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methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus colonization in pigs and pig farmers.methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) colonization has recently been identified in pigs and people that work with pigs, raising concerns about the role of pigs as reservoirs of mrsa for human infection. the objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of mrsa colonization in pigs and pig farmers in ontario, canada and to characterize mrsa strains. nasal and rectal swabs were collected from 285 pigs from three different age groups from 20 pig farms. nasal swabs were colle ...200818023542
evaluating the role of hla-dq polymorphisms on immune response to bacterial superantigens using transgenic mice.bacterial superantigens bind directly to human leukocyte antigen (hla) class ii molecules and vigorously activate t cells expressing certain t-cell receptor variable region families. as interaction with hla class ii molecules is the primary step in this process, polymorphic variations in hla class ii can determine the extent of superantigen binding to hla class ii molecules, govern the magnitude of immune activation induced by given superantigens and determine the outcome of superantigen-mediate ...200818086265
the antibacterial activity of peptides derived from human beta-2 glycoprotein i is inhibited by protein h and m1 protein from streptococcus pyogenes.during the last years, the importance of antibacterial peptides has attracted considerable attention. we report here that peptides derived from the fifth domain of beta-2 glycoprotein i (beta(2)gpi), a human heparin binding plasma protein, have antibacterial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. streptococcus pyogenes, an important human pathogen that can survive and grow in human blood, has developed mechanisms to escape the attack by these peptides. thus, protein h and m ...200818093092
the isolation, purification and biological activity of a novel antibacterial compound produced by pseudomonas stutzeri.a novel compound designated zafrin [4beta-methyl-5, 6, 7, 8 tetrahydro-1 (4beta-h)-phenanthrenone] was isolated from a crude extract of a marine bacterium identified as pseudomonas stutzeri. zafrin showed strong antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the compound was purified and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1h-nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr), 13c-nmr, 1d-nmr and 2d-nmr spectroscopy. it could be demonstrated that a purifi ...200818093138
identification and biological characterization of mouse beta-defensin 14, the orthologue of human beta-defensin 3.beta-defensins are small antimicrobial polypeptides that are mainly expressed by epithelial cells and play an important role in the antimicrobial innate immune response. in addition to the direct microbicidal effects of these polypeptides, it became evident that certain members of the beta-defensin super family have the capacity to promote local innate inflammatory and systemic adaptive immune responses by interacting with the cc-chemokine receptor ccr6. we have identified mouse beta-defensin 14 ...200818167348
microbial patterns signaling via toll-like receptors 2 and 5 contribute to epithelial repair, growth and survival.epithelial cells (ecs) continuously interact with microorganisms and detect their presence via different pattern-recognition receptors (prrs) including toll-like receptors (tlrs). ligation of epithelial tlrs by pathogens is usually associated with the induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and antimicrobial factors. in this study, using human airway ecs as a model, we found that detection of microbial patterns via epithelial tlrs directly regulates tissue homeostasis. staphylococcus aureus (s. ...200818167552
effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on intracellular staphylococcus aureus in vascular endothelial cells.although tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) is an important host factor against intracellular bacteria, little is known about the effect of tnf-alpha on the persistence of intracellular staphylococcus aureus in vascular endothelial cells. it was investigated whether recombinant human tnf-alpha influences the survival of intracellular s. aureus (atcc 29213) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvec) under a condition with an antistaphylococcal agent, and its mechanism. the huvecs were ...200818177345
global transcriptional profiles of staphylococcus aureus treated with berberine chloride.in this study, we show that berberine chloride (bbr) has antimicrobial activities against all 43 tested strains of staphylococcus aureus, an important human and animal pathogen. however, the response mechanisms of s. aureus to bbr are still poorly understood. affymetrix genechips were used to determine the global transcription of s. aureus triggered by treatment with subinhibitory concentrations of bbr. 468 genes were up-regulated and 262 genes were down-regulated upon exposure to bbr. there was ...200818179590
ai-2-dependent gene regulation in staphylococcus epidermidis.autoinducer 2 (ai-2), a widespread by-product of the luxs-catalyzed s-ribosylhomocysteine cleavage reaction in the activated methyl cycle, has been suggested to serve as an intra- and interspecies signaling molecule, but in many bacteria ai-2 control of gene expression is not completely understood. particularly, we have a lack of knowledge about ai-2 signaling in the important human pathogens staphylococcus aureus and s. epidermidis.200818182108
a potential new pathway for staphylococcus aureus dissemination: the silent survival of s. aureus phagocytosed by human monocyte-derived macrophages.although considered to be an extracellular pathogen, staphylococcus aureus is able to invade a variety of mammalian, non-professional phagocytes and can also survive engulfment by professional phagocytes such as neutrophils and monocytes. in both of these cell types s. aureus promptly escapes from the endosomes/phagosomes and proliferates within the cytoplasm, which quickly leads to host cell death. in this report we show that s. aureus interacted with human monocyte-derived macrophages in a ver ...200818183290
key role for clumping factor b in staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization of humans.staphylococcus aureus permanently colonizes the vestibulum nasi of one-fifth of the human population, which is a risk factor for autoinfection. the precise mechanisms whereby s. aureus colonizes the nose are still unknown. the staphylococcal cell-wall protein clumping factor b (clfb) promotes adhesion to squamous epithelial cells in vitro and might be a physiologically relevant colonization factor.200818198942
fatal community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus pneumonia after influenza. 200818205572
bacteriological characteristics of staphylococcus aureus isolates from humans and bulk milk.the aim of this study was to clarify the epidemiological association and bacteriological characteristics of human and animal staphylococcus aureus isolates. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that pulsotypes (pt) of isolates from bulk milk differed from pt from human isolates, suggesting that there is no epidemiological association between isolates from these 2 sources. the absence of a common pt could result from the lack of contact between the sources. methicillin-resistant s. aureus from ...200818218742
