Publications

research involving biological material from forensic autopsies: legal and ethical issues.	recommendations and laws do not always contain specific and clear provisions on the use of cadaveric material in research, and even more rarely do they address explicitly the ethical issues related to research on material obtained during forensic autopsy. in this article we analyse existing legal frameworks in europe by comparing the legal provisions in 2 european countries which are member states of the council of europe, the uk and switzerland. they were chosen because they have distinct legal ...	2009	19188745
hiv prevention for people with serious mental illness: a survey of mental health workers' attitudes, knowledge and practice.	the aim of this survey was to investigate the attitudes, knowledge and reported practice (capabilities) of mental health workers concerning human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other sexually transmitted diseases in people with serious mental illness.	2009	19192006
prevalence and potential pathogenicity of vibrio parahaemolyticus in chinese mitten crabs (eriocheir sinensis) harvested from the river thames estuary, england.	chinese mitten crabs (eriocheir sinensis) have been described as an alien invasive species in the river thames, united kingdom, and elsewhere in europe. the crabs can cause considerable physical damage to the riverbeds and threaten native ecosystems. trapping has been considered an option, but such attempts to control mitten crab populations in germany in the 1930s failed. in the united kingdom, it has been suggested that commercial exploitation of the species could be employed as a control opti ...	2009	19205465
the history of british gynaecological pathology.	the venerable tradition of british gynaecological pathology is honoured by brief comments on those who have pioneered work in this arena, using as the starting point the remarkable scottish physician dr matthew baillie who, with his uncles, the legendary william and john hunter, can arguably be considered the founders of medicine in great britain. the impact of baillie's great work 'the morbid anatomy of some of the most important parts of the human body' is noted. because of the fame they achie ...	2009	19207941
the legal system. part 2: it's not just for lawyers.	this is the second part of the two-part article intended to provide an introduction to the foundation elements of the english legal system. the 'english legal system' is a rather generic term that is often used to refer to the different sources of law and the court system in which the law is practised. students of law will study the english legal system as a specific topic, but it is as equally important for those who work within a profession that is regulated by the law (as nursing is) to also ...	2009	19223804
community based yoga classes for type 2 diabetes: an exploratory randomised controlled trial.	yoga is a popular therapy for diabetes but its efficacy is contested. the aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of researching community based yoga classes in type 2 diabetes with a view to informing the design of a definitive, multi-centre trial	2009	19228402
interlending and document supply trends in nhs north west health libraries 2003/2004 to 2006/2007.	the library and information for health network north west (lihnn) represents health libraries in cheshire, cumbria, greater manchester, isle of man, lancashire, merseyside and wirral. lihnn members take part in a regional co-operative network supporting interlending and document supply.	2009	19245641
influence of socio-demographic factors on distances travelled to access hiv services: enhanced surveillance of hiv patients in north west england.	patient choice and access to health care is compromised by many barriers including travel distance. individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) can seek free specialist care in britain, without a referral, providing flexible access to care services. willingness to travel beyond local services for preferred care has funding and service implications. data from an enhanced hiv surveillance system were used to explore geodemographic and clinical factors associated with accessing treatmen ...	2009	19267895
evaluation of a modified early warning system for acute medical admissions and comparison with c-reactive protein/albumin ratio as a predictor of patient outcome.	the modified early warning score (mews) was developed as a track and trigger tool for the prompt identification of seriously ill patients on an acute medical ward. this paper examines its value in the setting of an acute medical admissions unit (mau) and compares it to biochemical markers of acute and chronic disease. three hundred unselected acute admissions to the mau of the queen elizabeth hospital, gateshead, were assessed. correlations between mews score and c-reactive protein (crp) and alb ...	2009	19271597
human toenails as a biomarker of exposure to elevated environmental arsenic.	a pilot study was conducted to determine the applicability of toenails as a biomarker of exposure to elevated environmental arsenic (as) levels. a total of 17 individuals were recruited for the pilot study: 8 residents living near to a former as mine, devon, uk, forming the exposed group, plus 9 residents from nottinghamshire, uk, with no anticipated as exposure who were used for comparison as a control group. all toenail samples were thoroughly washed prior to analysis and the wash solutions re ...	2009	19280039
molecular epidemiology and characterization of campylobacter spp. isolated from wild bird populations in northern england.	campylobacter infections have been reported at prevalences ranging from 2 to 50% in a range of wild bird species, although there have been few studies that have investigated the molecular epidemiology of campylobacter spp. consequently, whether wild birds are a source of infection in humans or domestic livestock or are mainly recipients of domestic animal strains and whether separate cycles of infection occur remain unknown. to address these questions, serial cross-sectional surveys of wild bird ...	2009	19286781
