Publications

effects of the interactions of classical swine fever virus core protein with proteins of the sumoylation pathway on virulence in swine.	here we have identified host cell proteins involved with the cellular sumoylation pathway, sumo-1 (small ubiquitin-like modifier) and ubc9, a sumo-1 conjugating enzyme that interact with classical swine fever virus (csfv) core protein. five highly conserved lysine residues (k179, k180, k220, k221, and k246) within the csfv core were identified as putative sumoylation sites. analysis of these interactions showed that k179a, k180a, and k221a substitutions disrupt core-sumo-1 binding, while k220a s ...	2010	20800867
high-resolution epitope mapping for monoclonal antibodies to the structural protein erns of classical swine fever virus using peptide array and random peptide phage display approaches.	the structural glycoprotein e(rns) (an envelope protein with rnase activity) of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is not well characterized with respect to its antigenic structure and organization. here, we investigated the antigenic sites on e(rns) by raising mabs against the escherichia coli expressed e(rns) of csfv strain alfort/187 and defined the b-cell epitopes recognized by these antibodies. eighteen mabs to e(rns) were identified and they were classified as either immunoglobulin subclas ...	2010	20810747
cloning, characterization and diagnostic performance of the salivary lipocalin protein tsgp1 from ornithodoros moubata.	the argasid tick ornithodoros moubata is distributed throughout south and east africa and madagascar, where it colonizes wild and domestic habitats and feeds on warthogs, domestic swine, and humans. this argasid transmits the spirochete borrelia duttonii, causing east african tick-borne relapsing fever in humans, and the african swine fever virus, which causes a highly lethal haemorrhagic disease in pigs. tick surveillance and the elimination of o. moubata from synanthropic environments (human d ...	2010	21216104
molecular characterization of classical swine fever virus involved in the outbreak in mizoram.	classical swine fever is the most insidious and devastating disease of pigs and wild boars. the virus is closely related to the other members of the genus pestivirus. the outbreak recorded in mizoram, india was strategically important as the state shares porous international boundary with east asian countries. both immunodiagnostic and molecular techniques were used to confirm the involvement of classical swine fever virus (csfv) in this outbreak. sandwich elisa and direct fat could detect csfv ...	2010	23637482
molecular monitoring of african swine fever virus using surveys targeted at adult ornithodoros ticks: a re-evaluation of mkuze game reserve, south africa.	the mkuze game reserve (mgr), in north-eastern kwazulu-natal province, south africa is an african swine fever virus (asf) controlled area. in a survey conducted in 1978, asf prevalence in warthogs and ornithodoros ticks in mgr was determined to be 2% and 0.06%, respectively. these values, acknowledged as being unusually low compared to other east and southern african asf-positive sylvatic-cycle host populations, have not been assessed since. the availability of a sensitive pcr-based virus detect ...	2009	21344788
changes of immunophysiological characteristics in neonatal calves experimentally challenged with mixture of live bacteria and virus.	the aim of the present study was to define efficient immunophysiological parameters in neonatal holstein calves with an experimentally induced microbial infection. calves (n = 15) were challenged with classical swine fever virus (lom strain) and erysipelothrix insidiosa live vaccine by intravenous injection at 3 wk of age except for control calves (n = 4). the level of total serum iga was significantly increased at 14 and 19 d post-experimental challenge (dpec) compared with that in calves at -2 ...	2009	19841216
the african swine fever virus virion membrane protein pe248r is required for virus infectivity and an early postentry event.	the african swine fever virus (asfv) protein pe248r, encoded by the gene e248r, is a late structural component of the virus particle. the protein contains intramolecular disulfide bonds and has been previously identified as a substrate of the asfv-encoded redox system. its amino acid sequence contains a putative myristoylation site and a hydrophobic transmembrane region near its carboxy terminus. we show here that the protein pe248r is myristoylated during infection and associates with the membr ...	2009	19793823
detection of novel sequences related to african swine fever virus in human serum and sewage.	the family asfarviridae contains only a single virus species, african swine fever virus (asfv). asfv is a viral agent with significant economic impact due to its devastating effects on populations of domesticated pigs during outbreaks but has not been reported to infect humans. we report here the discovery of novel viral sequences in human serum and sewage which are clearly related to the asfarvirus family but highly divergent from asfv. detection of these sequences suggests that greater genetic ...	2009	19812170
remarkable sequence similarity between the dinoflagellate-infecting marine girus and the terrestrial pathogen african swine fever virus.	heterocapsa circularisquama dna virus (hcdnav; previously designated as hcv) is a giant virus (girus) with a approximately 356-kbp double-stranded dna (dsdna) genome. hcdnav lytically infects the bivalve-killing marine dinoflagellate h. circularisquama, and currently represents the sole dna virus isolated from dinoflagellates, one of the most abundant protists in marine ecosystems. its morphological features, genome type, and host range previously suggested that hcdnav might be a member of the f ...	2009	19860921
glycosylation of classical swine fever virus e(rns) is essential for binding double-stranded rna and preventing interferon-beta induction.	host cells sense double-stranded rna (dsrna) produced during viral replication and initiate type i interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) production, leading to subsequent antiviral responses. many viruses, including classical swine fever virus (csfv), have developed strategies for counteracting the ifn-alpha/beta response. in this study, we explored the role of the csfv e(rns) glycoprotein in the inhibition of ifn-beta production induced by dsrna [poly(ic)]. our results demonstrated that csfv e(rns) could ...	2009	19782108
classical swine fever virus erns glycoprotein antagonizes induction of interferon-beta by double-stranded rna.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is capable of counteracting innate cellular antiviral responses by inhibiting type i interferon (ifn)-alpha/beta induction. a function associated with csfv n(pro), with respect to the inhibition of ifn-beta production, has been clearly elucidated. in this study, we explored the role of csfv e(rns) in ifn-beta induction by exogenous double-stranded (ds) rna. synthetic dsrna (poly (ic)) was used as an exogenous stimulus to trigger ifn-beta induction. csfv e(rns) ...	2009	19767841
[the changes of peripheral blood leucocytes subpopulation after challenge with csfv virulent strain shimen].	to investigate the effects of classical swine fever virus (csfv) virulent strain shimen (sm) infection on piglets peripheral blood leucocytes, the 60-days weanling piglets were infected with the shinen strain and the peripheral blood samples of the piglets were collected to analyze the kinetics of the csev nucleic acid, the peripheral blood leucocytes subpopulation and sla molecule expression on the peripheral blood leukocytes. the results showed that the piglets rectal temperature increased 48 ...	2009	19769165
