Publications

mapping of antibody responses to the protective antigen of bacillus anthracis by flow cytometric analysis.	knowledge of the target and functional capability of the antibody response against an antigen provides more specific and relevant information about protective immunity than measuring the total amount of antibody produced against an antigen.	2002	12210604
munumbicins, wide-spectrum antibiotics produced by streptomyces nrrl 30562, endophytic on kennedia nigriscans.	munumbicins a, b, c and d are newly described antibiotics with a wide spectrum of activity against many human as well as plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria, and a plasmodium sp. these compounds were obtained from streptomyces nrrl 3052, which is endophytic in the medicinal plant snakevine (kennedia nigriscans), native to the northern territory of australia. this endophyte was cultured, the broth was extracted with an organic solvent and the contents of the residue were purified by bioassay-guid ...	2002	12213914
mission impossible?		2002	12214206
new aspects in mass casualties.		2002	12215939
[germs employed as biological weapons].		2002	12215940
the alveolar macrophage: the trojan horse of bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, has a particular strategy for invading the host and crossing the alveolar barrier. b. anthracis survives within alveolar macrophages, after germination within the phagolysosome, then enters the external medium where it proliferates. recent data have shown that edema toxin and lethal toxin are the major genetic determinants mediating the survival of germinated spores within macrophages. here, recent advances in the analysis of b. anthracis patho ...	2002	12217505
gi anthrax: report of one case confirmed with autopsy.	bacillus anthraces is a non-motile, rod like, gram-positive and aerobic bacillus that produces central oval-shaped spores and characterized by rough, irregular and often comma-shaped colonies in blood agar. about 95% of human anthrax is cutaneous and 5% respiratory. gi anthrax, a very rare type, has been reported in less than 1% of all cases. we thus report a case of gi anthrax with autopsy findings.	2002	12218950
circle of suspicion.		2002	12219557
effect of bacillus anthracis lethal toxin on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.	lethal toxin (letx) plays a central role in anthrax pathogenesis, however a cytotoxicity of letx has been difficult to demonstrate in vitro. no cytolytic effect has been reported for human cells, in contrast to murine cell lines, indicating that cell lysis can not be considered as a marker of letx activity. we have recently shown that murine macrophage-like raw 264.7 cells treated with letx or infected with anthrax spores underwent changes typical of apoptotic death. here we demonstrate that cel ...	2002	12220662
introduction: anthrax history, disease and ecology.	the familiarity with the ancient disease anthrax from the second millennium b.c. through the second millennium a.d. is reviewed, providing the backdrop to the modern understanding of this disease as covered in the remainder of the volume. by means of an overview of the aetiology, ecology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathology and bacteriology of the naturally acquired disease, this opening chapter also lays down the groundwork for the subsequent state-of-the-art chapters.	2002	12224519
macrophage interactions.	b. anthracis virulence is the sum of the contributions of factors involved in toxicity, growth and persistence in the host. recent data has revealed that the interactions between b. anthracis and macrophage is central to the b. anthracis pathogenesis. this review presents and describes tactics by which b. anthracis not only overcomes and avoids macrophages but also perverts the host defense immune system and defense-related products to its advantage. the understanding of the complex network of s ...	2002	12224520
bacillus anthracis genetics and virulence gene regulation.	the bacillus anthracis genome consists of an approximately 5.3-mb chromosome and two plasmids, pxo1 (182 kb) and pxo2 (96 kb). genetic analysis has focused primarily on the structural genes for the anthrax toxin proteins, paga, lef, and cya, the biosynthetic genes for capsule synthesis, capb, capc, and capa, and a gene associated with depolymerization of capsule, dep. the three toxin genes are located at distinct loci on pxo1, while the cap and dep genes are arranged in an apparent operon on pxo ...	2002	12224521
