Publications

[comparison of the effect of 2 therapy concepts in the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. cotrimoxazole for 21 days versus sequential therapy with cotrimoxazole followed by pentamidine inhalation].	standard therapy of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with cotrimoxazole and intravenous pentamidine second line therapy both have a response rate of 75 to 90%. as severe side effects, myelotoxicity and skin reaction have been observed which may occur from treatment day 7 on. in order to prevent such side effects as well as reduce hospitalization times, an open, randomized pilot study was designed. object of this study was the comparison of efficacy and safety of two different treatment schemes: st ...	1990	2374529
[prospective study of primary and secondary prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with pentamidine aerosol].	in an open prospective study in the aids outpatient department of the frankfurt university clinic the efficacy of pentamidine aerosol at a dosage of 200 mg every 14 days in the primary and secondary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was tested. the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was reduced by more than 75% in the group of patients receiving pentamidine additionally by inhalation as compared with a historical cohort given azidothymidine alone. the results of the study su ...	1990	2374530
[initial experiences with pentamidine aerosol in prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia following bone marrow transplantation].	after bone marrow transplantation there is a risk of 10% to acquire a pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii, if no prophylaxis is used. so far cotrimoxazol is the treatment of choice from day -14 before to day +180 after bone marrow transplantation. this substance, however, may cause allergic reactions, may augment the risk of nephrotoxicity of other drugs, and may be myelosuppressive. the prophylaxis with pentamidine-inhalation was used in 26 patients after bone marrow transplantation so far ...	1990	2374531
a case of pneumocystis carinii in pleural fluid with cytologic, histologic and ultrastructural documentation.	pneumocystis carinii involvement of the pleural cavity in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome was documented by cytologic as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of pleural fluids. histologic examination of the pleura and the subpleural lung revealed vasculitis and infarctlike necrosis as well as p carinii in the tissue. although a few cases of extrapulmonary p carinii infection have been reported, this appears to be the first time its presence in pleur ...	1990	2375218
progressive resistance exercise: effect on muscle function and anthropometry of a select aids population.	substantial body tissue wasting has been reported in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) patients. the purpose of this investigation was to determine if progressive resistance exercise (pre) would improve muscle function and increase body dimensions and mass in aids patients. the subjects were 24 male outpatient volunteers, status posttherapy for acute pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. subjects were randomly assigned to control (n = 12) or experimental (n = 12) subsets. all subjects underwe ...	1990	2375667
[pneumonia: special course in aids. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia--inhalation therapy].		1990	2376388
[clinicopathological study of miliary tuberculosis in patients with hematologic disease].	seven cases of miliary tuberculosis in patients with hematologic disease were analyzed clinicopathologically. mean age of the patients was 65 years, and the hematologic diseases were cml, aml, all, mds and malignant lymphoma. diabetes mellitus was present as a complication in three patients. miliary tuberculosis was found in 5 cases during the first admission to our hospital owing to hematologic problems. in 4 of 6 cases, fever had started more than two months before admission, consequently, the ...	1990	2376932
[the value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in diagnosis of hiv associated infections].	32 patients with hiv infection presenting with fever or abnormal chest radiograph or both were investigated at the university hospital of mainz (frg). fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy was undertaken in each patient, additionally other methods were used for isolating pathogens (i.e. urine sample, stool and blood culture etc.). in 26 patients one or more complicating diseases were documented, in six persons no reason for fever or pulmonary symptoms coul ...	1990	2377146
[herpes simplex infections in patients with aids].	herpes type infections in aids patients tend to be more severe, generalized and have a torpid evolution. we present here two cases of intravenous drug addicts with a clinical picture of ulcerative lesions with a scar in the perioral and ungual regions with an evolution of several months an which were diagnosed of herpes simplex by a histopathological study. they were treated with intravenous acyclovir achieving a complete remission; one patient developed a pneumocystis carinii pneumonia a month ...	1990	2377775
pneumocystis carinii choroiditis after long-term aerosolized pentamidine therapy.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. when p. carinii is disseminated, the choroid may be involved and the infection is often fatal. we examined, treated, and followed up two patients who developed choroidal lesions typical of p. carinii while taking aerosolized pentamidine for prophylaxis. the choroidal lesions gradually resolved after three weeks of therapy with intravenous trimethoprim and sulfametho ...	1990	2378374
