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antimicrobial resistance and molecular analysis of non-typhoidal salmonella isolates from human in tunisia.during the period from 2006 to 2007, a total of 32 clinical isolates of salmonella enterica were isolated from diarrheagenic stool samples and further examined for their susceptibility to various antibiotics. sixteen of the human isolates were from the capital tunis, 11 were from sousse, four were from nabeul and one was from mahdia, tunisia. the isolates were serotyped and identified at the national centre of enteropathogenic bacteria, pasteur institute, tunis (centre national de salmonella, sh ...201020685046
emergence of an inciγ plasmid encoding cmy-2 ß-lactamase associated with the international st19 oxa-30-producing ß-lactamase salmonella typhimurium multidrug-resistant clone.to analyse the genetic environment of the bla(cmy-2) gene in a multidrug-resistant isolate belonging to the oxa-30-producing salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium clone widespread in european countries.201020685754
evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the methylene chloride extract of miconia ligustroides, isolated triterpene acids, and ursolic acid derivatives.the methylene chloride extract of miconia ligustroides (dc.) naudin (melastomataceae), the isolated compounds ursolic and oleanolic acids and a mixture of these acids, and ursolic acid derivatives were evaluated against the following microorganisms: bacillus cereus (atcc 14579), vibrio cholerae (atcc 9458), salmonella choleraesuis (atcc 10708), klebsiella pneumoniae (atcc 10031), and streptococcus pneumoniae (atcc 6305). the microdilution method was used for determination of the minimum inhibito ...201020645834
recognition and prevention of hospital-associated enteric infections in the intensive care unit.the objectives of this article were to review the causes and extent of hospital-associated infectious diarrhea and associated risks in the general hospital ward and intensive care unit (icu), to compare microorganisms with similar symptoms to aid in recognition that will lead to timely and appropriate treatment and control measures, and to propose infection prevention protocols that could decrease human process errors in the icu. this literature review describes epidemiology, comparison of micro ...201020647790
retrospective study on the incidence of salmonella isolations in animals in south africa, 1996 to 2006.a retrospective study that involves the analysis of laboratory diagnostic data collected during the period 1996-2006 was conducted. a total of 3417 salmonella isolations involving 183 different serotypes was recorded from 1999-2006, inclusive, at the onderstepoort veterinary institute, agricultural research council, south africa. the most common serotypes were salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium (917 incidents), salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar dublin (248 ...201020649153
enteropathogenic escherichia coli, samonella, shigella and yersinia: cellular aspects of host-bacteria interactions in enteric diseases.abstract: a successful infection of the human intestine by enteropathogenic bacteria depends on the ability of bacteria to attach and colonize the intestinal epithelium and, in some cases, to invade the host cell, survive intracellularly and disseminate from cell to cell. to accomplish these processes bacteria have evolved an arsenal of molecules that are mostly secreted by dedicated type iii secretion systems, and that interact with the host, subverting normal cellular functions. here we overvi ...201020649986
a multipathogen selective enrichment broth for simultaneous growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes.a selective enrichment broth (ssl) was formulated to allow concurrent growth of 3 prominent food-borne pathogens: salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes. nalidixic acid, lithium chloride, and potassium tellurite were added as the selective agents, while sodium pyruvate and mannitol were employed as the supplemented elements. in the individual growth trial, the target pathogens were capable of growing in ssl to as high as 7-8 log(10) colony-form ...201020651858
the o28 antigen gene clusters of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dakar and serovar pomona are different.a 10 kb o-antigen gene cluster was sequenced from a salmonella enterica subsp. enterica dakar o28 reference strain and from two s. pomona serogroup o28 isolates. the two s. pomona o antigen gene clusters showed only moderate identity with the s. dakar o28 gene cluster, suggesting that the o antigen oligosaccharides may contain one or more sugars conferring the o28 epitope but may otherwise be different. these novel findings are absolutely critical for the correct interpretation of molecular sero ...201020652070
development of stable reporter system cloning luxcdabe genes into chromosome of salmonella enterica serotypes using tn7 transposon.salmonellosis may be a food safety problem when raw food products are mishandled and not fully cooked. in previous work, we developed bioluminescent salmonella enterica serotypes using a plasmid-based reporting system that can be used for real-time monitoring of the pathogen's growth on food products in short term studies. in this study, we report the use of a tn7-based transposon system for subcloning of luxcdabe genes into the chromosome of eleven salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from th ...201020653968
investigation of the chaperone function of the small heat shock protein-agsa.a small heat shock protein agsa was originally isolated from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. we previously demonstrated that agsa was an effective chaperone that could reduce the amount of heat-aggregated proteins in an escherichia coli rpoh mutant. agsa appeared to promote survival at lethal temperatures by cooperating with other chaperones in vivo. to investigate the aggregation prevention mechanisms of agsa, we constructed n- or c-terminal truncated mutants and compared their propert ...201020653971
characterization of antimicrobial resistance of recent salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum isolates from chickens in south korea.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum isolates (n=105) from chickens in south korea between 2002 and 2007 were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations of 16 antimicrobials, and their predominant resistance profiles were genetically characterized. most isolates (99/105; 94.3%) were resistant to nalidixic acid and resistant/intermediately resistant to fluoroquinolones, and 63.8% (67/105) of the isolates were resistant to three or more antimicrobial ...201020544426
unphosphorylated csgd controls biofilm formation in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the transcriptional regulator csgd of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a major regulator of biofilm formation required for the expression of csgba, which encodes curli fimbriae, and adra, coding for a diguanylate cyclase. csgd is a response regulator with an n-terminal receiver domain with a conserved aspartate (d59) as a putative target site for phosphorylation and a c-terminal luxr-like helix-turn-helix dna binding motif, but the mechanisms of target gene activation ...201020545866