bacillus anthracis evolution and epidemiology.	bacillus anthracis is a pathogen that is widely distributed around the globe. however, this great distribution is not accompanied by great genetic diversity. although subtle morphological and biochemical differences exist, the underlying genetic basis for this plasticity is not known. indeed, very few single nucleotide differences have been detected among isolates and the only documented high variable sequences are associated with variable number tandem repeated (vntr) sequences. the differences ...	2002	12224522
anthrax vaccines.	the only impetus for the development of new anthrax vaccines is to protect humans against the intentional use of bacillus anthracis as a bioterrorist or warfare agent. live attenuated vaccines against anthrax in domesticated animals were among the very first vaccines developed. this was followed by the development of nonliving component vaccines leading to the eventual licensure of protein-based vaccines for human use in the 1970s. this chapter will review the recent advances in developing prote ...	2002	12224523
structure and function of anthrax toxin.	anthrax toxin is a binary a-b toxin comprised of protective antigen (pa) and two enzymatic moieties, edema factor (ef) and lethal factor (lf). in the presence of a host cell-surface receptor, pa can mediate the delivery of ef and lf from the extracellular milieu into the host cell cytosol to effect toxicity. in this delivery, pa undergoes multiple structural changes--from a monomer to a heptameric prepore to a membrane-spanning heptameric pore. the catalytic factors also undergo dramatic structu ...	2002	12224524
bacillus anthracis cell envelope components.	bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive bacterium harboring a complex parietal architecture. the cytoplasmic membrane is surrounded by a thick peptidoglycan of the a1 gamma type. only one associated polymer, a polysaccharide composed of galactose, n-acetylglucosamine, and n-acetylmannosamine, is covalently linked to the peptidoglycan. outside the cell wall is an s-layer. two proteins can each compose the s-layer. they are noncovalently anchored to the cell wall polysaccharide by their slh n-termin ...	2002	12224525
risk analysis and risk management in an uncertain world.	the tragic attacks of september 11 and the bioterrorist threats with respect to anthrax that followed have raised a set of issues regarding how we deal with events where there is considerable ambiguity and uncertainty about the likelihood of their occurrence and their potential consequences. this paper discusses how one can link the tools of risk assessment and our knowledge of risk perception to develop risk management options for dealing with extreme events. in particular, it suggests ways tha ...	2002	12224739
the role of risk analysis in understanding bioterrorism.	recent events have made the domestic risk from bioterrorism more tangible. the risk management process so far, however, has not benefited from many of the contributions that analysts, communicators, and managers can make to the public discourse. risk professionals can contribute much to the understanding of and solutions to bioterrorist events and threats. this article will provide an overview of the bioterrorism problem and outline a number of areas to which members of the society for risk anal ...	2002	12224741
management of patients exposed to biologic weapons.		2002	12226595
bioterrorism--are you ready for the silent killer?	current biological threats to the united states have generated fear and panic among many, but nursing professionals who are educated about bioterrorism and its effects can answer questions confidently and calm fears when peers, family members, and friends ask about this issue. perioperative nurses can become ambassadors of confidence via their ability to project calm and thus stem the tide of panic and fear. this article explains the definition of bioterrorism, its history, biological agents and ...	2002	12227287
occupational health guidelines for remediation workers at bacillus anthracis-contaminated sites--united states, 2001-2002.	despite the apparently low disease rate from exposure, protection for remediation workers at b. anthracis-contaminated sites is warranted because inhalational anthrax is rapidly progressive and highly fatal, ppe does not guarantee 100% protection, and the risk for developing disease cannot be characterized adequately. the guidelines described here go beyond hazwoper requirements and include recommendations for treating inhalation exposure to b. anthracis spores as a medical emergency, medical fo ...	2002	12227440
protecting building environments from airborne chemical, biologic, or radiologic attacks.	in november 2001, following the discovery that letters containing bacillus anthracis had been mailed to targeted locations in the united states, the secretary of the u.s. department of health and human services requested site assessments of an array of public- and private-sector buildings by a team of engineers and scientists from cdc's national institute for occupational safety and health (niosh). in november 2001, this team assessed six buildings, including a large hospital and medical researc ...	2002	12227441
