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differentiation of eosinophilic granulocytes of carp (cyprinus carpio l.).electron-microscopic studies were conducted to observe ultrastructural changes during differentiation of eosinophilic granulocytes in carp (cyprinus carpio l.). differentiation at the myelocyte stage was found to relate to specific granules made of dense and light fields. by maturation they assume a mosaic-like texture and in each granule of mature granulocytes, a light, central "internum" and a peripheral dense wrapper can be distinguished. the activity peroxidase and acid phosphatase is locate ...19911814414
expression of two forms of carp gonadotropin alpha subunit in insect cells by recombinant baculovirus.there are two types of cdna clones (designated alpha 1 and alpha 2) encoding the alpha subunit of carp gonadotropin. these two cdnas are derived from different genes and encode proteins that differ by seven amino acid residues (three in the signal peptide and four in the mature polypeptide). expression of these two cdnas in insect cells by recombinant baculovirus revealed that the alpha 1 subunit, after noncovalent association with the beta subunit, has the same potency as the native alpha subun ...19911715566
double mixing stopped-flow method for the study of equilibria and kinetics of dimer-tetramer association of hemoglobins: studies on hb carp, hb a, and hb rothschild.a double mixing stopped-flow method is described for studying the dimer-tetramer equilibria of oxyhemoglobins and the kinetics of association of unliganded dimers. the three hemoglobins studied were: hb carp, hb a, and hb rothschild (trp beta 37 (c3)----arg). the new method reproduces the data obtained for oxyhb a by other established methods. in agreement with previous studies, the new method indicates little, if any, dissociation of oxyhb carp into dimers even in 2 m urea solutions (0.1 m bis- ...19911776671
lipoxin formation in fish leucocytes.adherent leucocytes, consisting of mainly macrophages, isolated from the haemopoietic head kidney of five species of fish were challenged with calcium ionophore and the resulting lipoxygenase products were separated and identified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. of the fish examined, only adherent leucocytes from the atlantic salmon and mirror carp generated lipoxins. atlantic salmon leucocytes synthesized mainly lipoxin (lx) a4/lxa5 and 11-trans-lxa4/11-trans-lxa5, whil ...19911888779
in vitro maturation of the potential for movement of carp spermatozoa.carp semen obtained from isolated fish after hormonal stimulation was highly variable in terms of volume of semen, osmotic pressure of the seminal plasma, and sperm capacity to move. moreover, this last parameter was unstable when the spermatozoa were kept within the seminal plasma, and the present work was designed to investigate and possibly correct this phenomenon. sperm potential movement was the major parameter studied and was measured by the percentage of motile cells in a final 3.000-fold ...19911931042
early life stages of carp (cyprinus carpio l.) depend on ambient magnesium for their development.carp eggs, fertilized in vitro, were allowed to develop in fresh water with magnesium concentrations varying from 0.001 to 0.100 mmol l-1. magnesium concentrations below 0.010 mmol l-1 seriously impeded carp embryonic development: the incidence of deformed larvae and mortality increased steeply to 100% at water magnesium concentrations of 0.001 mmol l-1. thus, early life stages of carp require ambient magnesium for survival and successful development. the magnesium and calcium concentrations of ...19911919414
[a case report of controlled aortic root reperfusion (carp) following global myocardial ischemia during surgery for severe mitral stenosis with tricuspid regurgitation].the use of controlled aortic root reperfusion (carp) as additional myocardial protection in cardiac surgery has been employed at university of alabama at birmingham since 1986. this technique has been applied to a patient in japan undergoing mitral valve replacement and tricuspid annuloplasty and favorable results were obtained. the carp method consists of two consecutive procedures following global myocardial ischemia, that is, terminal warm blood cardioplegic reperfusion and selective controll ...19911894989
development and validation of a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay for chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) growth hormone.this study describes the development of a highly specific and very sensitive radioimmunoassay for salmonid growth hormone. antiserum raised against chinook (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gh2, which did not recognize 125i-sprl and 125i-sgth (at 1:1000 initial dilution), was able to inhibit growth when injected into rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). 125i-sgh2, used as tracer, was not recognized by anti-sgth or by anti-sprl. mammalian gh and acth and salmonid gth, tsh, and prl did not cross-react in ...19911879675
pituitary and plasma arginine vasotocin levels in teleost fish.the role of arginine vasotocin (avt) in teleostean osmoregulation is unclear. its administration may produce dose-dependent effects on renal fluid loss though the physiological significance of such effects is unknown due to the paucity of data on the normal range in pituitary and plasma avt levels. the present study addresses these questions by examining the pituitary avt activity in the flounder and plasma avt concentrations in the flounder, trout, and carp following alterations in environmenta ...19911879673
refined crystal structure of ytterbium-substituted carp parvalbumin 4.25 at 1.5 a, and its comparison with the native and cadmium-substituted structures.the crystal structure of carp parvalbumin 4.25 containing a 1:1 molar ratio of ytterbium chloride to protein has been refined at 1.5 a resolution by restrained least-squares methods to a crystallographic r value of 0.199. the crystal structure confirms the nmr studies, which suggest that low concentrations of ytterbium cause an extensive displacement of calcium from the ef metal binding site. a comparison of the ytterbium-substituted model with the native and cadmium-substituted structure show n ...19912044772
administration of gulonolactone does not evoke ascorbic acid synthesis in teleost fish.evidence is presented that for common carp (cyprinus carpio l.), intraperitoneal injection of l-gulonolactone, a precursor of ascorbic acid synthesis in the d-glucuronic acid pathway, does not result in an increased concentration of ascorbate in tissue. control fish injected with an equimolar amount of ascorbic acid have shown a significant increase in ascorbic acid concentration in the kidney, hepatopancreas, plasma and spleen. the ascorbate status in the carp body,i.e., the ascorbate nutrition ...199124213712
