Publications

comparative transcriptional profiling of melatonin synthesis and catabolic genes indicates the possible role of melatonin in developmental and stress responses in rice.	as a well-known animal hormone, melatonin (n-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is also involved in multiple plant biological processes, especially in various stress responses. rice is one of the most important crops, and melatonin is taken in by many people everyday from rice. however, the transcriptional profiling of melatonin-related genes in rice is largely unknown. in this study, the expression patterns of 11 melatonin related genes in rice in different periods, tissues, in response to different t ...	2016	27242875
use of baba and ina as activators of a primed state in the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.).	to survive in adverse conditions, plants have evolved complex mechanisms that "prime" their defense system to respond and adapt to stresses. their competence to respond to such stresses fundamentally depends on its capacity to modulate the transcriptome rapidly and specifically. thus, chromatin dynamics is a mechanism linked to transcriptional regulation and enhanced defense in plants. for example, in arabidopsis, priming of the sa-dependent defense pathway is linked to histone lysine methylatio ...	2016	27242854
transcriptome-wide survey and expression profile analysis of putative chrysanthemum hd-zip i and ii genes.	the homeodomain-leucine zipper (hd-zip) transcription factor family is a key transcription factor family and unique to the plant kingdom. it consists of a homeodomain and a leucine zipper that serve in combination as a dimerization motif. the family can be classified into four subfamilies, and these subfamilies participate in the development of hormones and mediation of hormone action and are involved in plant responses to environmental conditions. however, limited information on this gene famil ...	2016	27196930
temporal interactions of plant - insect - predator after infection of bacterial pathogen on rice plants.	pathogenic infection on plants may affect interactions of host-plants with their herbivores, as well as the herbivores with their predators. in this study, the effects of infection by pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo), which causes a vascular disease in rice, on rice plants and consequent interactions with a rice herbivore, brown rice planthopper (bph) nilaparvata lugens, and its major predator, cyrtorhinus lividipennis, were investigated. the results showed that the rice ...	2016	27185548
type iii-dependent translocation of hrpb2 by a nonpathogenic hpaabc mutant of the plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.	the plant-pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria employs a type iii secretion (t3s) system to translocate effector proteins into plant cells. the t3s apparatus spans both bacterial membranes and is associated with an extracellular pilus and a channel-like translocon in the host plasma membrane. t3s is controlled by the switch protein hpac, which suppresses secretion and translocation of the predicted inner rod protein hrpb2 and promotes secretion of translocon and effector p ...	2016	27016569
characterization of amta, an amidinotransferase involved in the biosynthesis of phaseolotoxins.	phaseolotoxins (phts), which are produced by pseudomonas, belong to a family of phosphoramidate natural products. two nonproteinogenic amino acid precursors, n(δ)(n'-sulfo-diaminophosphinyl)-ornithine (psorn) and homoarginine (harg), are involved in biosynthesis of phts. amidinotransferase amta catalyses the formation of harg, with arginine and lysine as substrates. amta was overexpressed and purified in an escherichia coli system. an in vitro enzyme assay showed that it has stricter substrate s ...	2016	27419063
identification of the three genes involved in controlling production of a phytotoxin tropolone in burkholderia plantarii.	tropolone, a phytotoxin produced by burkholderia plantarii, causes rice seedling blight. to identify genes involved in tropolone synthesis, we systematically constructed mutations in the genes encoding 55 histidine kinases and 72 response regulators. from the resulting defective strains, we isolated three mutants, ke1, ke2, and ke3, in which tropolone production was repressed. the deleted genes of these mutants were named tror1, trok, and tror2, respectively. the mutant strains did not cause ric ...	2016	27002128
a genetic screen identifies a requirement for cysteine-rich-receptor-like kinases in rice nh1 (osnpr1)-mediated immunity.	systemic acquired resistance, mediated by the arabidopsis npr1 gene and the rice nh1 gene, confers broad-spectrum immunity to diverse pathogens. npr1 and nh1 interact with tga transcription factors to activate downstream defense genes. despite the importance of this defense response, the signaling components downstream of npr1/nh1 and tga proteins are poorly defined. here we report the identification of a rice mutant, snim1, which suppresses nh1-mediated immunity and demonstrate that two genes e ...	2016	27176732
identification of novel components of the unfolded protein response in arabidopsis.	unfavorable environmental and developmental conditions may cause disturbances in protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) that are recognized and counteracted by components of the unfolded protein response (upr) signaling pathways. the early cellular responses include transcriptional changes to increase the folding and processing capacity of the er. in this study, we systematically screened a collection of inducible transgenic arabidopsis plants expressing a library of transcription fac ...	2016	27242851
vascular sap proteomics: providing insight into long-distance signaling during stress.	the plant vascular system, composed of the xylem and phloem, is important for the transport of water, mineral nutrients, and photosynthate throughout the plant body. the vasculature is also the primary means by which developmental and stress signals move from one organ to another. due to practical and technological limitations, proteomics analysis of xylem and phloem sap has been understudied in comparison to accessible sample types such as leaves and roots. however, recent advances in sample co ...	2016	27242852
transcriptome analysis of sweet orange trees infected with 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' and two strains of citrus tristeza virus.	huanglongbing (hlb) and tristeza, are diseases of citrus caused by a member of the α-proteobacteria, 'candidatus liberibacter asiaticus' (calas), and citrus tristeza virus (ctv) respectively. hlb is a devastating disease, but ctv strains vary from very severe to very mild. both calas and ctv are phloem-restricted. the calas-b232 strain and ctv-b6 cause a wide range of severe and similar symptoms. the mild strain ctv-b2 doesn't induce significant symptoms or damage to plants.	2016	27169471
the arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide interactome.	cyclic nucleotides have been shown to play important signaling roles in many physiological processes in plants including photosynthesis and defence. despite this, little is known about cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling mechanisms in plants since the downstream target proteins remain unknown. this is largely due to the fact that bioinformatics searches fail to identify plant homologs of protein kinases and phosphodiesterases that are the main targets of cyclic nucleotides in animals.	2016	27170143