macrophage-enhanced germination of bacillus anthracis endospores requires gers.	germination of bacillus anthracis sterne and plasmidless delta-sterne endospores was dramatically enhanced in raw264.7 macrophage-like cells, while germination of nonpathogenic bacillus endospores was not. elimination of gers, a germinant receptor locus, caused a complete loss of cell-enhanced germination, implicating gers in the breaking of endospore dormancy in vivo.	2002	12228320
management of anthrax.	from 3 october 2001 through 16 november 2001, in the united states, there were 18 confirmed cases of inhalational and cutaneous anthrax, an additional 4 suspected cases of cutaneous anthrax, and 5 deaths due to inhalational anthrax. although the number of cases was relatively small, this experience brought bioterrorism and its potential to sharp focus as thousands of people began receiving prophylactic antibiotics after possible exposure to anthrax spores. these events have resulted in a substan ...	2002	12228822
bioterrorism and patent rights: "compulsory licensure" and the case of cipro.		2002	12230852
compulsory licensure: the case of cipro and beyond.		2002	12230853
the cipro patent and bioterrorism.		2002	12230854
beyond government intervention: drug companies and bioethics.		2002	12230855
who are the guardians guarding?		2002	12230858
[anthrax as a biological weapon].		2002	12238162
antimicrobial susceptibility of bacillus anthracis in an endemic area.	we aimed to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of 28 bacillus anthracis strains isolated from cutaneous anthrax cases to various antimicrobial agents using the sceptor automatic system in an anthrax endemic area. all strains tested were susceptible to penicillin (mic < or = 0.03 microg/ml). piperacillin-tazobactam and carbapenems showed good activity towards all strains. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cefepime had no activity. strains were also tested with other antimicrobials.	2002	12238569
a case of anthrax meningitis.	meningeal anthrax is a very rare complication of the cutaneous, respiratory and gastrointestinal form of anthrax infection. anthrax bacilli, most commonly enter the body via the skin, and the organism then disseminates to the central nervous system via the hematogenous or lymphatic routes leading to fatal bacterial meningitis, even with intensive antibacterial therapy.	2002	12238584
bioterrorism vs. health security--crafting a plan of preparedness.	bioterrorism, once a subject of fantasy and speculation, has become all too real in a world turned upside down by the september 11, 2001. series of events. an essential, but as yet unanswered, question has become a crucial topic for discussion on the nightly news and in living rooms across the united states: how much of a terrorist threat do we face, and what must be done to control its potential for mass destruction? this article seeks to both answer this question and explore proper plans of pr ...	2002	12243568
[microbial warfare and bioterrorism].	infectious diseases have been used as warfares since ancient times. since the 1920s military organizations have studied bacteria of anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulism, brucelloses, glander, q-fever, and smallpox virus, filo-, arena-, bunyaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever or alphaviruses eliciting encephalitis. these can be dispersed by aerosol. salmonellae, shigellae, vibrio cholerae, distinguished escherichia coli strains are suitable to contaminate food, water, pharmaceutical products. fana ...	2002	12244657
delayed treatment with doxycycline has limited effect on anthrax infection in blk57/b6 mice.	blk57/b6 mice were infected with ld90 dose of sterne strain anthrax spores subcutaneously and then treated with doxycycline. doxycycline at a dose of 1.5mg/kg, by intra-peritoneal injection, protected mice from death when given at the same time as spores. when doxycycline administration was delayed 4h survival is 90%. delay of 24h increased survival time but had no impact on eventual mortality. when doxycycline was delayed 48h, mortality and time to death were comparable to sham injection. perit ...	2002	12270123
the vigilance defense.		2002	12271529
bioterrorism fears.		2002	12271909
disaster planning and emergency preparedness: lessons learned.	following the terrorist attacks of september 11, 2001, the federal response plan was activated immediately, with most efforts focused on helping recovery workers at ground zero in new york city. comprehensive pharmacy services were critical in protecting the health of those potentially exposed to anthrax at u.s. postal service facilities and the u.s. capitol. responding to anthrax attacks taught many valuable lessons to emergency workers on how to manage a bioterrorist attack. because of its cen ...	2002	12296554