similar properties of cgmp-activated channels between cones and rods in the carp retina.using patch-clamp techniques, properties of cgmp-activated channel were studied at a single-channel level in order to examine (1) whether any differences are recognized between the cgmp-activated channels of rods and cones in the same animal species, and (2) whether the channel properties of the same photoreceptor class differ in different animal species. experiments were performed on inside-out membrane patches excised from outer segments of rods and morphological subtypes of cones in the carp ...19911715743
cytoskeleton in microridges of the oral mucosal epithelium in the carp, cyprinus carpio.microridges produce a characteristic fingerprint-like pattern on the surface of fish oral mucosa. the cytoskeleton in these microridges was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy after detergent extraction and decoration with myosin subfragment 1. the effect of cytochalasin b on microridges was probed with scanning electron microscopy. immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that actin filaments were present throughout the periphery of the epithelial cells ...19911714256
an analysis of inputs to on-off amacrine cells in the carp retina with kynurenic acid.amacrine cell inputs were studied in the carp retina. responses to light of bipolar and amacrine cells in off-pathways were suppressed by 0.5 mm kynurenic acid (kyn), while those in on-pathways were not. in on-off amacrine cells, the sustained potential level during illumination shifted in the depolarizing direction. the depolarizing response elicited in off-center bipolar cells by transretinal current was also suppressed, but those elicited in amacrine cells were not. the results indicated that ...19911655105
rapid cold-induced changes of membrane order and delta 9-desaturase activity in endoplasmic reticulum of carp liver: a time-course study of thermal acclimation.the membrane order of liver endoplasmic reticulum (er) membranes of 10 degrees c- and 30 degrees c-acclimated carp has been compared using the fluorescence polarization technique with dph as probe. membranes from cold-acclimated fish displayed lower polarizations than corresponding membranes from warm-acclimated fish, the difference compensating for 34-50% of the direct effects of temperature upon polarization. the changes in delta 9-desaturase activity and fluorescence polarization of dph in er ...19912036447
dark adaptation of horizontal cells in the teleost fish retina.the dark adaptation behaviors of rod-driven and cone-driven horizontal cells were examined by analyzing their light responses recorded intracellularly in the intact, immobilized carp, and compared with that of the electroretinographic b-wave recorded simultaneously. like the b-wave, the light responsiveness of rod horizontal cells increased gradually with time in the dark and attained a steady level at 60 min. on the other hand, cone horizontal cells initially increased in light responsiveness i ...19912059325
shifts in protein metabolism in some organs of freshwater fish, cyprinus carpio under mercury stress.changes in the protein metabolism of gill, kidney and intestine of freshwater fish, cyprinus carpio exposed to 1, 15 and 30 days to sublethal concentration (0.1 mg/l) of mercury were studied. the total, soluble and structural protein contents recorded the depletion followed by progressive increase in accumulation of free aminoacids. concurrently, the activity of protease in the tissues was also increased. a steady enhancement in the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotrans ...19911930254
excitatory responses to scyliorhinins i and ii in smooth muscle strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb (cyprinus carpio).1. the effects of scyliorhinins i (scy i) and ii (scy ii) on longitudinal (lm) and circular muscle (cm) strips isolated from the carp intestinal bulb were investigated in vitro and compared with that of substance p (sp). 2. sp (0.3 nm-1 microm), scy i (0.3-300 nm) and scy ii (0.3 nm-1 microm) caused transient concentration-dependent contractions of lm strips. the ec50 values for sp, scy i and scy ii were 16 nm, 15 nm and 39 nm, respectively. tetrodotoxin and atropine partly decreased the contrac ...19911715522
magnesium status in freshwater fish, common carp (cyprinus carpio, l.) and the dietary protein-magnesium interaction.common carp juveniles were fed for 9 weeks one of the eight semipurified diets containing graded levels of magnesium, 0.08, 0.6, 1.1, 3, 2 g mg kg(-1) and 25 or 44% protein.fish growth and feed utilization were significantly affected by both mg and protein levels in the diets. significant interaction between these two studied variables existed in relation to the fish performance as well as to mean deposition rate of several minerals in common carp body. the fish fed diets containing 0.08 g mg kg ...199124214675
fenvalerate induced biochemical changes in the selected tissues of freshwater fish, cyprinus carpio.alterations in the levels of some biochemical and enzymological parameters in brain, liver and muscle tissues of cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentration (10 micrograms/liter) of fenvalerate for 6, 12, 24 and 48 hr were studied. total, structural and soluble proteins were decreased, whereas the free amino acids and the activities of protease, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase significantly increased in fenvalerate exposed fish. it is also observed that the changes ...19911953805
pharmacokinetics of sulphadimidine in carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri richardson) acclimated at two different temperature levels.the influence of temperature (10 degrees c and 20 degrees c) on pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sulphadimidine (sdm) in carp and trout was studied. at 20 degrees c a significantly lower level of distribution (vdarea) and a significantly shorter elimination half-life (t(1/2)beta) was achieved in both species compared to the 10 degrees c level. in carp the body clearance parameter (clb(sdm)) was significantly higher at 20 degrees c compared to the value at 10 degrees c, whereas for trout this p ...19911882494
color opponency in cone-driven horizontal cells in carp retina. aspecific pathways between cones and horizontal cells.the spectral and dynamic properties of cone-driven horizontal cells in carp retina were evaluated with silent substitution stimuli and/or saturating background illumination. the aim of this study was to describe the wiring underlying the spectral sensitivity of these cells. we will present electrophysiological data that indicate that all cone-driven horizontal cell types receive input from all spectral cone types, and we will present evidence that all cone-driven horizontal cell types feedback t ...19911711573
the role of tubificid worms as an intermediate host in the life cycle of myxobolus pavlovskii (akhmerov, 1954).myxobolus pavlovskii from the gills of silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix) were used in attempts to transmit the infection under laboratory conditions. spores of m. pavlovskii were placed in aquaria that contained sterilized sand and had been filled with tap water at 15-16 degrees c. furthermore, oligochaetes (90% tubifex tubifex) were added and examined by wet mounts and histology. hexactinomyxon spores developed after about 3 months only in t. tubifex that had been exposed to m. pavlovsk ...19911805209