overexpression of thiamin biosynthesis genes in rice increases leaf and unpolished grain thiamin content but not resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.	thiamin diphosphate (thdp), also known as vitamin b1, serves as an enzymatic cofactor in glucose metabolism, the krebs cycle, and branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in all living organisms. unlike plants and microorganisms, humans are not able to synthesize thdp de novo and must obtain it from their diet. staple crops such as rice are poor sources of thiamin. hence, populations that mainly consume rice commonly suffer thiamin deficiency. in addition to thiamin's nutritional function, studies ...	2016	27242822
jub1 suppresses pseudomonas syringae-induced defense responses through accumulation of della proteins.	phytohormones act in concert to coordinate plant growth and the response to environmental cues. gibberellins (gas) are growth-promoting hormones that recently emerged as modulators of plant immune signaling. by regulating the stability of della proteins, gas intersect with the signaling pathways of the classical primary defense hormones, salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja), thereby altering the final outcome of the immune response. della proteins confer resistance to necrotrophic pathogen ...	2016	27159137
genomic screens identify a new phytobacterial microbe-associated molecular pattern and the cognate arabidopsis receptor-like kinase that mediates its immune elicitation.	the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns during infection is central to the mounting of an effective immune response. in spite of their importance, it remains difficult to identify these molecules and the host receptors required for their perception, ultimately limiting our understanding of the role of these molecules in the evolution of host-pathogen relationships.	2016	27160854
gene expression changes during the gummosis development of peach shoots in response to lasiodiplodia theobromae infection using rna-seq.	lasiodiplodia theobromae is a causal agent of peach (prunus persica l.) tree gummosis, a serious disease affecting peach cultivation and production. however, the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis remains unclear. rna-seq was performed to investigate gene expression in peach shoots inoculated or mock-inoculated with l. theobromae. a total of 20772 genes were detected in eight samples; 4231, 3750, 3453, and 3612 differentially expressed genes were identified at 12, 24, 48, and 60 h a ...	2016	27242544
r-gene variation across arabidopsis lyrata subspecies: effects of population structure, selection and mating system.	examining allelic variation of r-genes in closely related perennial species of arabidopsis thaliana is critical to understanding how population structure and ecology interact with selection to shape the evolution of innate immunity in plants. we finely sampled natural populations of arabidopsis lyrata from the great lakes region of north america (a. l. lyrata) and broadly sampled six european countries (a. l. petraea) to investigate allelic variation of two r-genes (rpm1 and wrr4) and neutral ge ...	2016	27150007
diversity and evolution of disease resistance genes in barley (hordeum vulgare l.).	plant disease resistance genes (r-genes) play a critical role in the defense response to pathogens. barley is one of the most important cereal crops, having a genome recently made available, for which the diversity and evolution of r-genes are not well understood. the main objectives of this research were to conduct a genome-wide identification of barley coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding site, leucine-rich repeat (cnl) genes and elucidate their evolutionary history. we employed a hidden markov mod ...	2016	27168720
microbe associated molecular pattern signaling in guard cells.	stomata, formed by pairs of guard cells in the epidermis of terrestrial plants, regulate gas exchange, thus playing a critical role in plant growth and stress responses. as natural openings, stomata are exploited by microbes as an entry route. recent studies reveal that plants close stomata upon guard cell perception of molecular signatures from microbes, microbe associated molecular patterns (mamps), to prevent microbe invasion. the perception of mamps induces signal transduction including recr ...	2016	27200056
orthology analysis and in vivo complementation studies to elucidate the role of dir1 during systemic acquired resistance in arabidopsis thaliana and cucumis sativus.	atdir1 (defective in induced resistance1) is an acidic lipid transfer protein essential for systemic acquired resistance (sar) in arabidopsis thaliana. upon sar induction, dir1 moves from locally infected to distant uninfected leaves to activate defense priming; however, a molecular function for dir1 has not been elucidated. bioinformatic analysis and in silico homology modeling identified putative atdir1 orthologs in crop species, revealing conserved protein motifs within and outside of dir1's ...	2016	27200039
cell death control by matrix metalloproteinases.	in contrast to mammalian matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) that play important roles in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix in animals, the proteases responsible for dynamic modifications of the plant cell wall are largely unknown. a possible involvement of mmps was addressed by cloning and functional characterization of sl2-mmp and sl3-mmp from tomato (solanum lycopersicum). the two tomato mmps were found to resemble mammalian homologs with respect to gelatinolytic activity, substrate pre ...	2016	27208293
the raf-like kinase ilk1 and the high affinity k+ transporter hak5 are required for innate immunity and abiotic stress response.	plant perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) and other environmental stresses trigger transient ion fluxes at the plasma membrane. apart from the role of ca(2+) uptake in signaling, the regulation and significance of pamp-induced ion fluxes in immunity remain unknown. we characterized the functions of integrin-linked kinase1 (ilk1) that encodes a raf-like map2k kinase with functions insufficiently understood in plants. analysis of ilk1 mutants impaired in the expression or ...	2016	27208244
a novel lipid transfer protein from the pea pisum sativum: isolation, recombinant expression, solution structure, antifungal activity, lipid binding, and allergenic properties.	plant lipid transfer proteins (ltps) assemble a family of small (7-9 kda) ubiquitous cationic proteins with an ability to bind and transport lipids as well as participate in various physiological processes including defense against phytopathogens. they also form one of the most clinically relevant classes of plant allergens. nothing is known to date about correlation between lipid-binding and ige-binding properties of ltps. the garden pea pisum sativum is widely consumed crop and important aller ...	2016	27137920
tnl genes in peach: insights into the post-lrr domain.	plants develop sustainable defence responses to pathogen attacks through resistance (r) genes contributing to effector-triggered immunity (eti). tir-nb-lrr genes (tnl genes) constitute a major family of eti r genes in dicots. the putative functions or roles of the tir, nb and lrr domains of the proteins they encode (tnls) are well documented, but tnls also have a poorly characterised c-terminal region, the function of which is unknown in most cases. we characterised this prevalent stress-respons ...	2016	27129402