c-jun nh2 terminal kinase (jnk) is an essential mediator of toll-like receptor 2-induced corneal inflammation.tlrs play an important role in the host inflammatory response to bacteria and bacterial products by activating a cascade of intracellular events leading to production of proinflammatory and chemotactic cytokines. to determine the role of mapks in tlr- induced corneal inflammation, we stimulated human corneal epithelial (hce) cells with tlr2 ligands, tripalmitoyl-s-glycero-cys-(lys)4 (pam3cys) or inactivated staphylococcus aureus, and examined the time course of expression of mapks and the effect ...200818218857
differential roles of sortase-anchored surface proteins and wall teichoic acid in staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization.most of the severe bacterial infections originate from the endogenous microflora of human body surfaces. however, the molecular basis of colonization, e.g. of the human nose by staphylococcus aureus, has remained incompletely understood. several surface-exposed proteins and wall teichoic acid (wta) polymers have previously been implicated in s. aureus attachment to nasal epithelial cells. here we dissect the role of these molecules in colonization using s. aureus sortase a (srta) and tago mutant ...200818221914
inactivation of bacterial pathogens in human milk by high-pressure processing.low-temperature, long-time (ltlt) pasteurization assures the safety of banked human milk; however, heat can destroy important nutritional biomolecules. high-pressure processing (hpp) shows promise as an alternative for pasteurization of breast milk. the purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of hpp for inactivation of selected bacterial pathogens in human milk. human milk was inoculated with one of five pathogens (10(8) to 10(9) cfu/ml), while 0.1% peptone solution solutions with ...200818236670
flavohemoglobin of staphylococcus aureus.biotically, bacteria encounter nitrogen-reactive species in environments where denitrification occurs or when nitric oxide (no) is generated by the mammal no synthase, particularly during the infectious processes. in bacteria, flavohemoglobins have been shown to be one of the major systems responsible for the scavenging of these chemical species, either in aerobic or in anaerobic environments. staphylococcus aureus, a pathogenic bacterium with high impact on human heath, also contains a gene enc ...200818237634
an effective computerized reminder for contact isolation of patients colonized or infected with resistant organisms.to improve contact isolation rates among patients admitted to the hospital with a known history of infection with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre).200817398145
evaluation of electron spin resonance for studies of superoxide anion production by human neutrophils interacting with staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis.the present study evaluates electron spin resonance (esr) and the spin trapper 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-n-oxide (depmpo) for analysis of superoxide radical production by human neutrophils interacting with viable staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. to avoid auto-activation due to interaction with glass surfaces, neutrophils were preincubated in plastic tubes until the peak response was reached, and then transferred to a quartz flat cell to record the ...200817604111
adhesion of eukaryotic cells and staphylococcus aureus to silicon model surfaces.silicon wafers modified by silanisation with different functional groups are used to study the bioactivity of surfaces with varying physicochemical properties. oxidation of the wafers created very hydrophilic surfaces, and moderately wettable surfaces were produced by coating with poly(ethylene glycol) (peg). immobilization of hydrocarbon chains to the wafers produced hydrophobic surfaces, and hydrophobicity was further increased by fluorocarbon coatings. the oxidized and the hydrocarbon-modifie ...200817635034
characterization of a hapten-induced, murine model with multiple features of atopic dermatitis: structural, immunologic, and biochemical changes following single versus multiple oxazolone challenges.atopic dermatitis (ad) is a chronic dermatosis bearing clinical, histological, and immunologic similarities to chronic allergic contact dermatitis (acd). ad shows a th2 cell-dominant inflammatory infiltrate, elevated serum ige levels, a permeability barrier abnormality, and staphylococcus aureus colonization. repeated hapten challenges reportedly produce a th2-like hypersensitivity reaction (th2-like hr). here, 9-10 challenges with oxazolone (ox) to hairless mice also produced a chronic th2-like ...200817671515
phylogenetic analysis of livestock oxacillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.the aim of this study was to characterize oxacillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (orsa) isolates from livestock environments and meat market workers by molecular epidemiological analysis. staphylococcal enterotoxin reversed passive latex agglutination (rpla) and multiplex polymerase chain reactions (pcr) were used to detect enterotoxin-producing s. aureus. the molecular genetic similarity of orsa was also compared by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multi-locus sequence typing (mlst ...200817719189
novel ovine model of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia and sepsis.methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa)-related pneumonia and/or sepsis are a frequent serious menace. the aim of the study was to establish a standardized and reproducible model of mrsa-induced septic pneumonia to evaluate new therapies. sheep were operatively prepared for chronic study. after 5 days' recovery, tracheostomy was performed under anesthesia, and smoke injury was induced by inhalation of cotton smoke (48 breaths, <40 degrees c). methicillin-resistant s. aureus (aw6) (app ...200817885644
genome sequence of staphylococcus aureus strain newman and comparative analysis of staphylococcal genomes: polymorphism and evolution of two major pathogenicity islands.strains of staphylococcus aureus, an important human pathogen, display up to 20% variability in their genome sequence, and most sequence information is available for human clinical isolates that have not been subjected to genetic analysis of virulence attributes. s. aureus strain newman, which was also isolated from a human infection, displays robust virulence properties in animal models of disease and has already been extensively analyzed for its molecular traits of staphylococcal pathogenesis. ...200817951380
comparative analysis of the bactericidal activities of amphibian peptide analogues against multidrug-resistant nosocomial bacterial strains.due to the widespread resistance of bacteria to the available drugs, the discovery of new classes of antibiotics is urgently needed, and naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (amps) are considered promising candidates for future therapeutic use. amphibian skin is one of the richest sources of such amps. in the present study we compared the in vitro bactericidal activities of five amps from three different species of anurans against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates belonging to species ...200817954700