conductance-decreasing synaptic mechanisms mediating cone input to h1 horizontal cells in carp retina. 19911798613
dendritic contacts between neighboring homologous amacrine cells in carp retina. 19911798608
physicochemical characterization of industrial effluents and their effect on fish survival.water samples taken from selected industrial drainages and receiving streams in and around islamabad, pakistan, during the summers of 1987 to 1990 showed disturbances in ph and low oxygen levels. selected metals (fe, pb, zn, cd, cu, ni, hg) were higher in all effluents than in receiving waters. static bioassays of the undiluted industrial effluents from three sites caused 100% mortality in carp during the first 24 hrs. fishes also suffered 30 to 60% mortality when exposed to other undiluted indu ...19911779125
the use of the carp retina in neurobiology: its uniqueness and application for neural network analyses of the inner retina. 19911758963
voltage clamp study of electrophysiologically-identified horizontal cells in carp retina.passive membrane properties and electromotive force of light modulated currents of l-, r/g-type and rod-driven horizontal cells were studied by voltage-clamp using double-barrelled micro-electrodes whilst perfusing with 5 microm dopamine to uncouple the gap junctions. input impedances of horizontal cells in darkness were 31 +/- 1.4 m omega (mean +/- se, n = 63); the resting potentials were -37 +/- 1.3 mv. current-voltage relationships had regions of both inward and outward rectification and a re ...19911726897
a variety of mytilus inhibitory peptides in the abrm of mytilus edulis: isolation and characterization.1. five species of mytilus inhibitory peptides, mip1-5, were isolated from acetone extracts of the anterior byssus retractor muscle (abrm) of mytilus edulis. mip1 and mip2 were shown to be s2-mip and a2-mip, respectively, first isolated from the pedal ganglia of the animal. 2. all the five peptides had a common c-terminal structure of -pro-xaa-phe-val-nh2, which was shown to be important for their biological activity. 3. the five mips showed similar inhibitory effects on contractions of the abrm ...19911687551
physiological response of the fish, cyprinus carpio, to formalin exposure--i. effects of formalin on urine flow, heart rate, respiration.1. carp were exposed to 280 ppm formalin. haematocrit and plasma glucose and lactic acid increased. in moribund fish, blood ph was remarkably lower and plasma protein increased. 2. when exposed to formalin, heart rate (hr) and respiration increased briefly, and then decreased. 3. some fish increased urine flow (uf) immediately and maintained higher values for a while, followed by gradual decrease, and others decreased uf consistently. uf stopped at 30 min or longer prior to fish death. urine osm ...19911687535
mode of action of the molluscicide bromoacetamide.1. uptake of bromoacetamide was found to be upgraded with exposure time (6, 12, 24 hr) and drug concentration (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 ppm). 2. bromoacetamide was also absorbed by carp and mice, but drug concentration was markedly lower than in snails. drug clearance from carp as well as from mice is more rapid than that of snails. 3. the ultrastructure of hepatopancreas cells are markedly influenced by bromoacetamide, including swelling of mitochondria and splitting of cristae. this finding is correlativ ...19911687531
d-glucose permeability in river lamprey (lampetra fluviatilis) and carp (cyprinus carpio) erythrocytes.1. the transport of 3-o-methyl-d-glucose (3-omg) in lamprey and carp erythrocytes was studied. 2. in lamprey erythrocytes the half-time for the equilibration of 3-omg was fast, approx. 8 min. in contrast, the erythrocytes of carp were almost impermeable to 3-omg, with a half-time for equilibration of 14.2 hr. 3. 3-omg was taken up by lamprey erythrocytes both by facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion. the presence of carrier-mediated transport was indicated by saturation kinetics and by inhi ...19911685971
sustained potential shifts and changes in acoustic evoked potentials after presentation of a non-acoustic priming stimulus to carp (cyprinus carpio).1. recordings were made from the region of the midbrain tectum and torus semicircularis of sustained potential shifts (sps) to a non-acoustic priming stimulus and the change in subsequent acoustic evoked potentials (aeps) to a train of six clicks after a long rest. 2. in the absence of priming stimuli (a jet of saline or water to the flank) the aep to the first click in a train had the highest amplitude; with these stimuli it became the most attenuated. 3. the sps to both non-acoustic stimuli wa ...19911682105
changes in eeg power, acoustic evoked potentials and heart rate after mildly arousing non-acoustic priming stimuli in carp (cyprinus carpio).1. changes in eeg power spectrum of carp to a priming non-acoustic stimulus followed by acoustic clicks were compared to those due to acoustic clicks delivered alone. recordings were made from the telencephalon, midbrain and medulla. acoustic evoked potentials (aeps) to the clicks were also recorded. 2. eeg power changes to non-acoustic stimuli occurred over the whole 1-40 hz frequency range and were regionally specific and consistent. 3. the changes in the eeg midfrequency 12-24 hz power spectr ...19911682104
relationship of respiration to body weight in the carp cyprinus carpio under resting and normoxic condition.relationships of oxygen consumption (vo2, ml/min/fish), ventilation volume (vg, ml/min/fish), stroke volume (vs, ml/stroke/fish), respiration frequency (rf, stroke/min) and oxygen utilization (u, %) to body weight (w, g) in the carp under resting and normoxic condition was vo2 = 0.004258 w 0.780710, vg = 1.035226 w 0.771371, vs = 0.045311 w 0.833989, rf = -0.002949 w + 17.847743, u = 0.0015423 w + 75.666757, respectively.19911682083
the effect of large doses of vitamin c and magnesium on stress responses in common carp, cyprinus carpio.1. plasma magnesium, cortisol, lactate and ascorbic acid were examined in common carp subjected to various dietary treatments and following handling stress. 2. under conditions of satisfied dietary magnesium and ascorbate requirements, plasma cortisol concentration after stress increased less pronouncedly than in fish fed large doses of ascorbate and/or magnesium. 3. plasma lactate increased significantly in all groups after stress, although the increase seemed to be more severe (detrimental) in ...19911679707
changes in early acoustic-evoked potentials by mildly arousing priming stimuli in carp (cyprinus carpio).1. averaged acoustic-evoked potential (aeps) in the medulla and midbrain were recorded, as were changes in heart rate, indicating arousal, to a previous non-acoustic priming stimulus. 2. useful aep measures were amplitude of the early biphasic wave (less than 10 msec) in medulla and amplitude and duration of this wave in midbrain. 3. there was a negative regression of heart rate and medullary aep amplitude especially evident for a 2 sec light stimulus. decreased aep amplitude in both regions was ...19911679693