regulation of host translational machinery by african swine fever virus.	african swine fever virus (asfv), like other complex dna viruses, deploys a variety of strategies to evade the host's defence systems, such as inflammatory and immune responses and cell death. here, we analyse the modifications in the translational machinery induced by asfv. during asfv infection, eif4g and eif4e are phosphorylated (ser1108 and ser209, respectively), whereas 4e-bp1 is hyperphosphorylated at early times post infection and hypophosphorylated after 18 h. indeed, a potent increase i ...	2009	19714237
the cd2v protein enhances african swine fever virus replication in the tick vector, ornithodoros erraticus.	the nh/p68 non-haemadsorbing (non-had) african swine fever virus (asfv) isolate contains frameshift mutations in the ep402r and adjacent ep153r genes. these encode, respectively, the protein (cd2v) that is required for the haemadsorption (had) of swine erythrocytes to asfv-infected cells and a c-type lectin protein. two recombinant had viruses were constructed in this parental strain. in one of these the intact ep153r gene sequence was restored. although restoration of the had phenotype did not ...	2009	19729182
modified live marker vaccine candidate cp7_e2alf provides early onset of protection against lethal challenge infection with classical swine fever virus after both intramuscular and oral immunization.	due to the vast economic consequences of classical swine fever (csf) outbreaks, emergency vaccination plans are under discussion in european union member states. however, animals vaccinated with the conventional c-strain vaccine are subject to trade restrictions. to ease these restrictions, potent marker vaccines are required. one promising candidate is the chimeric pestivirus cp7_e2alf. for emergency vaccination in a csf outbreak scenario, early onset of immunity is required. here, the studies ...	2009	19732859
influence of ns5a protein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) on csfv internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation.	an internal ribosome entry site (ires) present in the 5' untranslated region (utr) promotes translation of classical swine fever virus (csfv) genomes. using an in vitro system with monocistronic reporter rna containing the csfv 5'utr, this study found that csfv ns5a decreased csfv ires-mediated translation in a dose-dependent manner. deletion analysis showed that the region responsible for repressing csfv ires activity might cover aa 390-414, located in the c-terminal half of csfv ns5a. triple a ...	2009	19710255
development of a live attenuated antigenic marker classical swine fever vaccine.	until recently strategies for controlling classical swine fever virus (csfv) involve either prophylactic vaccination or non-vaccination with elimination of infected herds depending on the epidemiological situation of the affected geographical area. marker vaccines allowing distinction between naturally infected from vaccinated swine could complement "stamping out" measures. here we developed a double antigenic marker live attenuated csfv strain flagt4v obtained by combining two genetic determina ...	2009	19046591
immune responses induced by a bacmam virus expressing the e2 protein of classical swine fever virus in mice.	non-replicating baculovirus-mediated gene transfer into mammalian cells has been developed as a vaccine strategy against a number of diseases in several animal models. in the present study, the bacmam vector, a baculovirus pseudotyped with the glycoprotein from vesicular stomatitis virus, was used as a recombinant vector to express classical swine fever virus (csfv) e2 protein under the control of the immediate early 1 (ie1) promoter from shrimp white spot syndrome virus. the e2 gene was efficie ...	2009	19589357
refolding of npro fusion proteins.	the autoprotease npro significantly enhances expression of fused peptides and proteins and drives the formation of inclusion bodies during protein expression. upon refolding, the autoprotease becomes active and cleaves itself specifically at its own c-terminus releasing the target protein with its authentic n-terminus. npro wild-type and its mutant eddie, respectively, were fused n-terminally to the model proteins green fluorescent protein, staphylococcus protein a domain d, inhibitory peptide o ...	2009	19591193
the reduction of csfv transmission to untreated pigs by the pestivirus inhibitor bpip: a proof of concept.	5-[(4-bromophenyl)methyl]-2-phenyl-5h-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (bpip) is a representative molecule of a novel class of highly active in vitro inhibitors of the replication of classical swine fever virus (csfv). we recently demonstrated in a proof of concept study that the molecule has a marked effect on viral replication in csfv-infected pigs. here, the effect of antiviral treatment on virus transmission to untreated sentinel pigs was studied. therefore, bpip-treated pigs (n=4), intra-muscularly i ...	2009	19592179
yeast-expressed classical swine fever virus glycoprotein e2 induces a protective immune response.	classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important swine disease worldwide. the glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a viral antigen that can induce a protective immune response against csf. a recombinant e2 protein was constructed using the yeast pichia pastoris expression system and evaluated for its vaccine efficacy. the yeast-expressed e2 (ye2) was shown to have n-linked glycosylation and to form homodimer molecules. four 6-week-old specified-pathogen-free (spf) pig ...	2009	19625145
effect of strain and inoculation dose of classical swine fever virus on within-pen transmission.	to improve the understanding of the dynamics and options for control of classical swine fever (csf), more quantitative knowledge is needed on virus transmission. in this study, virus excretion and within-pen transmission of a strain of low, moderate and high virulence were quantified. furthermore, the effect of inoculation dose on excretion and transmission were studied. the transmission was quantified using a stochastic susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (seir) model. five transmission tr ...	2009	19631033
activation and modulation of antiviral and apoptotic genes in pigs infected with classical swine fever viruses of high, moderate or low virulence.	the immune response to csfv and the strategies of this virus to evade and suppress the pigs' immune system are still poorly understood. therefore, we investigated the transcriptional response in the tonsils, median retropharyngeal lymph node (mrln), and spleen of pigs infected with csfv strains of similar origin with high, moderate, and low virulence. using a porcine spleen/intestinal cdna microarray, expression levels in rna pools prepared from infected tissue at 3 dpi (three pigs per virus str ...	2009	19649765
effect of immunostimulation by detoxified e. coli lipopolysaccharide combined with inactivated propionibacterium granulosum cells on porcine immunity.	the aim of this experiment was to evaluate the immunomodulating activities of inactivated propionibacterium granulosum cell walls and e. coli lipopolysaccharide (pg/lps) on porcine immunity. piglets were intramuscularly administered pg/lps (1 ml/10 kg body weight) once or twice. the function of natural killer cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils and the adjuvant effect on antibody induction by attenuated classical swine fever virus (csfv) and inactivated mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination were e ...	2009	19652476
