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effect of guar gum and xanthan gum on pasting and noodle-making properties of potato, corn and mung bean starches.the effect of xanthan and guar-gum on pasting and noodle-making properties of potato, corn and mung bean starches was studied. mung bean starch showed the highest amylose content (43.4 %) followed by potato (23.2 %) and corn starch (15.5 %). potato starch showed the highest swelling power (19.0 g/g) and solubility index (17.5 %) and exhibited the highest paste viscosities. addition of both gums improved peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity and final viscosity for mung and corn starches; while for ...201526604384
heparin and related polysaccharides: synthesis using recombinant enzymes and metabolic engineering.glycosaminoglycans are linear anionic polysaccharides that exhibit a number of important biological and pharmacological activities. the two most prominent members of this class of polysaccharides are heparin/heparan sulfate and the chondroitin sulfates (including dermatan sulfate). these polysaccharides, having complex structures and polydispersity, are biosynthesized in the golgi of most animal cells. the chemical synthesis of these glycosaminoglycans is precluded by their structural complexity ...201526219501
decoding the genetic and functional diversity of the dsf quorum-sensing system in stenotrophomonas maltophilia.stenotrophomonas maltophilia uses the diffusible signal factor (dsf) quorum sensing (qs) system to mediate intra- and inter-specific signaling and regulate virulence-related processes. the components of this system are encoded by the rpf cluster, with genes rpff and rpfc encoding for the dsf synthase rpff and sensor rpfc, respectively. recently, we have shown that there exist two variants of the rpf cluster (rpf-1 and rpf-2), distinguishing two groups of s. maltophilia strains. surprisingly, onl ...201526284046
xanthan gum as a fat replacer in goshtaba-a traditional meat product of india: effects on quality and oxidative stability.goshtaba is a restructured meat product of kashmiri wazwan prepared from meat emulsion with added fat (20 %), salt, spices and condiments and cooked in the curd. the present study was undertaken for the development of low fat goshtaba with the addition of xanthan gum as a fat replacer and was evaluated for proximate composition, ph, colour, lipid and protein oxidation, texture, microstructure and sensory properties. low fat goshtaba formulations containing xanthan gum were higher in protein and ...201526604383
lindgomycin, an unusual antibiotic polyketide from a marine fungus of the lindgomycetaceae.an unusual polyketide with a new carbon skeleton, lindgomycin (1), and the recently described ascosetin (2) were extracted from mycelia and culture broth of different lindgomycetaceae strains, which were isolated from a sponge of the kiel fjord in the baltic sea (germany) and from the antarctic. their structures were established by spectroscopic means. in the new polyketide, two distinct domains, a bicyclic hydrocarbon and a tetramic acid, are connected by a bridging carbonyl. the tetramic acid ...201526225984
full genome sequence analysis of two isolates reveals a novel xanthomonas species close to the sugarcane pathogen xanthomonas albilineans.xanthomonas albilineans is the bacterium responsible for leaf scald, a lethal disease of sugarcane. within the xanthomonas genus, x. albilineans exhibits distinctive genomic characteristics including the presence of significant genome erosion, a non-ribosomal peptide synthesis (nrps) locus involved in albicidin biosynthesis, and a type 3 secretion system (t3ss) of the salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (spi-1) family. we sequenced two x. albilineans-like strains isolated from unusual environments ...201526213974
type ii secretion-dependent degradative and cytotoxic activities mediated by stenotrophomonas maltophilia serine proteases stmpr1 and stmpr2.stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that primarily causes pneumonia and bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals. we recently reported that s. maltophilia strain k279a encodes the xps type ii secretion system and that xps promotes rounding, actin rearrangement, detachment, and death in the human lung epithelial cell line a549. here, we show that xps-dependent cell rounding and detachment occur with multiple human and murine cell lines and that serine protease in ...201526169274
challenges and perspectives in combinatorial assembly of novel exopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathways.because of their rheological properties various microbial polysaccharides are applied as thickeners and viscosifiers both in food and non-food industries. a broad variety of microorganisms secrete structurally diverse exopolysaccharides (eps) that contribute to their surface attachment, protection against abiotic or biotic stress factors, and nutrient gathering. theoretically, a massive number of eps structures are possible through variations in monosaccharide sequences, condensation linkages an ...201526217319
the alkb family of fe(ii)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases: repairing nucleic acid alkylation damage and beyond.the alkb family of fe(ii)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases is a class of ubiquitous direct reversal dna repair enzymes that remove alkyl adducts from nucleobases by oxidative dealkylation. the prototypical and homonymous family member is an escherichia coli "adaptive response" protein that protects the bacterial genome against alkylation damage. alkb has a wide variety of substrates, including monoalkyl and exocyclic bridged adducts. nine mammalian alkb homologs exist (alkbh1-8, fto), ...201526152727
antimicrobial peptides: insights into membrane permeabilization, lipopolysaccharide fragmentation and application in plant disease control.the recent increase in multidrug resistance against bacterial infections has become a major concern to human health and global food security. synthetic antimicrobial peptides (amps) have recently received substantial attention as potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics because of their potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. these peptides have also been implicated in plant disease control for replacing conventional treatment methods that are polluting and hazardous to the envir ...201526144972
are herbal mouthwash efficacious over chlorhexidine on the dental plaque?to compare the effect of herbal extract mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash on the dental plaque level.201526130940
reaction of cauliflower genotypes to black rot of crucifers.this study aimed to evaluate six cauliflower genotypes regarding their resistance to black rot and their production performance. to do so, it was conducted two field experiments in ipameri, goiás, brazil, in 2012 and 2013. it was used a randomized block design, with four replications (total of 24 plots). each plot consisted of three planting lines 2.5 m long (six plants/line), spaced 1.0 m apart, for a total area of 7.5 m(2). evaluations of black rot severity were performed at 45 days after tran ...201526060437
engineering structure and function using thermoresponsive biopolymers.self-assembly enables exquisite control at the smallest scale and generates order among macromolecular-building blocks that remain too small to be manipulated individually. environmental cues, such as heating, can trigger the organization of these materials from individual molecules to multipartixcle assemblies with a variety of compositions and functions. synthetic as well as biological polymers have been engineered for these purposes; however, biological strategies can offer unparalleled contr ...201526112277