reversal potentials of color opponent responses in horizontal cells of the carp retina.reversal potentials of color opponent responses were measured in h2 and h3 horizontal cells of the carp using ca2+ action potential method. all responses reversed around -5 mv, suggesting that the ionic mechanisms of light responses are common among all types of horizontal cells. glutamate-induced depolarizations in h2 and h3 cells had the same reversal potentials as those of light responses, consistent with the idea that these cells receive glutamate-mediated inputs from the cones. simultaneous ...19911654005
[beta-adrenergic catecholamines activate the na+, k+ pump of carp erythrocytes independently of the stimulation of na+/h+ exchange]. 19911648470
importance of the carg box in regulation of beta-actin-encoding genes.the beta-actin-encoding gene (act) in carp is regulated by several cis-acting regulatory elements including the evolutionarily conserved cc(a/t)6gg (carg box or serum-response element) sequences positioned in the promoter region between the caat and tata boxes and in the first intron. to address the roles of the two carg boxes on gene expression, we replaced them with linker sequences. the carg box in the proximal promoter was not required for promoter activity in tissue-cultured cells, but was ...19911748307
5 alpha-pregnane-3 beta, 7 alpha, 17,20 alpha- and -20 beta-tetrols as metabolites of progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in carp (cyprinus carpio) ovarian incubations. 19911808020
numbers of myosatellite cells in white axial muscle of growing fish: cyprinus carpio l. (teleostei).by means of transmission electron microscopy (tem), the percentage of myosatellite cells was shown to decrease from about 6% in carp of 5 cm standard length (sl) to less than 1% in carp larger than 18 cm sl. the ratio between muscle nuclei and non muscle nuclei remained constant. these tem data, combined with data on the amount of dna per gram of muscle tissue and per nucleus, were used to calculate the numbers of myosatellite cells per gram of tissue (tem-dna method). total numbers of myosatell ...19911781451
neuropeptide y stimulates in vivo gonadotropin secretion in teleost fish.the effects of the neuropeptide y (npy), alone or in combination with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue, d-ala6-desgly10-pro9-net lhrh (lhrha), have been studied on the in vivo secretion of the maturational gonadotropin (gth2) in the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and the common carp cyprinus carpio. depending on the species, two routes of administration were used: in trout, intraperitoneal injection (20 micrograms/kg body wt); in carp, direct infusion (3 micrograms/kg body wt) into t ...19911783272
biochemical alterations in fish fingerlings (cyprinus carpio) exposed to sublethal concentration of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate.fish fingerlings (cyprinus carpio) were exposed to sublethal concentrations of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (0.005 ppm) for 24, 48, and 96 h under static laboratory conditions. alterations were noted in the levels of glycogen, lactic acid, sialic acid, and acid and alkaline phosphatases in the gill, liver, and kidney. this chemical may impair metabolic processes in fingerling carp, because increased exposure resulted in significant increases in lactic acid and decreases in glycogen and sialic ...19911759846
gamma-crystallin genes in carp: cloning and characterization.the carp gamma-crystallin gene family was found to be composed of at least three members: gamma m1, gamma m2 and gamma m3. the encoded products are very similar to other known gamma-crystallins but with their own peculiarities: (1) they all have a high methionine content: 12.4%, 14% and 8.4% in gamma m1, gamma m2 and gamma m3, respectively; and (2) the amino acid sequences are aberrant in the region before connecting peptides and its corresponding region in motif 4. their protein structures migh ...19911840497
sublethal effects of textile dye stuff effluent on selected oxidative enzymes and tissue respiration of cyprinus carpio (linn.).toxic effects of sublethal concentration of dye stuff effluent on succinic dehydrogenase (sdh) and lactic dehydrogenase (ldh) activities and tissue respiration were studied in c. carpio. while the sublethal exposure significantly reduced sdh activity and tissue respiration, ldh activity increased in gill, brain, liver, muscle and kidney. the maximum inhibition of sdh activity (74%) was recorded in gill and the minimum (38%) in liver. the percentage reduction of oxygen consumption in the tested t ...19911814839
nutrition of aquaculture species.dietary requirements for amino acids and fatty acids have been reported for channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus), salmonids (oncorhynchus spp.), common carp (cyprinus carpio), tilapias (oreochromis spp.), and eel (anguilla japonicus). most of the vitamin and mineral requirements are available for channel catfish and salmonids, and some are available for common carp, tilapia, eel, and other finfish and crustaceans. from this available information, cost-effective feeds can be formulated for the m ...19911778835
interaction of carp growth hormone-releasing factor and somatostatin on in vitro release of growth hormone in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).possible antagonism between somatostatin (ss) and carp growth hormone-releasing factor (grf) on growth hormone (gh) secretion was examined by radioimmunoassay in a dispersed rainbow trout pituitary cell culture system. ss (3 nm) significantly antagonized carp grf(1-29; 1 nm, 10 nm)-induced gh secretion. the slope of the dose-response curve for carp grf(1-29) with ss was statistically different from that of carp grf(1-29) alone (p less than 0.05) suggesting a noncompetitive antagonism of ss to ca ...19911684643
modelling protein three-dimensional structure using tritium planigraphy.we propose the use of data on the topography of the label-accessible surface of a protein molecule obtained by the method of tritium planigraphy as a criterion for choosing the optimal intermediate arrangements of alpha-helices in globular proteins so as to model their three-dimensional structures. this approach has been used for modelling the three-dimensional structure of parvalbumin iii from pike. the proposed model has been compared with high-resolution x-ray structural data for a related pr ...19911915152
inactivation of enolase from carp (cyprinus carpio) muscle by 2,3-butanedione.enolase from white muscle of carp (cyprinus carpio) is inactivated by 2,3-butanedione in borate buffer. magnesium ions as well as substrate--2-phosphoglycerate markedly altered the rate and extent of inactivation. the partially inactivated enzyme shows unaltered km but decreased vmax after 10 min incubation with butanedione, however after 60 min incubation the km value increased 2.5 fold.19911863278