age of onset and death in inherited prion disease are heritable.	the common polymorphism at codon 129 of the prion protein gene (prnp) is known to affect prion disease susceptibility, incubation period and phenotype. mouse quantitative trait locus (qtl) studies demonstrate multiple modifiers of incubation time unlinked to prnp, suggesting the existence of homologous human prion disease modifiers, but direct evidence of these has been lacking. we investigated the correlation of age at onset and death, expressed as a composite z score, between parents and offsp ...	2009	18729123
state institutions and social identity: national representation in soldiers' and civilians' interview talk concerning military service.	theory and research deriving from social identity or self-categorization perspectives often starts out with the presumption that social actors necessarily view societal objects such as nations or states as human categories. however, recent work suggests that this may be only one of a number of forms that societal representation may take. for example, nations may be understood variously as peoples, places, or institutions. this paper presents findings from a qualitative interview study conducted ...	2009	18793493
a national risk assessment for intersex in fish arising from steroid estrogens.	the occurrence of intersex fish is widespread in the rivers of england and wales. the extent of intersex in fish populations is believed to be strongly linked to their exposure to steroid estrogens. the present study presents, to our knowledge, the first national, catchment-based risk assessment for steroid estrogens in the world. a graphical information system-based model predicted the concentrations of estradiol (e2), estrone, and ethinylestradiol, which were combined and compared with known b ...	2009	18817457
associations between infectious mononucleosis and cancer: record-linkage studies.	infection with epstein-barr virus (ebv) followed by infectious mononucleosis (im) is now considered to be a risk factor for hodgkin's disease (hd). it is less clear whether ebv infection and im are associated with an increased risk of cancer generally. we used a longstanding record-linkage dataset in oxford (years 1963-1998), and a more recent record-linkage dataset covering england (1999-2005), to compare rate ratios for cancer between people admitted to hospital for im and a reference cohort. ...	2009	18840316
sex determination from the occipital condyle: discriminant function analysis in an eighteenth and nineteenth century british sample.	fragmentary human remains compromised by different types of inhumation, or physical insults such as explosions, fires, and mutilations may frustrate the use of traditional morphognostic sex determination methods. the basicranium is protected by a large soft tissue mass comprising muscle, tendon, and ligaments. as such, the occipital region may prove useful for sex identification in cases of significantly fragmented remains. the aims of this paper are to (1) evaluate sexual dimorphism in british ...	2009	18924165
detection of cryptosporidium spp. from human faeces by pcr-rflp, cloning and sequencing.	in this study, we compared and validated a nested abc polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) assay to amplify cryptosporidium parvum oocyst wall protein (cowp) gene fragment with a previous nested pcr-rflp method. when rflp of cowp gene did not provide clear results, we further analysed samples by cloning and sequencing for species and genotype identification. abc-pcr was performed on dna extracted from human faecal samples collected in england where crypto ...	2009	18979120
using urban man-made ponds to reconstruct a 150-year history of air pollution in northwest england.	a regional pollution history has been reconstructed for the borough of halton (northwest england) from four urban ponds in north cheshire and south merseyside, using environmental analyses of lake sediment stratigraphies. mineral magnetism, geochemistry and radiometric dating have produced profiles of pollution characteristics dating from the mid-nineteenth century to present day. these pollution profiles reflect the atmospheric deposition of a range of pollutants over 150 years of intensified i ...	2009	19005766
accumulation of elements (s, as, br, sr, cd, hg, pb) in two populations of cancer pagurus: ecological implications to human consumption.	the brown crab cancer pagurus is highly appreciated in southern european countries and edible tissues are consumed separately or as mixtures. this species is mostly harvested along the scottish coast and english channel and has different market prices depending on the catching area and sex. the aim of this study was to quantify and characterize the contents of s, as, br, sr, cd, hg and pb in muscle, hepatopancreas, gonads and gills of female and male crabs from both catching areas. additionally, ...	2009	19010376
personal protective equipment in an influenza pandemic: a uk simulation exercise.	there is limited experience of both operational and financial impacts that adoption of uk pandemic influenza infection control guidance will have on the use of personal protective equipment (ppe), patients and staff. we attempted to assess these issues from a live exercise in a hospital in north-west england. during this 24h exercise, all staff on an acute general medical ward wore ppe and adopted the procedures described in the uk pandemic influenza infection control guidance. teams of infectio ...	2009	19013670