multiresistant salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- in europe: a new pandemic strain?a marked increase in the prevalence of s. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- with resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines (r-type assut) has been noted in food-borne infections and in pigs/pig meat in several european countries in the last ten years. one hundred and sixteen strains of s. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- from humans, pigs and pig meat isolated in england and wales, france, germany, italy, poland, spain and the netherlands were further subtyped by phage typ ...201020546690
enterobacterial tumor colonization in mice depends on bacterial metabolism and macrophages but is independent of chemotaxis and motility.despite promising results and increasing attention in bacterial cancer therapy, surprisingly little is known about initial tumor colonization and the interaction between bacteria and surrounding tumor tissue. here, we analyzed the role of chemotaxis, motility, and metabolism both in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains upon intravenous injection into tumor-bearing mice. in contrast to previous models, we found that chemotaxis and motility do not play a significant ...201020547100
isolation and characterization of a novel analyte from bacillus subtilis sc-8 antagonistic to bacillus cereus.in this study, an effective substance was isolated from bacillus subtilis sc-8, which was obtained from traditionally fermented soybean paste, cheonggukjang. the substance was purified by hplc, and its properties were analyzed. it had an adequate antagonistic effect on bacilluscereus, and its spectrum of activity was narrow. when tested on several gram-negative and gram-positive foodborne pathogenic bacteria such as salmonella enterica, salmonella enteritidis, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria ...201020547349
antimicrobial resistance and subtyping of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar enteritidis isolated from human outbreaks and poultry in southern brazil.to investigate antimicrobial resistance, 96 salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar enteritidis strains isolated from salmonellosis outbreaks and poultry-related products obtained in southern brazil were analyzed. macrorestriction patterns, obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and phage types, were assessed. although 43.75% of samples were sensitive to all drugs tested, resistance to sulfonamide (34.37%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (25.00%), nalidixic acid (14.58%), streptomyc ...201020548083
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of n,n'-bis(2-hydroxylbenzyl)-1,2-ethanediamine derivatives.a series of n,n'-bis(2-hydroxylbenzyl)-1,2-ethanediamine derivatives and its schiff bases were synthesized, characterized and screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and salmonella enterica. result indicated that the ethylenediamine derivatives, n,n'-bis(2-hydroxy-5-bromobenzyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (21), and n,n'-bis(2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (22) showed the most favorable antimicrobial activity exhibiting lc(50) of 11.6 ...201020548968
salmonella enterica serovar typhi has a 4.1 kb genetic island inserted within the sapabcdf operon that causes loss of resistance to the antimicrobial peptide protamine.to investigate the association between the presence of a genetic island inserted within the sapabcdf operon of salmonella typhi and the susceptibility to antimicrobial peptides.201020551214
antimicrobial properties of prunin, a citric flavanone glucoside, and its prunin 6″-o-lauroyl ester.to determine the antimicrobial potential of prunin (p), a flavanone glucoside resulting from the hydrolysis of naringin present in grapefruit, and of its prunin 6″-o-lauroyl ester (pl), synthesized by enzymatic catalysis.201020553344
epidemiology and interaction of salmonella enterica serovar derby, infantis and typhimurium with porcine alveolar macrophages.in this study we were interested in the serovars which are frequently isolated from pigs, i.e. s. typhimurium, s. derby and s. infantis. first we collected different isolates of s. infantis and s. derby and compared them by macrorestriction analysis. in the second part of the study we infected porcine alveolar macrophages (pams) with representative strains of these serovars and s. typhimurium and determined intracellular survival, cytotoxicity and cytokine response. in s. derby, 17 different pro ...201020554127
deletion of a prophage-like element causes attenuation of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and promotes protective immunity.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a wide host range serovar belonging to the s. enterica genus. worldwide, it is one of the most frequent causes of food borne disease. similar to s. typhimurium, some virulence genes of s. enteritidis are located in pathogenicity islands and prophages. in this study we have generated a mutant strain of s. enteritidis lacking a prophage-like element, denominated varphise12. the resulting mutant strain was attenuated and promoted protectiv ...201020558245
the cyclotide cycloviolacin o2 from viola odorata has potent bactericidal activity against gram-negative bacteria.to determine the antibacterial activity of small cyclic plant proteins, i.e. cyclotides, and the importance of the surface exposed charged residues for activity.201020558471
use of a mixture of bacteriophages for biological control of salmonella enterica strains in compost.bacteriophages specific to salmonella strains were isolated from sewage effluent and characterized. a five-strain bacteriophage mixture was applied to dairy manure compost inoculated with salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium. bacteriophage treatment resulted in a greater than 2-log-unit reduction of salmonella within 4 h at all moisture levels compared to the controls.201020525859
salmonella-allies in the fight against cancer.cancer has become the second ranking cause of death in the industrialized world. conventional anti-cancer therapies such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are effective in the treatment of solid tumors only to some extent. furthermore, they are often associated with severe side effects. use of bacteria as alternative cancer therapeutics has sporadically been followed over more than a century. the potential to target and colonize solid tumors could be shown for many different bacteria in ...201020526574
expression of chicken leap-2 in the reproductive organs and embryos and in response to salmonella enterica infection.in recent years host antimicrobial peptides and proteins have been recognised as key mediators of the innate immune response in many vertebrate species, providing the first line of defense against potential pathogens. in chickens a number of cationic antimicrobial peptides have been recently identified. however, although these peptides have been studied extensively in the avian gastrointestinal tract, little is known about their function in the chicken reproductive organs and embryos. chicken li ...201020526889
tracking salmonella contamination in various watersheds and phenotypic and genotypic diversity.salmonella enterica is an important foodborne pathogen, and contamination of surface and ground water that may result from various human activities, such as animal production and urbanization, may contribute to the public health burden. the aims of this study was to determine the sources of salmonella contamination in four different types of watersheds and to assess the relative contribution of multidrug-resistant strains. eighty-six water samples collected from four different watershed systems, ...201020528467