the existence of 25-hydroxyvitamin d3-1 alpha-hydroxylase in the liver of carp and bastard halibut.we have found that carp and bastard halibut contain 25-hydroxyvitamin d3 (25-d3)-1 alpha-hydroxylase in the liver besides in the kidney by the following in vivo and in vitro experiments. when [3h]-25-d3 was intraperitoneally injected to vitamin d(d)-deficient carp and normal bastard halibut (d-deficient bastard halibut could not be raised because they died during farming), the profiles of high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) of the plasma lipid extract showed the formation of a peak cor ...19911846929
ultraviolet photoreception in carp: microspectrophotometry and behaviorally determined action spectra.this study demonstrates correlations between u.v. sensitivity and microspectrophotometric absorption spectra determined sequentially for the same group of individuals. we used the heart-rate conditioning technique to measure spectral sensitivity of carp, a species known to have u.v.-sensitive photoreceptors. mean spectral sensitivity (n = 3) determined with a spectrally-broad background (450 nm long pass filter) revealed a small but consistent u.v. peak (lambda max of 380 nm) in addition to the ...19911843761
dendritic morphology of a class of interstitial and normally placed amacrine cells revealed by intracellular lucifer yellow injection in carp retina.the dendritic morphology of a class of interstitial amacrine (isa) and normally placed amacrine cells was investigated in carp retina. we first identified their fluorescent nuclei after preloading with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi) in living or aldehyde-fixed retinal wholemounts and then injected them iontophoretically with lucifer yellow (ly) under microscopic control. although dapi appeared to be accumulated nonspecifically by amacrine and ganglion cells, isa cell nuclei were discriminat ...19911843753
in vitro responses of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) somatotrophs to carp growth hormone-releasing factor (grf) and somatostatin.to study the hypothalamic control of growth hormone (gh) release in lower vertebrates, we employed an in vitro technique using a monolayer cell culture system of rainbow trout pituitary glands. two newly purified carp brain growth hormone-releasing factors, carp grf(1-45) and carp grf(1-29), and synthetic somatostatin-14 (sst-14) were applied to the cultured pituitary cells. the results indicate that: (1) the carp grfs had a dose-related potency in stimulating growth hormone release. the dose of ...19901981568
effect of oxygen tension on catecholamine-induced formation of camp and on swelling of carp red blood cells.we studied the effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation on the formation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (camp) and on the cell volume in carp red blood cells in normoxia (po2 = 150 mmhg) and hypoxia (po2 = 8 mmhg). accumulation of camp was the prerequisite for adrenergic cell swelling. cell swelling was induced by beta-agonists, forskolin, and 8-bromo-camp. the amount of camp required for adrenergic swelling was minimal; swelling was observed at camp concentrations greater than 100 nm. ma ...19901978570
immunohistochemical localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the brain of carp, cyprinus carpio.the localization of immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone (ir-trh) in the forebrain and pituitary of carp was studied immunohistochemically using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. in the hypothalamus. ir-trh was present in the neuronal processes extending from the preoptic nucleus (npo) to the nucleus recessus lateralis (nrl). cell bodies appeared to be present in the inside of the medial nrl. most of these neurons were fusiform and bipolar. immunoreactive-beaded fibers streamed fr ...19902125569
the complete nucleotide sequence of the growth-hormone gene from the common carp (cyprinus carpio).we have isolated and sequenced a phase clone from a common carp (cyprinus carpio) genomic library that carries a gene encoding growth hormone (gh). this gene consists of five exons and four introns spanning a region of about 3 kilobase pairs. its exons correspond with one of two reported cdnas of carp gh except for nine differences in the nucleotide sequence, while the encoded amino-acid sequences are identical. the sequence upstream from the transcription start point contains two tandem repeats ...19902400791
europium(iii) ion luminescence as a structural probe of parvalbumin isotypes.the 7f0----5d0 transition of eu3+ is used to investigate the metal ion binding sites of five parvalbumin isotypes. comparisons are based on the resolution of the eu3+ excitation spectrum with a computer program using the marquardt nonlinear regression algorithm. the lorentzian-gaussian product function provides the most effective approximation to the shape of the peaks, the positions of which were found to be related to differences in the amino acid residues at the binding sites. below ph 6, spe ...19902400774
immunocytochemistry of gonadotropic cells in the pituitary of pomadasys jubelini (teleost fish).an antibody specific for the beta subunit of carp gonadotropin was applied to pituitary sections from pomadasys jubelini in order to characterize and localize the gonadotropic cells by immunocytological means. it reveals the gonadotropic zone lying mainly at the periphery of the proximal pars distalis with lateral extensions around the pars intermedia. the separation between the pars proximalis and the pars intermedia is irregular. short finger-like extensions of the gonadotropic zone protrude m ...19902272465
in vitro metabolism of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and 17,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one by ovaries of the common carp cyprinus carpio: production rates of polar metabolites.[14c]progesterone, 17-[3h]hydroxyprogesterone, and 17,20 beta-[3h]dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20 beta p) were incubated for 1, 3, 6 or 24 hr with ovaries from carp which had received injections of either carp pituitary extract or saline. all three substrates were very rapidly metabolized to polar products, but 17,20 beta p was not detected as a metabolite of either progesterone or 17-hydroxyprogesterone. the major metabolite in all incubations was very similar, but not identical, in chemical a ...19902272461
steroid profiles during spawning in male common carp.the profiles of testosterone (t) 11-ketotestosterone (11-kt), 17 alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17-p), and 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20 beta-p) were determined in groups of spermiating male common carp (cyprinus carpio) which were or were not mated with females and subjected to an increase in water temperature, a treatment which usually induces females to spawn. the steroid levels were correlated with changes in gonadotropin (gth). all males mated with ovulatory females show ...19902074001
preparation of antiserum against carp (cyprinus carpio l.) immunoglobulin and its application for immunohistochemistry. 19902287143