growth and metabolism of pneumocystis carinii in axenic culture.	recent analyses of rrna have suggested a taxonomic relationship of pneumocystis carinii with fungi. we investigated various liquid and solid media without feeder cells for the ability to support growth of p. carinii. organisms were obtained from the lungs of immunosuppressed rats and separated from host cells by treatment with hypotonic solutions and a series of microfiltrations. the growth of p. carinii was quantitated by staining nuclei with diff-quik. optimal replication was observed in media ...	1990	2380365
semiquantitative technique for estimating pneumocystis carinii burden in the lung.	we developed a technique to estimate the amount of pneumocystis carinii found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. p. carinii associated with 500 nucleated cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid had little between-observer and within-observer variation. varying the technique of the lavage did not change the amount of p. carinii recovered. this technique was used in patients treated for p. carinii pneumonia. those patients who did not respond to treatment had more p. carinii in their bronchoalveol ...	1990	2380366
plasma fibronectin concentrations in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	plasma fibronectin (pfn) concentrations were assessed in 21 patients with aids, in seven with aids-related complex (arc), in 17 asymptomatic seropositive patients, and in 36 age and sex matched healthy control subjects. a single radial immunodiffusion technique was used to determine pfn concentration. a significant decrease in pfn concentrations was observed in patients with arc and aids (especially in those patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis). on the other hand, normal pfn concentra ...	1990	2380404
application of immunoblotting to detect soluble pneumocystis carinii antigen(s) in bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with pneumocystis pneumonia and aids.	the technique of immunoblotting for detecting soluble pneumocystis carinii antigen(s) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens from patients with aids and pneumocystis pneumonia was evaluated. a soluble 67 kilodalton polypeptide that was immunoreactive with an anti-p carinii monoclonal antibody (2g2) was found in the supernatants of 26 lavage samples from patients with pneumocystosis. intact organisms in lavage sediments were detected by methenamine silver or immunofluorescence staining procedu ...	1990	2380406
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and pneumocystis carinii infection in a pregnant woman.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections are being seen with greater regularity by the obstetrician-gynecologist. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), the extreme of the spectrum of hiv infections, is associated with pneumocystis carinii infection in more than half of newly diagnosed cases. four cases of aids and p carinii pneumonia complicating pregnancy have been reported in the literature, and all have caused maternal death. we report a case in which the mother survived. treatment ...	1990	2381630
severe community-acquired pneumonia. etiology, prognosis, and treatment.	the frequency of community-acquired pneumonia coupled with its mortality rate of 10 to 25% is of growing concern to clinicians. a prospective study of 67 patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia was carried out to determine the causative agents, the impact fore-knowledge of the etiology has on the outcome, the value of clinical and radiologic criteria in predicting the evolution, and the efficacy of empirical therapy. the study group included 45 men and 22 women (mean age: 56.8 +/- 16.6 ...	1990	2382902
gas chromatographic determination of trimethoprim in plasma during high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1990	2384559
anticardiolipin antibodies and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids.		1990	2384678
impact of aids on mortality in san francisco, 1979-1986.	we used death certificate data for san francisco residents from 1979 to 1986 to calculate the number of deaths and years of potential life lost before age 65 (ypll) for leading causes of death. acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids)-related deaths were defined as including cytomegalovirus infection (icd-9 078.5); cryptococcal infection (icd-9 117.5); pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (icd-9 136.3); other malignant neoplasms of the skin, site unspecified (icd-9 173.9); deficiency of cell-mediate ...	1990	2384868
molecular probes for the detection of pneumocystis carinii.		1990	2385864
anti-cardiolipin antibodies and hiv infection.	anti-cardiolipin antibodies of igg class were found in 48% of intravenous drug users, 38% of homosexuals and 14% of heterosexuals (with no other risk factor) infected with hiv. anti-cardiolipin antibodies were not increased in hiv-negative heterosexual partners of hiv-infected patients, but mildly elevated levels were detected in hiv-negative drug users, relative to healthy controls unselected for hiv status. among hiv infected drug users, anti-cardiolipin antibodies were not associated with thr ...	1990	2387093
scintigraphic pattern of pneumothorax complicating pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids.	spontaneous pneumothorax is a serious though infrequently reported pulmonary complication of aids. an unsuspected lung collapse was discovered via gallium scintigraphy for the study of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. neither the pneumonia nor the pneumothorax were apparent on the most recent chest roentgenogram. in evaluating gallium images during the work-up of aids patients with associated pulmonary pathology, the possible complication of lung collapse should be considered. if pneumothorax is ...	1990	2390822