the n-terminus of the floral arabidopsis tga transcription factor perianthia mediates redox-sensitive dna-binding.	the arabidopsis tga transcription factor (tf) perianthia (pan) regulates the formation of the floral organ primordia as revealed by the pan mutant forming an abnormal pentamerous arrangement of the outer three floral whorls. the arabidopsis tga bzip tf family comprises 10 members, of which pan and tga9/10 control flower developmental processes and tga1/2/5/6 participate in stress-responses. for the tga1 protein it was shown that several cysteines can be redox-dependently modified. tga proteins i ...	2016	27128442
cross talk between h2o2 and interacting signal molecules under plant stress response.	it is well established that oxidative stress is an important cause of cellular damage. during stress conditions, plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms to adapt to various environmental stresses. one of the consequences of stress is an increase in the cellular concentration of reactive oxygen species, which is subsequently converted to h2o2. h2o2 is continuously produced as the byproduct of oxidative plant aerobic metabolism. organelles with a high oxidizing metabolic activity or with an inte ...	2016	27200043
tobacco mosaic virus-directed reprogramming of auxin/indole acetic acid protein transcriptional responses enhances virus phloem loading.	vascular phloem loading has long been recognized as an essential step in the establishment of a systemic virus infection. in this study, an interaction between the replication protein of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) and phloem-specific auxin/indole acetic acid (aux/iaa) transcriptional regulators was found to modulate virus phloem loading in an age-dependent manner. promoter expression studies show that in mature tissues tmv 126/183-kda-interacting aux/iaas predominantly express and accumulate wit ...	2016	27118842
nadph-dependent thioredoxin reductase c plays a role in nonhost disease resistance against pseudomonas syringae pathogens by regulating chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species.	chloroplasts are cytoplasmic organelles for photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. in addition, recent studies have shown that chloroplasts have a critical role in plant innate immunity against invading pathogens. hydrogen peroxide is a toxic by-product from photosynthesis, which also functions as a signaling compound in plant innate immunity. therefore, it is important to regulate the level of hydrogen peroxide in response to pathogens. chloroplasts maintain components of the redox detoxification ...	2016	27168965
genome-wide identification and characterization of wrky gene family in peanut.	wrky, an important transcription factor family, is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. many reports focused on analysis of phylogenetic relationship and biological function of wrky protein at the whole genome level in different plant species. however, little is known about wrky proteins in the genome of arachis species and their response to salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) treatment. in this study, we identified 77 and 75 wrky proteins from the two wild ancestral diploid genomes o ...	2016	27200012
dspa/e contributes to apoplastic accumulation of ros in non-host a. thaliana.	the bacterium erwinia amylovora is responsible for the fire blight disease of maleae, which provokes necrotic symptoms on aerial parts. the pathogenicity of this bacterium in hosts relies on its type three-secretion system (t3ss), a molecular syringe that allows the bacterium to inject effectors into the plant cell. e. amylovora-triggered disease in host plants is associated with the t3ss-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ros), although ros are generally associated with resistance ...	2016	27200021
techniques for the analysis of protein-protein interactions in vivo.	identifying key players and their interactions is fundamental for understanding biochemical mechanisms at the molecular level. the ever-increasing number of alternative ways to detect protein-protein interactions (ppis) speaks volumes about the creativity of scientists in hunting for the optimal technique. ppis derived from single experiments or high-throughput screens enable the decoding of binary interactions, the building of large-scale interaction maps of single organisms, and the establishm ...	2016	27208310
arabidopsis nata1 acetylates putrescine and decreases defense-related hydrogen peroxide accumulation.	biosynthesis of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine is induced in response to pathogen infection of plants. putrescine, which is produced from arg, serves as a metabolic precursor for longer polyamines, including spermidine and spermine. polyamine acetylation, which has important regulatory functions in mammalian cells, has been observed in several plant species. here we show that arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) n-acetyltransferase activity1 (nata1) catalyzes acetylation of pu ...	2016	27208290
the entner-doudoroff pathway is an overlooked glycolytic route in cyanobacteria and plants.	glucose degradation pathways are central for energy and carbon metabolism throughout all domains of life. they provide atp, nad(p)h, and biosynthetic precursors for amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids. it is general knowledge that cyanobacteria and plants oxidize carbohydrates via glycolysis [the embden-meyerhof-parnas (emp) pathway] and the oxidative pentose phosphate (opp) pathway. however, we found that both possess a third, previously overlooked pathway of glucose breakdown: the entner ...	2016	27114545
mirna863-3p sequentially targets negative immune regulator arlpks and positive regulator serrate upon bacterial infection.	plant small rnas play important roles in gene regulation during pathogen infection. here we show that mir863-3p is induced by the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae carrying various effectors. early during infection, mir863-3p silences two negative regulators of plant defence, atypical receptor-like pseudokinase1 (arlpk1) and arlpk2, both lacking extracellular domains and kinase activity, through mrna degradation to promote immunity. arlpk1 associates with, and may function through another ...	2016	27108563
molecular characterization and global expression analysis of lectin receptor kinases in bread wheat (triticum aestivum).	lectin receptor kinases (lrks) play a critical role in plants during development and stress conditions, but a comprehensive analysis at genome level is still not carried out in triticum aestivum. herein, we performed the genome wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of these genes in t. aestivum (talrk). in-total 263 talrk genes were identified, which were further classified into three groups based on the nature of lectin domain. we identified, two talrks consisted of calc ...	2016	27111449
atwrky22 promotes susceptibility to aphids and modulates salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling.	aphids induce many transcriptional perturbations in their host plants, but the signalling cascades responsible and the effects on plant resistance are largely unknown. through a genome-wide association (gwa) mapping study in arabidopsis thaliana, we identified wrky22 as a candidate gene associated with feeding behaviour of the green peach aphid, myzus persicae the transcription factor wrky22 is known to be involved in pathogen-triggered immunity, and wrky22 gene expression has been shown to be i ...	2016	27107291
draft genome sequences of five pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum strains isolated in france.	pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum causes necrotic spots on the leaves of actinidia deliciosa and actinidia chinensis. p. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum has been detected in new zealand, australia, france and spain. four lineages were previously identified within the p. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum species group. here, we report the draft genome sequences of five strains of p. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum representative of lineages 1, 2 and 4, isolated in france. the whole genomes of str ...	2016	27237113