age-related differences in sensitivity of peripheral blood monocytes to lipopolysaccharide and staphylococcus aureus toxin b in atopic dermatitis.as shown by atopy patch tests, atopic dermatitis (ad) is dominated in its acute phase by the development of a specific t(h)2 response after exposure of the skin to common environmental antigens. relying on our previous data showing that staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin b (seb) induced the activation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dcs) through toll-like receptor (tlr)2 and that seb-pulsed dcs commit allogenic naive t cells into t(h)2, we assessed monocytes sensitivity to seb and lipopolysa ...200817960185
development of a digital microfluidic platform for point of care testing.point of care testing is playing an increasingly important role in improving the clinical outcome in health care management. the salient features of a point of care device are rapid results, integrated sample preparation and processing, small sample volumes, portability, multifunctionality and low cost. in this paper, we demonstrate some of these salient features utilizing an electrowetting-based digital microfluidic platform. we demonstrate the performance of magnetic bead-based immunoassays (c ...200819023472
glycopeptide bone penetration in patients with septic pseudoarthrosis of the tibia.in the treatment of bone infections, a major determinant of the clinical response is the active drug concentration at the infected site. because of the high prevalence of meticillin (methicillin)-resistant staphylococci and enterococci, glycopeptides are widely used for the treatment of bone and joint infections, but data on their penetration into human bone are lacking. the aim of our study was to measure vancomycin and teicoplanin concentrations in infected human bone under steady-state condit ...200819026035
cyclic peptides from oldenlandia affinis dc. molecular and biological properties.a new isolation procedure for kalata polypeptides from the tropical plant oldenlandia affinis dc is described. fractions were screened by thin-layer chromatography, and van urk positive fractions were tested for oxytocic activity in estrogenized rat uteri. by using this procedure, we were able to isolate and characterize three macrocyclic polypeptides with uterine activity. their amino acid sequence and biological effects have been analyzed, and their nmr spectra were compared with those of the ...200818972522
development and application of the active surveillance of pathogens microarray to monitor bacterial gene flux.human and animal health is constantly under threat by emerging pathogens that have recently acquired genetic determinants that enhance their survival, transmissibility and virulence. we describe the construction and development of an active surveillance of pathogens (asp) oligonucleotide microarray, designed to 'actively survey' the genome of a given bacterial pathogen for virulence-associated genes.200818844996
dermatitis in a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus.dermatopathies are common with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, affecting an estimated 90% of hiv patients. opportunistic infections are common and include viral, bacterial and fungal etiologies. dermal eruptions from highly active anti-retroviral therapy (haart) or antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tms) are also common, and can be challenging to differentiate from other causes of dermatitis. presented is a challenging dermatology case involving a six year old male ...200818269525
successful treatment of post-mrsa infection glomerulonephritis with steroid therapy.a 48-year-old man without underlying disease developed mediastinitis and was treated by mediastinal drainage. methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) was detected in a culture of the abscess material. he was treated with anti-mrsa antibiotics and the mrsa infection improved. four weeks after the onset of mrsa infection, he developed rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (rpgn) with nephrotic syndrome (ns). a renal biopsy showed endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis with iga- ...200818826861
thymidine-dependent staphylococcus aureus small-colony variants: human pathogens that are relevant not only in cases of cystic fibrosis lung disease.we report the isolation of thymidine-dependent small-colony variants (td-scvs) of staphylococcus aureus from unusual infection sites of patients with chronic soft tissue infection, tympanitis, bronchitis, peritonitis, and septicemia. furthermore, we provide evidence that the essential growth factor for td-scvs, i.e., thymidine, and its metabolite dtmp are present in various human specimens.200818832128
a comparison of infection control program resources, activities, and antibiotic resistant organism rates in canadian acute care hospitals in 1999 and 2005: pre- and post-severe acute respiratory syndrome.the resources for infection control in hospitals (rich) project assessed infection control programs and rates of antibiotic-resistant organisms (aros) in canadian acute care hospitals in 1999. in the meantime, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreak and the concern over pandemic influenza have stimulated considerable government and health care institutional efforts to improve infection control systems in canada.200818834747
glycerol monolaurate does not alter rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) vaginal lactobacilli and is safe for chronic use.glycerol monolaurate (gml) is a fatty acid monoester that inhibits growth and exotoxin production of vaginal pathogens and cytokine production by vaginal epithelial cells. because of these activities, and because of the importance of cytokine-mediated immune activation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) transmission to women, our laboratories are performing studies on the potential efficacy of gml as a topical microbicide to interfere with hiv-1 transmission in the simian immunodefic ...200818838587
lipids including cholesteryl linoleate and cholesteryl arachidonate contribute to the inherent antibacterial activity of human nasal fluid.mucosal surfaces provide first-line defense against microbial invasion through their complex secretions. the antimicrobial activities of proteins in these secretions have been well delineated, but the contributions of lipids to mucosal defense have not been defined. we found that normal human nasal fluid contains all major lipid classes (in micrograms per milliliter), as well as lipoproteins and apolipoprotein a-i. the predominant less polar lipids were myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, ...200818768875
primary psoas abscess in a patient affected by acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a rare case according to the reviewed literature.abscesses of the psoas muscle can be divided into primary and secondary. in the primary ones, it is not possible to identify any further infected site. the localization to this muscle is due to its rich vascularization and staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent aetiological agent of the infection. treatment requires the use of appropriate antibiotics, as well as surgical or percutaneous drainage of the abscess. the percutaneous drainage is much less invasive and a low risk in the patients wi ...200818776984