the emerging aids epidemic in ireland--clinicopathological findings in 23 early cases.	a longitudinal study with follow up to the end of 1989 was carried out on 23 patients with aids who had attended st. james's hospital, dublin, by the end of 1987. until then only 33 cases of aids had been reported in ireland. the patients, all of whom had antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), were predominantly male, young (mean age 31.3 years) and belonged about equally to three major risk groups: homosexuals, intravenous drug abusers (ivda) and haemophiliacs. aids was diagnosed bec ...	1990	2391209
oral therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. a controlled trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-dapsone.	antimicrobial drugs that can be taken orally are needed for the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). preliminary data indicate that dapsone with trimethoprim may be an effective alternative to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which is frequently toxic.	1990	2392131
novel pentamidine analogs in the treatment of experimental pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	we have recently demonstrated that substitution of imidazoline moieties for the amidine groups of pentamidine produces a molecule that is effective against rat pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and that is apparently less toxic than pentamidine. for this reason, 10 novel imidazoline substituted compounds were evaluated for their effect against rat p. carinii pneumonia. while several of the new compounds were observed to have advantages over pentamidine in the treatment of disease in the rat model, ...	1990	2393262
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. the steroid dilemma.		1990	2393313
kaposi's sarcoma in three hiv-1-infected cohorts.	we describe the kaposi's sarcoma (ks) experience in three cohorts of homosexual men, subjects with hemophilia, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) seroconverters. the risk of ks was higher in hiv-1-infected homosexual men from new york city as compared with washington, d.c. and was very low in the hemophilia subjects. while ks accounted for a decreasing proportion of aids cases in homosexual men, the absolute risk per year did not diminish. survival was similar after diagnosis of ks ...	1990	2395084
separation of pneumocystis carinii from the lung of the steroid-suppressed rat.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was induced in rats by chronic corticosteroid immunosuppression. the parasite was separated from virtually all contaminating host cells using the technique of unit gravity sedimentation. cellular contamination was routinely below 0.02%. the same technique allowed partial separation of the cyst from the trophozoite stage.	1990	2397880
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: ct and hrct observations.	we examined the chest radiography, ct, and high resolution ct (hrct) of 14 patients with proven pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. we compared the radiographic and hrct patterns of abnormal lung parenchyma with histologic sections obtained in those 11 patients who had had transbronchial lung biopsies. diffuse bilateral perihilar airspace disease was the most common radiographic pattern. both ct and hrct showed "ground glass" opacity in the lungs, through which the vessels remained visible in all pa ...	1990	2398155
hyponatremia in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome.	we performed prospective and retrospective studies of 96 consecutive patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) or aids-related complex (arc) to determine the incidence, pathogenesis, and clinical significance of hyponatremia, defined as serum sodium levels less than or equal to 130 mmol/l on more than one occasion. thirty (31.3%), six with arc and 24 with aids, had hyponatremia, and it developed in 20 as outpatients. age, gender, duration of illness, and weight loss did not differ ...	1990	2398458
treatment of pneumocystis carinii choroidopathy.		1990	2400340
long-term secondary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by inhaled pentamidine in aids.		1990	2401788
[morphological changes in pneumocystis carinii in the alveolar space due to treatment with co-trimoxazole--comparison of clinical cases and experimental rats].	in this study, transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe the morphological changes in pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) in the alveolar space of patients and experimental rats treated with co-trimoxazole. experimentally, p. carinii pneumonia was induced in wistar rats by peritoneal injection of prednisolone and then treated with co-trimoxazole. the animals were divided into an untreated group and groups treated with co-trimoxazole for 3-9 days. in the untreated group, various form ...	1990	2401809
the diagnosis of pneumonia in the immunocompromised child: use of bronchoalveolar lavage.	between january 1987 and december 1988, 26 immunocompromised children (aged 15 months to 17 years) underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) for evaluation of pneumonia (chemotherapy for malignancy, 12; orthotopic liver transplantation, 9; other hematologic disease, 5). bilateral diffuse pulmonary disease was present in 25 children. all were receiving broad spectrum antibiotics. in addition, five were receiving antiviral therapy and two were receiving antifungal therapy. sixteen patients underwent ...	1990	2401943
outcome after assisted ventilation in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	twenty-two pediatric patients with aids required assisted ventilation during 27 pediatric icu (picu) admissions. patients were retrospectively divided on the basis of whether they required assisted ventilation for acute respiratory failure (arf) or for another reason. sixteen (59%) courses of assisted ventilation were for arf. the picu mortality rate was 81% for the arf group. eleven (41%) courses of assisted ventilation were for reasons not involving arf. the picu mortality rate for the group w ...	1990	2403505