ice-nucleating bacteria control the order and dynamics of interfacial water.	ice-nucleating organisms play important roles in the environment. with their ability to induce ice formation at temperatures just below the ice melting point, bacteria such as pseudomonas syringae attack plants through frost damage using specialized ice-nucleating proteins. besides the impact on agriculture and microbial ecology, airborne p. syringae can affect atmospheric glaciation processes, with consequences for cloud evolution, precipitation, and climate. biogenic ice nucleation is also rel ...	2016	27152346
atsweet4, a hexose facilitator, mediates sugar transport to axial sinks and affects plant development.	plants transport photoassimilates from source organs to sink tissues through the phloem translocation pathway. in the transport phloem, sugars that escape from the sieve tubes are released into the apoplasmic space between the sieve element/companion cell complex (se/cc) and phloem parenchyma cells (ppcs) during the process of long-distance transport. the competition for sugar acquisition between se/cc and adjoining ppcs is mediated by plasma membrane translocators. yfp-tagged atsweet4 protein i ...	2016	27102826
genome sequence of the endophytic bacterium bacillus thuringiensis strain kb1, a potential biocontrol agent against phytopathogens.	italic! bacillus thuringiensisis the most widely known microbial pesticide used in agricultural applications. herein, we report a draft genome sequence of the endophytic bacterium italic! bacillus thuringiensisstrain kb1, which exhibits antagonism against phytopathogens.	2016	27103716
structure, organization and evolution of adp-ribosylation factors in rice and foxtail millet, and their expression in rice.	adp-ribosylation factors (arfs) have been reported to function in diverse physiological and molecular activities. recent evidences also demonstrate the involvement of arfs in conferring tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plant species. in the present study, 23 and 25 arf proteins were identified in c3 model- rice and c4 model- foxtail millet, respectively. these proteins are classified into four classes (i-iv) based on phylogenetic analysis, with arfs in classes i-iii and arf-like prote ...	2016	27097755
light suppresses bacterial population through the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in tobacco leaves infected with pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci.	pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (pst) is a hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen responsible for tobacco wildfire disease. although considerable research has been conducted on the tobacco plant's tolerance to pst, the role of light in the responses of the photosystems to pst infection is poorly understood. this study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the reduced photosystem damage in tobacco leaves due to pst infection under light conditions. compared to dark conditions, pst infection ...	2016	27148334
comparative proteomics analysis of phloem exudates collected during the induction of systemic acquired resistance.	systemic acquired resistance (sar) is a plant defense response that provides long-lasting, broad-spectrum pathogen resistance to uninfected systemic leaves following an initial localized infection. in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), local infection with virulent or avirulent strains of pseudomonas syringae pv tomato generates long-distance sar signals that travel from locally infected to distant leaves through the phloem to establish sar in this study, a proteomics approach was used to ident ...	2016	27208255
transcriptional regulation of receptor-like protein genes by environmental stresses and hormones and their overexpression activities in arabidopsis thaliana.	receptor-like proteins (rlps) have been implicated in multiple biological processes, including plant development and immunity to microbial infection. fifty-seven atrlp genes have been identified in arabidopsis, whereas only a few have been functionally characterized. this is due to the lack of suitable physiological screening conditions and the high degree of functional redundancy among atrlp genes. to overcome the functional redundancy and further understand the role of atrlp genes, we studied ...	2016	27099374
gida, a trna modification enzyme, contributes to the growth, and virulence of streptococcus suis serotype 2.	glucose-inhibited division protein (gida), is a trna modification enzyme functioning together with mnme in the addition of a carboxymethylaminomethyl group to position 5 of the anticodon wobble uridine of trna. here, we report a gida homolog from a chinese isolate sc-19 of the zoonotic streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2). gida disruption led to a defective growth, increased capsule thickness, and reduced hemolytic activity. moreover, the gida deletion mutant (δgida) displayed reduced mortality a ...	2016	27148493
alternative splicing of rice wrky62 and wrky76 transcription factor genes in pathogen defense.	the wrky family of transcription factors (tfs) functions as transcriptional activators or repressors in various signaling pathways. in this study, we discovered that oswrky62 and oswrky76, two genes of the wrky iia subfamily, undergo constitutive and inducible alternative splicing. the full-length oswrky62.1 and oswrky76.1 proteins formed homocomplexes and heterocomplexes, and the heterocomplex dominates in the nuclei when analyzed in nicotiana benthamiana leaves. transgenic overexpression of os ...	2016	27208272
characterization of a novel cotton subtilase gene gbsbt1 in response to extracellular stimulations and its role in verticillium resistance.	verticillium wilt is a disastrous vascular disease in plants caused by verticillium dahliae. verticillium pathogens secrete various disease-causing effectors in cotton. this study identified a subtilase gene gbsbt1 from gossypium babardense and investigated the roles against v. dahliae infection. gbsbt1 gene expression is responsive to v. dahliae defense signals, jasmonic acid, and ethylene treatments. moreover, the gbsbt1 protein is mainly localized in the cell membrane and moves into the cytop ...	2016	27088499
arabidopsis thaliana dm2h (r8) within the landsberg rpp1-like resistance locus underlies three different cases of eds1-conditioned autoimmunity.	plants have a large panel of nucleotide-binding/leucine rich repeat (nlr) immune receptors which monitor host interference by diverse pathogen molecules (effectors) and trigger disease resistance pathways. nlr receptor systems are necessarily under tight control to mitigate the trade-off between induced defenses and growth. hence, mis-regulated nlrs often cause autoimmunity associated with stunting and, in severe cases, necrosis. nucleocytoplasmic enhanced disease susceptibility1 (eds1) is indis ...	2016	27082651
high diversity revealed in leaf-associated protists (rhizaria: cercozoa) of brassicaceae.	the largest biological surface on earth is formed by plant leaves. these leaf surfaces are colonized by a specialized suite of leaf-inhabiting microorganisms, recently termed "phyllosphere microbiome". microbial prey, however, attract microbial predators. protists in particular have been shown to structure bacterial communities on plant surfaces, but virtually nothing is known about the community composition of protists on leaves. using newly designed specific primers targeting the 18s rdna gene ...	2016	27005328
