarkable increase in gentamicin resistance was observed in pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella, enterobacter and several proteus species, especially proteus rettgeri. a large proportion of gentamicin-resistant strains came from the urine of hospitalized patients. in spite of infection control measures and restrictive antibiotic policy, g ...	1988	2854783
involvement of prostaglandins in histamine-induced fluid and electrolyte secretion by rat colon.	histamine increased the transmural potential difference across rat colon in-vivo and induced a net secretion of fluid. both effects were inhibited by indomethacin. histamine increased the potential difference and short-circuit current, and reduced tissue resistance in colonic sheets in-vitro. this response was reduced in the absence of chloride in the bathing medium or in the presence of serosal frusemide, suggesting that histamine stimulated electrogenic chloride secretion by the colon. the ris ...	1988	2897440
isolation and mapping of a polymorphic dna sequence (pynz32) on chromosome 4p [d4s125].		1988	2897672
effect of atrial peptide on collecting duct function.	1. the effects of synthetic rat atrial natriuretic peptides (anp) on diffusional 22na+, 36cl- and tritiated water (tho) permeability of in vitro microperfused rat papillary collecting ducts and the effect in vivo of anp on stop-flow sodium concentrations in the terminal segment of rabbit nephrons were studied. 2. the addition of 4 x 10(-8) or 4 x 10(-7) mol/l anp to the medium or perfusion solution did not alter diffusional 22na+ or 36cl- permeability of microperfused rat papillary collecting du ...	1988	2976327
tolerance of pelvic normal tissues to hyperfractionated radiation therapy: results of protocol 83-08 of the radiation therapy oncology group.	a prospective, centrally randomized phase i/ii trial of hyperfractionation in definitive radiation therapy for locally advanced squamous and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder was conducted by the radiation therapy oncology group (rtog) from april 1983 through june 1986. patients with t3-4 and t2 n+ (ajc) histologically-confirmed cancer of the bladder received twice daily radiation therapy with 1.2 gy per fraction and a minimum of 4 hr between fractions. all patients received a whole pel ...	1988	3058657
isolation of flagella from the archaebacterium methanococcus voltae by phase separation with triton x-114.	the flagella of methanococcus voltae were isolated by using three procedures. initially, cells were sheared to release the filaments, which were purified by differential centrifugation and banding in kbr gradients. flagella were also prepared by solubilization of cells with 1% (vol/vol) triton x-100 and purified as described above. both of these techniques resulted in variable recovery and poor yield of flagellar filaments. purification of intact flagella (filament, hook, and basal body) was ach ...	1988	3127380
enoxacin: in-vitro and animal evaluation as a parenteral and oral agent against hospital bacterial isolates.	enoxacin was evaluated in in-vitro tests and in studies of effectiveness and blood concentrations in the mouse. enoxacin was active against both susceptible and multiresistant hospital isolates of enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, haemophilus influenzae, neisseria gonorrhoeae and staphylococci. less susceptible were streptococci and anaerobes. of nine quinolones tested, only norfloxacin was equivalent in vitro. the mbcs of enoxacin were one- to twofold greater than the mics, and enoxac ...	1988	3129392