successful treatment of late salmonella infections in total hip replacement - report of two cases.salmonella species can be rarely isolated from periprosthetic joint infections, however when present, are usually part of a severe septic clinical picture.201020529326
mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis protein expression upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide.salmonella enterica, a common food-borne bacterial pathogen, is believed to change its protein expression profile in the presence of different environmental stress such as that caused by the exposure to hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), which can be generated by phagocytes during infection and represents an important antibacterial mechanism of host cells. among salmonella proteins, the effectors of salmonella pathogenicity island 1 and 2 (spi-1 and spi-2) are of particular interest since they are expres ...201020529336
phylogenetic incongruence arising from fragmented speciation in enteric bacteria.evolutionary relationships among species are often assumed to be fundamentally unambiguous, where genes within a genome are thought to evolve in concert and phylogenetic incongruence between individual orthologs is attributed to idiosyncrasies in their evolution. we have identified substantial incongruence between the phylogenies of orthologous genes in escherichia, salmonella, and citrobacter, or e. coli, e. fergusonii, and e. albertii. the source of incongruence was inferred to be recombinatio ...201020534528
copper homeostasis in salmonella is atypical and copper-cuep is a major periplasmic metal complex.salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium (s. enterica sv. typhimurium) has two metal-transporting p(1)-type atpases whose actions largely overlap with respect to growth in elevated copper. mutants lacking both atpases over-accumulate copper relative to wild-type or either single mutant. such duplication of atpases is unusual in bacterial copper tolerance. both atpases are under the control of merr family metal-responsive transcriptional activators. analyses of periplasmic copper complexes identified ...201020534583
recent advances in the field of salmonella typhi vaccines.typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhi, remains a significant cause of human death and disease throughout large areas of the world. although there are currently three vaccines available against s. typhi they have a number of significant drawbacks which drive the development of much-needed new and improved versions. here recent advances towards such vaccines, from basic research to human trials, are discussed.201020534981
the epidemiology of extraintestinal non-typhoid salmonella in israel: the effects of patients' age and sex.extraintestinal disease occurs in 5-8% of non-typhoid salmonella enterica (nts) infections and is more likely to be associated with hospitalization and death. the study examined the epidemiology of extraintestinal nts infections in israel and the possible effects of patients' age and sex. nts isolates passively submitted to the national salmonella reference center during 1996-2006 were the source for the study cohort. poisson regression models were used to assess incidence trends over the study ...201020535625
[induction and migration of cryptic/defective salmonella enterica prophages as a consequence of infection with lytic phages is an additional factor in stability of a coevolutionary vector].the influence of infection of natural isolates of salmonella enterica with lytic (nonlysogenic) phages on the expression of resident cryptic or defective prophages in host bacteria was studied. the induction of defective/cryptic phages after infection with nonlysogenic phages and packaging of bacterial chromosomal fragments in capsids of defective phages is demonstrated. this may lead to migration and wide distribution of both the genomes of defective phages per se and various fragments of the b ...201020536029
optical imaging of bacterial infection in living mice using deep-red fluorescent squaraine rotaxane probes.two structurally related fluorescent imaging probes allow optical imaging of bacterial leg infection models in living athymic and immunocompetent mice. structurally, the probes are comprised of a deep-red fluorescent squaraine rotaxane scaffold with two appended bis(zinc(ii)-dicolylamine) (bis(zn-dpa)) targeting ligands. the bis(zn-dpa) ligands have high affinity for the anionic phospholipids and related biomolecules that reside within the bacterial envelope, and they are known to selectively ta ...201020536173
effect of enrichment medium on real-time detection of salmonella enterica from lettuce and tomato enrichment cultures.three enrichment broths commonly used for detection of salmonella (buffered peptone water [bpw], tryptic soy broth [tsb], and universal preenrichment broth [upb]) were compared for use in real-time sybr green pcr detection of salmonella introduced into enrichment cultures made from store-bought lettuce and tomatoes. the produce served as a source of normal plant microbiota to measure how well dna-based detection methods for salmonella work in a suspension of plant-associated bacteria that may be ...201020537259
structure and gene cluster of the o-antigen of salmonella enterica o60 containing 3-formamido-3,6-dideoxy-d-galactose.an o-polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of salmonella enterica o60 strain g1462, and the following unique structure of the o-unit was determined by chemical analyses along with 2d (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy: where fuc3nfo stands for 3-formamido-3,6-dideoxygalactose. the structure established is in agreement with the o-antigen gene cluster of s. enterica o60, which contains putative genes for the synthesis of gdp-d-man and dtdp-d-fuc3nfo, three gly ...201020538266
prevalence of decreased susceptibility to triclosan in salmonella enterica isolates from animals and humans and association with multiple drug resistance.previous laboratory studies have implicated triclosan as a possible selective force driving resistance to multiple antibiotics and have identified a number of triclosan resistance mechanisms in salmonella enterica. the aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of decreased susceptibility to triclosan in a panel of human and animal isolates of s. enterica and to identify the mechanisms of triclosan resistance in these strains. over 400 animal and human isolates of non-typhoidal salmonella ...201020541914
bacteriophage tailspike proteins as molecular probes for sensitive and selective bacterial detection.we report the use of genetically engineered tailspike proteins (tsps) from the p22 bacteriophage for the sensitive and selective detection of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. high yields of two mutant tsps, one with an n-terminal cysteine (n-cys) and another with a c-terminal cysteine (c-cys), have been obtained using recombinant protein expression and purification in escherichia coli. the mutant tsps did not have the native endorhamnosidase enzymatic activity of intact p22 phage as well ...201020541928
the phosphoinositide phosphatase sopb manipulates membrane surface charge and trafficking of the salmonella-containing vacuole.shifts in electrostatic surface charge of membranes have recently been highlighted as a significant factor contributing to protein targeting to the plasma membrane and nascent phagosomes. intracellular, vacuole-adapted pathogens may also regulate surface charge of their vacuoles to establish a replicative niche. since salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium controls trafficking of the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv) and inhibits its fusion with lysosomes, we investigated the contribution of ...201020542249