pathogen-responsive mpk3 and mpk6 reprogram the biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates and their derivatives in arabidopsis immunity.	antimicrobial compounds have critical roles in plant immunity; for example, arabidopsis thaliana and other crucifers deploy phytoalexins and glucosinolate derivatives in defense against pathogens. the pathogen-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase3 (mpk3) and mpk6 have essential functions in the induction of camalexin, the major phytoalexin in arabidopsis. in search of cyanide, a coproduct of ethylene and camalexin biosynthesis, we found that mpk3 and mpk6 also affect the accumulation of e ...	2016	27081184
regulation of growth, cell shape, cell division, and gene expression by second messengers (p)ppgpp and cyclic di-gmp in mycobacterium smegmatis.	the alarmone (p)ppgpp regulates transcription, translation, replication, virulence, lipid synthesis, antibiotic sensitivity, biofilm formation, and other functions in bacteria. signaling nucleotide cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) regulates biofilm formation, motility, virulence, the cell cycle, and other functions. in mycobacterium smegmatis, both (p)ppgpp and c-di-gmp are synthesized and degraded by bifunctional proteins rel(msm) and dcpa, encoded by rel(msm) and dcpa genes, respectively. we have prev ...	2016	26903417
the gsk3/shaggy-like kinase askα contributes to pattern-triggered immunity.	the first layer of immunity against pathogenic microbes relies on the detection of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) that are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (pti). despite the increasing knowledge of early pti signaling mediated by prrs and their associated proteins, many downstream signaling components remain elusive. here, we identify the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) glycogen synthase kinase3 (gsk3)/shaggy- ...	2016	27208232
screen identifying arabidopsis transcription factors involved in the response to 9-lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins.	13-lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins, such as jasmonates act as potent signaling molecules in plants. although experimental evidence supports the impact of oxylipins generated by the 9-lipoxygenase (9-lox) pathway in root development and pathogen defense, their signaling function in plants remains largely elusive. based on the root growth inhibiting properties of the 9-lox-oxylipin 9-hot (9-hydroxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid), we established a screening approach aiming at identifying transcript ...	2016	27073862
priming by hexanoic acid induce activation of mevalonic and linolenic pathways and promotes the emission of plant volatiles.	hexanoic acid (hx) is a short natural monocarboxylic acid present in some fruits and plants. previous studies reported that soil drench application of this acid induces effective resistance in tomato plants against botrytis cinerea and pseudomonas syringae and in citrus against alternaria alternata and xanthomonas citri. in this work, we performed an in deep study of the metabolic changes produced in citrus by the application of hx in response to the challenge pathogen a. alternata, focusing on ...	2016	27148319
the exocyst complex in health and disease.	exocytosis involves the fusion of intracellular secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane, thereby delivering integral membrane proteins to the cell surface and releasing material into the extracellular space. importantly, exocytosis also provides a source of lipid moieties for membrane extension. the tethering of the secretory vesicle before docking and fusion with the plasma membrane is mediated by the exocyst complex, an evolutionary conserved octameric complex of proteins. recent findings ...	2016	27148529
inhibition of cathepsin b by caspase-3 inhibitors blocks programmed cell death in arabidopsis.	programmed cell death (pcd) is used by plants for development and survival to biotic and abiotic stresses. the role of caspases in pcd is well established in animal cells. over the past 15 years, the importance of caspase-3-like enzymatic activity for plant pcd completion has been widely documented despite the absence of caspase orthologues. in particular, caspase-3 inhibitors blocked nearly all plant pcd tested. here, we affinity-purified a plant caspase-3-like activity using a biotin-labelled ...	2016	27058316
amino acids implicated in plant defense are higher in candidatus liberibacter asiaticus-tolerant citrus varieties.	citrus huanglongbing (hlb), also known as citrus greening, has been threatening the citrus industry since the early 1900's and up to this date there are no effective cures for this disease. field observations and greenhouse controlled studies demonstrated that some citrus genotypes are more tolerant to candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (clas) pathogen than others. however, the mechanisms underpinning tolerance has not been determined yet. the phloem sap composition of clas-tolerant and sensitive ...	2016	27057814
cross-regulation between n metabolism and nitric oxide (no) signaling during plant immunity.	plants are sessile organisms that have evolved a complex immune system which helps them cope with pathogen attacks. however, the capacity of a plant to mobilize different defense responses is strongly affected by its physiological status. nitrogen (n) is a major nutrient that can play an important role in plant immunity by increasing or decreasing plant resistance to pathogens. although no general rule can be drawn about the effect of n availability and quality on the fate of plant/pathogen inte ...	2016	27092169
genome-wide identification and expression analysis of calcium-dependent protein kinase in tomato.	calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) play critical roles in regulating growth, development and stress response in plants. information about cdpks in tomato, however, remains obscure although it is one of the most important model crops in the world. in this study, we performed a bioinformatics analysis of the entire tomato genome and identified 29 cdpk genes. these cdpk genes are found to be located in 12 chromosomes, and could be divided into four groups. analysis of the gene structure and ...	2016	27092168
barley disease susceptibility factor racb acts in epidermal cell polarity and positioning of the nucleus.	rho gtpases are regulators of cell polarity and immunity in eukaryotes. in plants, rho-like rac/rop gtpases are regulators of cell shaping, hormone responses, and responses to microbial pathogens. the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) rac/rop protein racb is required for full susceptibility to penetration by blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh), the barley powdery mildew fungus. disease susceptibility factors often control host immune responses. here we show that racb does not interfere with early mic ...	2016	27056842
riboflavin-induced disease resistance requires the mitogen-activated protein kinases 3 and 6 in arabidopsis thaliana.	as a resistance elicitor, riboflavin (vitamin b2) protects plants against a wide range of pathogens. at molecular biological levels, it is important to elucidate the signaling pathways underlying the disease resistance induced by riboflavin. here, riboflavin was tested to induce resistance against virulent pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst dc3000) in arabidopsis. results showed that riboflavin induced disease resistance based on mapk-dependent priming for the expression of pr1 gene. ri ...	2016	27054585