[infection and invasion of humans in the yamal peninsula].	the helminthic fauna of vertebrates in the yamal peninsula consists of 61 species: of them 2 species are monogenic, 6 are trematodes, 29 are cestodes, and 24 are nematodes. twelve species of the 4 are antroponoses and 8 are zoonoses which may parasite on human beings. human infection with some zoonoses is due to local habits of eating raw or undercooked meat of wild animals, domestic deers, and fish. these helminthic diseases include trichinosis, taeniasis, opisthorchiasis, diphyllobothriasis. o ...	2002	12298157
bioterrorism expert says u.s. agriculture vulnerable to attack.		2002	12322901
veterinarians key to bioterrorism preparedness initiatives.		2002	12322902
the identification of a tetracycline resistance gene tet(m), on a tn916-like transposon, in the bacillus cereus group.	in order to investigate whether resistance genes present in bacteria in manure could transfer to indigenous soil bacteria, resistant isolates belonging to the bacillus cereus group (bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis) were isolated from farm soil (72 isolates) and manure (12 isolates) samples. these isolates were screened for tetracycline resistance genes (tet(k), tet(l), tet(m), tet(o), tet(s) and tet(t)). of 88 isolates examined, three (3.4%) isolates carried both t ...	2002	12351239
anthrax: new threat from an ancient microbe.		2002	12352747
comments on the institute of medicine's 2002 report on the safety of anthrax vaccine.	in april 2002, the prestigious institute of medicine of the national academy of sciences issued a final report on the safety and effectiveness of the anthrax vaccine currently in use by the united states military. it concluded that the present vaccine was completely safe and effective, but ignored evidence of several recent research studies from three different nations that have implicated vaccines, often including anthrax vaccine, in the epidemiology of gulf war illnesses. omissions and limitat ...	2002	12353779
bioterrorism and physicians.		2002	12353968
therapeutic challenges posed by bacterial bioterrorism threats.	the events of the autumn of 2001 in the united states made it clear that the spectre of the use of microorganisms to intentionally harm humans is a reality. the current strategy to control disease outbreaks caused by the intentional release of bacteria is to use antimicrobial agents, both therapeutically and prophylactically. however, multidrug-resistant strains of bacterial bioterrorism agents occur naturally or have been bio-engineered, indicating how vulnerable this strategy is.	2002	12354556
public relations. straight talk.		2002	12355974
reporting for duty. one year after terrorist attacks shook the nation, hospitals confront a changed landscape--and seek to do their part to defend the homeland.	as we observe the first anniversary of the sept. 11 terrorist attacks that changed our nation, health care providers prepare to deal with potential disasters that in better times were merely the realm of science fiction. in communities across the country, readiness is the new goal, bioterrorism the new threat.	2002	12355977
preparing for bioterrorism.		2002	12357139
containing and combatting bioterrorism.		2002	12357849
furin at the cutting edge: from protein traffic to embryogenesis and disease.	furin catalyses a simple biochemical reaction--the proteolytic maturation of proprotein substrates in the secretory pathway. but the simplicity of this reaction belies furin's broad and important roles in homeostasis, as well as in diseases ranging from alzheimer's disease and cancer to anthrax and ebola fever. this review summarizes various features of furin--its structural and enzymatic properties, intracellular localization, trafficking, substrates, and roles in vivo.	2002	12360192
[the policy of vaccinal prevention in the italian armed forces].		2002	12360822
believe it or not--silver still poisons!	for centuries, silver has been endowed with therapeutic benefits. it is still used today as a "caustic" for superficial bleeding. within 7days, we had 3 cases of "argyria" and then 2 more over the next month. the first 2 cases involved a husband and wife with a 3-y exposure to naturopathic hydrolyzed silver treatment. the third casewas a 37-y-old male in a state psychiatric facility noted to have darkly "discolored" skin probable obtained from herbal tea. the last 2 cases were a married couple i ...	2002	12361115
[consequences in different fields after the terror attack in new york].		2002	12362541