biofilms in skin infections: propionibacterium acnes and acne vulgaris.it is generally accepted that many human infections are biofilm-related and that sessile (biofilm-grown) cells are highly resistant against antimicrobial agents. propionibacterium acnes plays a role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris, a common disorder of the pilosebaceous follicles and it has been suggested that p. acnes cells residing within the follicles grow as a biofilm. although p. acnes biofilms have not been observed directly in the pilosebaceous unit, the observation that p. acnes rea ...200818782032
[a follow-up survey of staphylococcus aureus contamination of commercial raw minced meat at supermarkets and characteristics of isolates].a survey of staphylococcus aureus contamination of commercial raw minced meat at 3 supermarkets in hyogo prefecture was conducted over a period of half a year (january to june 2006). in total, the contamination rate was 77.8% (28/36) for beef, 91.7% (33/36) for pork and 91.7% (33/36) for chicken samples. in supermarket a, half or more of the positive samples had mpn values of >/=110/g for all 3 kinds of meat samples. in supermarkets b and c, most of the positive samples were less than 46/g for a ...200818787319
stroke in henoch-schönlein purpura associated with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus septicemia: report of a case and review of the literature.neurological involvement in henoch-schonlein purpura (hsp) such as stroke is uncommon manifestiation, particularly in association with staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus). the authors reported a 17-year-old man who developed sudden onset of right hemiparesis while he was admitted in the hospital about his prolonged fever, palpable purpura and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. he also had evidence of mrsa septicemia before the onset of right hemiparesis. skin biopsy was done and showed that there wa ...200818788706
microarray analysis of toxicogenomic effects of ortho-phenylphenol in staphylococcus aureus.staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus), is responsible for many infectious diseases, ranging from benign skin infections to life-threatening endocarditis and toxic shock syndrome. ortho-phenylphenol (opp) is an antimicrobial agent and an active ingredient of epa-registered disinfectants with wide human exposure in various agricultural, hospital and veterinary disinfectant products. despite many uses, an understanding of a cellular response to opp and it's mechanism of action, targeted genes, and the ...200818793396
the use of gene ontology terms for predicting highly-connected 'hub' nodes in protein-protein interaction networks.protein-protein interactions mediate a wide range of cellular functions and responses and have been studied rigorously through recent large-scale proteomics experiments and bioinformatics analyses. one of the most important findings of those endeavours was the observation that 'hub' proteins participate in significant numbers of protein interactions and play critical roles in the organization and function of cellular protein interaction networks (pins) 12. it has also been demonstrated that such ...200818796161
immune cell activation by enterotoxin gene cluster (egc)-encoded and non-egc superantigens from staphylococcus aureus.the species staphylococcus aureus harbors 19 superantigen gene loci, six of which are located in the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc). although these egc superantigens are far more prevalent in clinical s. aureus isolates than non-egc superantigens, they are not a prominent cause of toxic shock. moreover, neutralizing abs against egc superantigens are very rare, even among carriers of egc-positive s. aureus strains. in search of an explanation, we have tested two non-exclusive hypotheses: 1) egc a ...200818802109
acute neck cellulitis and mediastinitis complicating a continuous interscalene block.we report a case of acute neck cellulitis and mediastinitis complicating a continuous interscalene brachial plexus block. a 61-yr-old man was scheduled for an elective arthroscopic right shoulder rotator cuff repair. a continuous interscalene block was done preoperatively and 20 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine and 20 ml of 2% mepivacaine were injected through the catheter. postoperative analgesia was provided by a continuous infusion of bupivacaine, 0.25% at 5 ml/h for 39 h using a 240-ml elastomeric dis ...200818806062
lytic activity of the recombinant staphylococcal bacteriophage phih5 endolysin active against staphylococcus aureus in milk.the endolysin gene (lysh5) from the genome of the staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage phih5 was cloned in escherichia coli and characterized. the lysh5 gene encoded a protein (lysh5) whose calculated molecular mass and pi were 53.7 kda and 8.7, respectively. comparative analysis revealed that lysh5 significantly resembled other murein hydrolases encoded by staphylococcal phages. the modular organization of lysh5 comprised three putative domains, namely, chap (cysteine, histidine-dependent amidoh ...200818809219
a polymer-type water-soluble peptidoglycan exhibited both toll-like receptor 2- and nod2-agonistic activities, resulting in synergistic activation of human monocytic cells.bacterial peptidoglycan (pgn) has been reported to be sensed by cell-surface toll-like receptor (tlr)2. on the other hand, intracellular nod-like receptors recognize pgn partial structures: nod1 and nod2 recognize the peptide moiety containing diaminopimelic acid, and the muramyldipeptide (mdp) moiety, respectively. in this study, we examined in human monocytic thp-1 cells the pro-inflammatory cytokine-inducing abilities of pgns and their fragments enzymatically prepared from staphylococcus epid ...200818809654
characterization of the oxygen-responsive nreabc regulon of staphylococcus aureus.here, we investigate the functionality of the oxygen-responsive nitrogen regulation system nreabc in the human pathogen staphylococcus aureus and evaluate its role in anaerobic gene regulation and virulence factor expression. deletion of nreabc resulted in severe impairment of dissimilatory nitrate and nitrite reduction and led to a small-colony phenotype in the presence of nitrate during anaerobic growth. for characterization of the nreabc regulon, comparative dna microarray and proteomic analy ...200818820014
prevalence of agr dysfunction among colonizing staphylococcus aureus strains.mutations in the staphylococcal virulence regulator gene agr frequently occur during staphylococcus aureus infection. whether agr-defective strains are fit for colonization, an important prerequisite for infection, is unknown. screening by means of assays to detect delta-hemolysin activity and agr autoinducing peptide production indicated that 15 ( approximately 9%) of 160 healthy human subjects were colonized with an agr-defective strain or a mixture of agr-positive and -defective s. aureus str ...200818752431
antibacterial properties of fish mucus from channa punctatus and cirrhinus mrigala.extracts and preparations made from the animal origin were used extensively in folk and modern medicine for treating many human diseases. in the present study efforts have been made to find the antimicrobial effect of the mucus of two bottom dwelling fresh water fishes namely, channa punctatus and cirrhinus mrigala. fish mucus were tested against ten pathogenic bacteria such as escherichia coli, klebsiella oxytoca, klebsiella pneumoniae, lactobacillus vulgaris, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aer ...200818700685