draft genome sequences of 18 strains of pseudomonas isolated from kiwifruit plants in new zealand and overseas.	in this paper, we present the draft sequences of 18 genetically diversepseudomonasstrains isolated from kiwifruit plants in new zealand and overseas, including a number that are currently not fully characterized. these sequences will aid in the diagnosis ofpseudomonason kiwifruit for future pest management and border security decision-making.	2016	27056212
characterization of a temperature-responsive two component regulatory system from the antarctic archaeon, methanococcoides burtonii.	cold environments dominate the earth's biosphere and the resident microorganisms play critical roles in fulfilling global biogeochemical cycles. however, only few studies have examined the molecular basis of thermosensing; an ability that microorganisms must possess in order to respond to environmental temperature and regulate cellular processes. two component regulatory systems have been inferred to function in thermal regulation of gene expression, but biochemical studies assessing these syste ...	2016	27052690
impaired chloroplast biogenesis in immutans, an arabidopsis variegation mutant, modifies developmental programming, cell wall composition and resistance to pseudomonas syringae.	the immutans (im) variegation mutation of arabidopsis has green- and white- sectored leaves due to action of a nuclear recessive gene. im codes for ptox, a plastoquinol oxidase in plastid membranes. previous studies have revealed that the green and white sectors develop into sources (green tissues) and sinks (white tissues) early in leaf development. in this report we focus on white sectors, and show that their transformation into effective sinks involves a sharp reduction in plastid number and ...	2016	27050746
insights from the genome sequence of acidovorax citrulli m6, a group i strain of the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits.	acidovorax citrulli is a seedborne bacterium that causes bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbit plants including watermelon and melon. a. citrulli strains can be divided into two major groups based on dna fingerprint analyses and biochemical properties. group i strains have been generally isolated from non-watermelon cucurbits, while group ii strains are closely associated with watermelon. in the present study, we report the genome sequence of m6, a group i model a. citrulli strain, isolated from me ...	2016	27092114
external and internal triggers of cell death in yeast.	in recent years, yeast was confirmed as a useful eukaryotic model system to decipher the complex mechanisms and networks occurring in higher eukaryotes, particularly in mammalian cells, in physiological as well in pathological conditions. this article focuses attention on the contribution of yeast in the study of a very complex scenario, because of the number and interconnection of pathways, represented by cell death. yeast, although it is a unicellular organism, possesses the basal machinery of ...	2016	27048816
emerging roles of strigolactones in plant responses to stress and development.	our environment constantly undergoes changes either natural or manmade affecting growth and development of all the organisms including plants. plants are sessile in nature and therefore to counter environmental changes such as light, temperature, nutrient and water availability, pathogen, and many others; plants have evolved intricate signaling mechanisms, composed of multiple components including several plant hormones. research conducted in the last decade has placed strigolactones (sls) in th ...	2016	27092155
saxa-mediated isothiocyanate metabolism in phytopathogenic pectobacteria.	pectobacteria are devastating plant pathogens that infect a large variety of crops, including members of the family brassicaceae. to infect cabbage crops, these plant pathogens need to overcome the plant's antibacterial defense mechanisms, where isothiocyanates are liberated by hydrolysis of glucosinolates. here, we found that a pectobacterium isolate from the gut of cabbage root fly larvae was particularly resistant to isothiocyanate and even seemed to benefit from the abundant brassica root me ...	2016	26873319
two redundant receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases function downstream of pattern recognition receptors to regulate activation of sa biosynthesis.	salicylic acid (sa) serves as a critical signaling molecule in plant defense. two transcription factors, sard1 and cbp60g, control sa biosynthesis through regulating pathogen-induced expression of isochorismate synthase1, which encodes a key enzyme for sa biosynthesis. here, we report that pattern-triggered immunity compromised receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase1 (pcrk1) and pcrk2 function as key regulators of sa biosynthesis. in the pcrk1 pcrk2 double mutant, pathogen-induced expression of sard1, ...	2016	27208222
elucidation of a masked repeating structure of the o-specific polysaccharide of the halotolerant soil bacteria azospirillum halopraeferens au4.	an o-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide isolated by the phenol-water extraction from the halotolerant soil bacteria azospirillum halopraeferens type strain au4. the polysaccharide was studied by sugar and methylation analyses, selective cleavages by smith degradation and solvolysis with trifluoroacetic acid, one- and two-dimensional (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the following masked repeating structure of the o-specific polysaccharide was es ...	2016	27340454
arabidopsis heterotrimeric g proteins regulate immunity by directly coupling to the fls2 receptor.	the arabidopsis immune receptor fls2 perceives bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate defenses through the central cytoplasmic kinase bik1. the heterotrimeric g proteins composed of the non-canonical gα protein xlg2, the gβ protein agb1, and the gγ proteins agg1 and agg2 are required for fls2-mediated immune responses through an unknown mechanism. here we show that in the pre-activation state, xlg2 directly interacts with fls2 and bik1, and it functions together with agb1 and agg1/2 to at ...	2016	27043937
dual effect of the cubic ag3po4 crystal on pseudomonas syringae growth and plant immunity.	we previously found that the antibacterial activity of silver phosphate crystals on escherichia coli depends on their structure. we here show that the cubic form of silver phosphate crystal (spc) can also be applied to inhibit the growth of a plant-pathogenic pseudomonas syringae bacterium. spc pretreatment resulted in reduced in planta multiplication of p. syringae. induced expression of a plant defense marker gene pr1 by spc alone is suggestive of its additional plant immunity-stimulating acti ...	2016	27147937
development of specific markers for identification of biovars 1 and 2 strains of pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.	pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causal agent of canker in kiwifruit, can be divided into three biovars (biovars 1, 2, and 3). strains belonging to biovar 1 produce phaseolotoxin and were isolated in japan and italy before 2008. strains of biovar 2 produce coronatine instead of phaseolotoxin and have been isolated only in korea. strains belonging to biovar 3 produce neither phaseolotoxin nor coronatine and are responsible for the global outbreak of bacterial canker of kiwifruit in recent ...	2016	27147936