apoptosis in porcine macrophages infected in vitro with african swine fever virus (asfv) strains with different virulence.	african swine fever virus (asfv) replicates in porcine macrophages. since modulation of cell death by asfv strains of different virulence is poorly understood, we studied the development of apoptosis in porcine macrophage cultures during in vitro infection with the high- and low-virulence isolates asfv/l60 (l60) and asfv/nh/p68 (nhv), respectively. in cultures inoculated with each isolate, similar numbers of cells hosting infection showed morphological signs of apoptosis, which were visible from ...	2009	19657705
[a prime-boost vaccination strategy using a semliki forest virus replicon vectored dna vaccine followed by a recombinant adenovirus protects pigs from classical swine fever].	we have previously evaluated a semliki forest virus (sfv) replicon vectored dna vaccine (psfv1cs2-e2) and a recombinant adenovirus (radv-e2) expressing the e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) in pigs. the results showed that the immunized pigs were protected from virulent challenge, but few pigs showed short-term fever and occasional pathological changes following virulent challenge. to enhance the immunogenecity of the vaccines, we tried a prime-boost vaccination strategy usin ...	2009	19670635
african swine fever: how can global spread be prevented?	african swine fever (asf) is a devastating haemorrhagic fever of pigs with mortality rates approaching 100 per cent. it causes major economic losses, threatens food security and limits pig production in affected countries. asf is caused by a large dna virus, african swine fever virus (asfv). there is no vaccine against asfv and this limits the options for disease control. asf has been confined mainly to sub-saharan africa, where it is maintained in a sylvatic cycle and/or among domestic pigs. wi ...	2009	19687038
the african swine fever virus g5r protein possesses mrna decapping activity.	the african swine fever virus (asfv) encodes a single nudix enzyme in its genome, termed the g5r protein (g5rp). nudix phosphohydrolases cleave a variety of substrates, such as nucleotides and diphosphoinositol polyphosphates. previously, asfv g5rp was shown to hydrolyze diphosphoinositol polyphosphates and gtp, but was unable to cleave methylated mrna cap analogues. in vaccinia virus (vacv), a distant relative of asfv, the d9 and d10 nudix enzymes were shown to cleave the mrna cap, but only whe ...	2009	19695654
[epitope mapping of antigenic determinants of e2 glycoprotein from classical swine fever virus using synthetic peptides].	epitope mapping of the major envelope glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is important for our understanding of e2 and also for development of the csfv-specific diagnostic assays and epitope- or peptide-based marker vaccines. previous competitive binding studies showed that monoclonal antibodies raised against e2 protein of csfv detected 8 individual epitopes. at the present study using a set of synthetic peptides covering the full sequences of e2 glycoprotein five linear non-o ...	2009	19705780
assessment of the cell-mediated immunity induced by alphavirus replicon-vectored dna vaccines against classical swine fever in a mouse model.	we have previously shown that an alphavirus replicon-vectored dna vaccine (psfv1cs-e2) encoding the e2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (csfv) completely protected the immunized pigs from lethal challenge. these animals developed only low or moderate level viral-specific antibody titers before challenge, implying that cell-mediated immunity (cmi) probably played an important role in the protective immunity against csfv conferred by the dna vaccine. in this study, the cmi induced by ps ...	2009	19150136
phylogeny, classification and evolutionary insights into pestiviruses.	the genus pestivirus comprises four established species: bovine viral diarrhoea viruses 1 (bvdv-1) and 2 (bvdv-2), border disease virus (bdv), and classical swine fever virus (csfv); and a tentative species, pestivirus of giraffe. additional pestiviruses have been identified and suggested for recognition as novel subgroups/species. to achieve a reliable phylogeny as the basis for classification of pestiviruses, a molecular dataset of 56 pestiviruses and 2089 characters, comprising the 5'utr, com ...	2009	19167739
characterization of classical swine fever virus (csfv) nonstructural protein 3 (ns3) helicase activity and its modulation by csfv rna-dependent rna polymerase.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) nonstructural protein 3 (ns3) is believed to possess three enzyme activities that are likely to be essential for virus replication: a serine protease located in the n-terminus and ntpase as well as helicase activities located in the c-terminus. in this report, we expressed ns3 helicase domain (ns3h) in e. coli and characterized its helicase activity. the ns3h helicase activity was dependent on the presence of ntp and divalent cations, with a preference for atp ...	2009	19185595
alteration of the n-linked glycosylation condition in e1 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus strain brescia alters virulence in swine.	e1, along with e(rns) and e2 is one of the three envelope glycoproteins of classical swine fever virus (csfv). previously we showed that glycosylation status of virulent csfv strain brescia e2 or e(rns) affects virus virulence. here, the three putative glycosylation sites of e1 were serially removed by means of site directed mutagenesis of a csfv brescia infectious clone (bicv) and their effect on virulence assessed in swine. removal of all three putative glycosylation sites in e1, at csfv posit ...	2009	19203774
african swine fever virus.	african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large, intracytoplasmically-replicating dna arbovirus and the sole member of the family asfarviridae. it is the etiologic agent of a highly lethal hemorrhagic disease of domestic swine and therefore extensively studied to elucidate the structures, genes, and mechanisms affecting viral replication in the host, virus-host interactions, and viral virulence. increasingly apparent is the complexity with which asfv replicates and interacts with the host cell durin ...	2009	19216435
a stochastic model to quantify the risk of introduction of classical swine fever virus through import of domestic and wild boars.	classical swine fever (csf) is a disease of pigs that imposes major hardship on the industry of infected regions. the recent history of csf epidemics suggests that animal movements remain the main source of csf virus (csfv) infection for susceptible populations in europe. this study presents an assessment of the risk of introducing csfv into spain through the importation of live susceptible animals. results suggest that, if prevailing conditions persist, introduction of csfv into spain is likely ...	2009	19243649
[the netherlands is ready to fight classical swine fever through vaccination].		2009	19256216
genomic expression profiling of peripheral blood leukocytes of pigs infected with highly virulent classical swine fever virus strain shimen.	classical swine fever (csf), caused by a virus of the same name (csfv), is a highly contagious swine pyrexic disease featuring extensive haemorrhagic lesions and leukopenia, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms of its pathogenesis. to gain insight into the interaction between the virus and host cells, microarray analyses were performed to detect alterations in genomic expression of pig peripheral blood leukocytes (pbls) following csfv infection. three healthy pigs were inoculated w ...	2009	19264604