earthworms and in vitro physiologically-based extraction tests: complementary tools for a holistic approach towards understanding risk at arsenic-contaminated sites.	the relationship of the total arsenic content of a soil and its bioaccumulation by earthworms (lumbricus rubellus and dendrodrilus rubidus) to the arsenic fraction bioaccessible to humans, measured using an in vitro physiologically-based extraction test (pbet), was investigated. soil and earthworm samples were collected at 24 sites at the former arsenic mine at the devon great consols (dgc) in southwest england (uk), along with an uncontaminated site in nottingham, uk, for comparison. analysis o ...	2009	18958400
association between il6 gene variants -174g>c and -572g>c and serum il-6 levels: interactions with social position in the whitehall ii cohort.	to examine the impact of -174g>c and -572g>c variants in the promoter region of the il6 gene, and their interactions with social position, on interleukin-6 (il-6) levels in the whitehall ii cohort.	2009	19019369
can syndromic thresholds provide early warning of national influenza outbreaks?	influenza incidence thresholds are used to help predict the likely impact of influenza and inform health professionals and the public of current activity. we evaluate the potential of syndromic data (calls to a uk health helpline nhs direct) to provide early warning of national influenza outbreaks.	2009	18032426
sex determination from the foramen magnum: discriminant function analysis in an eighteenth and nineteenth century british sample.	the successful identification of the deceased is vital to the progress of any forensic investigation. one of the principal biological traits to be established from skeletal remains is the sex of the individual. this becomes more difficult if only parts of a skeleton are found or if the bones are compromised by physical insults such as fire, explosions or violence. the basal region of the occipital bone is covered by a large volume of soft tissue and is therefore in a relatively well-protected an ...	2009	18553095
association of erap1, but not il23r, with ankylosing spondylitis in a han chinese population.	the results of a recent genome-wide association study have shown that erap1 and il23r are associated with ankylosing spondylitis (as) in caucasian populations from north america and the uk. based on these findings, we undertook the current study to investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) covering the genes erap1 and il23r are associated with as in a han chinese population.	2009	19877036
a human experiment in nerve division by w.h.r. rivers md frs, fellow of st john's college, cambridge and henry head md frs, physician to the london hospital, brain 1908: 31; 323-450.		2009	19877308
risk factors for the carriage of campylobacter upsaliensis by dogs in a community in cheshire.	samples of faeces were taken from 183 healthy pet dogs in a census-based, cross-sectional study in cheshire; culture methods were used to detect any campylobacter species and a direct pcr was used to detect campylobacter upsaliensis. forty-six of the dogs were positive for c upsaliensis by either culture or direct pcr, giving a prevalence of 25.1 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval [ci] 19.0 to 32.1 per cent). one sample was positive by culture for campylobacter jejuni (95 per cent ci 0.0 ...	2009	19880860
number of swine flu patients going into intensive care is rising.		2009	19884211
influenza vaccination: a cross-sectional prospective audit of influenza vaccination in patients admitted to a london hospital.		2009	19886122
the infectious diseases biobank at king's college london: archiving samples from patients infected with hiv to facilitate translational research.	the king's college london (kcl) infectious diseases biobank opened in 2007 and collects peripheral venous blood (pvb) from individuals infected with pathogens including human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). pvbs are fractionated into plasmas, lymphocytes and dna and are then frozen. all donations are from subjects who have given 'open consent' so samples can be used for virtually any type of biomedical research. the hiv component of the biobank contains samples from over 400 donations from 138 hiv ...	2009	19886990
artistic: a randomised trial of human papillomavirus (hpv) testing in primary cervical screening.	primary cervical screening uses cytology to detect cancer precursor lesions [cervical intraepithelial neoplasia stage 3 or beyond (cin3+)]. human papillomavirus (hpv) testing could add sensitivity as an adjunct to cytology or as a first test, reserving cytology for hpv-positive women. this study addresses the questions: does the combination of cytology and hpv testing achieve a reduction in incident cin3+?; is hpv testing cost-effective in primary cervical screening?; is its use associated with ...	2009	19891902
natural representations: diagram and text in darwin's "on the origin of species".	this article examines darwin's use of diagram and text in the "origin" by focusing on their interacting roles in his discussion of natural relations, extinction, and time. each medium presented opportunities and challenges that depend on the topic in question; indeed, a medium's dimensionality could undermine one claim and make self-evident another. while darwin divides representational labor between diagram and text, he also creates a constitutive interplay between media. the resulting dynamic ...	2009	19824197
pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza: experience from the critical care unit.	this case series details experience of critical care admissions with pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza from an intensive care unit in the west midlands. we present four critically ill patients admitted with severe hypoxia. two of the patients failed a trial of continuous positive airway pressure and all underwent controlled ventilation within 24 h of admission. bilevel and high frequency oscillatory ventilation were the most useful modes. our patients generally had one organ failure and were ventil ...	2009	19825061