anthrax.		2002	12362648
on the front lines: family physicians' preparedness for bioterrorism.	the events of september 11, 2001, and the nation's recent experience with anthrax assaults made bioterrorism preparedness a national priority. because primary care physicians are among the sentinel responders to bioterrorist attacks, we sought to determine family physicians' beliefs about their preparedness for such an attack.	2002	12366891
anthrax fusion protein therapy of cancer.	most patients with cancer are treated with chemotherapy but die from progressive disease or toxicities of therapy. current chemotherapy regimens primarily use cytotoxic drugs which damage cell dna or impair cell proliferation in both malignant and normal tissues. after several treatment courses, the patients' tumor cells often overexpress multi-drug resistance genes which prevent further tumor cytoreduction. novel agents which can kill such resistant tumor cells are needed. one such class of age ...	2002	12370003
delivery of nucleic acid into mammalian cells by anthrax toxin.	gene delivery vehicles based on receptor-mediated endocytosis offer an attractive long-term solution as they might overcome the limitations of toxicity and cargo capacity inherent to many viral gene delivery systems. the protective antigen component of anthrax toxin bind to specific receptors and deliver lethal factor or edema factor into the cytosol of mammalian cells. the n-terminal 254 amino acids of lf (lf(1-254)) binds to pa and, when fused to heterologous proteins, delivers such proteins i ...	2002	12372402
antimicrobial therapy for anthrax.		2002	12373508
guidelines for treatment of anthrax.		2002	12377080
guidelines for treatment of anthrax.		2002	12377082
chemical and biological weapons. implications for anaesthesia and intensive care.	in the wake of recent atrocities there has been renewed apprehension regarding the possibility of chemical and biological weapon (cbw) deployment by terrorists. despite various international agreements that proscribe their use, certain states continue to develop chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction. of greater concern, recent historical examples support the prospect that state-independent organizations have the capability to produce such weapons. indeed, the deliberate deployment ...	2002	12378672
postexposure prophylaxis against anthrax: evaluation of various treatment regimens in intranasally infected guinea pigs.	the efficiency of postexposure prophylaxis against bacillus anthracis infection was tested in guinea pigs infected intranasally with either vollum or strain atcc 6605 spores (75 times the 50% lethal dose [ld(50)] and 87 times ld(50,) respectively). starting 24 h postinfection, animals were treated three times per day for 14 days with ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, cefazolin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx). administration of cefazolin and tmp-smx failed to protect the ani ...	2002	12379702
rapid genotyping of bacillus anthracis strains by real-time polymerase chain reaction.	rapid and accurate identification of bacillus anthracis is critical for patient care as well as outbreak control. we have developed 3 separate pcr based assays using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) to detect the presence of pxo1, pxo2 plasmids and a chromosomal marker. a set of amplification primers and probes were used in each assay. the probes were ad jacently placed inside the primer sites and were 1-bp apart. the upstream probe was labeled with fluorescein at the 3' end, and th ...	2002	12381573
basis for the extraordinary genetic stability of anthrax.	over 500 isolates of anthrax bacillus from around the world represent one of the most genetically homogeneous microbes. there are three possibilities for this genetic stability: (1) anthrax has an extraordinarily high fidelity repair system, (2) genetic damage to anthrax is usually lethal, and/or (3) a highly demanding and selective process exists in its environment that is necessary for the completion of its life cycle. using probes made from genes selected by growth of an escherichia coli expr ...	2002	12381574
emergency response planning for anthrax outbreaks in bison herds of northern canada: a balance between policy and science.	anthrax outbreaks in northern canada have implications for ongoing recovery efforts for the threatened wood bison and may pose a health risk to humans, other wildlife, and domestic livestock. rwed and wbnp maintain anthrax emergency response plans (aerps) for their respective jurisdictions. an aerp is a pre-planned logistical framework for responding effectively and rapidly to an outbreak so as to minimize spread of the disease, reduce environmental load of spores available for future outbreaks, ...	2002	12381599