comparison of 3 alcohol gels and 70% ethyl alcohol for hand hygiene.in a laboratory study, we demonstrated that 3 alcohol-based hand gels, commercially available in brazil, were as effective as the traditional 70% ethyl alcohol (by weight) in removing clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, serratia marcescens, and candida albicans from heavily contaminated hands of human volunteers.200818702600
crystal structures of fibronectin-binding sites from staphylococcus aureus fnbpa in complex with fibronectin domains.staphylococcus aureus can adhere to and invade endothelial cells by binding to the human protein fibronectin (fn). fnbpa and fnbpb, cell wall-attached proteins from s. aureus, have multiple, intrinsically disordered, high-affinity binding repeats (fnbrs) for fn. here, 30 years after the first report of s. aureus/fn interactions, we present four crystal structures that together comprise the structures of two complete fnbrs, each in complex with four of the n-terminal modules of fn. each approxima ...200818713862
inhalation of staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin a induces ifn-gamma and cd8 t cell-dependent airway and interstitial lung pathology in mice.staphylococcus aureus, a primary source of bacterial superantigen (sag), is known to colonize the human respiratory tract and has been implicated in airway inflammation. studies have documented a role for sags in respiratory disorders, such as nasal polyps, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic rhinosinusitis, and asthma. however, cellular and molecular mediators involved in sag-mediated pulmonary disease have not been clearly identified. in this study, we investigated the effect of int ...200818714046
pathogenomics of the staphylococci: insights into niche adaptation and the emergence of new virulent strains.because of its importance as a major human and animal pathogen, staphylococcus aureus has been the focus of intensive research efforts. at the time of writing, the genomes of 14 isolates of s. aureus have been published and released into the public domain with many more genome sequencing projects underway, representing an excellent resource for studies of bacterial evolution and pathogenesis. recently, whole genome sequences of several other species of the staphylococcus genus have been complete ...200819054087
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus control at the national university hospital, singapore: a historical perspective.the national university hospital (nuh) was the first restructured public hospital in singapore. as the most recently established hospital in singapore, it has a unique record of alert organisms including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa).200819037520
identification and characterization of sigma, a novel component of the staphylococcus aureus stress and virulence responses.s. aureus is a highly successful pathogen that is speculated to be the most common cause of human disease. the progression of disease in s. aureus is subject to multi-factorial regulation, in response to the environments encountered during growth. this adaptive nature is thought to be central to pathogenesis, and is the result of multiple regulatory mechanisms employed in gene regulation. in this work we describe the existence of a novel s. aureus regulator, an as yet uncharacterized ecf-sigma f ...200819050758
a case of atypical presentation of thoracic osteomyelitis & paraspinal abscess.here presented is a case involving a 44-year-old man with a chief complaint of sharp lateral right-sided rib pain with notable radiation to the anterior portion of the thorax and minor radiation around the lateral back. the etiology of the pain and radiculopathy, which was initially attributed to a right-sided rib fracture, was later accurately credited to a paraspinal abscess discovered on a lateral x-ray of the thoracic spine. subsequently, studies including magnetic resonance imaging (mri), c ...200819148317
the role of human beta-defensin-2 in bone.osteomyelitis often causes functional impairment due to tissue destruction. this report demonstrates a novel previously unappreciated role of osteoblasts. samples of osteomyelitic bone and bacterially challenged osteoblasts produce increased amounts of antimicrobial peptides in order to combat bacterial bone infection. an osteomyelitis mouse model confirmed the osseous induction of the murine homologue of human beta-defensin-2, suggesting a central role in the prevention of bacterial bone infect ...200819094191
genotyping of staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans, bovine subclinical mastitis and food samples in argentina.the aim of the present study was to characterize genotypically 45 staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from humans, bovine subclinical mastitis and food samples in argentina by rep-pcr and pcr amplification of virulence genes. resistances to various antibiotics could be observed for the human s. aureus, less pronounced for the bovine strains, but not for the eight s. aureus isolated from food samples. the strains could be classified genotypically by rep-pcr and by amplification of the genes en ...200816930967
immunomagnetic separation and ms/spr end-detection combined procedure for rapid detection of staphylococcus aureus and protein a.the aim of this study was to establish an ims-ms/spr technique for the detection of staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) and staphylococcus protein a (spa) at the same time, which consists of isolating s. aureus and trapping-enrichmenting its spa by ims, and the end point is determined by using either ms or spr measurements. magnetic bead (mb) containing aldehyde group was synthesized with latex-polymerization and immunomagnetic bead (imb) was fabricated by modifying its surface with an oriented la ...200717029780
coagulase gene polymorphisms detected by pcr in staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis in turkey.the genetic relatedness of coagulase (coa) positive staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis in turkey was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. among 700 milk samples positive in the california mastitis test (cmt), species specific pcr identified 200 (28.6%) isolates as s. aureus and 161 (80.5%) of these isolates were positive for the 3' end of the coa gene by pcr. most isolates (n=135, 83.9%) pr ...200716901735
antimicrobial disinfection effect of a laundering procedure for hospital textiles against various indicator bacteria and fungi using different substrates for simulating human excrements.recent studies confirm the increase of nosocomial infections and microbial resistance. one of the possible causes is infected textiles due to inappropriate laundering procedures. most slovenian laundries use thermal laundering procedures with high energy and water consumption to disinfect hospital textiles. in addition to this fact, there is an increasing number of hospital textiles composed of cotton/polyester blends that cannot endure high temperatures of thermal disinfection. on the other han ...200717046191