effect of species differences and dietary vitamin c on the concentration of ascorbate- and acid-soluble thiol in fish eye.data presented confirm the essentiality of modification of the dinitrophenylhydrazine (dnph) method to analyze the total ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in ocular tissues and stress the need of corrections for the interfering substances. variations in ascorbate and thiol concentrations in the lens, retina and aqueous humour of freshwater fish belonging to the cyprinidae family were examined. the interspecific variability of ascorbate concentration was highest in the aqueous humour and low ...19902265674
[prophylactic and therapeutic studies on intestinal giant-cystic disease of the israel carp caused by thelohanellus kitauei. ii. effects of physical and chemical factors on t. kitauei spores in vitro].in a basic attempt to develop the prophylactic and therapeutic measures on intestinal giant-cystic disease of the israel carp, cyprinus carpio nudus, the effects of physical and chemical factors on viability or survival of the spores of thelohanellus kitauei were checked in vitro by means of extrusion test on the polar filament. when the fresh spores suspended with 0.45% and 0.9% sodium chloride solution and distilled water were laid at 5 degrees c and 28 degrees c for short terms, the extrusion ...19902099178
modulatory effect of metal ions on the immune response of fish: in vivo and in vitro influence of mncl2 on nk activity of carp pronephros cells.the in vivo and in vitro influence of mncl2 on carp pronephros cells was investigated. increased cytotoxicity against both yac-1 and p 815 target cells was observed following an intraperitoneal injection of 40, 80, or 120 micrograms mncl2/g body wt administrated 24 hr prior to the in vitro 51cr release assay. similarly, in vitro treatment of carp pronephros cells, at a final concentration of 60 micrograms/culture, resulted in an increase of nk cell activity in both yac-1 and p 815 target cell li ...19902090440
interrelationships between red cell nucleoside triphosphate content, and blood ph, o2-tension and haemoglobin concentration in the carp, cyprinus carpio.as a starting point for investigations of possible control factors for the nucleoside triphosphate content in carp red cells, we utilized the natural variability in blood physico-chemical parameters to test for interrelationships. by application of two-variable regression analysis, the red cell ntp content was found to be significantly correlated with arterial po 2 and ph as well as with the blood haemoglobin (hb) concentration. these correlations show a rise in red cell ntp content with falling ...199024221032
the influence of temperature on muscle velocity and sustained performance in swimming carp.the aim of this study was to evaluate how fish locomote at different muscle temperatures. sarcomere length excursion and muscle shortening velocity, v, were determined from high-speed motion pictures of carp, cyprinus carpio (11-14 cm), swimming steadily at various sustained speeds at 10, 15 and 20 degrees c. in the middle and posterior regions of the carp, sarcomeres of the lateral red muscle underwent cyclical excursions of 0.31 microns, centered around the resting length of 2.06 microns (i.e. ...19902277258
effect of sublethal doses of three pesticides on the ovary of a carp minnow rasbora daniconius. 19902265274
biological significance of [14c]phenol accumulation in different organs of a murrel, channa punctatus, and the common carp, cyprinus carpio.phenol, a ubiquitous component of industrial effluents, is a common pollutant of water resources and a serious threat to fish. the present work demonstrates that a significant amount of phenol is retained by various tissues of the common carp, cyprinus carpio, and the snake-headed murrel, channa punctatus. the rate of [14c]phenol accumulation was higher carp than in the murrel. it is suggested that retention of phenol in the brain and ovary may seriously affect the reproductive potential of the ...19902252553
[prophylactic and therapeutic studies on intestinal giant-cystic disease of the israel carp caused by thelohanellus kitauei. i. course of formation and vanishment of the cyst].in an attempt to develop prophylactic and therapeutic measures of the intestinal giant-cystic disease caused by thelohanellus kitauei in the israel carp, cyprinus carpio nudus, pathological observations were conducted upon the carps which were hatched in may 1988 and raised in a net cage fish farm at the soyang lake, managed by horim fisheries for the period of 21 months with 1-2 months interval. after a gross inspection of the carps, necropsy was carried out periodically in order to clarify the ...19902095200
the influence of temperature on mechanics of red muscle in carp.1. we measured the influence of temperature on maximum velocity of shortening (vmax) of red muscle in carp in order to better understand the influence of temperature on locomotory performance. 2. a stable red muscle bundle preparation containing about 100 muscle fibres was developed. the bundles could not be activated directly by electrical stimulation, but rather contained sufficient nervous tissue so that acetylcholine released from the nerve terminals caused activation of the muscle. a high l ...19902213594
functional significance of metabolic responses to thermal acclimation in fish muscle.compensatory increases of the aerobic capacity of fish swimming muscle are frequently observed in response to cold acclimation. such thermal compensation occurs both in fish that remain active in the cold and in fish that become dormant at cold temperatures. for cold-active fish, positive thermal compensation is best explained by conservation of the capacity for aerobic metabolic flux at low temperatures. the compensatory responses of cold-active species can be used to suggest the temperature ra ...19902201217
influence of temperature on muscle recruitment and muscle function in vivo.temperature has a large influence on the maximum velocity of shortening (vmax) and maximum power output of muscle (q10 = 1.5-3). in some animals, maximum performance and maximum sustainable performance show large temperature sensitivities, because these parameters are dependent solely on mechanical power output of the muscles. the mechanics of locomotion (sarcomere length excursions and muscle-shortening velocities, v) at a given speed, however, are precisely the same at all temperatures. animal ...19902201215
ventilation, cardiac output and blood respiratory parameters in the carp, cyprinus carpio, during hyperoxia.the specific ventilatory flow rate (vw), cardiac output (vb) and blood respiratory parameters were determined in the carp (cyprinus carpio) during hyperoxia. vb changed little during moderate hyperoxia (240-330 torr) but slightly increased during extreme hyperoxia (430-490 torr) while vw decreased. this means that the ventilation-perfusion ratio considerably decreased during hyperoxia. the co2 tension (pco2) of blood rose, causing a corresponding decrease in blood ph. the o2 tensions (po2) of ar ...19902124716