engineering structure and function using thermoresponsive biopolymers.self-assembly enables exquisite control at the smallest scale and generates order among macromolecular-building blocks that remain too small to be manipulated individually. environmental cues, such as heating, can trigger the organization of these materials from individual molecules to multipartixcle assemblies with a variety of compositions and functions. synthetic as well as biological polymers have been engineered for these purposes; however, biological strategies can offer unparalleled contr ...201526112277
production of calcaride a by calcarisporium sp. in shaken flasks and stirred bioreactors.increased interest in marine resources has led to increased screening of marine fungi for novel bioactive compounds and considerable effort is being invested in discovering these metabolites. for compound discovery, small-scale cultures are adequate, but agitated bioreactors are desirable for larger-scale production. calcarisporium sp. kf525 has recently been described to produce calcaride a, a cyclic polyester with antibiotic activity, in agitated flasks. here, we describe improvements in the p ...201526114617
construction of citrus gene coexpression networks from microarray data using random matrix theory.after the sequencing of citrus genomes, gene function annotation is becoming a new challenge. gene coexpression analysis can be employed for function annotation using publicly available microarray data sets. in this study, 230 sweet orange (citrus sinensis) microarrays were used to construct seven coexpression networks, including one condition-independent and six condition-dependent (citrus canker, huanglongbing, leaves, flavedo, albedo, and flesh) networks. in total, these networks contain 37 6 ...201526504573
multi-analytical approach reveals potential microbial indicators in soil for sugarcane model systems.this study focused on the effects of organic and inorganic amendments and straw retention on the microbial biomass (mb) and taxonomic groups of bacteria in sugarcane-cultivated soils in a greenhouse mesocosm experiment monitored for gas emissions and chemical factors. the experiment consisted of combinations of synthetic nitrogen (n), vinasse (v; a liquid waste from ethanol production), and sugarcane-straw blankets. increases in co2-c and n2o-n emissions were identified shortly after the additio ...201526057123
closing the loop on the gaba shunt in plants: are gaba metabolism and signaling entwined?γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that is found in uni- and multi-cellular organisms and is involved in many aspects of plant life cycle. gaba metabolism occurs by the action of evolutionary conserved enzymes that constitute the gaba shunt, bypassing two steps of the tca cycle. the central position of gaba in the interface between plant carbon and nitrogen metabolism is well established. in parallel, there is evidence to support a role for gaba as a signaling molecule ...201526106401
purification and characterization of an endoinulinase from xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli km 24 mutant.an extracellular endoinulinase from xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli km 24 mutant was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration chromatography and showed a specific activity of 119 u/mg. the optimum ph and temperature of the purified enzyme were found to be 6.0 and 50 °c, respectively. the enzyme was stable up to 60 °c, retaining 60% of residual activity for 30 min, but inactivated rapidly above 60 °c. the enzyme was found to be stable at ph=6-9 when it retained 100% of its residual activity. ...201527904343
novel imaging technologies for characterization of microbial extracellular polysaccharides.understanding of biology is underpinned by the ability to observe structures at various length scales. this is so in a historical context and is also valid today. evolution of novel insight often emerges from technological advancement. recent developments in imaging technologies that is relevant for characterization of extraceullar microbiological polysaccharides are summarized. emphasis is on scanning probe and optical based techniques since these tools offers imaging capabilities under aqueous ...201526074906
phenotypic and genetic characterization of resistance in arabidopsis thaliana to the oomycete pathogen phytophthora parasitica.the interaction between arabidopsis thaliana and the oomycete pathogen phytophthora parasitica emerges as a model for exploring the molecular basis and evolution of recognition and host defense. phenotypic variation and genetic analysis is essential to dissect the underlying mechanisms in plant-oomycete interaction. in this study, the reaction phenotypes of 28 a. thaliana accessions to p. parasitica strain pp016 were examined using detached leaf infection assay. the results showed the presence o ...201526074940
bacterial exopolysaccharides: biosynthesis pathways and engineering strategies.bacteria produce a wide range of exopolysaccharides which are synthesized via different biosynthesis pathways. the genes responsible for synthesis are often clustered within the genome of the respective production organism. a better understanding of the fundamental processes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and the regulation of these processes is critical toward genetic, metabolic and protein-engineering approaches to produce tailor-made polymers. these designer polymers will exhibit ...201526074894
microbial metabolism of transparent exopolymer particles during the summer months along a eutrophic estuary system.this study explores the role of transparent exopolymer particles (tep) as an additional carbon source for heterotrophic microbial activity in the eutrophic qishon estuary. from the coastal station and upstream the estuary; tep concentrations, β-glucosidase activity, bacterial production and abundance have gradually increased. tep were often found as bio-aggregates, scaffolding algae, detritus matter and bacteria that likely formed "hotspots" for enhance microbial activity. to further demonstrate ...201526042092
the genomes of closely related pantoea ananatis maize seed endophytes having different effects on the host plant differ in secretion system genes and mobile genetic elements.the seed as a habitat for microorganisms is as yet under-explored and has quite distinct characteristics as compared to other vegetative plant tissues. in this study, we investigated three closely related p. ananatis strains (named s6, s7, and s8), which were isolated from maize seeds of healthy plants. plant inoculation experiments revealed that each of these strains exhibited a different phenotype ranging from weak pathogenic (s7), commensal (s8), to a beneficial, growth-promoting effect (s6) ...201526029184
comparative conventional- and quantum dot-labeling strategies for lps binding site detection in arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll protoplasts.lipopolysaccharide (lps) from gram-negative bacteria is recognized as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (mamp) and not only induces an innate immune response in plants, but also stimulates the development of characteristic defense responses. however, identification and characterization of a cell surface lps-receptor/binding site, as described in mammals, remains elusive in plants. as an amphiphilic, macromolecular lipoglycan, intact lps potentially contains three mamp-active regions, repres ...201526029233