impairment of innate immune killing mechanisms by bacteriostatic antibiotics.antibiotics are designed to support host defense in controlling infection. here we describe a paradoxical inhibitory effect of bacteriostatic antibiotics on key mediators of mammalian innate immunity. when growth of species including escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus is suppressed by chloramphenicol or erythromycin, the susceptibility of the bacteria to cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides or serum complement was markedly diminished. survival of the bacteria in human whole blood, human w ...200717215486
molecular recognition forces between immunoglobulin g and a surface protein adhesin on living staphylococcus aureus.we report afm measurements of binding events between immunoglobulin g (igg) and protein a (pa) on the surface of live staphylococcus aureus bacteria. the experiments were carried out with igg molecules tethered via cm-amylose linkers to thiol sams on gold-coated afm tips. for comparison, a model system consisting of protein a molecules tethered to thiol sams on gold-coated silicon substrates was also investigated. histograms of binding forces for the pa-igg bond showed comparable rupture forces ...200717249704
limitations in the use of drosophila melanogaster as a model host for gram-positive bacterial infection.to examine sensitivities of various drosophila melanogaster strains towards human pathogenic and nonpathogenic gram-positive bacteria.200717257264
synthesis of pseudopeptides based l-tryptophan as a potential antimicrobial agent.four compounds named l-btrppa, l-trp-o-pa, l-trp-m-pa and l-trp-p-pa, pseudopeptides constructed from pyridine and tryptophan units, were synthesized and tested against the gram-positive, gram-negative strains of bacteria and human pathogenic fungi. l-trp-o-pa proved to be a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, showing a significant inhibition of the growth of gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant s. aureus, bacillus subtilis, micrococcus luteus), and pathogenic fun ...200717257839
characterisation of receptor binding by the chemotaxis inhibitory protein of staphylococcus aureus and the effects of the host immune response.the chemotaxis inhibitory protein of staphylococcus aureus (chips) is reported to bind to the receptors for c5a and formylated peptides and has been proposed as a promising lead for the development of new anti-inflammatory compounds. here we have examined the receptor specificity and mode of action of recombinant chips(28-149) and also the immune response to chips(28-149) in patients with s. aureus infections and in uninfected controls. recombinant chips(28-149) bound with high affinity to the h ...200717258808
nonlabeled quartz crystal microbalance biosensor for bacterial detection using carbohydrate and lectin recognitions.high percentages of harmful microbes or their secreting toxins bind to specific carbohydrate sequences on human cells at the recognition and attachment sites. a number of studies also show that lectins react with specific structures of bacteria and fungi. in this report, we take advantage of the fact that a high percentage of microorganisms have both carbohydrate and lectin binding pockets at their surface. we demonstrate here for the first time that a carbohydrate nonlabeled mass sensor in comb ...200717295446
acid-catalyzed synthesis of oxathiolone fused chalcones. comparison of their activity toward various microorganisms and human cancer cells line.substituted oxathiolone fused chalcones were prepared by condensation of 4-acetyl-5-methoxy-2-oxo-benz[1,3]oxathiole with benzaldehydes under acidic conditions. the compounds were tested for cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal and tuberculostatic activity. three derivatives demonstrated weak activity against hela cells, two were slightly active against micrococcus luteus and staphylococcus aureus, and one was active against mycobacterium tuberculosis h(37)rv.200717300856
development of in vitro antimicrobial resistance in bacteria exposed to residue level exposures of antimicrobial drugs, pesticides and veterinary drugs.ten ppb or less of antibacterial drugs, pesticides and veterinary drugs could increase antibacterial resistance in bacteria. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) was the indicator of resistance and staphylococcus aureus atcc 9144 the indicator organism. seventeen compounds used in human, veterinary medicine, crop production, and found in the environment, were studied singly, and as combinations. single compounds decreased mic values in 5.3% of possibilities; showed no changes in 74.4% of v ...200717310119
carbamidocyclophanes a-e, chlorinated paracyclophanes with cytotoxic and antibiotic activity from the vietnamese cyanobacterium nostoc sp.five new paracyclophanes, carbamidocyclophanes a-e (1-5), characterized by carbamido side chains at a symmetric [7.7]paracyclophane ring, have been isolated from the biomass of the vietnamese nostoc sp. cavn 10. structure elucidation by spectroscopic methods showed that 1-5 vary in the substitution pattern of the chlorinated butyl side chains. the compounds exhibited cytotoxic activity against mcf-7 (breast cancer cell line) and fl cells (human amniotic epithelial cell line) and moderate antibac ...200717311455
antibacterial effects of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin simulating epithelial lining fluid concentrations against community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.current north american guidelines advocate the use of respiratory fluoroquinolones for the empirical management of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). while community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (ca-mrsa) has emerged as a pathogen frequently encountered in skin and skin structure infections, it has also now been recognised as a causative pathogen in cap. since fluoroquinolones may be used empirically to treat unsuspected ca-mrsa pneumonia, the objective of this study was ...200717324004
electrochemical detection of harmful algae and other microbial contaminants in coastal waters using hand-held biosensors.standard methods to identify microbial contaminants in the environment are slow, laborious, and can require specialized expertise. this study investigated electrochemical detection of microbial contaminants using commercially available, hand-held instruments. electrochemical assays were developed for a red tide dinoflagellate (karenia brevis), fecal-indicating bacteria (enterococcus spp.), markers indicative of human sources of fecal pollution (human cluster bacteroides and the esp gene of enter ...200717328925
inactivation of a subpopulation of human neutrophils by exposure to ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene wear debris.polymorphonuclear neutrophils, a first line of defence against invading microbial pathogens, may be attracted by inflammatory mediators triggered by ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (uhmwpe) wear particles released from orthopaedic prostheses. phagocytosis of uhmwpe particles by neutrophils may indirectly compromise their phagocytic-bactericidal mechanisms, thus enhancing host susceptibility to microbial infections. in an in vitro assay, pre-exposure of purified human neutrophils to uhmwp ...200717343684
involvement of alpha5beta1-integrin and tnf-alpha in staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin-induced death of epithelial cells.staphylococcus aureus causes suppurative infections which are often associated with tissue destruction and cell death. in the present study, we investigated the molecular and cellular basis of s. aureus-induced apoptosis and death in a human lung epithelial cell line (a549). we found that staphylococcal alpha-toxin is an important mediator of cytotoxicity in these epithelial cells. specifically, we found that downregulating alpha-toxin production eliminated the cytotoxicity of s. aureus, whereas ...200717359518