epidemic modelling: aspects where stochasticity matters.	epidemic models are always simplifications of real world epidemics. which real world features to include, and which simplifications to make, depend both on the disease of interest and on the purpose of the modelling. in the present paper we discuss some such purposes for which a stochastic model is preferable to a deterministic counterpart. the two main examples illustrate the importance of allowing the infectious and latent periods to be random when focus lies on the probability of a large epid ...	2009	19837097
an experimental investigation of the emotional and motivational impact of hpv information in adolescents.	we examined psychologic responses to information about human papillomavirus (hpv) in young women within the age range of the uk's hpv vaccination "catch-up" program (13-16 years). respondents absorbed hpv information without becoming worried, were receptive to cervical screening and vaccination, and these attitudes were enhanced by presentation of relevant information.	2009	19837362
searching: the lived experience of women with cancer of the vulva.	although the physical adverse effects following surgery for vulval cancer may readily be described, little is known about the psychological, emotional, and social impact. a review of the literature revealed a paucity of studies, as this condition is rare. to explore the lived experiences of women in the united kingdom with vulval cancer, a qualitative research study was undertaken using the research methodology of interpretive phenomenology, based on the work of heidegger (the essence of human f ...	2009	19816158
reflections on darwin and darwinizing.	although there is a vast literature about darwin there remains an urgent need, particularly in the field of literary studies, for greater understanding of his work. this essay examines current trends in darwinian criticism, contrasting literary darwinism--which seeks in literature the "human nature" being defined by evolutionary psychology--with other models of darwinian criticism provided by historians of science and literary scholars, models that bring together a sense of historical context wi ...	2009	19817006
chief medical officer warns that swine flu may be on the rise again.		2009	19767346
mental health laws for those "compliant" with treatment.	the focus of current mental health laws is on the involuntary detention and treatment of those with low-prevalence, serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. however, an international trend is developing towards using mental health laws to safeguard the rights of patients who lack the capacity to consent to treatment but who are not objecting to it. this column analyses the legislative response in england and wales to a decision by the european court of human rights in ...	2009	19771982
prevalence of campylobacter spp. in raw retail poultry on sale in northern ireland.	a year-long survey of fresh, retail poultry products on sale in northern ireland was undertaken to define the prevalence of campylobacter spp. by using protocols based on iso (standard) 10272-1:2006. incubation at 37 and 42 degrees c was undertaken to increase the diversity of isolates obtained. overall, 652 isolates were identified as campylobacter spp. by using pcr and amplified fragment length polymorphic typing. phenotyping wrongly identified 21% of isolates. prevalences of campylobacter fou ...	2009	19777882
an audit of parents'/guardians' wishes recorded after coronial autopsies in cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy: issues raised and future directions.	in the u.k., cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy are under the jurisdiction of the coroner and consent for a post-mortem is not required. prior to the human tissue act 2006 (hta) there was also no requirement to request retention of tissue (blocks and slides). the hta stipulates that parental/ guardian consent is mandatory to retain or dispose of all tissues after the coroners' purposes have been fulfilled. in 2007, in order to avoid confusion with the consent needed for hospital post-mo ...	2009	19787989
j. j. thomson goes to america.	joseph john (j. j.) thomson was an accomplished scientist who helped lay the foundations of nuclear physics. a humble man of working class roots, thomson went on to become one of the most influential physicists of the late 19th century. he is credited with the discovery of the electron, received a nobel prize in physics in 1906 for investigations into the conduction of electricity by gases, was knighted in 1908, and served as a cavendish professor and director of the laboratory for over 35 years ...	2009	19734055
research involving storage and use of human tissue: how did the human tissue act 2004 affect decisions by research ethics committees?	little is known about the types of issues research ethics committees (recs) raise in their letters about research involving the storage and use of human tissue.	2009	19734481
potent and selective agonism of the melanocortin receptor 4 with mk-0493 does not induce weight loss in obese human subjects: energy intake predicts lack of weight loss efficacy.	mk-0493 is a novel, potent, and selective agonist of the melanocortin receptor 4 (mc4r), one of the best-validated genetic targets and considered one of the most promising for the development of antiobesity therapeutics. an ad libitum energy-intake model was qualified with excellent reproducibility: the geometric mean ratio (gmr) with 95% confidence interval (ci) for total energy intake over a period of 24 h for 30 mg sibutramine/placebo was 0.82 (0.76, 0.88), and for 10 mg sibutramine/placebo i ...	2009	19741604