continuous positive airway pressure by face mask in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	we used continuous positive airway pressure (cpap) by face mask to treat 18 aids patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) who were in hypoxic respiratory failure. candidates for mask cpap were conscious, not hypercarbic, and able to protect their airway on icu admission. treatment was effective and well tolerated. mean po2 rose from 62 to 158 torr, respiratory rate decreased from 51 to 32 breath/min, and pco2 was unchanged. mean duration of treatment was 4.5 days. only one patient deve ...	1990	2403506
kaposi's sarcoma in transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. a case report and review of the literature.	kaposi's sarcoma in transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is rare; to our knowledge, only four previous cases have been reported. we report a unique case of transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a 74-year-old woman. at autopsy, both lungs were extensively affected by kaposi's sarcoma, pneumocystis carinii, and cytomegalovirus infection. these three processes led to respiratory failure and accounted for her death.	1990	2403779
reduced concentrations of igg antibodies to pneumocystis carinii in hiv-infected patients during active pneumocystis carinii infection and the possibility of passive immunisation.	the relationship between pneumocystis carinii antibody concentrations and acute pneumocystis infection was investigated by testing sequential samples of serum from hiv antibody-positive patients with respiratory symptoms and hiv-negative immunocompromised patients by means of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for specific igg antibodies to p. carinii. loss of circulating antibody at the time of active pneumocystis infection was observed in five patients with proven infection. three others sho ...	1990	2405059
the evolving challenge of pneumocystis carinii. a deadly opportunist in aids.	considerable progress has been made in the identification and treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). prophylaxis, either primary or secondary, represents a major advance and should be used appropriately by physicians caring for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. yet with success come new challenges. centers for treatment of aids that aggressively use prophylaxis have seen a shift toward severe illness due to other patho ...	1990	2405375
clinical utility of liver biopsy in patients with serum antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus.	patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) frequently have liver dysfunction, which may be due to a number of causes. determination of the patients who are likely to benefit from liver biopsy, an invasive procedure, is therefore important. in this study, the results of liver biopsy in patients with aids were compared to those in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients without aids.	1990	2405658
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.	pneumocystis carinii has taken on new importance with the emergence of the human immunodeficiency virus. it is the most common life-threatening opportunistic infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and eventually develops in 80% or more of those not receiving primary prophylaxis. this review focuses on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of p carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	1990	2405800
problems in the detection of pneumocystis carinii by indirect immunofluorescence.		1990	2406144
management of patients with asymptomatic hiv infection.	there has been extensive progress in the management of hiv infection. this especially applies to patients in the early asymptomatic stages of disease. management guidelines include counseling of all seropositive patients, medical evaluation, psychological support, and medical intervention. for the asymptomatic patient, important strategies currently recommended include a cd-4 cell count at six month intervals with the use of azt for those patients with counts of less than 500/mm3 and the use of ...	1990	2406530
role of the microbiology laboratory in the diagnosis of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus.	patients with defects in the immune system caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus are predisposed to a variety of opportunistic infections, many of which can be diagnosed by conventional or special microbiological procedures. this article reviews the laboratory diagnosis of bloodstream, lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. laboratories serving health care facilities in which a ...	1990	2407217
rapid detection of pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage samples by using cellufluor staining.	cellufluor (calcofluor white) has been found to be a useful, rapid chemofluorescent stain for detection of pneumocystis carinii cysts in bronchoalveolar lavage samples. when compared with toluidine blue o and giemsa stains on 45 specimens (22 positive and 23 negative), the sensitivity and specificity of the cellufluor stain were 95 and 100%, respectively.	1990	1690218
evaluation of an indirect fluorescent-antibody stain for detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens.	two prospective studies were undertaken to evaluate a commercial indirect fluorescent-antibody (ifa) stain for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens from individuals at risk for or with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the first study compared ifa with diff-quik (dq; a rapid giemsa-like stain) for detecting p. carinii in 95 induced sputa obtained from 77 asymptomatic patients who had survived one previous episode of p. carinii pneumonia and who were being treated ...	1990	1693631