the amino acid arginine 210 of the response regulator hrpg of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is required for hrpg function in virulence.xanthomonas citri subsp. citri colonizes its hosts through the trafficking of effector proteins to the plant cell by the type iii protein secretion system. in x. citri subsp. citri, as in other plant pathogens, the hrp cluster encodes the type iii protein secretion system and is regulated by the transcription factors hrpg and hrpx. hrpg belongs to the ompr family's response regulator of envz/ompr two-component signal transduction system. here, we show that the arginine 210 residue is crucial for ...201525961560
coordination of peptidoglycan synthesis and outer membrane constriction during escherichia coli cell division.to maintain cellular structure and integrity during division, gram-negative bacteria must carefully coordinate constriction of a tripartite cell envelope of inner membrane, peptidoglycan (pg), and outer membrane (om). it has remained enigmatic how this is accomplished. here, we show that envelope machines facilitating septal pg synthesis (pbp1b-lpob complex) and om constriction (tol system) are physically and functionally coordinated via ybgf, renamed cpob (coordinator of pg synthesis and om con ...201525951518
a novel type ii nad+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase from the marine bacterium congregibacter litoralis kt71.in most living organisms, isocitrate dehydrogenases (idhs) convert isocitrate into ɑ-ketoglutarate (ɑ-kg). phylogenetic analyses divide the idh protein family into two subgroups: types i and ii. based on cofactor usage, idhs are either nad+-specific (nad-idh) or nadp+-specific (nadp-idh); nadp-idh evolved from nad-idh. type i idhs include nad-idhs and nadp-idhs; however, no type ii nad-idhs have been reported to date. this study reports a novel type ii nad-idh from the marine bacterium congregib ...201525942017
thiol-based redox switches in prokaryotes.bacteria encounter reactive oxygen species (ros) as a consequence of the aerobic life or as an oxidative burst of activated neutrophils during infections. in addition, bacteria are exposed to other redox-active compounds, including hypochloric acid (hocl) and reactive electrophilic species (res) such as quinones and aldehydes. these reactive species often target the thiol groups of cysteines in proteins and lead to thiol-disulfide switches in redox-sensing regulators to activate specific detoxif ...201525720121
a library of synthetic transcription activator-like effector-activated promoters for coordinated orthogonal gene expression in plants.a library of synthetic promoters containing the binding site of a single designer transcription activator-like effector (dtale) was constructed. the promoters contain a constant sequence, consisting of an 18-base long dtale-binding site and a tata box, flanked by degenerate sequences of 49 bases downstream and 19 bases upstream. forty-three of these promoters were sequenced and tested in transient assays in nicotiana benthamiana using a gus reporter gene. the strength of expression of the promot ...201525846505
dissection of the cis-2-decenoic acid signaling network in pseudomonas aeruginosa using microarray technique.many bacterial pathogens use quorum-sensing (qs) signaling to regulate the expression of factors contributing to virulence and persistence. bacteria produce signals of different chemical classes. the signal molecule, known as diffusible signal factor (dsf), is a cis-unsaturated fatty acid that was first described in the plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris. previous works have shown that human pathogen, pseudomonas aeruginosa, also synthesizes a structurally related molecule, characterized as c ...201525972860
regulation by soxr of mfsa, which encodes a major facilitator protein involved in paraquat resistance in stenotrophomonas maltophilia.stenotrophomonas maltophilia mfsa (smlt1083) is an efflux pump in the major facilitator superfamily (mfs). deletion of mfsa renders the strain more susceptible to paraquat, but no alteration in the susceptibility levels of other oxidants is observed. the expression of mfsa is inducible upon challenge with redox cycling/superoxide-generating drug (paraquat, menadione and plumbagin) treatments and is directly regulated by soxr, which is a transcription regulator and sensor of superoxide-generating ...201525915643
what makes xanthomonas albilineans unique amongst xanthomonads?xanthomonas albilineans causes leaf scald, a lethal disease of sugarcane. compared to other species of xanthomonas, x. albilineans exhibits distinctive pathogenic mechanisms, ecology and taxonomy. its genome, which has experienced significant erosion, has unique genomic features. it lacks two loci required for pathogenicity in other plant pathogenic species of xanthomonas: the xanthan gum biosynthesis and the hrp-t3ss (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity-type three secretion system) gene c ...201525964795
solution-state nmr structure of the putative morphogene protein bola (pfe0790c) from plasmodium falciparum.protozoa of the genus plasmodium are responsible for malaria, which is perhaps the most important parasitic disease to infect mankind. the emergence of plasmodium strains resistant to current therapeutics and prophylactics makes the development of new treatment strategies urgent. among the potential targets for new antimalarial drugs is the bola-like protein pfe0790c from plasmodium falciparum (pf-bola). while the function of bola is unknown, it has been linked to cell morphology by regulating t ...201525945703
recent progress in the use of 'omics technologies in brassicaceous vegetables.continuing advances in 'omics methodologies and instrumentation is enhancing the understanding of how plants cope with the dynamic nature of their growing environment. 'omics platforms have been only recently extended to cover horticultural crop species. many of the most widely cultivated vegetable crops belong to the genus brassica: these include plants grown for their root (turnip, rutabaga/swede), their swollen stem base (kohlrabi), their leaves (cabbage, kale, pak choi) and their inflorescen ...201525926843
extracellular streptomyces lividans vesicles: composition, biogenesis and antimicrobial activity.we selected streptomyces lividans to elucidate firstly the biogenesis and antimicrobial activities of extracellular vesicles that a filamentous and highly differentiated gram-positive bacterium produces. vesicle types range in diameter from 110 to 230 nm and 20 to 60 nm, respectively; they assemble to clusters, and contain lipids and phospholipids allowing their in situ imaging by specific fluorescent dyes. the presence of the identified secondary metabolite undecylprodigiosin provokes red fluor ...201525851532
structural basis of latrophilin-flrt interaction.latrophilins, receptors for spider venom α-latrotoxin, are adhesion type g-protein-coupled receptors with emerging functions in synapse development. the n-terminal region binds the endogenous cell adhesion molecule flrt, a major regulator of cortical and synapse development. we present crystallographic data for the mouse latrophilin3 lectin and olfactomedin-like (olf) domains, thereby revealing the olf β-propeller fold and conserved calcium-binding site. we locate the flrt-latrophilin binding su ...201525728924
recent advances in exopolysaccharides from paenibacillus spp.: production, isolation, structure, and bioactivities.this review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent developments of various aspects (i.e., production, purification, structure, and bioactivity) of the exopolysaccharides (epss) from paenibacillus spp. for the production, in particular, squid pen waste was first utilized successfully to produce a high yield of inexpensive epss from paenibacillus sp. tku023 and p. macerans tku029. in addition, this technology for eps production is prevailing because it is more environmentally friendly ...201525837984