mechanisms of temperature acclimation in the carp: a molecular biology approach.most fish are unable to regulate their body temperature. therefore their muscle power output would be expected to decline markedly with decreased environmental temperature. however, some species including carp show a remarkable ability to acclimate. the nature and significance of changes in enzymatic myosin atpase activity and the recruitment of different muscle fiber types in relation to acclimation and environmental temperature in carp are reviewed. these changes presumably involve qualitative ...19901696790
temperature adaptation of biological membranes: differential homoeoviscous responses in brush-border and basolateral membranes of carp intestinal mucosa.the effects of temperature acclimation of carp upon the hydrocarbon order of intestinal membranes has been determined. a fractionation technique has been developed for the simultaneous purification of brush-border and basolateral membrane fractions from the intestinal mucosa. the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase in the brush-border fraction was enhanced 6.4-fold over that of the initial homogenate, whilst the (na(+)-k+)-stimulated atpase was enhanced 5.8-fold in the basolateral fraction ...19902378886
[problems with malachite green use in fish].the arylmethane dye malachite green oxalate is used as an antimycotic and antiparasitic substance for treatment of fish diseases. the therapeutical use of malachite green is not licensed by the german drug act. a decree fixes a limit of tolerance of 0.01 mg malachite green/kg food produced from fish. a so-called standard license will be prepared for malachite green as a drug for fishes. by trout and carp, malachite green is eliminated slowly. therefore a long withdrawal time is necessary. the to ...19902401196
[the contamination of food trout and carp from bavarian fish farms with radiocesium (cs-137 + 134) 1986 to 1989 as the result of the nuclear power plant accident at chernobyl].after the nuclear power station accident of chernobyl at 26. 4. 86 southern bavaria was contaminated with radionuclides as j-131, cs-137 and cs-134. after three months only the cesium nuclides had bearing on food, accordingly for fish. the accumulation of total cesium (137 + 134) in the muscle of trout and carp had reached levels of 30 and 80 bq/kg on an average and levels for 300 and about 800 bq/kg were determined as maximum. the more naturally fed carps had have in the first two years a highe ...19902401195
the shift from c-19 to c-21 steroid synthesis in spawning male common carp, cyprinus carpio, is regulated by the inhibition of androgen production by progestogens produced by spermatozoa.there is a rapid shift in the steroidogenic pathway from androgen to progestogen production in spawning male common carp, cyprinus carpio. experiments were conducted to determine the mechanism regulating this shift using in vitro cultures of testicular fragments and isolated sperm of spermiating male carp. the levels of 11-ketotestosterone (11-kt) continually increased for 48 h with or without gonadotropin (gth) stimulation, suggesting that 11-kt is the principal androgen produced by carp testes ...19902393683
changes in free amino acid levels in various tissues of common carp in response to insulin injection followed by force-feeding an amino acid diet.the effects of a single injection of porcine insulin on free amino acid levels in plasma, erythrocytes, hepatopancreas and skeletal muscle were simultaneously monitored in common carp; the fish were force-fed a complete diet composed of crystalline amino acids as the sole protein precursors (amino acid diet) to study the dynamics of amino acid metabolism. the force-feeding of the amino acid diet caused surges in the concentrations of almost all amino acids in fish injected with saline, and amino ...19902195144
post-translational processing of prepro-urotensin ii.the primary structure of a teleost prepro-urotensin ii may be deduced from the nucleotide sequence of cloned dna complementary to carp prepro-urotensin ii mrna but the pathway of post-translational processing of the precursor is unknown. in this study, we have isolated four peptides from an extract of flounder urophysis that are derived from prepro-urotensin ii by proteolytic cleavage. the amino acid sequences of the peptides demonstrate that flounder prepro-urotensin ii is cleaved at two monoba ...19902365069
relationship between serum got of cyprinus carpio and biotic index of diatom in the diagnosis of water quality. 19902354259
dopamine release via protein kinase c activation in the fish retina.calcium-dependent phospholipid-sensitive protein kinase [protein kinase c (pkc)] was partially purified from the carp (cyprinus carpio) retina through de 52 ion exchange and cellulofine gel filtration chromatography. the phorbol ester 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (tpa) activated pkc in the nanomolar range. a major 38-kda protein in the retinal supernatants (105,000 g) was phosphorylated in vitro by pkc during a short period (3 min). other phosphoproteins also appeared during a further pr ...19902338558
detection of phenol-induced subcellular alteration by electron microscopy in the liver and panceres of carp.a sublethal dose (5 mg l(-1)) of phenol was applied in the experiment. liver and pancreas samples were taken at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr for electron microscopy. the following alterations were manifested during the experiment: amitosis, irregular nuclear forms, decrease of chromatin, nucleolar segregation and numerous phagosomes and autophagic vacuoles in the cytoplasm. after 72 hr, large empty vacuoles also developed in the cells. the rer was often dilated, and the accumulation of paraprotein crys ...199024243337
effect of sublethal concentrations of phenol on some enzyme activities and blood sugar level of carp (cyprinus carpio l.).to measure the phenol induced tissue necrosis and its adverse effects on nervous system, got, gpt, ldh, ache enzyme activities and blood sugar level detections were used under aquarium conditions and in field experiments.under aquarium conditions all experimental animals survived 5 ppm phenol concentration even at 96 hr exposure time. however the increase of plasma got, gpt, and ldh activities reflected serious tissue damage.in field experiments the plasma got. gpt, and ldh activities three time ...199024243336
genetic differences between the chinese and european races of the common carp : 6. growth of fish in cages.relative growth rates of six genetic groups of common carp were compared in small netting cages and in earthen ponds. these groups of carp included an isolate of the chinese 'big belly carp', its crossbred with a european isolate, and four european progenies, purebreds or crossbreds. five different environments were produced in the ponds, mainly by varying the stocking rates of carp. each of the (ten) cages was treated as a different environment. each cage and each pond were stocked with random ...199024226586