collection of routine national seasonal influenza vaccine coverage data from gp practices in england using a web-based collection system.	this paper describes a web-based system developed to collect data on influenza (flu) vaccine uptake in near real time during the flu season in england. data are collected from all gp practices providing the immunisation programme. data are submitted either monthly or weekly on-line to a website using manual, automated and semi-automated methods. during the 2008/09 season, a final response rate of 96.2% was achieved (n=7980/8293). this equates to 52,217,430 gp registered patients aged 6 months an ...	2009	19747574
hepatic fascioliasis at a london hospital--the importance of recognising typical radiological features to avoid a delay in diagnosis.	hepatic fascioliasis is a zoonosis caused by the trematode fasciola hepatica, which can cause hepatobiliary disease in humans via the ingestion of contaminated water or aquatic vegetables. reported cases of human infection with f. hepatica arise in regions where cattle are raised, with particular abundance in south america and the middle east. the typical radiological appearances associated with fascioliasis are well reported and are likely to be more easily recognisable by radiologists in these ...	2009	19729549
an integrated tool to assess the role of new planting in pm10 capture and the human health benefits: a case study in london.	the role of vegetation in mitigating the effects of pm(10) pollution has been highlighted as one potential benefit of urban greenspace. an integrated modelling approach is presented which utilises air dispersion (adms-urban) and particulate interception (ufore) to predict the pm(10) concentrations both before and after greenspace establishment, using a 10 x 10 km area of east london green grid (elgg) as a case study. the corresponding health benefits, in terms of premature mortality and respirat ...	2009	19501436
the british river of the future: how climate change and human activity might affect two contrasting river ecosystems in england.	the possible effects of changing climate on a southern and a north-eastern english river (the thames and the yorkshire ouse, respectively) were examined in relation to water and ecological quality throughout the food web. the classic hydrological model, driven by output from the hadley centre climate model (hadcm3), based on ipcc low and high co(2) emission scenarios for 2080 were used as the basis for the analysis. compared to current conditions, the classic model predicted lower flows for both ...	2009	19505713
a comparison of exposure to carcinogens among roll-your-own and factory-made cigarette smokers.	consumption of roll-your-own (ryo) tobacco is rising, but little is known about its in vivo delivery of toxins relative to factory-made (fm) cigarettes. to start to address this issue, this study compared the concentrations of metabolites of recognized human carcinogens in smokers of ryo tobacco and fm cigarettes. we opportunistically recruited 127 fm and 28 ryo cigarette smokers in central london and collected saliva and urine samples. saliva samples were assayed for cotinine while urinary samp ...	2009	19523045
cases of a/h1n1 flu are nearing epidemic levels in london and west midlands, say gps.		2009	19596723
vitamin d receptor gene polymorphisms, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels, and melanoma: uk case-control comparisons and a meta-analysis of published vdr data.	we have carried out melanoma case-control comparisons for six vitamin d receptor (vdr) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d(3) levels in order to investigate the role of vitamin d in melanoma susceptibility. there was no significant evidence of an association between any vdr snp and risk in 1028 population-ascertained cases and 402 controls from leeds, uk. in a second leeds case-control study (299 cases and 560 controls) the foki t allele was associated with ...	2009	19615888
england to launch special flu service next week to take pressure off primary care.		2009	19620227
the patient's view: john donne and katharine anne porter.		2009	19623683
[100 million doses of vaccines for a billion euro].		2009	19626936
swine flu website inundated as cases in england double in a week.		2009	19633034
the power of language in medicine. case study: mongolism.		2009	19938258
up to a third of schoolchildren in some parts of england may already have had swine flu.		2009	19939903
the journal ergonomics celebrates the quality of the research published in its pages each year through an annual prize, the liberty mutual award.		2009	19941179
epidemiology of herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1 amongst men who have sex with men attending sexual health clinics in england and wales: implications for hiv prevention and management.	the objective was to investigate herpes simplex virus (hsv) epidemiology amongst hiv-positive and hiv-negative men who have sex with men (msm) in england and wales. unlinked anonymous sera from 3,968 msm attending 12 sexual health clinics in 2003 were tested for hiv, hsv-2 and hsv-1 antibodies. fifty-five percent of hiv-positive msm were hsv-2-seropositive, compared to 17% of hiv-negative msm (adj rr: 2.14 [ci: 1.92-2.37]). amongst hiv-positive individuals, there was no significant difference in ...	2009	19941804
laws of humanity.	the human rights act should underpin everything nurses do in caring for patients. the topic is the subject of an rcn conference to be held in london on october 26.	2009	19927552
pigs ears and the law of unintended consequences.		2009	19933614
[how to manage the cost-efficacy ratio?].	the economical science will gradually introduce the health economy of which the definition urges to seek for a better distribution between public and private means to do more and better for the public health. the health market is principally conducted by the supply and demand law. the needs, the supply and demand and the consumer's behaviour are different in this particular market which evolves continuously and progressively goes closer to the market economy. the health status of each human repr ...	2009	19899391