low-dose multidrug chemotherapy plus pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis for hiv-related kaposi's sarcoma.	treatment of advanced hiv-related kaposi's sarcoma (ks) with combination chemotherapy yields a high tumor regression rate but also a high incidence of opportunistic infections (ois), most notably pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). we attempted to maintain a high response rate and minimize the likelihood for developing pcp by designing a flexible low-dose weekly multidrug chemotherapy regimen that alternates two myelotoxic with one to two nonmyelotoxic drugs, concurrently with prophylactic aer ...	1990	1693677
a comparison of modified methenamine silver and toluidine blue stains for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from immunosuppressed patients.	pneumonia due to pneumocystis carinii is an increasingly frequent occurrence; a prompt, accurate diagnosis is important to successfully manage this infection. methenamine silver and toluidine blue stainings of material recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) have been the most widely employed techniques for detecting pneumocystis organisms. the value of these two staining techniques for the detection of pneumocystis organisms was prospectively compared in 220 bal specimens obtained from 186 im ...	1990	1695802
papanicolaou stain properties that allow pneumocystis carinii to fluoresce.		1990	1695805
rapid diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii infection in aids by cytocentrifugation and rapid hematoxylin-eosin staining.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the major pulmonary complication in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. while fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsy (tbbx) is regarded as the procedure of choice to identify pcp, these techniques, particularly tbbx, pose potential risks to the already compromised patient. to reduce the duration of bronchoscopy and, hence, lessen the chance for complications, we describe a rapid technique to id ...	1990	1696874
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids in central africa.	over a period of 11 months, 37 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) presenting with symptoms of bronchopulmonary disease were investigated. patients presented with cough, weight loss, fever and dyspnoea. investigations included fibreoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy. in eight patients (22%) pneumocystis carinii was found. pulmonary infiltrates were found on chest radiographs of six patients, while in the remaining two patients chest ...	1990	1699254
[acute pneumocystosis during polychemotherapy following the macop-b protocol].	four out of eleven patients--none of them hiv positive--who received treatment for non-hodgkin lymphoma by the macop-b protocol between june 1989 and february 1990 were taken ill during or shortly after the conclusion of the course with fulminant pneumonia necessitating artificial ventilation. in three cases pneumocystis carinii was identified as the pathogen, and in one patient the diagnosis of pneumocystosis seemed probable. the mean cumulative doses given before the outbreak of pneumonia were ...	1990	1699717
rapid detection of pneumocystis carinii using a direct fluorescent monoclonal antibody stain.	a collaborative study was undertaken at two institutions to assess the performance of a direct fluorescent-antibody stain for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens from patients with known or suspected human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections. a total of 163 specimens (125 induced sputa, 37 bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and 1 tracheal aspirate) from 124 patients were examined by using modified giemsa (diff-quik; baxter american scientific products, chicago, ill.) ...	1990	1699968
blinded comparison of a direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody staining method and a giemsa staining method for identification of pneumocystis carinii in induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.	a new direct immunofluorescence monoclonal antibody (dfa) method (genetic systems, inc., seattle, wash.) for identification of pneumocystis carinii in induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens was compared in a blinded study with an established giemsa stain method. we evaluated 148 consecutive clinical specimens from 104 patients with the following results. for the 67 patients (64%) infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), 49 were initially negative by both the dfa and the ...	1990	1699970
comparison of four methods for rapid detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens.	four stains for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens were compared for sensitivity, specificity, preparation time, and ease of interpretation. one hundred specimens were collected. of these, 50 were induced sputum specimens and 50 were bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. all specimens were stained with diff-quik (dq) (a modified giemsa stain), a quick silver stain, and direct and indirect immunofluorescence stains. a positive specimen was defined as any smear positive by two ...	1990	1701444
the risk of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. multicenter aids cohort study group.	we assessed the risk of pneumonia due to pneumocystis carinii in 1665 participants in the multicenter aids cohort study who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) but did not have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and were not receiving prophylaxis against p. carinii. during 48 months of follow-up, 168 participants (10.1 percent) had a first episode of p. carinii pneumonia. the risk was greatly increased in participants with cd4+ cell counts at base line of ...	1990	1967190