development of floating chitosan-xanthan beads for oral controlled release of glipizide.the aim of the present work was to develop controlled release, floating and mucoadhesive beads of glipizide by using the polyionic complexation technique. plasma half-life of glipizide being 2-4 h was selected for development of controlled release dosage form.201525838991
combinatorial effects of diet and genetics on inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis.inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) encompasses a group of disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract characterized by acute and chronic inflammation. these are complex and multifactorial disorders that arise in part from a genetic predisposition. however, the increasing incidence of ibd in developing countries suggests that environmental factors, such as diet, are also critical components of disease susceptibility. evidence suggests that consumption of a western diet, enriched with saturated f ...201525581832
pqqd is a novel peptide chaperone that forms a ternary complex with the radical s-adenosylmethionine protein pqqe in the pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthetic pathway.pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq) is a product of a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified pathway consisting of five conserved genes, pqqa-e. pqqe is a radical s-adenosylmethionine (rs) protein with a c-terminal spasm domain, and is proposed to catalyze the formation of a carbon-carbon bond between the glutamate and tyrosine side chains of the peptide substrate pqqa. pqqd is a 10-kda protein with an unknown function, but is essential for pqq production. recently, in klebsiella p ...201525817994
the host plant metabolite glucose is the precursor of diffusible signal factor (dsf) family signals in xanthomonas campestris.plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris produces cis-11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid (diffusible signal factor [dsf]) as a cell-cell communication signal to regulate biofilm dispersal and virulence factor production. previous studies have demonstrated that dsf biosynthesis is dependent on the presence of rpff, an enoyl-coenzyme a (coa) hydratase, but the dsf synthetic mechanism and the influence of the host plant on dsf biosynthesis are still not clear. we show here that exogenous addit ...201525681189
maldi-tof ms profiling approach: how much can we get from it? 201525852729
abiotic stress induces change in cinnamoyl coa reductase (ccr) protein abundance and lignin deposition in developing seedlings of leucaena leucocephala.aboitic stress such as drought and salinity are class of major threats, which plants undergo through their lifetime. lignin deposition is one of the responses to such abiotic stresses. the gene encoding cinnamoyl coa reductase (ccr) is a key gene for lignin biosynthesis, which has been shown to be over-expressed under stress conditions. in the present study, developing seedlings of leucaena leucocephala (vernacular name: subabul, white popinac) were treated with 1 % mannitol and 200 mm nacl to m ...201525931776
resistance to gray leaf spot of maize: genetic architecture and mechanisms elucidated through nested association mapping and near-isogenic line analysis.gray leaf spot (gls), caused by cercospora zeae-maydis and cercospora zeina, is one of the most important diseases of maize worldwide. the pathogen has a necrotrophic lifestyle and no major genes are known for gls. quantitative resistance, although poorly understood, is important for gls management. we used genetic mapping to refine understanding of the genetic architecture of gls resistance and to develop hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying quantitative disease resistance (qdr) loci. ...201525764179
recent advances in the analysis of macromolecular interactions using the matrix-free method of sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge.sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge is a matrix free solution technique with no immobilisation, columns, or membranes required and can be used to study self-association and complex or "hetero"-interactions, stoichiometry, reversibility and interaction strength of a wide variety of macromolecular types and across a very large dynamic range (dissociation constants from 10-12 m to 10-1 m). we extend an earlier review specifically highlighting advances in sedimentation velocity and sedim ...201525756246
differential repair of etheno-dna adducts by bacterial and human alkb proteins.alkb proteins are evolutionary conserved fe(ii)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, which remove alkyl and highly promutagenic etheno(ɛ)-dna adducts, but their substrate specificity has not been fully determined. we developed a novel assay for the repair of ɛ-adducts by alkb enzymes using oligodeoxynucleotides with a single lesion and specific dna glycosylases and ap-endonuclease for identification of the repair products. we compared the repair of three ɛ-adducts, 1,n(6)-ethenoadenine (ɛa), 3 ...201525797601
pathogen-secreted proteases activate a novel plant immune pathway.mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades play central roles in innate immune signalling networks in plants and animals. in plants, however, the molecular mechanisms of how signal perception is transduced to mapk activation remain elusive. here we report that pathogen-secreted proteases activate a previously unknown signalling pathway in arabidopsis thaliana involving the gα, gβ, and gγ subunits of heterotrimeric g-protein complexes, which function upstream of an mapk cascade. in this pat ...201525731164
xylan utilization regulon in xanthomonas citri pv. citri strain 306: gene expression and utilization of oligoxylosides.xanthomonas citri pv. citri strain 306 (xcc306), a causative agent of citrus canker, produces endoxylanases that catalyze the depolymerization of cell wall-associated xylans. in the sequenced genomes of all plant-pathogenic xanthomonads, genes encoding xylanolytic enzymes are clustered in three adjacent operons. in xcc306, these consecutive operons contain genes encoding the glycoside hydrolase family 10 (gh10) endoxylanases xyn10a and xyn10c, the agu67 gene, encoding a gh67 α-glucuronidase (agu ...201525595763
the structure of the hexameric atrazine chlorohydrolase atza.atrazine chlorohydrolase (atza) was discovered and purified in the early 1990s from soil that had been exposed to the widely used herbicide atrazine. it was subsequently found that this enzyme catalyzes the first and necessary step in the breakdown of atrazine by the soil organism pseudomonas sp. strain adp. although it has taken 20 years, a crystal structure of the full hexameric form of atza has now been obtained. atza is less well adapted to its physiological role (i.e. atrazine dechlorinatio ...201525760618
comparative transcriptome profiling of a rice line carrying xa39 and its parents triggered by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae provides novel insights into the broad-spectrum hypersensitive response.bacterial blight, caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), is a devastating rice disease worldwide. xa39 is a resistance (r) gene with a broad-spectrum hypersensitive response (bshr) to xoo. nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of resistance mediated by xa39 remain unclear. in this study, the transcriptome profiling of a rice line carrying xa39 and its parents at the early stage of xoo infection were investigated.201525765449