proof of concept for the reduction of classical swine fever infection in pigs by a novel viral polymerase inhibitor.	5-[(4-bromophenyl)methyl]-2-phenyl-5h-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (bpip) is a representative of a class of imidazopyridines with potent in vitro antiviral activity against pestiviruses including classical swine fever virus (csfv). this study analysed whether the lead compound, bpip, was able to reduce virus replication in infected piglets. the compound, administered in feed, was readily bioavailable and was well tolerated. eight specific-pathogen-free pigs received a daily dose of 75 mg kg(-1) (mixed ...	2009	19264669
mutation of cysteine 171 of pestivirus e rns rnase prevents homodimer formation and leads to attenuation of classical swine fever virus.	pestiviruses represent important pathogens of farm animals that have evolved unique strategies and functions to stay within their host populations. e(rns), a structural glycoprotein of pestiviruses, exhibits rnase activity and represents a virulence factor of the viruses. e(rns) forms disulfide linked homodimers that are found in virions and virus-infected cells. mutation or deletion of cysteine 171, the residue engaged in intermolecular disulfide bond formation, results in loss of dimerization ...	2009	19264773
real-time pcr to detect and analyze virulent ppv loads in artificially challenged sows and their fetuses.	to establish a real-time polymerase chain reaction with sybr green for detection and quantification of porcine parvovirus (ppv) in porcine tissues, two primers specific for the non-structural protein 1 gene were designed. the detection limit of this assay was 3-23 gene copies/reaction, equivalent to 0.001 tcid(50)/ml. the assay was linear over a 10(6) dilution range of template concentrations. other porcine pathogens involved in reproductive disorders (porcine circovirus 2, porcine reproductive ...	2009	19345523
[biodegradable microcapsules containing dna for the new dna vaccine design].	a general method for the preparation of biodegradable microcapsules capable of antigen inclusion is suggested. multilayer microcapsules were obtained by the method of level-by-level sorption of various polyelectrolytes (alginate, poly-l-lysine, kappa-carrageenan, and chitosan and dextran derivatives). high inclusion efficiency was found for protein and plasmid dna (no less than 90%). a series of microcapsules with included ptkshi plasmid that incorporated a genome site encoding the e(2) polypept ...	2009	19377529
epitope mapping using phage-display random fragment libraries.	phage-display has become a method of choice for epitope mapping and has been successfully used in numerous published studies. although the inaugural studies were all done with random peptide libraries (see chapter "epitope mapping using phage display peptide libraries"), gene- or genome-targeted random fragment libraries have proven to be a more effective epitope mapping approach for some antibodies. in this chapter, we describe the mapping of linear and conformational epitopes of the major afri ...	2009	19377955
characterization of porcine mmp-2 and its association with immune traits.	matrix metalloproteinase-2 (mmp-2) plays important roles in inflammation and immunity besides its basic role in degrading and remodelling extracellular matrix (ecm). the expression of mmp-2 is up-regulated in many human as well as animal models of inflammatory and immune diseases. in this study, we cloned the 5'-upstream sequence, 3'-downstream sequence as well as other missed genomic sequences of porcine mmp-2, the genomic structure and the promotor sequence were analyzed and found to share hig ...	2009	19393189
feral swine contact with domestic swine: a serologic survey and assessment of potential for disease transmission.	feral swine (sus scrofa) are present in 38 of the 50 united states, and their populations continue to expand. domestic swine are widely regarded as vulnerable to diseases harbored by feral swine. our objectives were to determine antibody prevalence for selected pathogens in texas feral swine populations and identify contact events between feral and domestic swine. overall prevalence of antibodies against brucellosis and pseudorabies virus was 11% and 30%, respectively. antibodies to porcine repr ...	2009	19395751
baculovirus surface display of ns3 nonstructural protein of classical swine fever virus.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes significant losses in the pig industry in many countries. ns3 proteins of csfv, which include serine protease and rna helicase/nucleotide triphosphatase (ntpase) activities, are multifunctional proteins involved in polyprotein processing and viral replication. previous reports showed that ns3 protein can induce apoptosis in host cells that present cytopathic effects (cpe). baculovirus/insect cell systems are used widely for recombinant protein production ...	2009	19406162
development of a primer-probe energy transfer real-time pcr assay for improved detection of classical swine fever virus.	classical swine fever (csf) is a contagious and devastating disease, causing serious losses in the pig industry worldwide. vaccination of pigs with the conventional c-strain vaccine has been practised in different regions of the world in order to prevent the disease. in the control programmes of csf, rapid detection and identification of the causing agent, classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a crucial step. this study describes a novel real-time pcr assay based on primer-probe energy transfer ...	2009	19406164
prime-boost immunization using alphavirus replicon and adenovirus vectored vaccines induces enhanced immune responses against classical swine fever virus in mice.	this study was designed to evaluate the prime-boost vaccination regimens as a novel immunization strategy for dna vaccine against classical swine fever virus (csfv). balb/c mice were primed with the alphavirus replicon-vectored dna vaccine psfv1cs-e2-ul49 encoding the e2 protein of csfv fused with the ul49 gene encoding the transduction protein vp22 of pseudorabies virus, followed by either homologous boosting with psfv1cs-e2-ul49 or heterologous boosting with the recombinant adenovirus radv-e2 ...	2009	19411115
development of a reverse transcription multiplex real-time pcr for the detection and genotyping of classical swine fever virus.	a reverse transcription multiplex real-time pcr (rt-mrt-pcr) was developed for rapid detection and genotyping of classical swine fever virus (csfv). the universal primers and specific taqman probes for each of the three genotypes, genotypes 1, 2, and 3, were designed within the 3'-utr of the csfv. non-csfv swine virus and clinical samples from specific pathogen-free (spf) pigs were both demonstrated to be csfv-negative by rt-mrt-pcr. the diagnostic sensitivity of rt-mrt-pcr was determined to be ...	2009	19414034
modulation of the structure, catalytic activity, and fidelity of african swine fever virus dna polymerase x by a reversible disulfide switch.	african swine fever virus polymerase x (pol x) is the smallest dna polymerase known (174 amino acids), and its tertiary structure resembles the c-terminal half of prototypical x-family pol beta, which includes a catalytic dntp-binding site (palm domain) and a finger domain. this structural similarity and the presence of viral genes coding for other base excision repair proteins suggest that pol x functions in a manner similar to pol beta, but inconsistencies concerning pol x catalysis have been ...	2009	19419958
differentiation of c-strain "riems" or cp7_e2alf vaccinated animals from animals infected by classical swine fever virus field strains using real-time rt-pcr.	classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most important diseases of pigs. although prophylactic vaccination is banned within the european union, emergency vaccination, allowing differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals, is an option for disease control. up to now, these strategies are based on antibody detection. in this context, conventional modified live vaccines are not suitable. a promising perspective could be genetic differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals where fiel ...	2009	19428579