[somerset maugham--a doctor in human bondage].		2009	19902609
litigation related to drug errors in anaesthesia: an analysis of claims against the nhs in england 1995-2007.	ninety-three claims (total cost 4,915,450 pounds) filed under 'anaesthesia' in the nhs litigation authority database between 1995 and 2007, alleging patient harm directly by drug administration error or by an allergic reaction, were analysed. alleged errors were categorised using systems employed by the national coordinating council for medication error reporting and prevention, the american society of anesthesiologists closed claims project and the uk health and safety executive. the severity o ...	2009	19849678
cases of swine flu in england almost double in a week.		2009	19858182
an assessment of the validity of sofa score based triage in h1n1 critically ill patients during an influenza pandemic.	sequential organ failure assessment (sofa) score based triage of influenza a h1n1 critically ill patients has been proposed for surge capacity management as a guide for clinical decision making. we conducted a retrospective records review and sofa scoring of critically ill patients with influenza a h1n1 in a mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit in an urban hospital. eight critically ill patients with influenza a h1n1 were admitted to the intensive care unit. their mean (range) age was 39 ( ...	2009	19860754
influenza vaccine uptake among staff in care homes in nottinghamshire: a random cluster sample survey.	to establish uptake of influenza vaccine amongst care home clinical staff in greater nottingham, and to investigate what could be done to improve vaccine uptake in this group.	2009	19875140
swine flu has been "considerably less lethal than feared," says donaldson.		2009	20026511
dog fight: darwin as animal advocate in the antivivisection controversy of 1875.	the traditional characterization of charles darwin as a strong advocate of physiological experimentation on animals was posited in richard french's antivivisection and medical science in victorian england (1975), where french portrayed him as a soldier in thomas huxley's efforts to preserve anatomical experimentation on animals unfettered by government regulation. that interpretation relied too much on, inter alia, huxley's own description of the legislative battles of 1875, and shared many hist ...	2009	19917485
fall in swine flu cases may not signal an end of the epidemic, warns professor donaldson.		2009	19969608
phase i study of high-stringency cd8 depletion of donor leukocyte infusions after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.	donor leukocyte infusions (dli) are given after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation to eradicate persistent tumor or correct mixed chimerism (mc). the drawback of dli is the risk of graft-versus-host disease (gvhd). in this phase i study, we examined the potential of highly extensive cd8 depletion of dli as a means of improving its safety profile.	2009	19996931
mortality from pandemic a/h1n1 2009 influenza in england: public health surveillance study.	to establish mortality from pandemic a/h1n1 2009 influenza up to 8 november 2009.	2009	20007665
gps make deals with local nhs to vaccinate children against swine flu.		2009	20008016
tensions and paradoxes in electronic patient record research: a systematic literature review using the meta-narrative method.	the extensive research literature on electronic patient records (eprs) presents challenges to systematic reviewers because it covers multiple research traditions with different underlying philosophical assumptions and methodological approaches.	2009	20021585
single-cell expression profiling of dopaminergic neurons combined with association analysis identifies pyridoxal kinase as parkinson's disease gene.	the etiology of parkinson disease (pd) is complex and multifactorial, with hereditary and environmental factors contributing. monogenic forms have provided molecular clues to disease mechanisms but genetic modifiers of idiopathic pd are still to be determined.	2009	20035503
prnp variation in uk sporadic and variant creutzfeldt jakob disease highlights genetic risk factors and a novel non-synonymous polymorphism.	genetic analysis of the human prion protein gene (prnp) in suspect cases of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) is necessary for accurate diagnosis and case classification. previous publications on the genetic variation at the prnp locus have highlighted the presence of numerous polymorphisms, in addition to the well recognised one at codon 129, with significant variability between geographically distinct populations. it is therefore of interest to consider their influence on susceptibility or the c ...	2009	20035629
his majesty's subjects: from laboratory to human experiment in pneumatic chemistry.	experiments in pneumatic chemistry paved the way for medical innovation in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. thomas beddoes and james watt were instrumental in the spread of the use of new gas chemistry in pneumatic therapy, but they were far from alone. there was no shortage of experimental subjects, as the practice was quickly taken up by medics throughout britain.	2009	20027745
thomas beddoes and the german psychological tradition.	this paper considers thomas beddoes's role in disseminating german psychological ideas in britain. it describes the german tradition as inaugurated by karl philipp moritz (1756-93) and considers the chief differences between this tradition and the english one stemming from david hartley. it is suggested that beddoes found strong support for his convictions about human interiority in writings by moritz and his followers. in particular, these enabled him to think about sanity and madness as being ...	2009	20027748