diversity in staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins.the molecular mechanism of staphylococcus aureus phathogenicity is complex and involves several toxins, including the famous staphylococcal enterotoxin (se) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tsst-1). although these toxins were discovered in specific clinical contexts of food poisoning and menstrual toxic shock syndrome, they share common biochemical and biological properties. as superantigens they are able to massively activate mononuclear cells and t cells regardless of the antigenic specificit ...200717369698
the sapis: mobile pathogenicity islands of staphylococcus.the sapis are 15- to 17-kb mobile pathogenicity islands in staphylococci. they usually carry two or more superantigens and are responsible for most superantigen-related human diseases, especially staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. sapis are extremely common in staphylococcus aureus, with all but one of the sequenced genomes containing one or more. the sapis have a highly conserved overall genome organization, parallel to that of typical temperate phages. each occupies a specific chromosomal si ...200717369699
role of staphylococcal superantigens in airway disease.gram-positive staphylococcus aureus germs constitutively have the possibility to release classical and egc-locus-derived enterotoxins which show superantigen activity, and effectively modify the functions of t and b cells, eosinophils, and other inflammatory and structural cells. the stimulation may lead to a type 2 t helper cell-polarized eosinophilic inflammation as well as a multiclonal ige production, aggravating airway disease in the upper and lower respiratory tract. recently, s. aureus ha ...200717369708
paired ig-like receptors bind to bacteria and shape tlr-mediated cytokine production.the innate immune system uses a wide variety of pattern recognition receptors including tlrs, scavenger receptors, and lectins to identify potential pathogens. a carefully regulated balance between activation and inhibition must be kept to avoid detrimental and inappropriate inflammatory responses. in this study, we identify murine-paired ig-like receptor (pir)-b, and its human orthologs ig-like transcript 2 and ig-like transcript 5 as novel receptors for staphylococcus aureus. pir-b contains fo ...200717371981
myd88-dependent signals are essential for the host immune response in experimental brain abscess.brain abscesses form in response to a parenchymal infection by pyogenic bacteria, with staphylococcus aureus representing a common etiologic agent of human disease. numerous receptors that participate in immune responses to bacteria, including the majority of tlrs, the il-1r, and the il-18r, use a common adaptor molecule, myd88, for transducing activation signals leading to proinflammatory mediator expression and immune effector functions. to delineate the importance of myd88-dependent signals i ...200717372011
inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in sepsis.the serine-threonine protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase (gsk)-3 is involved in the regulation of many cell functions, but its role in the regulation of the inflammatory response is unknown. here we investigate the effects of gsk-3beta inhibition on organ injury/dysfunction caused by endotoxaemia or severe inflammation in the rat. rats received either intravenous escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (lps) (6 mg/kg) or lps (1mg/kg) plus staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (pepg) (0.3mg/kg) or ...200717380792
union of a chronically infected internally stabilized segmental defect in the rat femur after debridement and application of rhbmp-2 and systemic antibiotic.the goal of this study was to determine whether recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhbmp-2) would induce new bone formation in an internally stabilized segmental defect with a chronic bacterial infection in the rat femur and whether treatment with systemic antibiotic would enhance this effect.200717986886
detection the staphylococcus aureus producing enterotoxin isolated from skin infections in hospitalized patients.staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that produces a wide array of toxins, thus causing various type of disease symptoms. staphyloceccal enterotoxins (ses), a family of 9 major serological types of heat-stable enterotoxins, are a main cause of gastroenteritis and skin infection. in this study to determine the extent of enterotoxin-producing s. aureus in skin infections of hospitalized patients, their samples were screened and the results showed that 42% of totally 200 patients studied ...200719069525
in vitro propagation and chemical and biological studies of the essential oil of salvia przewalskii maxim.the procedure of salvia przewalskii shoot multiplication and the ability of regenerated plants to produce essential oil is reported. the essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves and flowering stems of field-grown plants, and their chemical composition was examined by gc, gc-ms and 1h nmr. the differences in yield as well as qualitative and quantitative composition between the oils isolated from in vitro and in vivo plants were observed. s. przewalskii essential oil was tested ...200718274288
infection control by antibody disruption of bacterial quorum sensing signaling.quorum sensing (qs) is the process through which bacteria communicate utilizing small diffusible molecules termed autoinducers. it has been demonstrated that qs controls a plethora of microbial processes including the expression of virulence factors. here we report an immunopharmacotherapeutic approach for the attenuation of qs in the gram-positive human pathogen staphylococcus aureus. an anti-autoinducer monoclonal antibody, ap4-24h11, was elicited against a rationally designed hapten, and effi ...200717961824
multilocus sequence typing of staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from cows with mastitis in brazilian dairy herds.staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen associated with bovine mastitis, one of the most important infectious diseases occurring in dairy cattle herds worldwide. in the present study, s. aureus isolates recovered from cows with mastitis in dairy herds located in the south-east of brazil were genotyped by pfge and multilocus sequence typing (mlst). pfge identified 60 pulsotypes (pts), which were found to be distributed among six clonal complexes (ccs) by mlst. all pts with similarity percentage ...200717965353
a novel indole-diterpenoid, jbir-03 with anti-mrsa activity from dichotomomyces cejpii var. cejpii nbrc 103559.a new indole-diterpene, jbir-03 (1), was isolated from the fungus dichotomomyces cejpii var. cejpii nbrc 103559 and its structure was determined based on the spectroscopic data. 1 exhibited anti-mrsa (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) activity and antifungal activity against apple valsa canker-causing fungus, valsa ceratosperma, while it exhibited no toxicity towards human cancer cells.200717965481