antigenic differentiation of classical swine fever viruses in china by monoclonal antibodies.	the phylogenetic diversity of classical swine fever virus (csfv) in china has been extensively studied previously, with the report of the classification of chinese csfvs into four subgroups within two of the established genotypes, but the antigenic differences amongst chinese csf viruses still remain unknown. to address this issue, 21 csfv field strains isolated in china between 1996 and 2006 were grown in cell culture and characterized in comparison with two chinese reference strains: a virulen ...	2009	19428750
mucosal or systemic administration of re2 glycoprotein antigen loaded plga microspheres.	we have evaluated the ability of recombinant e2 antigen, as a surfactant free formulation of poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (plga) microspheres, to elicit a systemic immune response after administration by mucosal routes (oral and nasal) in comparison to intramuscular route. the sequence encoding a truncated e2 glycoprotein of the classical swine fever virus (csfv) was expressed in insect cells following infection with recombinant baculovirus, as a his-tagged recombinant antigen. the recombinan ...	2009	19429284
candidate vaccine focused on a classical swine fever virus epitope induced antibodies with neutralizing activity.	classical swine fever is a highly contagious viral disease for which many researchers are endeavoring to develop safe and efficient vaccines. an amino acid sequence, tavspttlr, residing in glycoprotein e2, was identified as a highly conserved neutralizing epitope. this epitope was demonstrated to have the capacity of inducing neutralizing antibodies, and the sequences flanking it may contribute to the production of functional humoral immune responses. one interesting question is whether such a s ...	2009	19435417
comparing the epidemiological and economic effects of control strategies against classical swine fever in denmark.	in 2006, total danish pork exports were valued at 3.8 billion euros, corresponding to approximately 5% of the total danish exports, and an outbreak of a notifiable disease would have dramatic consequences for the agricultural sector in denmark. several outbreaks of classical swine fever (csf) have occurred in europe within the last decade, and different control strategies have been suggested. the objective of this study was to simulate the epidemiological and economic consequences of such contro ...	2009	19439381
two real-time rt-pcr assays of classical swine fever virus, developed for the genetic differentiation of naturally infected from vaccinated wild boars.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of classical swine fever (csf), a disease notifiable to the office international des epizooties (oie). a live marker vaccine would be the ultimate choice for controlling csf, which enables serological and genetic differentiation of vaccine from wild type csfv. recently, a marker vaccine cp7_e2alf has been reported [koenig, p., lange, e., reimann, i., beer, m., 2007. cp7_e2alf: a safe and efficient marker vaccine strain for oral immunisati ...	2009	19442858
meat juice as diagnostic sample for virological and serological diagnosis of classical swine fever.	the objective of this paper was to assess if meat juice is a suitable substrate for virological and serological diagnosis of classical swine fever (csf). fifty-six domestic pigs and 21 wild boars experimentally vaccinated and/or infected as well as 129 field samples from wild boars were involved in this study. meat juice from diaphragm, forequarter and hindquarter was used for investigations. csfv and viral rna were detected in meat juice between days 5 and 21 post infection (pi). animals which ...	2009	19462640
african swine fever virus ap endonuclease is a redox-sensitive enzyme that repairs alkylating and oxidative damage to dna.	african swine fever virus (asfv) encodes an ap endonuclease (pe296r) which is essential for virus growth in swine macrophages. we show here that the dna repair functions of pe296r (ap endonucleolytic, 3'-->5' exonuclease, 3'-diesterase and nucleotide incision repair (nir) activities) and dna binding are inhibited by reducing agents. protein pe296r contains one intramolecular disulfide bond, whose disruption by reducing agents might perturb the interaction of the viral ap endonuclease with the dn ...	2009	19464038
5-amino-2-pyridyl 1-thioglycosides in synthesis of analogs of glycosyltransferases substrates.	we present the synthesis of 1-thioglycosyl derivatives of uridine, which were designed to act as potential donor substrates for glycosyltransferases. we constructed such analogs using 5-amino-2-pyridyl 1-thioglycosides as glycosyl units which were connected to uridine via succinic linker. for preparation of the amide bonds we applied different condensation procedures.	2009	19464725
characterization of african swine fever virus iap homologue expression in porcine macrophages infected with different virulence isolates.	genes modulating apoptosis are encoded by many viruses and have an important role in viral evasion mechanisms. our objective was to characterize the expression of the iap homologue gene of african swine fever virus (asfv), 4-cl, during in vitro infection of porcine macrophages, the preferential target cell for viral replication. expression was compared along parallel infections by two naturally occurring asfv isolates of different virulence: highly virulent asfv/l60 (l60) and low virulent non-he ...	2009	19477086
first report of bvdv circulation in sheep in argentina.	pestiviruses are capable of infecting a wide range of animals within the order artyodactila. currently, the genus pestivirus includes bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (bvdv-1) and 2 (bvdv-2), border disease virus (bdv), and classical swine fever virus (csfv). bvdv-1, bvdv-2 and bdv are able to cross species barrier to infect a wide range of hosts, whereas csfv is restricted to domestic pigs and wild boars. in argentina, 70% of cattle are seropositive to bvdv. although there were some serological st ...	2009	19501923
zinc binding in pestivirus n(pro) is required for interferon regulatory factor 3 interaction and degradation.	pestiviruses, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus and classical swine fever virus (csfv), use the viral protein n(pro) to subvert host cell antiviral responses. n(pro) is the first protein encoded by the single large open reading frame of the pestivirus positive-sense rna genome and has an autoproteolytic activity, cleaving itself off from the polyprotein. n(pro) also targets interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3), a transcription factor for alpha/beta interferon genes, and promotes its proteasom ...	2009	19540847
virulence of classical swine fever virus isolates from europe and other areas during 1996 until 2007.	classical swine fever (csf) has caused several outbreaks in eu member states with grave economic consequences. several times the diagnosis of csf was made too late partially due to non-specific clinical signs which did not raise suspicion for csf. virulence of csf virus isolates (csfv) still remains a subject of discussion and speculation as sufficient knowledge is still not available. six uncharacterised csfv isolates from 1996 to 2007 were assessed in animal experiments for their clinical viru ...	2009	19576704