structural basis of functional diversification of the hd-gyp domain revealed by the pseudomonas aeruginosa pa4781 protein, which displays an unselective bimetallic binding site.the intracellular level of the bacterial secondary messenger cyclic di-3',5'-gmp (c-di-gmp) is determined by a balance between its biosynthesis and degradation, the latter achieved via dedicated phosphodiesterases (pdes) bearing a characteristic eal or hd-gyp domain. we here report the crystal structure of pa4781, one of the three pseudomonas aeruginosa hd-gyp proteins, which we have previously characterized in vitro. the structure shows a bimetallic active site whose metal binding mode is diffe ...201525691523
hype-specific nanobodies as tools to modulate hype-mediated target ampylation.the covalent addition of mono-amp to target proteins (ampylation) by fic domain-containing proteins is a poorly understood, yet highly conserved post-translational modification. here, we describe the generation, evaluation, and application of four hype-specific nanobodies: three that inhibit hype-mediated target ampylation in vitro and one that acts as an activator. all heavy chain-only antibody variable domains bind hype when expressed as gfp fusions in intact cells. we observed localization of ...201525678711
identification of bacterial guanylate cyclases.the ability of bacteria to use cgmp as a second messenger has been controversial for decades. recently, nucleotide cyclases from rhodospirillum centenum, gcya, and xanthomonas campestris, guax, have been shown to possess guanylate cyclase activities. enzymatic activities of these guanylate cyclases measured in vitro were low, which makes interpretation of the assays ambiguous. protein sequence analysis at present is insufficient to distinguish between bacterial adenylate and guanylate cyclases, ...201525645367
genome-wide snp identification and qtl mapping for black rot resistance in cabbage.black rot is a destructive bacterial disease causing large yield and quality losses in brassica oleracea. to detect quantitative trait loci (qtl) for black rot resistance, we performed whole-genome resequencing of two cabbage parental lines and genome-wide snp identification using the recently published b. oleracea genome sequences as reference.201525644124
enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric) pcr based genetic diversity of xanthomonas spp. and its relation to xanthan production.the genus xanthomonas is composed of phytopathogenic bacterial species. in addition to causing crops diseases, most of the xanthomonas species especially xanthomonas campestris produce xanthan gum via an aerobic fermentation process. xanthan gum is, an important exopolysaccharide from xanthomonas campestris, mainly used in the food, petroleum and other industries. the purpose of this study was assessment of relationship between genetic diversity and xanthan production in xanthomonas spp.201526644872
field resistance of transgenic plantain to nematodes has potential for future african food security.plant parasitic nematodes impose losses of up to 70% on plantains and cooking bananas in africa. application of nematicides is inappropriate and resistant cultivars are unavailable. where grown, demand for plantain is more than for other staple crops. confined field testing demonstrated that transgenic expression of a biosafe, anti-feedant cysteine proteinase inhibitor and an anti-root invasion, non-lethal synthetic peptide confers resistance to plantain against the key nematode pests radopholus ...201525634654
phytohormone-mediated interkingdom signaling shapes the outcome of rice-xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae interactions.small-molecule hormones are well known to play key roles in the plant immune signaling network that is activated upon pathogen perception. in contrast, little is known about whether phytohormones also directly influence microbial virulence, similar to what has been reported in animal systems.201525605284
identification and characterization of a serious multidrug resistant stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain in china.an s. maltophilia strain named wj66 was isolated from a patient; wj66 showed resistance to more antibiotics than the other s. maltophilia strains. this bacteraemia is resistant to sulphonamides, or fluoroquinolones, while the representative strain of s. maltophilia, k279a, is sensitive to both. to explore drug resistance determinants of this strain, the draft genome sequence of wj66 was determined and compared to other s. maltophilia sequences. genome sequencing and genome-wide evolutionary anal ...201525654114
the n-glycan cluster from xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris: a toolbox for sequential plant n-glycan processing.n-glycans are widely distributed in living organisms but represent only a small fraction of the carbohydrates found in plants. this probably explains why they have not previously been considered as substrates exploited by phytopathogenic bacteria during plant infection. xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of brassica plants, possesses a specific system for glcnac utilization expressed during host plant infection. this system encompasses a cluster of eight ...201525586188
cross-talk between two nucleotide-signaling pathways in staphylococcus aureus.nucleotide-signaling pathways are found in all kingdoms of life and are utilized to coordinate a rapid response to external stimuli. the stringent response alarmones guanosine tetra- (ppgpp) and pentaphosphate (pppgpp) control a global response allowing cells to adapt to starvation conditions such as amino acid depletion. one more recently discovered signaling nucleotide is the secondary messenger cyclic diadenosine monophosphate (c-di-amp). here, we demonstrate that this signaling nucleotide is ...201525575594
structures of the n-acetyltransferase domain of xylella fastidiosa n-acetyl-l-glutamate synthase/kinase with and without a his tag bound to n-acetyl-l-glutamate.structures of the catalytic n-acetyltransferase (nat) domain of the bifunctional n-acetyl-l-glutamate synthase/kinase (nags/k) from xylella fastidiosa bound to n-acetyl-l-glutamate (nag) with and without an n-terminal his tag have been solved and refined at 1.7 and 1.4 å resolution, respectively. the nat domain with an n-terminal his tag crystallized in space group p4(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a=b=51.72, c=242.31 å. two subunits form a molecular dimer in the asymmetric unit, which conta ...201525615976
in vitro-in vivo evaluation of xanthan gum and eudragit inter polyelectrolyte complex based sustained release tablets.polyelectrolyte complexes (pecs) are the association complexes formed between oppositely charged particles (e.g., polymer-polymer, polymer-drug and polymer-drug-polymer). these are formed due to electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged polyions. diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (nsaid) advocated in use of painful and inflammatory rheumatic and certain non-rheumatic conditions. the drug has a relatively short elimination half-life, which limits the potential for dru ...201525599035
role of excipients and polymeric advancements in preparation of floating drug delivery systems.since decade or two, the development of floating drug delivery systems becomes a significant and novel tool as having low density than gastric content. there are various advanced polymers including chitosan, eudragit, etc., and excipients such as; pore forming agent, surfactants, etc. all of them are discussed briefly, and results are concluded from various reputed researches. we have discussed all natural and synthetic systems with their effect on the release and other parameters which are esse ...201525599027