difficulties with sputum induction for diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1990	1967394
the risk of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1990	1970853
asymptomatic patients with hiv infection. keeping them well.	primary care physicians need to be prepared to counsel and manage patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. asymptomatic seropositive patients should be seen quarterly, and t4 lymphocyte counts should be followed. other serologic markers that may detect disease progression are p24 antigen and beta 2 microglobulin. abnormalities in the levels of these markers may influence the decision to initiate early antiretroviral therapy. therapeutic regimens are now available for delaying ...	1990	1971717
long-term zidovudine treatment of asymptomatic hiv-1-infected subjects.	eighteen asymptomatic men with persistent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) p24 antigenemia were treated with zidovudine 250-500 mg (+/- acyclovir 800 mg) 6-hourly for 4-12 weeks, and thereafter with zidovudine 500 mg (+/- acyclovir 1600 mg) 12-hourly for 92 weeks. six additional hiv-1 p24 antigenemic subjects were treated with zidovudine 500 mg 12-hourly for 76 weeks. disease progression occurred in 4 subjects, despite sustained reduction of serum hiv-1 p24 antigen levels: pneumocysti ...	1990	1972321
intermittent co-trimoxazole prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1990	1973495
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with more than 450 cd4 t lymphocytes per cubic millimeter.		1990	1974030
hierarchical pattern of mucosal candida infections in hiv-seropositive women.	candida is the most common cause of opportunistic mucosal infections in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive women. we had observed an apparent correlation between the severity of immunodeficiency and the site of mucosal candida infection. the current study was designed to determine whether significant correlations existed between the sites of mucosal candida infection and the degree of immunodeficiency, as determined by subsets of lymphocyte populations.	1990	1974383
detection of pneumocystis carinii with dna amplification.	oligonucleotide primers and probes were used in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify pneumocystis carinii specific dna sequences from alveolar lavage samples from 47 diagnostic bronchoscopies. no p carinii dna was found in lavage from 10 immunocompetent patients; only low levels were found in 3 of 13 samples from immunosuppressed individuals without p carinii pneumonia (pcp), and the highest levels, readily demonstrated by simple ethidium bromide staining, were found in all of 16 samples fro ...	1990	1974987
possible transfer of pneumocystis carinii between immunodeficient patients.		1990	1975393
aerosolized pentamidine for prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. the san francisco community prophylaxis trial.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most frequent life-threatening opportunistic infection associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. to assess the possible value of aerosolized-pentamidine prophylaxis in different doses, a controlled clinical trial was begun in 1987 with 408 subjects at 12 treatment centers. the participants were randomly assigned to receive 30 mg of pentamidine every two weeks, 150 mg every two weeks, or 300 mg every four weeks.	1990	1975426
pneumocystis carinii karyotypes.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis techniques were used to examine the chromosomes of pneumocystis carinii isolated from laboratory rats and two human subjects. p. carinii organisms isolated from each of four rat colonies and from two patients each produced a distinct band pattern, but in all cases the bands ranged in size from 300 to 700 kilobase pairs. p. carinii from three rat colonies produced patterns containing 15 prominent bands. of these 15 bands, 2 stained more intensely than would be exp ...	1990	1975595
[when and how should primary prevention against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia be carried out in hiv infection?].		1990	1975648
[the prognostic significance of lymphocyte subpopulations and macrophages in peripheral blood and in bronchoalveolar lavage in aids patients with suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].	in 36 hiv seropositive patients with the clinical manifestation of aids and a suspected pneumocystis carinii infection, lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed in the peripheral blood (pbl) and compared with the results of the bronchoalveolar lavage (bal). of those 36 patients, 29 showed a highly abnormal cd4/cd8 ratio in both the pbl and the bal. the clinical course of these 29 patients was unpredictable. in seven patients, however, the cd4/cd8 ratio in the bal was normal or only slightly alter ...	1990	1976848
prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in aids patients with weekly dapsone.		1990	1977035
possible transfer of pneumocystis carinii between kidney transplant recipients.		1990	1977036
a randomized controlled trial of a reduced daily dose of zidovudine in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the aids clinical trials group.	the initially tested dose of zidovudine for the treatment of patients with advanced disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv) was 1500 mg. although this dose is effective, it is associated with substantial toxicity.	1990	1977079
asymptomatic disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection detected by ophthalmoscopy.		1990	1978100