identification of differentially expressed genes in rna-seq data of arabidopsis thaliana: a compound distribution approach.	gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product, which may be proteins. a gene is declared differentially expressed if an observed difference or change in read counts or expression levels between two experimental conditions is statistically significant. to identify differentially expressed genes between two conditions, it is important to find statistical distributional property of the data to approximate the nature of differen ...	2016	26949988
coexpression network analysis of the genes regulated by two types of resistance responses to powdery mildew in wheat.	powdery mildew disease caused by blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (bgt) inflicts severe economic losses in wheat crops. a systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in wheat resistance to bgt is essential for effectively controlling the disease. here, using the diploid wheat triticum urartu as a host, the genes regulated by immune (im) and hypersensitive reaction (hr) resistance responses to bgt were investigated through transcriptome sequencing. four gene coexpression network ...	2016	27033636
arm-in-arm response regulator dimers promote intermolecular signal transduction.	bacteriophytochrome photoreceptors (bphps) and their cognate response regulators make up two-component signal transduction systems which direct bacteria to mount phenotypic responses to changes in environmental light quality. most of these systems utilize single-domain response regulators to transduce signals through unknown pathways and mechanisms. here we describe the photocycle and autophosphorylation kinetics of rtbphp1, a red light-regulated histidine kinase from the desert bacterium ramlib ...	2016	26833410
the compact genome of the plant pathogen plasmodiophora brassicae is adapted to intracellular interactions with host brassica spp.	the protist plasmodiophora brassicae is a soil-borne pathogen of cruciferous species and the causal agent of clubroot disease of brassicas including agriculturally important crops such as canola/rapeseed (brassica napus). p. brassicae has remained an enigmatic plant pathogen and is a rare example of an obligate biotroph that resides entirely inside the host plant cell. the pathogen is the cause of severe yield losses and can render infested fields unsuitable for brassica crop growth due to the p ...	2016	27036196
pectobacterium atrosepticum and pectobacterium carotovorum harbor distinct, independently acquired integrative and conjugative elements encoding coronafacic acid that enhance virulence on potato stems.	integrative and conjugative elements (ices) play a central role in the evolution of bacterial virulence, their transmission between bacteria often leading to the acquisition of virulence factors that alter host range or aggressiveness. much is known about the functions of the virulence determinants that ices harbor, but little is understood about the cryptic effects of ices on their host cell. in this study, the importance of horizontally acquired island 2 (hai2), an ice in the genome of pectoba ...	2016	27065965
overexpression of slupa-like induces cell enlargement, aberrant development and low stress tolerance through phytohormonal pathway in tomato.	upa20 induces cell enlargement and hypertrophy development. in our research, overexpression of slupa-like, orthologous to upa20, severely affected the growth of vegetative and reproductive tissues. wilted leaves curled upwardly and sterile flowers were found in transgenic lines. through anatomical analysis, palisade and spongy tissues showed fluffy and hypertrophic development in transgenic plants. gene expression analysis showed that ga responsive, biosynthetic and signal transduction genes (e. ...	2016	27025226
the roles of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in cellular signaling and stress response in plants.	mitochondria produce atp via respiratory oxidation of organic acids and transfer of electrons to o2 via the mitochondrial electron transport chain. this process produces reactive oxygen species (ros) at various rates that can impact respiratory and cellular function, affecting a variety of signaling processes in the cell. roles in redox signaling, retrograde signaling, plant hormone action, programmed cell death, and defense against pathogens have been attributed to ros generated in plant mitoch ...	2016	27021189
cytotoxic effect and tlc bioautography-guided approach to detect health properties of amazonian hedyosmum sprucei essential oil.	bioautography has been used as rapid and easy strategy to detect and identify bioactive fractions/molecules in the never before investigated hedyosmum sprucei solms (chloranthaceae) essential oil (eo). the antioxidant activity, performed through dpph bioautographic assay and spectrophotometric evaluations (ic50 = 230 ± 10 µg/ml), seemed to be mainly due to α-cadinol and α-muurolol. (hp)tlc bioautography, focused on antimicrobial capacities, pointed out α-cadinol, α-muurolol, τ-muurolol, caryophy ...	2016	27118979
overexpression of poplar ptrwrky89 in transgenic arabidopsis leads to a reduction of disease resistance by regulating defense-related genes in salicylate- and jasmonate-dependent signaling.	the plant hormones jasmonic acid (ja) and salicylic acid (sa) play key roles in plant defenses against pathogens and several wrky transcription factors have been shown to have a role in sa/ja crosstalk. in a previous study, overexpression of the poplar wrky gene ptrwrky89 enhanced resistance to pathogens in transgenic poplars. in this study, the promoter of ptrwrky89 (proptrwrky89) was isolated and used to drive gus reporter gene. high gus activity was observed in old leaves of transgenic arabid ...	2016	27019084
editorial: control of plant pathogens by biogenic elicitors and possible mechanisms of action.		2016	27047518
activation of plant innate immunity by extracellular high mobility group box 3 and its inhibition by salicylic acid.	damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (damps) signal the presence of tissue damage to induce immune responses in plants and animals. here, we report that high mobility group box 3 (hmgb3) is a novel plant damp. extracellular hmgb3, through receptor-like kinases bak1 and bkk1, induced hallmark innate immune responses, including i) mapk activation, ii) defense-related gene expression, iii) callose deposition, and iv) enhanced resistance to botrytis cinerea. infection by necrotrophic b. cin ...	2016	27007252
synthetic cyclolipopeptides selective against microbial, plant and animal cell targets by incorporation of d-amino acids or histidine.	cyclolipopeptides derived from the antimicrobial peptide c(lys-lys-leu-lys-lys-phe-lys-lys-leu-gln) (bpc194) were prepared on solid-phase and screened against four plant pathogens. the incorporation at lys5 of fatty acids of 4 to 9 carbon atoms led to active cyclolipopeptides. the influence on the antimicrobial activity of the lys residue that is derivatized was also evaluated. in general, acylation of lys1, lys2 or lys5 rendered the sequences with the highest activity. incorporation of a d-amin ...	2016	27008420
banana fruit vq motif-containing protein5 represses cold-responsive transcription factor mawrky26 involved in the regulation of ja biosynthetic genes.	most harvested fruits and vegetables are stored at low temperature but many of them are highly sensitive to chilling injury. jasmonic acid (ja), a plant hormone associated with various stress responses, is known to reduce chilling injury in fruits. however, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of ja biosynthesis in relation to cold response of fruits. here, we show the involvement of a group i wrky transcription factor (tf) from banana fruit, mawrky26, in regulating ja biosynthes ...	2016	27004441