specific and rapid enumeration of viable but nonculturable and viable-culturable gram-negative bacteria by using flow cytometry.an issue of critical concern in microbiology is the ability to detect viable but nonculturable (vbnc) and viable-culturable (vc) cells by methods other than existing approaches. culture methods are selective and underestimate the real population, and other options (direct viable count and the double-staining method using epifluorescence microscopy and inhibitory substance-influenced molecular methods) are also biased and time-consuming. a rapid approach that reduces selectivity, decreases bias f ...201020543046
regulated delayed expression of rfc enhances the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a heterologous antigen delivered by live attenuated salmonella enterica vaccines.the salmonella rfc gene encodes the o-antigen polymerase. we constructed three strains in which we replaced the native rfc promoter with the arabinose-dependent arac p(bad) promoter so that rfc expression was dependent on exogenously supplied arabinose provided during in vitro growth. the three mutant strains were designed to synthesize different amounts of rfc by altering the ribosome-binding sequence and start codon. we examined these strains for a number of in vitro characteristics compared t ...201020599580
positive autoregulation shapes response timing and intensity in two-component signal transduction systems.positive feedback loops are regulatory elements that can modulate expression output, kinetics and noise in genetic circuits. transcriptional regulators participating in such loops are often expressed from two promoters, one constitutive and one autoregulated. here, we investigate the interplay of promoter strengths and the intensity of the stimulus activating the transcriptional regulator in defining the output of a positively autoregulated genetic circuit. using a mathematical model of two-comp ...201020600106
evaluation of the humoral immune response in mice orally vaccinated with live recombinant attenuated salmonella enterica delivering a secreted form of yersinia pestis psaa.yersinia pestis psaa is an adhesin that is synthesized inside macrophages. here, we evaluated the immune profile of codon-optimized y. pestis psaa synthesized in a live recombinant attenuated salmonella vaccine (rasv) strain chi9558. oral immunization of balb/c mice with chi9558(pya3705) delivering a secreted form of psaa, elicited a systemic psaa-specific immunoglobulin g (igg) response but offered limited protection against lethal challenge with the intranasally introduced y. pestis co92 strai ...201020600475
evaluation of antimicrobial activity of probiotic bacteria against salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium 1344 in a common medium under different environmental conditions.the importance of probiotics in human nutrition has been gaining recognition in recent years. these organisms have been shown to promote human health by enhancing immunological and digestive functions and fighting respiratory tract infections. we propose an improved in vitro model for the study of probiotic antimicrobial activity against enteropathogens, by attempting to re-create, in a common culture medium, environmental growth conditions comparable to those present in the small intestine. a p ...201020600855
trends in salmonella enteric serovar typhi in nairobi, kenya from 2004 to 2006.typhoid fever is a global health problem. the world health organization (who) estimates that the current annual global burden of typhoid is approximately 22 million new cases, 5% of which are fatal.201020601792
influence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection on intestinal goblet cells and villous morphology in broiler chicks.live broiler chickens are important in the transmission of salmonella to humans. reducing salmonella levels in the intestine of broiler chickens, in part, requires understanding of the interactions between salmonella and the intestinal barriers that represent the first line of defense. such barriers include the mucus layer (composed of mucins secreted by goblet cells) and the underlying epithelium. two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of salmonella typhimurium infection on intes ...201020608528
the ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase uch-l1 promotes bacterial invasion by altering the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton.invasion of eukaryotic target cells by pathogenic bacteria requires extensive remodelling of the membrane and actin cytoskeleton. here we show that the remodelling process is regulated by the ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase uch-l1 that promotes the invasion of epithelial cells by listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica. knockdown of uch-l1 reduced the uptake of both bacteria, while expression of the catalytically active enzyme promoted efficient internalization in the uch-l1-negative hela ...201020608941
vaccination with attenuated salmonella enterica dublin expressing e coli o157:h7 outer membrane protein intimin induces transient reduction of fecal shedding of e coli o157:h7 in cattle.escherichia coli serogroup o157:h7 has emerged as an important zoonotic bacterial pathogen, causing a range of symptoms from self-limiting bloody diarrhea to severe hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans. beef and dairy cattle are considered the most important animal reservoirs for this pathogen. one of the important virulence characteristics of e. coli o157:h7 is the eaea gene encoding the 97 kda surface protein intimin. intimin is required for attachment and effacement dur ...201020609252
6-hydroxydopamine-mediated release of norepinephrine increases faecal excretion of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in pigs.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is an animal and zoonotic pathogen of worldwide importance. in pigs, transport and social stress are associated with reactivation and spread of salmonella typhimurium infection. the stress-related catecholamine norepinephrine (ne) has been reported to activate growth and virulence factor expression in salmonella; however the extent to which ne contributes to stress-associated salmonellosis is unclear. we studied the impact of releasing ne from endogenous s ...201020609329
attachment and colonization by escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcus aureus on stone fruit surfaces and survival through a simulated commercial export chain.the ability of the foodborne pathogens escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcus aureus to attach, colonize, and survive on stone fruit surfaces was investigated. fifty microliters of bacterial suspension was spot inoculated onto the sterile intact fructoplane of whole peaches and plums. minimum time required for initial adhesion and attachment was recorded for different surface contact times. surface colonizatio ...201020615337