detection of pneumocystis carinii.		1990	1978158
human immunodeficiency virus and the primary care physician.	as the scope and size of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic grows, the primary care physician will need to assume a greater role. a knowledge of hiv risk factors and the ability to perform pretest and posttest counseling for hiv testing is essential. counseling patients on hiv risk reduction should be part of the hiv risk interview. an understanding of the benefits and contraindications of testing, as well as a respect for the impact of testing, is important. all hiv-seropositive in ...	1990	1978857
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	the occurrence of unusual infections, in particular pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the rare neoplasm kaposi's sarcoma, in previously healthy homosexual men in the late 1970s heralded the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus infection, the most severe form of which is the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	1990	1979021
cerebral pneumocystis carinii infection in aids.		1990	1979413
trends in survival of danish aids patients from 1981 to 1989.	length of survival was analysed in relation to year of diagnosis, aids-indicative disease, age, risk behaviour, zidovudine therapy, and cd4 cell count and serum immunoglobulin (ig) levels at the time of diagnosis in a group of 231 consecutive adult danish aids patients reported before 1 january 1988. the cumulative survival rate was 53% (95% confidence interval 47-59%) at 1 year, 29% (22-36%) at 2 years and 18% (10-26%) at 3 years. length of survival increased significantly (p less than 0.001) o ...	1990	1980821
update: exposure to aerosol pentamidine.	pentamidine, a drug administered in aerosol form to aids patients suffering from pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), has come under heavy fire from hospital unions and others of late. pentamidine presents a twofold occupational risk: first, there is exposure to the drug itself, which, according to many healthcare workers, is a respiratory irritant with potential long-term consequences; second, there appears to be some evidence that working in pentamidine therapy areas increases the potential o ...	1990	10128646
pneumocystis carinii choroiditis in patients receiving inhaled pentamidine.		1990	2314433
congenital acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia in down's syndrome.	the case of a newborn with down's syndrome and congenital leukaemia is reported. the malignant white blood cells displayed the cd41 antigen (glycoprotein ilb/iiia) identified by monoclonal antibodies hp1-ld and fmc24 and the cd9/p24 antigen identified by monoclonal antibody fmc27. the number of cells in s-phase was 14%, as assessed by the incorporation of 5-bromo 2-deoxyuridine. no other chromosomal abnormalities were identified in addition to 47 xy + 21. the patient died 15 days after the diagn ...	1990	27456581
raymond pearl memorial lecture, 1989: cultural practices as determinants of clinical pathology and epidemiology of venereal infections: implications for predictions about the aids epidemic.	sexually transmitted diseases newly introduced into diverse primitive and isolated populations have behaved differently in clinical severity and seriousness of the epidemics they have caused, because of culturally different sexual practices. epidemic interstitial plasma cell pneumonia in the 1930s-1950s in eastern and northern europe, caused by pneumocystis carinii and accompanied by cytomegalovirus infection, was an unexpected aids-like epidemic which spread slowly, then quickly and inexplicabl ...	1990	28520226
inhaled pentamidine therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1990	18750758
the global aids situation -- updated, june 1990.	the global aids and hiv situation, in terms of prevalence, by region and sex, means of transmission, progress in treatment, and the tasks undertaken by the who global programme on aids are summarized as of june 1990. over 250,000 cases of aids had been reported to who from over 150 countries by mid-1990. because of under-reporting who estimates that actually 700,000 cases of aids exist. who predicts 1 million cases by 2000. 6-8 million persons with hiv are estimated, and 15-20 million are pr ...	1990	12283394
parasite infections in aids.	'illnesses no one's got' was the epidemiological clue that led to the identification of aids as a new disease in 1981 when a rare infectious organism pneumocystis carinii was seen in previously healthy homosexuals. since then a wide range of parasite infections has been recognized in aids patients. however, these patients are not susceptible to just any passing parasite. the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) produces a specific immune defect and only parasites that can exploit that defect will ...	1989	15463136
diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii is the prime opportunistic pathogen of our time, the leading cause of fatal pneumonia in the increasing number of immunosuppressed subjects encountered on oncology and transplant programmes' and in subjects with the acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (aids).	1989	15463222
a method for isolation of rna from pneumocystis carinii.	total rna from pneumocystis carinii obtained directly from the rat lung and from short term culture on a549 cells was evaluated for size and purity. an isolation procedure using guanidine isothiocyanate and lithium chloride was preferable to a hot phenol method. host cells were eliminated by hypotonic lysis and a series of microfiltrations. pneumocystis carinii were pretreated with zymolyase for increased susceptibility to chaotropic agents. the major ribosomal species of p. carinii rna migrated ...	1989	2468766