electron microscope autoradiographic examination of uptake behavior of lipophilic chemicals into fish gill.juvenile carp (cyprinus carpio) were exposed to fenvalerate and to an oligomer with molecular weights of 420 and 2,000-50,000 and log po/w values of 6.4 and more than 14, respectively, and uptake behavior into gill tissues was observed by electron microscope autoradiography. it was qualitatively demonstrated that fenvalerate was absorbed into gill tissues and localized in membrane systems of each cell. on the other hand, no absorption was observed for the oligomer, even in the external membrane ...19902338064
purification, characterization, and molecular cloning of gonadotropin subunits of silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix).the alpha and beta subunit of silver carp gonadotropin (scgth-alpha and scgth-beta) were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography. heterogeneity of n-terminal amino acid sequence was observed in scgth-alpha but not in scgth-beta. for determining the complete primary structures of scgth-alpha and scgth-beta, their cdnas were cloned. combining the data of n- and c-terminal sequences determined from proteins and the amino acid sequences deduced from cdnas, we infer that scgth-alpha consis ...19902332148
profile of metal-binding proteins and heme oxygenase in red carp treated with heavy metals, pesticides and surfactants. 19902322691
a monoclonal antibody specific to müller cells and selective synaptic sites in the retina.we have produced a monoclonal antibody which stains the müller cells in the region of the photoreceptors, nerve terminals surrounding the horizontal cells, and nerve terminals in the inner plexiform layer in carp, goldfish, and white perch retinas. electron microscopy showed that the staining in the outer and inner retina was confined to müller cells and presynaptic terminals, respectively. in the teleost brain, the antibody stained only the optic tectum and efferent fibers from the stratum albu ...19901692309
transgenic carp: pond-ready? 199017843790
the purification and partial characterization of carp, cyprinus carpio, vitellogenin.a procedure is described for the isolation of intact vitellogenin (c-vtg) from the carp, cyprinus carpio. vtg was induced in juvenile females using oestradiol-17β and purified from the plasma using a combination of gel-filtration chromatography on sepharose 6b and ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose. purification procedures were conducted at low temperatures (below 9°c) in the presence of the proteolytic enzyme inhibitor aprotinin to prevent degradation. intact c-vtg had an apparent mo ...199024221944
mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in elasmobranchs.in heart and red muscle of dogfish (squalus acanthias), the maximal activities of the fatty acid catabolizing enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase (cpt) are less than 5% the rate in the same tissues of teleosts (carp, cyprinus carpio; trout, salmo gairdneri). cpt activities in these tissues of hagfish (eptatretus stouti) are approximately 10% the rate in teleosts. however, the maximal activities of the beta-oxidation enzyme beta-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase (hoad) in dogfish red muscle and hea ...19902316720
nucleotide sequence of carp mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase iii. 19902156223
refined crystal structure of calcium-liganded carp parvalbumin 4.25 at 1.5-a resolution.the crystal structure of carp parvalbumin (pi = 4.25) has been refined by restrained least-squares analysis employing x-ray diffractometer data to 1.5-a resolution. the final residual for 12,653 reflections between 10 and 1.5 a with i(hkl) greater than 2 sigma(i) is 0.215. a total of 74 solvent molecules were included in the least-squares analysis. the root mean square deviation from ideality of bond lengths is 0.024 a. the model has a root mean square difference of 0.59 a from the positions of ...19902334704
glycogen phosphorylase in fish muscle: demonstration of three interconvertible forms.white skeletal muscle of crucian carp contains a single isoenzyme of glycogen phosphorylase, which was purified approximately 300-fold to a specific activity of approximately 13 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1 (assayed in the direction of glycogen breakdown at 25 degrees c). tissue extracts of crucian muscle produced three distinct peaks of phosphorylase activity when separated on deae-sephacel. peaks 1 and 3 were identified, in terms of kinetic properties and by interconversion experiments, as phospho ...19902106266
sequential course of uptake of intravitreal 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine by carp retinal cells.the sequential course of uptake by retinal cells of intravitreally injected 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-dht) together with dopamine (da) was investigated in juvenile carp retinas, which were removed at various intervals (1-24 h) after injection. the cells taken up 5,7-dht were visualized immunohistochemically with anti-serotonin (5-ht) antibody and fitc-conjugated igg. after a mixture of 5,7-dht and da (2.5, 10 or 20 micrograms each) was given, large-sized indoleamine (ia) amacrine cells first ...19901970941
functional coupling of glycolysis and phosphocreatine utilization in anoxic fish muscle. an in vivo 31p nmr study.three fish species with different strategies for anoxic survival (goldfish, tilapia, and common carp) were exposed to environmental anoxia (4, 3, and 1 h, respectively). the concentrations of high energy phosphate compounds and inorganic phosphate, besides the intracellular ph in the epaxial muscle were measured during anoxia and recovery by in vivo 31p nmr spectroscopy. the concentration of free adp was calculated from the equilibrium constant of creatine kinase. during anoxia the patterns of p ...19902295625
watercress and amphipods potential chemical defense in a spring stream macrophyte.we investigated the potential role of defensive chemicals in the avoidance of watercress (nasturtium officinale) by the cooccurring amphipod,gammarus pseudolimnaeus at two spring brooks: carp creek, michigan and squabble brook, connecticut. we conducted observations and laboratory experiments on the consumption of watercress, the toxicity of damaged (frozen) watercress, and the toxicity of damage-released secondary chemicals. field-collected yellowed watercress typically lacked the bite and odor ...199024264910
effects of paraquat treatment on fish transaminase molecular subforms.the effects of paraquat (pq; 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride) treatment were investigated in carp, silver carp and wels. the serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (got; l-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, ec 2.6.1.1.) level was enhanced by 50% at 1 ppm exposure and by 100% at 10 ppm exposure in all species, and there was a change in the distribution of the molecular subforms of got in the liver and heart. the activities of the individual subforms decreased with increasing p ...199024221900
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