dimer interface migration in a viral sulfhydryl oxidase.	large double-stranded dna viruses, including poxviruses and mimiviruses, encode enzymes to catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds in viral proteins produced in the cell cytosol, an atypical location for oxidative protein folding. these viral disulfide catalysts belong to a family of sulfhydryl oxidases that are dimers of a small five-helix fold containing a cys-x-x-cys motif juxtaposed to a flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor. we report that the sulfhydryl oxidase pb119l from african swine f ...	2009	19576902
a multiplex rt-pcr assay for the rapid and differential diagnosis of classical swine fever and other pestivirus infections.	classical swine fever is a highly contagious viral disease causing severe economic losses in pig production almost worldwide. all pestivirus species can infect pigs, therefore accurate and rapid pestivirus detection and differentiation is of great importance to assure control measures in swine farming. here we describe the development and evaluation of a novel multiplex, highly sensitive and specific rt-pcr for the simultaneous detection and rapid differentiation between csfv and other pestiviru ...	2009	19577384
effects of a modified live csfv vaccine on the development of pmws in pigs infected experimentally with pcv-2.	the objective of this study was to determine the effect of vaccination against classical swine fever virus (csfv) on the development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in conventional pigs infected experimentally with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). the pigs infected with pcv-2 and immunised with modified live csfv developed mild to moderate pmws, whereas none of the pigs infected with pcv-2 alone or immunised with modified live csfv alone developed pmws. lesions histologica ...	2009	19136684
n-glycosylation pattern of e2 glycoprotein from classical swine fever virus.	the extracellular domain of e2 glycoprotein outer surface of the classical swine fever virus was expressed in epithelial kidney pig cells. the n-glycosylation determined by combination of normal phase-hplc, weak anion exchange-hplc, exoglycosidase digestions and mass spectrometry revealed a complex mixture of neutral and monosialylated multiantennary n-glycans with variable number of alpha1-3-gal-gal antennae terminals. the most abundant neutral n-glycan has a composition of hex(7)hexnac(4)dhex( ...	2009	19093875
thermal stress treatment does not affect the stability and protective capacity of goat milk derived e2-marker vaccine formulation against csfv.	classical swine fever virus produces a huge mortality in infected herds during recurrent outbreaks, predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas. in this scenario, it is common that cold-chain related issues affect the efficacy of virus attenuated-derived vaccines, which are frequently used in eradication programs. in the present work, the stability and protective capacity of a recombinant vaccine preparation, based on goat milk derived e2 glycoprotein extracellular domain, were both analyzed ...	2009	19100629
rapid pre-clinical detection of classical swine fever by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	the usefulness of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) for rapid pre-clinical detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv) infection was evaluated. the rt-lamp reaction could be finished in 60 min under isothermal condition at 65 degrees c by employing a set of four primers targeting the 5' untranslated region of csfv. the rt-lamp assay of csfv showed higher sensitivities than that of rt-pcr, with a detection limit of 5 copies per reaction. no cross-reactivit ...	2009	19103283
inhibition of a large double-stranded dna virus by mxa protein.	increasing evidence points to the importance of the interferon (ifn) response in determining the host range and virulence of african swine fever virus (asfv). infection with attenuated strains of asfv leads to the upregulation of genes controlled by ifn pathways, including myxovirus resistance (mx) genes that are potent effectors of the antiviral state. mx gene products are known to inhibit the replication of many negative-sense single-stranded rna viruses, as well as double-stranded rna viruses ...	2009	19109387
seroprevalence and risk factors for the presence of ruminant pestiviruses in the dutch swine population.	swine can be infected with classical swine fever virus (csfv), as well as ruminant pestiviruses: bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), and border disease virus (bdv). cross-reactions between pestiviruses occur, both regarding protective immunity and in diagnostic tests. the presence of bvdv and bdv in a swine population may thus affect the transmission of csfv, but also the diagnosis of a csfv infection. in this study, the seroprevalence against bvdv and bdv in two categories of swine, sows and f ...	2009	19128896
comparison of viraemia- and clinical-based estimates of within- and between-pen transmission of classical swine fever virus from three transmission experiments.	analyses of recent classical swine fever (csf) epidemics in the european union have shown that silent circulation of csf virus (csfv) occurs before the first outbreak is detected and this may lead to a large epidemic. however, severity of csf disease signs may be linked with efficacy of disease transmission, the most severely affected animals having a higher infectivity than the less affected ones. the purpose of this study was to combine disease transmission quantification methods with csf clin ...	2009	18986777
classical swine fever virus can remain virulent after specific elimination of the interferon regulatory factor 3-degrading function of npro.	pestiviruses prevent alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) production by promoting proteasomal degradation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3) by means of the viral n(pro) nonstructural protein. n(pro) is also an autoprotease, and its amino-terminal coding sequence is involved in translation initiation. we previously showed with classical swine fever virus (csfv) that deletion of the entire n(pro) gene resulted in attenuation in pigs. in order to elaborate on the role of the n(pro)-mediate ...	2009	18987150
african swine fever virus blocks the host cell antiviral inflammatory response through a direct inhibition of pkc-theta-mediated p300 transactivation.	during a viral infection, reprogramming of the host cell gene expression pattern is required to establish an adequate antiviral response. the transcriptional coactivators p300 and creb binding protein (cbp) play a central role in this regulation by promoting the assembly of transcription enhancer complexes to specific promoters of immune and proinflammatory genes. here we show that the protein a238l encoded by african swine fever virus counteracts the host cell inflammatory response through the ...	2009	19004945
enhanced discrimination of african swine fever virus isolates through nucleotide sequencing of the p54, p72, and pb602l (cvr) genes.	complete sequencing of p54-gene from 67 european, american, and west and east african swine fever virus (asfv) isolates revealed that west african and european asfv isolates classified within the predominant genotype i according to partial sequencing of p72 were discriminated into four major sub-types on the basis of their p54 sequences. this highlighted the value of p54 gene sequencing as an additional, intermediate-resolution, molecular epidemiological tool for typing of asfv viruses. we furth ...	2009	19009341
quantification of classical swine fever virus in aerosols originating from pigs infected with strains of high, moderate or low virulence.	during epidemics of classical swine fever (csf), the route of virus introduction into a farm is often unclear. one of the suggested routes is via the air. under experimental conditions, airborne transmission over a short distance seems possible, but analysis of outbreak data is still inconclusive. for a better understanding of the role of airborne transmission, quantitative information is needed on concentrations of virus emitted by infected pigs. this was studied in four groups of 10 pigs in wh ...	2009	19013029