chemical composition and antibacterial activity of methanolic extract and essential oil of iranian teucrium polium against some of phytobacteria.the antibacterial activity of essential oil and methanolic extract of teucrium polium was determined against pseudomonas aeruginosa, pantoea agglomerans, brenneria nigrifluens, rhizobium radiobacter, rhizobium vitis, streptomyces scabies, ralstonia solanacearum, xanthomonas campestris and pectobacterium cartovorum by disc diffusion method. minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by using the serial dilution method. chemical composition of essential ...201525583240
diterpenoid derivatives of kenyan croton sylvaticus.kenyan croton sylvaticus hochst. ex krauss gave four clerodane diterpenoids, the new ent-3,13e-clerodadiene-15-formate (1), the known 15-acetoxy-ent-3,13e-clerodadiene (2), ent-3,13e-clerodadien-15-ol (3) and hardwickiic acid (4), two known halimane diterpenoids, penduliflaworosin (5) and crotohalimaneic acid (6) and one labdane diterpenoid, labda-13e-ene-8a,15-diol (7). the compounds, when tested for their anti-microbial activities against bacillus subtilis, xanthomonas campestris and candida a ...201525973474
sol-gel encapsulation of binary zn(ii) compounds in silica nanoparticles. structure-activity correlations in hybrid materials targeting zn(ii) antibacterial use.in the emerging issue of enhanced multi-resistant properties in infectious pathogens, new nanomaterials with optimally efficient antibacterial activity and lower toxicity than other species attract considerable research interest. in an effort to develop such efficient antibacterials, we a) synthesized acid-catalyzed silica-gel matrices, b) evaluated the suitability of these matrices as potential carrier materials for controlled release of znso4 and a new zn(ii) binary complex with a suitably des ...201526198972
tlc-direct bioautography as a bioassay guided method for investigation of antibacterial compounds in hypericum perforatum l.fast high-throughput tlc-direct bioautography (db) is an effect-directed analysis method that enables searching for biologically active (e.g., antimicrobial) substances in complex mixtures like plant extracts. the principle of the method is that separation and detection of biological properties of given mixture components is performed directly on a tlc plate. in searching for antibacterial activity, the developed plate is immersed in a bacterial broth, and bacteria grow directly on its layer dur ...201526268984
a single-step purification of cauliflower lysozyme and its dual role against bacterial and fungal plant pathogens.a novel lysozyme from cauliflower was purified in a single step, for the first time, using sephadex g100 column chromatography. the purified lysozyme exhibited a homogenized single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), and its molecular mass was calculated to be 22.0 kda. the purified lysozyme showed activity between 30 to 60 °c with 40 °c as the optimum temperature for its maximal activity. although the purified lysozyme was functional at ph ranges betwee ...201526208688
impact of diseases on export and smallholder production of banana.banana (musa spp.) is one of the world's most valuable primary agricultural commodities. exported fruit are key commodities in several producing countries yet make up less than 15% of the total annual output of 145 million metric tons (mmt). transnational exporters market fruit of the cavendish cultivars, which are usually produced in large plantations with fixed infrastructures and high inputs of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation. in contrast, smallholders grow diverse cultivars, often fo ...201526002290
stenotrophomonas maltophilia interferes via the dsf-mediated quorum sensing system with candida albicans filamentation and its planktonic and biofilm modes of growth.stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a nosocomial pathogen of increasing importance. s. maltophilia k279a genome encodes a diffusible signal factor (dsf) dependent quorum sensing (qs) system that was first identified in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. dsf from x. campestris is a homologue of farnesoic acid, a candida albicans qs signal which inhibits the yeast-to-hyphal shift. here we describe the antagonistic effects of s. maltophilia on c. albicans on filamentation as well as on its plankton ...201525576410
postharvest survival of porcine sapovirus, a human norovirus surrogate, on phytopathogen-infected leafy greens.leafy greens are increasingly being recognized as an important vehicle for human noroviruses (hunov), which cause recurring gastroenteritis outbreaks. leafy greens often become infected by phytopathogens in the field, which may cause symptoms on the edible parts. whether plant pathogen infections enhance the survival of hunov on leafy greens is unknown. lettuce and spinach plants were infected with a bacterium, xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians strain 701a, and with cucumber mosaic virus strain ...201526219360
unconventional membrane lipid biosynthesis in xanthomonas campestris.all bacteria are surrounded by at least one bilayer membrane mainly composed of phospholipids (pls). biosynthesis of the most abundant pls phosphatidylethanolamine (pe), phosphatidylglycerol (pg) and cardiolipin (cl) is well understood in model bacteria such as escherichia coli. it recently emerged, however, that the diversity of bacterial membrane lipids is huge and that not yet explored biosynthesis pathways exist, even for the common pls. a good example is the plant pathogen xanthomonas campe ...201526119594
production of tyrosine through phenylalanine hydroxylation bypasses the intrinsic feedback inhibition in escherichia coli.tyrosine is a proteinogenic aromatic amino acid that is often used as a supplement of food and animal feed, as well as a (bio-)synthetic precursor to various pharmaceutically or industrially important molecules. extensive metabolic engineering efforts have been made towards the efficient and cost-effective microbial production of tyrosine. conventional strategies usually focus on eliminating intrinsic feedback inhibition and redirecting carbon flux into the shikimate pathway. in this study, we f ...201525645094
pepper pathogenesis-related protein 4c is a plasma membrane-localized cysteine protease inhibitor that is required for plant cell death and defense signaling.xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) type iii effector avrbst triggers programmed cell death (pcd) and activates the hypersensitive response (hr) in plants. here, we isolated and identified the plasma membrane localized pathogenesis-related (pr) protein 4c gene (capr4c) from pepper (capsicum annuum) leaves undergoing avrbst-triggered hr cell death. capr4c encodes a protein with a signal peptide and a barwin domain. recombinant capr4c protein expressed in escherichia coli exhibited cystei ...201525335438
antibacterial activity of caffeine against plant pathogenic bacteria.the objective of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of a plant secondary metabolite - caffeine. caffeine is present in over 100 plant species. antibacterial activity of caffeine was examined against the following plant-pathogenic bacteria: ralstonia solanacearum (rsol), clavibacter michiganesis subsp. sepedonicus (cms), dickeya solani (dsol), pectobacterium atrosepticum (pba), pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (pcc), pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst), ...201526307771