in silico study on arabidopsis bag gene expression in response to environmental stresses.	bag (bcl-2 athanogene) family proteins are conserved in a wide range of eukaryotes, and they have been proposed to play a crucial role in plant programmed cell death (pcd). during the past decade, with the help of advanced bioinformatics tools, seven homologs of bag genes have been identified in the arabidopsis genome; these genes are involved in pathogen attack and abiotic stress conditions. in this study, gene expression of arabidopsis bag family members under environmental stresses was analyz ...	2016	27002965
in silico study on arabidopsis bag gene expression in response to environmental stresses.	bag (bcl-2 athanogene) family proteins are conserved in a wide range of eukaryotes, and they have been proposed to play a crucial role in plant programmed cell death (pcd). during the past decade, with the help of advanced bioinformatics tools, seven homologs of bag genes have been identified in the arabidopsis genome; these genes are involved in pathogen attack and abiotic stress conditions. in this study, gene expression of arabidopsis bag family members under environmental stresses was analyz ...	2016	27002965
activation of shikimate, phenylpropanoid, oxylipins, and auxin pathways in pectobacterium carotovorum elicitors-treated moss.	plants have developed complex defense mechanisms to cope with microbial pathogens. pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) and damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) are perceived by pattern recognition receptors (prrs), leading to the activation of defense. while substantial progress has been made in understanding the activation of plant defense by pamps and damps recognition in tracheophytes, far less information exists on related processes in early divergent plants like mosses. t ...	2016	27047509
new opportunities for the integration of microorganisms into biological pest control systems in greenhouse crops.	biological pest control with mass-produced arthropod natural enemies is well developed in greenhouse crops and has often resulted in the evolution of complex ecosystems with persistent populations of multiple arthropod natural enemy species. however, there are cases where arthropod natural enemies are either not effective enough, not available, or their use is rather costly. for these reasons, biological control based on microorganisms, also referred to as 'microbials', represents a complementar ...	2016	27340390
evaluation of putative reference genes for quantitative real-time pcr normalization in lilium regale during development and under stress.	normalization to reference genes is the most common method to avoid bias in real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr), which has been widely used for quantification of gene expression. despite several studies on gene expression, lilium, and particularly l. regale, has not been fully investigated regarding the evaluation of reference genes suitable for normalization. in this study, nine putative reference genes, namely 18s rrna, act, bhlh, cla, cyp, ef1, gapdh, sand and tip41, were analyzed for accurate ...	2016	27019788
studies on the infection, colonization, and movement of pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in kiwifruit tissues using a gfpuv-labeled strain.	kiwifruit bacterial canker, an economically important disease caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa), has caused severe losses in all major areas of kiwifruit cultivation. using a gfpuv-labeled strain of psa, we monitored the invasion, colonization, and movement of the pathogen in kiwifruit twigs, leaves and veins. the pathogen can invade twigs through both wounds and natural openings; the highest number of psa is obtained in cut tissues. we determined that, following spray inoculat ...	2016	26999596
decipher the molecular response of plant single cell types to environmental stresses.	the analysis of the molecular response of entire plants or organs to environmental stresses suffers from the cellular complexity of the samples used. specifically, this cellular complexity masks cell-specific responses to environmental stresses and logically leads to the dilution of the molecular changes occurring in each cell type composing the tissue/organ/plant in response to the stress. therefore, to generate a more accurate picture of these responses, scientists are focusing on plant single ...	2016	27088086
horizontal gene acquisitions, mobile element proliferation, and genome decay in the host-restricted plant pathogen erwinia tracheiphila.	modern industrial agriculture depends on high-density cultivation of genetically similar crop plants, creating favorable conditions for the emergence of novel pathogens with increased fitness in managed compared with ecologically intact settings. here, we present the genome sequence of six strains of the cucurbit bacterial wilt pathogen erwinia tracheiphila (enterobacteriaceae) isolated from infected squash plants in new york, pennsylvania, kentucky, and michigan. these genomes exhibit a high pr ...	2016	26992913
katg, the bifunctional catalase of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, responds to hydrogen peroxide and contributes to epiphytic survival on citrus leaves.	xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) is the bacterium responsible for citrus canker. this bacterium is exposed to reactive oxygen species (ros) at different points during its life cycle, including those normally produced by aerobic respiration or upon exposition to ultraviolet (uv) radiation. moreover, ros are key components of the host immune response. among enzymatic ros-detoxifying mechanisms, catalases eliminate h2o2, avoiding the potential damage caused by this specie. xcc genome includes f ...	2016	26990197
the black-box of plant apoplast lipidomes.		2016	27047507
editorial: lipid signaling in plant development and responses to environmental stresses.		2016	27014335
identification and characterisation of dof transcription factors in the cucumber genome.	cucumber is vulnerable to many foliage diseases. recent studies reported cloning of candidate genes for several diseases in cucumber; however, the exact defence mechanisms remain unclear. dof genes have been shown to play significant roles in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. dof genes coding for plant-specific transcription factors can promote large-scale expression of defence-related genes at whole genome level. the genes in the family have been identifie ...	2016	26979661
calcium sensors as key hubs in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.	the ca(2+) ion is recognized as a crucial second messenger in signaling pathways coupling the perception of environmental stimuli to plant adaptive responses. indeed, one of the earliest events following the perception of environmental changes (temperature, salt stress, drought, pathogen, or herbivore attack) is intracellular variation of free calcium concentrations. these calcium variations differ in their spatio-temporal characteristics (subcellular location, amplitude, kinetics) with the natu ...	2016	27014336
modulation of r-gene expression across environments.	some environments are more conducive to pathogen growth than others, and, as a consequence, plants might be expected to invest more in resistance when pathogen growth is favored. resistance (r-) genes in arabidopsis thaliana have unusually extensive variation in basal expression when comparing the same r-gene among accessions collected from different environments. r-gene expression variation was characterized to explore whether r-gene expression is up-regulated in environments favoring pathogen ...	2016	26983577