anthrax as a biological weapon: an old disease that poses a new threat.		2002	12382615
anthrax exceptionalism?		2002	11786887
biological and chemical agents: a brief synopsis.	the objective of this article is to provide a concise overview of the most likely biological and chemical agents that could be used as biochemical weapons. the diagnosis, pathology, prevention, decontamination, treatment, and disposition of these biological and chemical agents are presented in a tabular format for quick reference purposes. the information provided outlines the bare essentials needed to deal with any emergency or catastrophic event involving these agents.	2002	11782813
learning about bioterrorism and chemical warfare: medical students explore key threats.		2002	11788542
three steps to targeting anthrax toxin.		2002	11796256
molecular analysis of rifampin resistance in bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus.	rifampin-resistant mutants were selected from uv-light-treated bacillus cereus (20 mutants) and attenuated b. anthracis (23 mutants). in addition, spontaneous rifampin-resistant mutants were also isolated in attenuated b. anthracis (22 mutants). the rifampin resistance clusters of the rpob gene were sequenced for all 65 mutants. mutations associated with resistance were consistent with those from other bacteria, though two novel changes were observed. the spontaneous rate of resistance was estim ...	2002	11796364
efficiency of protection of guinea pigs against infection with bacillus anthracis spores by passive immunization.	the efficacy of passive immunization as a postexposure prophylactic measure for treatment of guinea pigs intranasally infected with bacillus anthracis spores was evaluated. antisera directed either against the lethal toxin components (pa or lf) or against a toxinogenic strain (sterne) were used for this evaluation. all antisera exhibited high enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers against the corresponding antigens, high titers of neutralization of cytotoxicity activity in an in vitro mouse ma ...	2002	11796581
anthrax spores make an essential contribution to vaccine efficacy.	anthrax is caused by bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. septicemia and toxemia rapidly lead to death in infected mammal hosts. currently used acellular vaccines against anthrax consist of protective antigen (pa), one of the anthrax toxin components. however, in experimental animals such vaccines are less protective than live attenuated strains. here we demonstrate that the addition of formaldehyde-inactivated spores (fis) of b. anthracis to pa elicits total protection a ...	2002	11796596
trips: generic irony.		2002	11791819
from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax--connecticut, 2001.		2002	11797623
fast tracking drugs to patients. drug approval agencies are frequently criticised for either being too slow or too fast.		2002	11799053
anthrax vaccine begins a new round of tests.		2002	11799216
delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to anthrax vaccine.	the anthrax vaccine immunization program is a department of defense initiative to protect military personnel against the threat of anthrax. surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination has shown that mild local reactions are not uncommon while systemic reactions are extremely rare. we present a case of 26-year-old male with delayed-type hypersensitivity after two doses of anthrax vaccine.	2002	11799819
from the centers of disease control and prevention. use of onsite technologies for rapidly assessing environmental bacillus anthracis contamination on surfaces in buildings.		2002	11799964
stoichiometry of anthrax toxin complexes.	after being proteolytically activated, the protective antigen (pa) moiety of anthrax toxin self-associates to form symmetric, ring-shaped heptamers. heptameric pa competitively binds the enzymatic moieties of the toxin, edema factor and lethal factor, and translocates them across the endosomal membrane by a ph-dependent process. we used two independent approaches to determine how many of the seven identical ef/lf binding sites of the pa heptamer can be occupied simultaneously. we measured isotop ...	2002	11790132
we are all in this together. terrorism and the physician executive.	the threat of bioterrorism striking america is no longer a threat. it's real. take a look at how the anthrax-laced letters and future acts of terrorism impact physician executives. also consider some ways to prepare your physicians for a bioterrorism emergency.	2002	11806232
anthrax: a molecular full nelson.		2002	11807530