the pepper gna-related lectin and pan domain protein gene, caglp1, is required for plant cell death and defense signaling during bacterial infection.carbohydrate-binding proteins, commonly referred to as lectins or agglutinins, function in defense responses to microbial pathogens. pepper (capsicum annuum) gna-related lectin and pan-domain protein gene caglp1 was isolated and functionally characterized from pepper leaves infected with xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv). caglp1 contained an amine-terminus prokaryotic membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment site, a galanthus nivalis agglutinin (gna)-related lectin domain responsible for ...201526706081
the decoy substrate of a pathogen effector and a pseudokinase specify pathogen-induced modified-self recognition and immunity in plants.in plants, host response to pathogenic microbes is driven both by microbial perception and detection of modified-self. the xanthomonas campestris effector protein avrac/xopac uridylylates the arabidopsis bik1 kinase to dampen basal resistance and thereby promotes bacterial virulence. here we show that pbl2, a paralog of bik1, is similarly uridylylated by avrac. however, in contrast to bik1, pbl2 uridylylation is specifically required for host recognition of avrac to trigger immunity, but not avr ...201526355215
the pepper phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase capepck1 is involved in plant immunity against bacterial and oomycete pathogens.phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a member of the lyase family, is involved in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis in organisms. although the major function of pepck in gluconeogenesis is well established, it is unclear whether this enzyme is involved in plant immunity. here, we isolated and identified the pepper (capsicum annuum) pepck (capepck1) gene from pepper leaves infected with xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv). capepck1 was strongly expressed in pepper leaves during the ...201526233534
expression and functional roles of the pepper pathogen-induced bzip transcription factor cabzip2 in enhanced disease resistance to bacterial pathogen infection.a pepper bzip transcription factor gene, cabzip2, was isolated from pepper leaves infected with a virulent strain of xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. transient expression analysis of the cabzip2-gfp fusion protein in nicotiana benthamiana revealed that the cabzip2 protein is localized in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus. the acidic domain in the n-terminal region of cabzip2 that is fused to the gal4 dna-binding domain is required to activate the transcription of reporter genes in yeas ...201525738319
rapid, specific, simple, in-field detection of xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.to develop and evaluate a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for xanthomonas campestris pathovar musacearum (xcm), the causal agent of banana xanthomonas wilt, a major disease of banana in africa.201526425811
xanthomonas campestris expansin-like x domain is a structurally disordered beta-sheet macromolecule capable of synergistically enhancing enzymatic efficiency of cellulose hydrolysis.to biochemically characterize an expansin-like x protein domain from xanthomonas campestris (xcexlx1) and to study its synergy with cellulases in cellulose depolymerization.201526272392
purification, characterization and antibacterial potential of a lectin isolated from apuleia leiocarpa seeds.apuleia leiocarpa is a tree found in caatinga that has great value in the timber industry. lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with several biotechnological applications. this study shows the isolation, characterization, and antibacterial activity of a. leiocarpa seed lectin (apulsl). the lectin was chromatographically isolated from a crude extract (in 150 mm nacl) by using a chitin column. apulsl adsorbed to the matrix and was eluted using 1.0 m acetic acid. native apulsl was characterize ...201525668321
identification of genes associated with black rot resistance in cabbage through suppression subtractive hybridization.the suppression subtractive hybridization was employed to elucidate the resistance mechanism in brassica oleracea var. capitata upon infection with xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. a cdna library was constructed enriched in differentially expressed transcripts in the resistant cultivar pusa mukta. a total of 150 unigenes were classified into five functional categories. the present study indicates that the defense-related unigenes accounted for the 35 % of the total unigenes studied. confir ...201528324416
draft genome of the xanthan producer xanthomonas campestris nrrl b-1459 (atcc 13951).xanthomonas campestris nrrl b-1459 was used in pioneering studies related to the biotechnological production of xanthan, the commercially most important polysaccharide of bacterial origin. the analysis of its genome revealed a 5.1mb chromosome plus the first complete plasmid of an x. campestris strain applied in biotechnology.201525865276
the roles of peroxide protective regulons in protecting xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris from sodium hypochlorite stress.the exposure of xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris to sublethal concentrations of a sodium hypochlorite (naocl) solution induced the expression of genes that encode peroxide scavenging enzymes within the oxyr and ohrr regulons. sensitivity testing in various x. campestris mutants indicated that oxyr, kata, katg, ahpc, and ohr contributed to protection against naocl killing. the pretreatment of x. campestris cultures with oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), t-butyl hydroperoxide, and t ...201525825971
priming of pathogenesis related-proteins and enzymes related to oxidative stress by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on rice plants upon abiotic and biotic stress challenge.two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) were tested to evaluate their capacity to prime rice seedlings against stress challenge (salt and xanthomonas campestris infection). as is accepted that plants respond to biotic and abiotic stresses by generation of reactive oxygen species (ros), enzyme activities related to oxidative stress (ascorbate peroxidase (apx, ec 1.11.1.11), guaiacol peroxidase (gpx, ec 1.11.1.7), glutathione reductase (gr, ec 1.6.4.2) and superoxide dismutase (sod, ec 1.1 ...201526439659
[identification of a new type iii effector xc3176 in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris].type iii secretion system (t3ss) is essential for many phytopathogenic bacteria to cause disease in susceptible host plants and to elicit a hypersensitive response in resistant host and non-host plants. xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) uses t3ss to deliver t3ss effectors (t3ses) directly into host cells, where they play important roles in pathogenesis. the aim of this study was to identify a new t3se in xcc.201526939454
iscr plays a role in oxidative stress resistance and pathogenicity of a plant pathogen, xanthomonas campestris.iron-sulfur ([fe-s]) cluster is an essential cofactor of proteins involved in various physiological processes including cellular defense against oxidative stress. in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), iscr plays a negative role in regulation of the transcription of [fe-s] assembly genes, iscr-sufbcds. the expression level of sufbcds was up-regulated in an xcc iscr mutant. in addition, the iscr promoter activity in an xcc iscr mutant was also higher than the wild-type strain, indicating ...201525200360