dendritic cells--at the front-line of pathogen attack.	efficient immune defence function is dependent on the role played by dendritic cells (dcs), particularly the interaction between conventional dc (cdc) and plasmacytoid dc (pdc), together with other monocytic cells. this functionality of immune defences is open to manipulation by viral pathogens infecting dc, a situation further complicated by the diversity of mechanisms employed by different viruses and the subset of dc involved. the present review uses two virus examples--classical swine fever ...	2009	19036457
development and evaluation of a rapid immunomagnetic bead assay for the detection of classical swine fever virus antigen.	classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious and severe viral disease of swine resulting in substantial production losses in different farming systems in many regions of the world. the accurate and rapid detection of csf outbreaks is reliant on sensitive and specific laboratory testing and is a key component of disease control. specific detection of csf virus can be achieved by virus isolation in tissue culture, antigen capture or the detection of viral rna using molecular techniques. in o ...	2009	19043796
dynamics of virus excretion via different routes in pigs experimentally infected with classical swine fever virus strains of high, moderate or low virulence.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) is transmitted via secretions and excretions of infected pigs. the efficiency and speed of the transmission depends on a multitude of parameters, like quantities of virus excreted by infected pigs. this study provides quantitative data on excretion of csfv over time from pigs infected with a highly, moderately or low virulent strain. for each strain, five individually housed pigs were infected. virus excretion was quantified in oropharyngeal fluid, saliva, nasa ...	2009	18635323
analysis of synonymous codon usage in classical swine fever virus.	using the complete genome sequences of 35 classical swine fever viruses (csfv) representing all three genotypes and all three kinds of virulence, we analyzed synonymous codon usage and the relative dinucleotide abundance in csfv. the general correlation between base composition and codon usage bias suggests that mutational pressure rather than natural selection is the main factor that determines the codon usage bias in csfv. furthermore, we observed that the relative abundance of dinucleotides i ...	2009	18958611
promotion of immunity of mice to pasteurella multocida and hog cholera vaccine by pig interleukin-6 gene and cpg motifs.	a novel oligodeoxynuleotides containing 11 cpg motifs was synthesized and inserted into the vr1020 plasmid containing pig interleukin-6 (il-6) gene (vpil6) to construct recombinant plasmid, vpil6c. the chitosan nanoparticles (cnp) were prepared by ionic cross linkage to entrap the vpil6c (vpil6c-cnp), vpil6 (vpil6-cnp) and cpg (cpg-cnp). 42-day old female mice were divided into four groups and intramuscularly injected respectively with 6 pmol vpil6c-cnp, vpil6-cnp, cpg-cnp and vr1020-cnp along w ...	2009	18279956
development of a magnetic bead microarray for simultaneous and simple detection of four pestiviruses.	this study reports a novel method for the rapid detection and identification of the four recognized species in the pestivirus genus of the flaviviridae family, i.e. classical swine fever virus (csfv), border disease virus (bdv), bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (bvdv1) and type 2 (bvdv2). the analysis of pestivirus pcr products was performed on microarrays by means of magnetic bead detection. the process utilizes an oligonucleotide array, onto which 5' biotinylated pcr products were hybridize ...	2009	18514335
[applications of reverse genetics in studying classical swine fever virus].	classical swine fever (csf), caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv), has been epidemic or endemic in many countries, and causes great economical losses to pig industry worldwide. attenuated vaccines (such as c-strain) have played an important role in the control of csf. recently some new phenomena appear, such as atypical and persistent infections of csf, immunization failure and so on. meanwhile, eradication programs have been implemented in many countries, restricting the widespread appl ...	2009	20112686
additive-multiplicative regression models for spatio-temporal epidemics.	an extension of the stochastic susceptible-infectious-recovered (sir) model is proposed in order to accommodate a regression context for modelling infectious disease data. the proposal is based on a multivariate counting process specified by conditional intensities, which contain an additive epidemic component and a multiplicative endemic component. this allows the analysis of endemic infectious diseases by quantifying risk factors for infection by external sources in addition to infective conta ...	2009	20029897
[high expression of antimicrobial peptide cecropin ad in escherichia coli by fusion with eddie].	in this study, we efficiently expressed the active antimicrobial peptide (cad), which fused with the site-mutated coat protein (eddie) of the classical swine fever virus, in escherichia coli. first, we obtained the e-cad fusion gene from the cad gene and the eddie gene using overlapping pcr. then to get the recombinant expression vector (peted), the e-cad fusion gene was cloned into the pet30a vector by a site-directed homologous recombination technique. the eddie-cad fusion protein expressed in ...	2009	19938464
assessment of international inter-laboratory comparison tests for the diagnosis of classical swine fever from 1998 until 2007.	the inter-laboratory comparison tests for classical swine fever (csf) laboratory diagnosis organised by the european community reference laboratory for csf are regularly performed within european union member states. the objective of this study was to evaluate the results of the inter-laboratory comparison tests carried out over the last decade, from 1998 until 2007, by using a statistical approach. a set of five or six lyophilised sera was sent to participants. these included sera containing cs ...	2009	20462168
antigens containing tavspttlr tandem repeats could be used in assaying antibodies to classical swine fever virus.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease in pigs. the highly conserved epitope tavspttlr on the glycoprotein e2 was shown to be suitable for differentiation of csfv from other pestiviruses. in this study, we found that swine csfv antisera contained tavspttlr-related rather than tavspttlr-specific csfv antibodies. the csfv antisera reacted only to some extent with a synthetic tavspttlr-containing peptide, but inhibited the binding of tavspttlr-sp ...	2009	19941387
a host species-informative internal control for molecular assessment of african swine fever virus infection rates in the african sylvatic cycle ornithodoros vector.	african swine fever virus (asfv) infection in adult ornithodoros porcinus (murry 1877, sensuwalton 1979) ticks collected from warthog burrows in southern and east africa was assessed using a duplex genomic amplification approach that is informative with respect to the invertebrate host species and infecting sylvatic cycle virus. dna extracted from individual ticks was used as template for the simultaneous amplification of a c-terminal 478-bp asfv p72 gene region and a approximately 313-bp fragme ...	2009	19941606