rsf1010-like plasmids in australian salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and origin of their sul2-stra-strb antibiotic resistance gene cluster.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium phage type 9 isolates resistant to streptomycin and sulfonamide have been recovered from both bovine and human sources in australia. this study aimed to identify the resistance genes and their location. polymerase chain reaction was used to screen for resistance genes and sul2 (sulphonamide resistance) and stra and strb (streptomycin resistance) were detected. a small streptomycin and sulfonamide resistance plasmid carrying the three resistance genes was r ...201020617928
effect of subinhibitory concentrations of plant-derived molecules in increasing the sensitivity of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104 to antibiotics.this study investigated the efficacy of plant-derived antimicrobials, namely, trans-cinnamaldehyde, β-resorcylic acid, carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol or their combination, in increasing the sensitivity of salmonella typhimurium dt104 to five antibiotics. the subinhibitory concentrations of each antimicrobial or their combination containing concentrations lower than the individual subinhibitory concentrations were added to tryptic soy broth supplemented with antibiotics at their respective break ...201020618084
salmonella rubislaw gastroenteritis linked to a pet lizard. 201020618116
human complement factor h binds to outer membrane protein rck of salmonella.serum resistance, or resistance to complement-mediated killing, is a key virulence property of microbial pathogens. rck is a 17-kda outer membrane protein encoded on the virulence plasmid of salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and enteritidis. when expressed in either escherichia coli or s. enterica typhimurium, rck confers serum resistance independent of lps length. recently, the rck homolog from yersinia enterocolitica, ail, has been shown to bind the complement regulatory protein factor ...201020622116
development of microarray and multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for identification of serovars and virulence genes in salmonella enterica of human or animal origin.salmonella enterica is an important enteric pathogen consisting of many serovars that can cause severe clinical diseases in animals and humans. rapid identification of salmonella isolates is especially important for epidemiologic monitoring and controlling outbreaks of disease. although immunologic and dna-based serovar identification methods are available for rapid identification of isolates, they are time consuming or costly or both. in the current study, 2 molecular methods for identification ...201020622226
comparison of salmonella serovar isolation and antimicrobial resistance patterns from porcine samples between 2003 and 2008.food-borne salmonella infections can produce symptoms from mild gastroenteritis to severe systemic disease and death, representing an important public health issue in u.s. livestock and livestock products, which have been implicated as frequent sources of salmonella contamination. concerns have been raised about the spread of antibiotic resistance in salmonella strains, particularly those that originate from food animal sources, as a result of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial use in th ...201020622228
oral administration of heat-killed lactobacillus plantarum strain b240 protected mice against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of heat-killed lactobacillus plantarum strain b240 (b240) on systemic infection by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) and to determine the mechanism by which b240 protects against infection. mice were administered either b240 or saline orally for 3 weeks, and then inoculated with s. typhimurium. the mice treated with b240 were significantly protected against s. typhimurium as compared to those fed saline. moreover, tr ...201020622449
characterization of drug resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium by antibiograms, plasmids, integrons, resistance genes and pfge.forty-seven salmonella typhimurium (33 zoonotic, 14 clinical) strains were tested for antimicrobial resistance using the standard disk diffusion method. presence of relevant resistance genes and class 1 integrons were investigated by using pcr. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and plasmid profiling were carried out to determine the genomic diversity of salmonella typhimurium. approximately 57.4% of s. typhimurium were multidrug resistant (mdr) and showed high resistance rates to tetracycl ...201020622506
evaluation of eight different cephalosporins for detection of cephalosporin resistance in salmonella enterica and escherichia coli.this study evaluates the efficacy of eight different cephalosporins for detection of cephalosporin resistance mediated by extended spectrum beta-lactamases (esbl) and plasmidic ampc beta-lactamases in salmonella and escherichia coli. a total of 138 e. coli and 86 salmonella isolates with known beta-lactamase genes were tested for susceptibility toward cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, cefquinome, ceftazidime, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, and cefuroxime using minimum inhibitory concentration dete ...201020624078
essential genes from arctic bacteria used to construct stable, temperature-sensitive bacterial vaccines.all bacteria share a set of evolutionarily conserved essential genes that encode products that are required for viability. the great diversity of environments that bacteria inhabit, including environments at extreme temperatures, place adaptive pressure on essential genes. we sought to use this evolutionary diversity of essential genes to engineer bacterial pathogens to be stably temperature-sensitive, and thus useful as live vaccines. we isolated essential genes from bacteria found in the arcti ...201020624965
a novel host-specific restriction system associated with dna backbone s-modification in salmonella.a novel, site-specific, dna backbone s-modification (phosphorothioation) has been discovered, but its in vivo function(s) have remained obscure. here, we report that the enteropathogenic salmonella enterica serovar cerro 87, which possesses s-modified dna, restricts dna isolated from escherichia coli, while protecting its own dna by site-specific phosphorothioation. a cloned 15-kb gene cluster from s. enterica conferred both host-specific restriction and dna s-modification on e. coli. mutational ...201020627870
stability and antimicrobial activity of allyl isothiocyanate during long-term storage in an oil-in-water emulsion.this study investigated the stability and antimicrobial activity of allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) in medium chain triglyceride (mct) or soybean oil (sbo) dispersed in an oil-in-water (o/w) system during long-term storage. oil type, content, and oxidative stability affect the stability and antimicrobial activity of aitc during storage. high oil content is favorable for aitc stability in the emulsion. notably, aitc with mct is more stable than aitc with sbo with the same oil content. consequently, a ...201020629866
antioxidant and antibacterial activities on foodborne pathogens of artocarpus heterophyllus lam. (moraceae) leaves extracts.total water extract, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions from the leaves of artocarpus heterophyllus were evaluated for phenolic content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities against some foodborne pathogens such as e. coli, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, salmonella enterica, bacillus cereus, enterococcus faecalis, and staphylococcus aureus. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mics) of extract and fractions determined by the agar dilution method were ranged from 221.9 mi ...201020629886