structural basis for the activation of anthrax adenylyl cyclase exotoxin by calmodulin.	oedema factor, a calmodulin-activated adenylyl cyclase, is important in the pathogenesis of anthrax. here we report the x-ray structures of oedema factor with and without bound calmodulin. oedema factor shares no significant structural homology with mammalian adenylyl cyclases or other proteins. in the active site, 3'-deoxy-atp and a single metal ion are well positioned for catalysis with histidine 351 as the catalytic base. this mechanism differs from the mechanism of two-metal-ion catalysis pr ...	2002	11807546
delivery of exogenous protein antigens to major histocompatibility complex class i pathway in cytosol.	a fragment of anthrax lethal factor possesses the interesting function of delivering recombinant protein antigens through the classical major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i pathway. this region of the lethal factor lacks the domain associated with anthrax cytotoxicity and functions independently of its binary partner, protective antigen. experiments that used inhibitors at different steps of the mhc class i pathway supported this hypothesis. application of this discovery to current t c ...	2002	11807699
acth analogue in treatment of acute aortic dissection.		2002	11809289
inhalation anthrax revisited.		2002	11812397
an epidemic of inhalation anthrax, the first in the twentieth century: i. clinical features. 1960.		2002	11812400
preparing for bioterrorism.		2002	11813831
pa63 channel of anthrax toxin: an extended beta-barrel.	anthrax toxin consists of three protein components: protective antigen (pa), lethal factor (lf), and edema factor (ef). pa(63), generated by protease "nicking" of whole pa, is responsible for delivering the toxin's catalytic fragments (lf and ef) to the target cell's cytosol. in planar bilayer membranes, trypsin-nicked pa makes cation-selective voltage-gated channels with a pore diameter of > or =12 a. the channels are presumed to be heptameric "mushrooms", with an extracellular "cap" region and ...	2002	11814336
acog committee opinion number 268, february 2002. management of asymptomatic pregnant or lactating women exposed to anthrax. american college of obstetricians and gynecologists.	anthrax infections are diagnosed by isolating bacillus anthracis from body fluids or by measuring specific antibodies in the blood of persons suspected to have the disease. it is recommended that asymptomatic pregnant and lactating women who have been exposed to a confirmed environmental contamination or a high-risk source as determined by the local department of health (not the women's health care provider) receive prophylactic treatment. a variety of antimicrobial regimens are available. altho ...	2002	11814522
calyculin a sensitive protein phosphatase is required for bacillus anthracis lethal toxin induced cytotoxicity.	previous studies have shown that the bacillus anthracis lethal toxin can induce both necrosis and apoptosis in mouse macrophage-like j774a.1 cells depending on both the toxin concentration and the phosphatase activity. in this study several protein kinase or phosphatase inhibitors were employed to evaluate the hypothesis that the lethal toxin induces cell death via protein phosphorylation processes. pretreatment with a serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor calyculin a (300 nm) could inhibit abo ...	2002	11815854
quickening the pace of anthrax research: three advances point towards possible therapies.	anthrax toxin is the dominant virulence factor of bacillus anthracis and drugs blocking its action could therefore have therapeutic benefit. three recent papers suggest new ways to inhibit the toxin. identification of the cell surface toxin receptor could lead to the design of binding competitors and receptor decoys. determination of the crystal structure of the lethal factor protease will facilitate ongoing efforts to develop protease inhibitors as therapies. finally, the susceptibility of cert ...	2002	11827799
on the front line.		2002	11829170
cutaneous anthrax: a concise review.	with the growing threat of bioterrorism, it has become important for clinicians to recognize the clinical manifestations of diseases spread in this manner. the aim of this article is to provide readers with a complete and detailed understanding of anthrax, with a specific concentration on the cutaneous manifestations and a concentrated review of the treatment and current information known about bacillus anthracis.	2002	11829175
experts focus on infective agents of bioterrorism.		2002	11829676
staying healthy. a public mess.		2002	11833132
staying healthy. playing chicken with our antibiotics. overtreatment is creating dangerously resistent germs.		2002	11833133
our love affair with antibiotics: how will it end?		2002	11833828
biological warfare and bioterrorism.		2002	11834562