screwworms, cochliomyia hominivorax, reared for mass release do not carry and spread foot-and-mouth disease virus and classical swine fever virus.	experiments were done to determine if transporting live screwworms cochliomyia hominivorax coquerel (diptera: calliphoridae) for developing new strains from countries where foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever are endemic, to the mass rearing facilities in mexico and panama, may introduce these exotic diseases into these countries. are screwworms capable of harboring and spreading foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and classical swine fever virus (csfv) when they are grown in virus- ...	2008	20302530
genetic variation of classical swine fever virus based on palindromic nucleotide substitutions, a genetic marker in the 5' untranslated region of rna.	forty-three strains of classical swine fever (hog cholera) virus (csfv) from outbreaks in pigs in europe, asia and america, two strains from commercial csfv modified live vaccines and a strain isolated from a diseased lamb from spain were subjected to analyses of nucleotide sequence variations in the 5' terminal region of the genome. these isolates were divided into three clusters, namely: csfv-1, csfv-2, and csfv-3, based on palindromic nucleotide substitutions in the 5' untranslated region (ut ...	2008	20405435
retrospective analysis of the oral immunisation of wild boar populations against classical swine fever virus (csfv) in region eifel of rhineland-palatinate.	in the present study the effect of control measures implemented during the classical swine fever (csf) epidemic in wild boar in the eifel region of the german federal state of rhineland-palatinate from 1999 to 2005 was assessed. during the first 3 years after official confirmation of virus detection these measures comprised intensive hunting, especially of young animals and hygiene measures. subsequently oral immunisation (o.i.) using a modified live virus vaccine was introduced as an additional ...	2008	18534790
the envelope of intracellular african swine fever virus is composed of a single lipid bilayer.	african swine fever virus (asfv) is a member of a family of large nucleocytoplasmic dna viruses that include poxviruses, iridoviruses, and phycodnaviruses. previous ultrastructural studies of asfv using chemical fixation and cryosectioning for electron microscopy (em) have produced uncertainty over whether the inner viral envelope is composed of a single or double lipid bilayer. in this study we prepared asfv-infected cells for em using chemical fixation, cryosectioning, and high-pressure freezi ...	2008	18550658
two outbreaks of classical swine fever in wild boar in france.	in 2002 and 2003, two successive outbreaks of classical swine fever were declared in wild boar in northern france. the first was in moselle, near the town of thionville and the border with luxembourg, and the second was in the northern vosges area, near the german border. the outbreaks were investigated by serological and virological diagnosis of dead or shot animals. hunting restrictions were applied to limit the spread of the outbreaks. the virus was detected eight times between april and july ...	2008	18567928
[persistent infection with the classical swine fever virus in vaccinated animals: a risk factor?].		2008	18578143
simultaneous detection of classical swine fever virus and north american genotype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus using a duplex real-time rt-pcr.	classical swine fever and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome are both notifiable diseases of the world organization for animal health (oie). the two diseases exhibit indistinguishable clinical symptoms and sometimes co-exist in swine herds. in this study, a duplex real-time rt-pcr for simultaneous detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv) and north american (na) genotype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) based on two differently labeled taqman probes wa ...	2008	18582953
altered order of substrate binding by dna polymerase x from african swine fever virus.	a sequential ordered substrate binding established previously for several dna polymerases is generally extended to all dna polymerases, and the characterization of novel polymerases is often based on the assumption that the enzymes should productively bind dna substrate first, followed by template-directed dntp binding. the comprehensive kinetic study of dna polymerase x (pol x) from african swine fever virus reported here is the first analysis of the substrate binding order performed for a low- ...	2008	18598057
rapid detection and differentiation of wild-type and three attenuated lapinized vaccine strains of classical swine fever virus by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.	a simple one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method was developed based on t-rich insertions in the viral genome for simultaneous detection and differentiation of wild type and vaccine strains of classical swine fever virus (csfv). the csfv-specific primers were designed to contain the sequences of the t-rich insertion sites that exist uniquely in the 3' nontranslated regions (3' ntr) of the genome of lapinized csfv vaccine strains. by using a one-step rt-pcr or a n ...	2008	18599849
survival of classical swine fever virus at various temperatures in faeces and urine derived from experimentally infected pigs.	indirect transmission of classical swine fever virus (csfv) can occur through contact with mechanical vectors, like clothing and footwear or transport vehicles, contaminated with the secretions or excretions of infected pigs. a prerequisite for indirect transmission is survival of the virus on the mechanical vector. consequently, to obtain more insight into these transmission routes, it is important to know how long the virus remains viable outside the host. in this study we examined the surviva ...	2008	18602226
characterization of antibody responses against a neutralizing epitope on the glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus.	the sequence tavspttlr is a conserved and linear neutralizing epitope on the glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus. in this study, tavspttlr-directed antibodies, induced either by virions or by an epitope-focused immunogen, were characterized. the results revealed that despite the same epitope specificity, the antibodies induced by different immunogens varied significantly both in the neutralizing test and in binding inhibition assays. this suggests that the protective immunity induced ...	2008	18607674
classical swine fever virus induces activation of plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells in tonsil, blood, and spleen of infected pigs.	classical swine fever virus (csfv) compromises the host immune system, causing indirect leucopoenia and disruption of in vitro t cell stimulation capacity. in order to explore the potential role of dendritic cells (dc) in such phenomena, the activation of conventional dc (cdc) and plasmacytoid dc (pdc) in blood and secondary lymphoid organs of infected pigs was investigated in the early time course post-inoculation (pi), together with viral components dissemination and cytokine production in ser ...	2008	18073094
solution structures of 2 : 1 and 1 : 1 dna polymerase-dna complexes probed by ultracentrifugation and small-angle x-ray scattering.	we report small-angle x-ray scattering (saxs) and sedimentation velocity (sv) studies on the enzyme-dna complexes of rat dna polymerase beta (pol beta) and african swine fever virus dna polymerase x (asfv pol x) with one-nucleotide gapped dna. the results indicated formation of a 2 : 1 pol beta-dna complex, whereas only 1 : 1 pol x-dna complex was observed. three-dimensional structural models for the 2 : 1 pol beta-dna and 1 : 1 pol x-dna complexes were generated from the saxs experimental data ...	2008	18084022