a culture method allowing production of relatively pure pneumocystis carinii trophozoites.		1989	2468767
dynamics of pneumocystis carinii-specific immune complexes in aids patients with p. carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii-specific immune complexes were detected by immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in 53% of sera from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients with p. carinii pneumonia (pcp). resolution of glycoprotein antigenemia (50-55 kd = dominant species) appears to correlate with successful pcp drug therapy and recovery. an epitope map has been constructed from immunoblots of p. carinii hydrolysates and from human and murine serum containing p. carinii anti ...	1989	2468768
detection of surface carbohydrates of pneumocystis carinii.		1989	2468769
in vitro differentiation of human-derived pneumocystis carinii.	two major impediments to the development of an in vitro cultivation system for pneumocystis carinii are lack of an accurate means of quantitation and difficulty in determination of viability over time. human-derived p. carinii exists as aggregates of cysts and trophozoites in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. these aggregates persisted over time in an in vitro system consisting of a monolayer of radiated or nonradiated a549 cells, rpmi 1640, and 10% fetal calf serum. parallel measurements at specifi ...	1989	2469697
giemsa staining for cysts and trophozoites of pneumocystis carinii.	although giemsa staining has been routinely used for the detection of trophozoites and intracystic bodies in smears of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (bal) from patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, it does not normally stain the cyst wall. for detection of the cysts other stains such as toluidine blue 'o' and methenamine silver must be used as well. sulphation of smears before staining with giemsa allows cysts to be visualised, thus enabling a single stain to be used to show all the stage ...	1989	2469702
pneumocystis carinii: sequence from ribosomal rna implies a close relationship with fungi.	pneumocystis carinii is the etiologic agent of a lethal pneumonia which occurs in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) and other immunocompromised hosts. the basic biochemical and genetic characteristics of p. carinii are poorly understood and its taxonomic classification as a protozoan is uncertain. to address the taxonomic question, a method was developed for the extraction of total rna from p. carinii. denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis showed the two ribosomal rna ...	1989	2470612
identification of pneumocystis carinii in immunodeficient mice.	various procedures were utilized to determine the most sensitive, cost and labor effective techniques for detection of pneumocystis carinii in immunologically compromised mice. immunoperoxidase staining techniques that utilized polyclonal antibodies directed against purified rat or mouse p. carinii were more sensitive and specific than staining with gomori's methenamine silver. indirect immunofluorescence microscopy on frozen sections was comparable to immunoperoxidase staining, but lacked fine ...	1989	2470952
organization of microbiology laboratory services for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	when faced with the ever-increasing demand for the rapid laboratory diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), as well as a variety of fungal, parasitic, and bacterial opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals, the chest service and the clinical microbiology laboratory at san francisco general hospital developed a coordinated plan for the collection and rapid examination of specimens to allow presumptive diagnoses to be made as quickly as possibl ...	1989	2473507
fluorescence microscopy of papanicolaou-stained bronchoalveolar lavage specimens in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii.		1989	2473590
cresyl violet: a rapid, simple, easily interpretable stain for detecting pneumocystis carinii in sputum.	over a three-month period at the pathology laboratory of jackson memorial hospital, 110 sputum samples from 62 hospitalized patients with suspected aids were examined for pneumocystis carinii. sputum specimens were either expectorated spontaneously (most patients) or expectorated after the inhalation of small amounts of nebulized normal saline. each sputum sample was cytocentrifuged onto two slides. one slide was stained with gomori methenamine-silver (gms) and the other with cresyl violet (cv). ...	1989	2474858
the use of an indirect fluorescent antibody test for detecting pneumocystis carinii.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. an indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test has been developed using monoclonal antibodies specific for antigens on the surface of p carinii. we tested the sensitivity and specificity of this ifa test for detecting p carinii in respiratory specimens of immunocompromised patients with pulmonary symptoms undergoing bronchoscopy. both the bronchial wash and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens of p ...	1989	2476103
pneumocystis carinii: taxing taxonomy.	the detailed taxonomy of pneumocystis carinii has not been decided. most experts agree that it is either a fungus or a protozoan. in favor of a fungal designation are the recent reports that 16s and 18s rrna sequences of p. carinii have greater homology to saccharomyces cerevisiae and neurospora crassa than to selected protozoa. other studies show that sequences of the 18s and 26s rrna, microtubular ultrastructure, membrane fusion potential and dna content per cell resemble protozoa more than fu ...	1989	2477272
evidence for shared epitopes between cardiolipin and pneumocystis carinii.		1989	2477468