antimicrobial effects of wine: separating the role of polyphenols, ph, ethanol, and other wine components.while the antimicrobial effectiveness of wine is well documented, relative contributions of the wine components to its antimicrobial activity is controversial. to separate the role of wine phenolics, ethanol, and ph from other wine constituents, the antimicrobial effects of intact wine were compared to that of phenols-stripped wine, dealcoholized wine, ethanol, and low ph applied separately and in combination, against 2 common foodborne pathogens, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and esch ...201020629891
assessing the cross contamination and transfer rates of salmonella enterica from chicken to lettuce under different food-handling scenarios.cross contamination of foodborne pathogens from raw meats to ready-to-eat foods has caused a number of foodborne outbreaks. the cross contamination and transfer rates of salmonella enterica from chicken to lettuce under various food-handling scenarios were determined. the following scenarios were tested: in scenario 1, cutting board and knife used to cut chicken (10(6) cfu/g) were also used for cutting lettuce, without washing; in scenario 2, cutting board and knife were washed with water separa ...201020630321
evaluation of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles for identification of salmonella serotypes.pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is a standard typing method for isolates from salmonella outbreaks and epidemiological investigations. eight hundred sixty-six salmonella enterica isolates from eight serotypes, including heidelberg (n = 323), javiana (n = 200), typhimurium (n = 163), newport (n = 93), enteritidis (n = 45), dublin (n = 25), pullorum (n = 9), and choleraesuis (n = 8), were subjected to pfge, and their profiles were analyzed by random forest classification and compared to co ...201020631109
poly(anhydride) nanoparticles act as active th1 adjuvants through toll-like receptor exploitation.the mechanisms that underlie the potent th1-adjuvant capacity of poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) nanoparticles (nps) were investigated. traditionally, polymer nps have been considered delivery systems that promote a closer interaction between antigen and antigen-presenting cells (apcs). our results revealed that poly(anhydride) nps also act as agonists of various toll-like receptors (tlrs) (tlr2, -4, and -5), triggering a th1-profile cytokine release (gamma interferon [ifn-gamma], 4 ...201020631332
a new pathway for the synthesis of α-ribazole-phosphate in listeria innocua.the genomes of listeria spp. encode all but one of 25 enzymes required for the biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin (adocbl; coenzyme b(12) ). notably, all listeria genomes lack cobt, the nicotinamide mononucleotide:5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole (dmb) phosphoribosyltransferase (ec 2.4.2.21) enzyme that synthesizes the unique α-linked nucleotide n(1) -(5-phospho-α-d-ribosyl)-dmb (α-ribazole-5'-p, α-rp), a precursor of adocbl. we have uncovered a new pathway for the synthesis of α-rp in listeria innocua ...201020633228
changes in fourier transform infrared spectra of salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and enteritidis after adaptation to stressful growth conditions.the effects of growth conditions (temperature in the range 10-45 degrees c, sodium chloride concentration in the range 0-4%, aerobic vs. anaerobic growth and acidification of the growth medium, up to ph 4.5) on the fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectra of salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and enteritidis were studied using multivariate statistical methods (hierarchical cluster analysis and factor analysis). although all environmental factors tested affected s. typhimurium and s. ente ...201020633942
potential egg contamination by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium definitive type 104 following experimental infection of pullets at the onset of lay.the present study investigated the potential of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella typhimurium) definitive type 104 (dt104) to contaminate eggs in vivo. of 10 strains of salmonella typhimurium dt104, none caused egg contamination when hens were inoculated orally. three passages of the strains through recovery from the reproductive organs of intravenously infected laying hens resulted in no egg contamination after oral infection of the hens. feed and water withdrawal for 24 h at ...201020634517
curcumin increases the pathogenicity of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in murine model.curcumin has gained immense importance for its vast therapeutic and prophylactic applications. contrary to this, our study reveals that it regulates the defense pathways of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) to enhance its pathogenicity. in a murine model of typhoid fever, we observed higher bacterial load in peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph node, spleen and liver, when infected with curcumin-treated salmonella. curcumin increased the resistance of s. typhimurium against a ...201020634977
giant splenic abscess due to salmonella enteritidis in a returning traveler.we report the case of an immunocompetent traveler returning from morocco who presented with a giant splenic abscess, revealing an infection by salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.201020636602
functional analysis of an alpha-helical antimicrobial peptide derived from a novel mouse defensin-like gene.gene-encoded antimicrobial peptides (amps) are an essential component of the innate immune system in many species. analysis of beta-defensin gene expression in mouse tissue using primers that were specific for conserved sequences located outside of the beta-defensin translated region identified a novel small gene. the novel gene had an open reading frame of 114bp and encoded a predicted protein of 37 amino acid residues. a search of the genome database revealed that the gene locus and the sequen ...201020637182
dietary glycosaminoglycans interfere in bacterial adhesion and gliadin-induced pro-inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial (caco-2) cells.dietary components may have an important role in maintaining a balanced gut microbiota composition. celiac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy caused by gliadins, and has been associated with a reduced proportion of bifidobacterium in gut microbiota. this study evaluates the influence of glycosaminoglycans (gags) on bacterial adhesion and their contribution in the gliadins-induced inflammatory response. the adhesion of potential probiotic (bifidobacterium longum cect 7347 and bifidobacterium bi ...201020637226
structural and genetic characterization of the o-antigen of salmonella enterica o56 containing a novel derivative of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose.based on the o-antigens (o-polysaccharides), one of the most variable cell constituents, 46 o-serogroups have been recognized in the kauffmann-white serotyping scheme for salmonella enterica. in this work, the structure of the o-polysaccharide and the genetic organization of the o-antigen gene cluster of s. enterica o56 were investigated. as judged by sugar and methylation analyses, along with nmr spectroscopic data, the o-polysaccharide has a linear tetrasaccharide o-unit, which consists of one ...201020638049