in vitro antimicrobial activity of a novel propolis formulation (actichelated propolis).this study compared in vitro activities of actichelated propolis (a multicomposite material obtained with mechano-chemichal activation) and of a hydroalcoholic extract of propolis.200717953601
activities of four frog skin-derived antimicrobial peptides (temporin-1dra, temporin-1va and the melittin-related peptides ar-23 and rv-23) against anaerobic bacteria.the activities of two antimicrobial peptides belonging to the temporin family (temporin-1dra from rana draytonii and temporin-1va from rana virgatipes) and two peptides with structural similarity to the bee venom peptide melittin (ar-23 from rana tagoi and rv-23 from r. draytonii) were evaluated against a range of reference strains and clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria. these peptides were selected because they show broad-spectrum growth inhibitory activity against reference strains of sev ...200717196372
transcriptional regulation of il-8 by staphylococcus aureus in human conjunctival cells involves activation of ap-1.to identify signal transduction pathways involved in interleukin (il)-8 expression by human conjunctival cells challenged with staphylococcus aureus.200717197543
a randomized phase i study of atuna racemosa: a potential new anti-mrsa natural product extract.we previously reported significant antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria from the extract of the atun tree (atuna racemosa), identified through rapid digital bioprospecting of a 400-year-old historic herbal text. toxicity studies in human cell lines showing safety, combined with the ethnomedical descriptions of botanical use, suggested that this extract might be clinically useful against topical gram-positive bacteria infections.200717889468
in vitro ability of staphylococcus aureus isolates from bacteraemic patients with and without metastatic complications to invade vascular endothelial cells.invasion of vascular endothelial cells is thought to be a critical step in the development of metastatic infections in patients with staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. this study was designed to evaluate the association between the ability to invade endothelial cells and metastatic infection by s. aureus. patients with metastatic infection were identified among those with community-acquired s. aureus bacteraemia in a tertiary referral hospital. patients with simple bacteraemia caused by s. aureu ...200717893163
staphylococcal complement evasion by various convertase-blocking molecules.to combat the human immune response, bacteria should be able to divert the effectiveness of the complement system. we identify four potent complement inhibitors in staphylococcus aureus that are part of a new immune evasion cluster. two are homologues of the c3 convertase modulator staphylococcal complement inhibitor (scin) and function in a similar way as scin. extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (efb) and its homologue extracellular complement-binding protein (ecb) are identified as poten ...200717893203
methicillin resistance in staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci: epidemiological and molecular aspects.infections caused by the genus staphylococcus are of great importance for human health. staphylococcus species are divided into coagulase-positive staphylococci, represented by s. aureus, a pathogen that can cause infections of the skin and other organs in immunocompetent patients, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns) which comprise different species normally involved in infectious processes in immunocompromised patients or patients using catheters. oxacillin has been one of the main drugs ...200717895595
occurrence of highly fluoroquinolone-resistant and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in domestic animals.we describe phenotypic and genotypic analyses carried out on multidrug-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from domestic animals. the sequence type st239 methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from dogs were highly resistant to fluoroquinolones, and new combinations of gyra and grla mutations were identified. these findings are consistent with a role for animal carriage in the dissemination of important human pathogens in the community.200717898848
the yeast connection: is candida linked to breastfeeding associated pain?the objective of the study was to determine whether the isolation of candida from breastfeeding women is associated with self-reported pain.200717904988
antibiotic resistant staphylococcus aureus: a paradigm of adaptive power.nothing documents better the spectacular adaptive capacity of staphylococcus aureus than the response of this important human and animal pathogen to the introduction of antimicrobial agents into the clinical environment. the effectiveness of penicillin introduced in the early 1940s was virtually annulled within a decade because of the plasmid epidemics that spread the ss-lactamase gene through the entire species of s. aureus. in 1960 within one to two years of the introduction of penicillinase r ...200717921044
use of peptide-major histocompatibility complex tetramer technology to study interactions between staphylococcus aureus proteins and human cells.in this study, we report the use of peptide-major histocompatibility complex tetramer technology to study the interactions that occur between staphylococcus aureus proteins and human leukocytes. we demonstrated that this technology can be used to study the activity of superantigens such as toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 and also found that despite similarities to known proteins (i.e., major histocompatibility complex [mhc] class ii molecules and superantigens), the s. aureus eap protein does not b ...200717938227
cervical mycotic aneurysm in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis.we report a case of 65-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus, in whom a cervical mycotic aneurysm suddenly developed after sepsis with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. severe infection associated with alcoholic cirrhosis may cause a typical mycotic aneurysm.200717938522
staphylococcal infections impair the mesothelial fibrinolytic system: the role of cell death and cytokine release.bacterial peritonitis is a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis patients and of patients after abdominal surgery. especially episodes due to staphylococcus aureus can harm the peritoneum severely, resulting in peritoneal fibrosis. human peritoneal mesothelial cells play a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the peritoneum, as they release components of the fibrinolytic system and regulate the influx of immune cells by expressing chemokines and adhesion molecules. using cultured ...200717938806
preparation, application and testing of permanent antibacterial and antiviral coatings.protocols for the synthesis of the microbicidal polycation n,n-dodecyl,methyl-polyethylenimine and coating (painting) of glass slides with this polycation's butanol solution are described. subsequently detailed are the procedures for validating that the resultant coated slides are essentially 100% lethal to the human bacterial pathogens, staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli, as well as to two common strains of influenza virus. the time required to prepare and apply the cationic polymer and ...200717947982
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