swine flu: a birmingham experience.	by the beginning of july 2009 the west midlands had seen more cases of novel h1n1 influenza (swine flu) than any other region in the u.k. over a three-week period almost 850 people presented to heartlands hospital with flu-like symptoms. of those admitted 52 adults were subsequently confirmed as having h1n1 infection. most were younger than 30 and not from traditional influenza risk groups. the main risk factor for severe disease was asthma, and to a lesser extent pregnancy and obesity. seven pa ...	2009	20095293
cerebral localization in the nineteenth century--the birth of a science and its modern consequences.	although many individuals contributed to the development of the science of cerebral localization, its conceptual framework is the work of a single man--john hughlings jackson (1835-1911), a victorian physician practicing in london. hughlings jackson's formulation of a neurological science consisted of an axiomatic basis, an experimental methodology, and a clinical neurophysiology. his axiom--that the brain is an exclusively sensorimotor machine--separated neurology from psychiatry and establishe ...	2009	20183205
the role of focal epilepsy in the development of jacksonian localization.	in the 1860s john hughlings jackson (1835-1911) reasoned on theoretical grounds that voluntary movements probably were represented in the human cerebral cortex. he then studied the clinical phenomenologies and pathological associations of human focal motor epileptic seizures, post-epileptic hemiplegia and aphasia, and also chorea. from these various lines of evidence he concluded by 1870 that voluntary movement of the face and upper limb on the opposite side were represented in a localized area ...	2009	20183206
harold shaw and the ross sea party: epilepsy in the antarctic.	harold shaw was a 29-year-old man with epilepsy who was part of the ross sea party. sailing on the vessel aurora, their mission was to lay the supply depots for shackleton's men that would allow them to complete the second half of their trans-antarctic crossing. shaw suffered nocturnal seizures that were documented in the diaries of the senior officers. the nocturnal convulsions were followed by confused wanderings, described as somnambulism, around the ship, that were most likely postictal beha ...	2009	20183212
health sector leadership in mitigating climate change: experience from the uk and nsw.	the threat to human health from climate change means that all levels of government and private and public agencies will need to change their current practices to reduce carbon emissions. the health sector will also need to respond and change practice. the national health service in the united kingdom is developing a systematic and strategic approach to reduce its carbon footprint, as described in the recently released nhs carbon reduction strategy for england. the work is being led by the servic ...	2009	20132739
current and future climate- and air pollution-mediated impacts on human health.	we describe a project to quantify the burden of heat and ozone on mortality in the uk, both for the present-day and under future emission scenarios.	2009	20102593
vampires and resurrection men: the perils and pleasures of the embodied past in 1840s sensational fiction.	this essay examines embodied representations of the past in two of the most popular penny serials of the 1840s, g.w.m. reynolds's "the mysteries of london" and james malcolm rymer's "varney the vampyre; or, the feast of blood." the cadaverous "resurrection man" of "the mysteries" and sir francis varney the vampire -- both villains figured as irrepressible, resurrected corpses -- corporealize the inescapable return of personal and political history. functioning as shadowy doubles of their serials ...	2009	20533615
[a tale of 2 cities. the dispute over the true origins of the royal society].	when the royal society was founded in november 1660 it took scientific societies already existing in other european countries as its model. however, at a time when the new mathematical and experimental sciences were still generally without a secure institutional foundation there was also great interest in the new society on the part of scientists and scholars abroad. soon visitors such as christiaan huygens and balthazar de monconys were able to report positively on its practical orientation, wh ...	2008	20617612
association of adult height and leg length with fasting plasma cortisol concentrations: evidence for an effect of normal variation in adrenocortical activity on growth.	we have evaluated the relationship between activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis and adult height in adults recruited from the uk hertfordshire cohort study. in a sample of 1,354 individuals, we found that height fell by 0.67 cm (95% ci 0.34-1.0) per sd (114 nmol/l) increase in fasting plasma cortisol concentrations. the association was continuous across the range of cortisol concentrations and was independent of the levels of corticosteroid binding globulin. it was of simila ...	2008	18561142
joseph swan (1791-1874): pioneer of research on peripheral nerves.	joseph swan was born in 1791 and appointed surgeon to lincoln county hospital in 1814. in addition to his clinical work, he carried out what were probably the first animal experiments on nerve injuries. these were mostly on rabbits, in which the sciatic nerves were partly or wholly divided, had a section excised, or were ligated. he found that regeneration could occur, even after neurectomy. he reported these results, together with his experience in human patients and the effects of neurectomy i ...	2008	18562353
bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the uk.	thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (icp-aes) for 20 elements. loss on ignition and ph were also determined. a five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. single leach extraction with 0.12 m hydrochloric acid of pb, cu and zn in ...	2008	18563590
the english seasonal flu immunization programme for poultry workers 2007: a challenging task.	english primary care trusts (pcts) immunized the poultry worker population with the seasonal influenza vaccine in the 2007 winter season.	2008	18567571
timing of human mandibular third molar formation.	population differences in tooth formation using radiographs can be determined if the entire developmental sequence of a single tooth is studied. the only developing tooth visible radiographically from initiation to root completion is the third molar or wisdom tooth.	2008	18568594
the urban house mouse (mus domesticus) as a reservoir of infection for the human parasite toxoplasma gondii: an unrecognised public health issue?	toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite capable of infecting almost all warm-blooded animals. the cat is the definitive host and becomes infected by consuming contaminated meat or infected prey. humans can act as intermediate hosts and in healthy individuals the infection is mild and self-limiting. in pregnant women it can cause spontaneous abortions and foetal abnormalities and is capable of inducing serious illness in immuno-compromised patients. in infested dwellings, mice could act as inte ...	2008	18569146
tracking the spatial diffusion of influenza and norovirus using telehealth data: a spatiotemporal analysis of syndromic data.	telehealth systems have a large potential for informing public health authorities in an early stage of outbreaks of communicable disease. influenza and norovirus are common viruses that cause significant respiratory and gastrointestinal disease worldwide. data about these viruses are not routinely mapped for surveillance purposes in the uk, so the spatial diffusion of national outbreaks and epidemics is not known as such incidents occur. we aim to describe the geographical origin and diffusion o ...	2008	18582364
molecular epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni populations in dairy cattle, wildlife, and the environment in a farmland area.	we describe a cross-sectional study of the molecular epidemiology of campylobacter jejuni in a dairy farmland environment, with the aim of elucidating the dynamics of horizontal transmission of c. jejuni genotypes among sources in the area. a collection of 327 c. jejuni isolates from cattle, wildlife, and environmental sources in a 100-km(2) area of farmland in northwest england was characterized by multilocus sequence typing. a total of 91 sequence types and 18 clonal complexes were identified. ...	2008	18586964
evaluating the role of lpin1 variation in insulin resistance, body weight, and human lipodystrophy in u.k. populations.	loss of lipin 1 activity causes lipodystrophy and insulin resistance in the fld mouse, and lpin1 expression and common genetic variation were recently suggested to influence adiposity and insulin sensitivity in humans. we aimed to conduct a comprehensive association study to clarify the influence of common lpin1 variation on adiposity and insulin sensitivity in u.k. populations and to examine the role of lpin1 mutations in insulin resistance syndromes.	2008	18591397
the mineralized osteocyte: a living fossil.	we report here on an enigmatic and biologically mysterious event in which a single cell, the osteocyte, mineralizes in vivo and in this process the cell's organelles, cytoskeleton and membrane, are mineralized in a dying state. that the bony lacuna in which the lone osteocyte resides becomes infilled with mineral in vivo is not a new observation and was noted by early microscopists. this study has applied scanning and transmission electron microscopy to modern, archaeological, and fossil bone to ...	2008	18615594
regional uk ttp registry: correlation with laboratory adamts 13 analysis and clinical features.	thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (ttp) is an acute, rare, life-threatening disorder. this report presents the south east (se) england registry for ttp, from april 2002 to december 2006, which included 176 patients and 236 acute episodes; 75% of patients were female and 25% were male, overall median age at presentation was 42 years. mortality was 8.5%, most cases died before treatment was instigated. the main ethnic groups were caucasian (64%) and afro caribbean (27%). seventy-seven percent of ...	2008	18637802
"reader, i detained him under the mental health act": a literary response to professor fennell's best interests and treatment for mental disorder.	this is a response to professor fennell's paper on the recent influence and impact of the best interests test on the treatment of patients detained under the mental health act 1983 (mha) for mental disorder. i discuss two points of general ethical significance raised by professor fennell. firstly, i consider his argument on the breadth of the best interests test, incorporating as it does factors considerably wider than those of medical justifications and the risk of harm. secondly, i discuss his ...	2008	18642086
estimating the impact of childhood influenza vaccination programmes in england and wales.	there is increasing interest in routine vaccination of children against influenza. we use an age-structured model to demonstrate that the long-term incidence of influenza a could decrease by 11-21% in the overall population by vaccinating individuals aged 6 to <24 months, and by 22-38% and 65-97% through targeting those aged 6 to <60 months and 6 months to 16 years, respectively. the corresponding reductions predicted for influenza b were 25-35%, 44-69% and 85-96%, respectively. these results ar ...	2008	18647634
china: the man who unveiled china.		2008	18650901