in vivo selection of aac(6')-ib-cr and mutations in the gyra gene in a clinical qnrs1-positive salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104b strain recovered after fluoroquinolone treatment.to characterize the mechanisms implicated in the in vivo selection of quinolone and aminoglycoside resistance in a faecal salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104b strain recovered after ciprofloxacin treatment of a hospitalized elderly patient with acute gastroenteritis.201020639314
the omptins of yersinia pestis and salmonella enterica cleave the reactive center loop of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1.plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (pai-1) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) and a key molecule that regulates fibrinolysis by inactivating human plasminogen activators. here we show that two important human pathogens, the plague bacterium yersinia pestis and the enteropathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, inactivate pai-1 by cleaving the r346-m347 bait peptide bond in the reactive center loop. no cleavage of pai-1 was detected with yersinia pseudotuberculosis, an oral/fecal pat ...201020639337
lipopolysaccharide hyperpolarizes guinea pig airway epithelium by increasing the activities of the epithelial na(+) channel and the na(+)-k(+) pump.earlier, we found that systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (lps; 4 mg/kg) hyperpolarized the transepithelial potential difference (v(t)) of tracheal epithelium in the isolated, perfused trachea (ipt) of the guinea pig 18 h after injection. as well, lps increased the hyperpolarization component of the response to basolateral methacholine, and potentiated the epithelium-derived relaxing factor-mediated relaxation responses to hyperosmolar solutions applied to the apical membrane. we hypo ...201020639350
the prevalence of multidrug resistance is higher among bovine than human salmonella enterica serotype newport, typhimurium, and 4,5,12:i:- isolates in the united states but differs by serotype and geographic region.salmonella represents an important zoonotic pathogen worldwide, but the transmission dynamics between humans and animals as well as within animal populations are incompletely understood. we characterized salmonella isolates from cattle and humans in two geographic regions of the united states, the pacific northwest and the northeast, using three common subtyping methods (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [pfge], multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis [mlva], and multilocus sequence ...201020639364
response of porcine intestinal in vitro organ culture tissues following exposure to lactobacillus plantarum jc1 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sl1344.the development of novel intervention strategies for the control of zoonoses caused by bacteria such as salmonella spp. in livestock requires appropriate experimental models to assess their suitability. here, a novel porcine intestinal in vitro organ culture (ivoc) model utilizing cell crown (cc) technology (ccivoc) (scaffdex) was developed. the ccivoc model was employed to investigate the characteristics of association of s. enterica serovar typhimurium strain sl1344 with porcine intestinal tis ...201020639369
comparative antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilm versus planktonic forms of salmonella enterica strains isolated from children with gastroenteritis.in the present study, 194 salmonella enterica strains, isolated from infected children and belonging to various serotypes, were investigated for their ability to form biofilms and the biofilm forms of the isolated strains were compared to their corresponding planktonic forms with respect to the antimicrobial susceptibility. for the biofilm-forming strains, the minimum inhibitory concentration for bacterial regrowth (micbr) from the biofilm of nine clinically applicable antimicrobial agents was d ...201020640867
role for neutrophils in host immune responses and genetic factors that modulate resistance to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the inbred mouse strain spret/ei.infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a complex disease in which the host-bacterium interactions are strongly influenced by genetic factors of the host. we demonstrate that spret/ei, an inbred mouse strain derived from mus spretus, is resistant to s. typhimurium infections. the kinetics of bacterial proliferation, as well as histological examinations of tissue sections, suggest that spret/ei mice can control bacterial multiplication and spreading despite significant attenuati ...201020643856
inci1 plasmid carrying extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase gene blactx-m-1 in salmonella enterica isolates from poultry and humans in france, 2003 to 2008.we report the dissemination of a conjugative inci1 plasmid carrying bla(ctx-m-1), conferring resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, in salmonella enterica isolates from poultry and humans in france from 2003 to 2008. by inci1 plasmid subtyping, this plasmid was shown to be genetically related to that found in escherichia coli isolates from healthy poultry in france.201020643895
visible fluorescence detection of type iii protein secretion from bacterial pathogens.type iii protein secretion is essential for many gram-negative bacterial infections of host cells and an attractive target for new antibacterial drugs. here, we describe a bacterial protein effector-carboxypeptidase g2 (cpg2) reporter system for fluorescence and visible detection of type iii protein secretion in salmonella typhimurium. this system provides a general method for measuring protein expression and secretion as well as a high-throughput and quantitative assay for analyzing type iii pr ...201020504019
identifying the role of flagella in the transport of motile and nonmotile salmonella enterica serovars.the influence of bacterial flagella on cell transport has been examined using three salmonella enterica serovars with different motility phenotypes. both a packed bed (pb) column and radial stagnation point flow system (rspf) were employed to investigate bacterial deposition kinetics onto quartz over a range of conditions. the aim of this study was to better understand the role of motility on the deposition behavior of salmonella, an important food- and waterborne pathogen. in both the pb column ...201020504046
genetic control of resistance to salmonellosis and to salmonella carrier-state in fowl: a review.salmonellosis is a frequent disease in poultry stocks, caused by several serotypes of the bacterial species salmonella enterica and sometimes transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated meat or eggs. symptom-free carriers of the bacteria contribute greatly to the propagation of the disease in poultry stocks. so far, several candidate genes and quantitative trait loci (qtl) for resistance to carrier state or to acute disease have been identified using artificial infection of s. ...201020429884
infected subdural haematoma due to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in an adult.a 65-year-old man with a history of alcoholism and gastrectomy was diagnosed with an infected subdural haematoma due to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. he was successfully treated with surgical drainage and intravenous ceftriaxone. to our knowledge, there has been no detailed case report in english of infected subdural haematoma or subdural empyema due to salmonella typhimurium in adults.201020430901