glycine-rich rna-binding protein1 interacts with receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase1 and suppresses cell death and defense responses in pepper (capsicum annuum).plants use a variety of innate immune regulators to trigger cell death and defense responses against pathogen attack. we identified pepper (capsicum annuum) glycine-rich rna-binding protein1 (cagrp1) as a receptor-like cytoplasmic protein kinase1 (capik1)-interacting partner, based on bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation analyses as well as gene silencing and transient expression analysis. cagrp1 contains an n-terminal rna recognition motif and a glycine-rich region ...201525323422
host genotype and hypersensitive reaction influence population levels of xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in lettuce.dynamics of population sizes of xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians inoculated onto or into lettuce leaves were monitored on susceptible and resistant cultivars. in general, population growth was greater for susceptible (clemente, salinas 88, vista verde) than resistant (batavia reine des glaces, iceberg, little gem) cultivars. when spray-inoculated or infiltrated, population levels of x. campestris pv. vitians were consistently significantly lower on little gem than on susceptible cultivars, whi ...201525302523
molecular and cellular control of cell death and defense signaling in pepper.pepper (capsicum annuum l.) provides a good experimental system for studying the molecular and functional genomics underlying the ability of plants to defend themselves against microbial pathogens. cell death is a genetically programmed response that requires specific host cellular factors. hypersensitive response (hr) is defined as rapid cell death in response to a pathogen attack. pepper plants respond to pathogen attacks by activating genetically controlled hr- or disease-associated cell deat ...201525252816
identification of a molecular dialogue between developing seeds of medicago truncatula and seedborne xanthomonads.plant pathogenic bacteria disseminate and survive mainly in association with seeds. this study addresses whether seeds are passive carriers or engage a molecular dialogue with pathogens during their development. we developed two pathosystems using medicago truncatula with xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. alfalfae (xaa), the natural medicago sp. pathogen and xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), a brassicaceae pathogen. three days after flower inoculation, the transcriptome of xcc-infected pods ...201525922487
nagz is required for beta-lactamase expression and full pathogenicity in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris str. 17.xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris expresses a chromosomally encoded class a β-lactamase blaxc. basal expression and induction of blaxc require the transcriptional factor amprxc and the peptidoglycan-monomers permease ampgxc. nagz is a β-glcnacase which cleaves glcnac-anhmurnac peptides (peptidoglycan-monomers) to generate anhmurnac-peptides. in many bacteria, anhmurnac-peptides act as activation ligands for ampr. nevertheless, the role of nagz in β-lactamase induction differs among species. ...201425229604
functional characterization and transcriptional analysis of gale gene encoding a udp-galactose 4-epimerase in xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.the gram-negative plant pathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) is the causative agent of black rot in crucifers, a disease that causes tremendous agricultural loss. in this study, the xcc gale gene was characterized. sequence and mutational analysis demonstrated that the xcc gale encodes a udp-galactose 4-epimerase (ec 5.1.3.2), which catalyzes the interconversion of udp-galactose and udp-glucose. alanine substitution of the putative catalytic residues (ser124, tyr147, and lys151) ...201424120348
a three-component signalling system fine-tunes expression kinetics of hppk responsible for folate synthesis by positive feedback loop during stress response of xanthomonas campestris.during adaptation to environments, bacteria employ two-component signal transduction systems, which contain histidine kinases and response regulators, to sense and respond to exogenous and cellular stimuli in an accurate spatio-temporal manner. although the protein phosphorylation process between histidine kinase and response regulator has been well documented, the molecular mechanism fine-tuning phosphorylation levels of response regulators is comparatively less studied. here we combined geneti ...201424119200
the pepper cysteine/histidine-rich dc1 domain protein cadc1 binds both rna and dna and is required for plant cell death and defense response.plant defense against microbial pathogens is coordinated by a complex regulatory network. cysteine/histidine-rich dc1 domain proteins mediate a variety of cellular processes involved in plant growth, development and stress responses. we identified a pepper (capsicum annuum) cysteine/histidine-rich dc1 domain protein gene, cadc1, which positively regulates plant defense during microbial infection, based on gene silencing and transient expression in pepper, as well as ectopic expression in arabido ...201424117868
functional and proteomic analyses reveal that wxcb is involved in virulence, motility, detergent tolerance, and biofilm formation in xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.the bacterial envelope possesses diverse functions, including protection against environmental stress and virulence factors for host infection. here, we report the function of wxcb in xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv), a causal agent of bacterial leaf spot disease in tomato and pepper. to characterize roles of wxcb, we generated a knockout mutant (xcvδwxcb) and found that the virulence of the mutant was weaker than that of the wild type in tomato plants. to predict the mechanism affec ...201425159842
start-up and bacterial communities of single-stage nitrogen removal using anammox and partial nitritation (snap) for treatment of high strength ammonia wastewater.in this study, a lab-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactor (sbbr) was used to start up the single-stage nitrogen removal system using anammox and partial nitritation (snap) process seeding from surplus activated sludge. the volumetric nitrogen loading rate (vnlr) was firstly 0.075 kg n m(-3) d(-1) and then gradually increased to 0.60 kg n m(-3) d(-1). a maximal total nitrogen (tn) removal rate of 0.54 kg n m(-3) d(-1) was achieved by the snap process after 132 days operation with nh4(+)-n and t ...201425105271
metabolic flux pattern of glucose utilization by xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris: prevalent role of the entner-doudoroff pathway and minor fluxes through the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis.the well-studied plant pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc) synthesizes the biotechnologically important polysaccharide xanthan gum, which is also regarded as a virulence factor in plant interactions. in xcc, sugars like glucose are utilized as a source to generate energy and biomass for growth and pathogenicity. in this study, we used [1-(13)c]glucose as a tracer to analyze the fluxes in the central metabolism of the bacterium growing in a minimal medium. (13)c-metab ...201425072918
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