the biofilm architecture of sixty opportunistic pathogens deciphered using a high throughput clsm method.this study proposes a high throughput method based on confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm) combined with the use of 96-wells microtiter plates compatible with high resolution imaging for the study of biofilm formation and structure. as an illustration, the three-dimensional structures of biofilms formed by 60 opportunistic pathogens were thus observed and quantified. the results revealed the diversity of biofilm architectures. specific spatial arrangement such as the mushroom-like structure ...201020433880
electronic tongue for simultaneous detection of endotoxins and other contaminants of microbiological origin.endotoxins, also referred to as pyrogens, are lipopolysaccharides (lps) present in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, and represent one of the most dangerous microbiological contaminants in water for hemodialysis and intravenous infusion. a method is presented for the simultaneous detection of endotoxins and other bacterial lysis contaminating species in purified water for parenteral formulations. the technique used is electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, with data interpretation u ...201020434900
community-acquired bloodstream infections in africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.data on the prevalence and causes of community-acquired bloodstream infections in africa are scarce. we searched three databases for studies that prospectively studied patients admitted to hospital with at least a blood culture, and found 22 eligible studies describing 58 296 patients, of whom 2051 (13.5%) of 15 166 adults and 3527 (8.2%) of 43 130 children had bloodstream infections. 1643 (29.1%) non-malaria bloodstream infections were due to salmonella enterica (58.4% of these non-typhoidal sa ...201020510282
a multiplex single nucleotide polymorphism typing assay for detecting mutations that result in decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility in salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a.decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones has become a major problem for the successful therapy of human infections caused by salmonella enterica, especially the life-threatening typhoid and paratyphoid fevers.201020511368
mutations affecting export and activity of cytolysin a from escherichia coli.cytolysin a (known as clya, hlye, and shea) is a cytolytic pore-forming protein toxin found in several escherichia coli and salmonella enterica strains. the structure of its water-soluble monomeric form and that of dodecameric clya pores is known, but the mechanisms of clya export from bacterial cells and of pore assembly are only partially understood. here we used site-directed mutagenesis to study the importance of different regions of the e. coli clya protein for export and activity. the data ...201020511497
a 96-well plate fluorescence assay for assessment of cellular permeability and active efflux in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and escherichia coli.multiply antibiotic-resistant (mar) mutants of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica are characterized by reduced susceptibility to several unrelated antibiotics, biocides and other xenobiotics. porin loss and/or active efflux have been identified as a key mechanisms of mar. a single rapid test was developed for mar.201020513705
elucidation of antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and genotyping of salmonella enterica isolates from clinical cases of salmonellosis in new mexico in 2008.in this study, we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and the distribution of some well known genetic determinants of virulence in clinical isolates of salmonella enterica from new mexico. the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) for various antimicrobials were determined by using the e-test strip method according to clsi guidelines. virulence genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using primers specific for known virulence genes of salmonella enterica ...201020514366
absence of poly(adp-ribose) polymerase 1 delays the onset of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-induced gut inflammation.the immune system comprises an innate and an adaptive immune response to combat pathogenic agents. the human enteropathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invades the intestinal mucosa and triggers an early innate proinflammatory host gene response, which results in diarrheal disease. several host factors, including transcription factors and transcription coregulators, are involved in the acute early response to salmonella infection. we found in a mouse model of enterocolitis induced by ...201020515923
salmonella enterica replication in hemophagocytic macrophages requires two type three secretion systems.salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium is a natural pathogen of mice, which acquire the bacteria orally and develop systemic acute infections that can become subacute to chronic infections. s. typhimurium can reside within hemophagocytic macrophages (hms) in sv129s6 mice, an slc11a1/nramp1(+/+) inbred strain. hms are activated macrophages which have ingested viable hematopoietic cells and are a key characteristic of infectious and inflammatory diseases. here we show that modest s. typhimurium ...201020515933
splice-variant 1 of the ancient domain protein 2 (acdp2) complements the magnesium-deficient growth phenotype of salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium strain mm281.evidence arguing for the existence of genes encoding for proteins directly involved in the transport of mg2+ through the cytoplasmic membrane have accumulated over the last few years. gene acdp2 (ancient conserved domain protein 2; old name cnnm2, cyclin m2) is one such gene. acdp2 is a distant homologue of the bacterial gene corc, which is known to be involved in cobalt resistance. we have previously demonstrated that the over-expression of the human mg2+ carrier slc41a1 partly complements the ...201020519162
tolc dependency of multidrug efflux systems in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.tolc is a major outer membrane channel and it plays an important role in the excretion of a wide range of molecules, including antibiotics. a recent study has shown that salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium has nine functional drug efflux pumps; however, the tolc dependency of these efflux pumps remains to be studied in detail. the aim of this study was to investigate the tolc dependency of multidrug efflux pumps in this organism.201020495209
toll-like receptors 1 and 2 cooperatively mediate immune responses to curli, a common amyloid from enterobacterial biofilms.responses to host amyloids and curli amyloid fibrils of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium are mediated through toll-like receptor (tlr) 2. here we show that tlr2 alone was not sufficient for mediating responses to curli. instead, transfection experiments with human cervical cancer (hela) cells and antibody-mediated inhibition of tlr signalling in human macrophage-like (thp-1) cells suggested that tlr2 interacts with tlr1 to recognize curli amyloid fibrils. tlr1/tlr2 a ...201020497180
antimicrobial potential of polyphenols extracted from almond skins.to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of flavonoid-rich fractions derived from natural and blanched almond skins, the latter being a by-product from the almond processing industry.201020497495
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