Publications

photoreceptor fine structure in the domestic ferret.	the morphology of the retinal photoreceptors has been studied in the domestic ferret by electron microscopy. 2 types of photoreceptor are present and are differentiated morphologically into the classical categories of rods and cones. rods are longer, more slender and more numerous than the cones. the rod outer segment is uniform in diameter along its entire length while the cone outer segment tapers distally. cone outer segments are short and large apical processes from the pigment epithelium ex ...	1983	6837923
anterior hypothalamic lesions and pubertal development in female rhesus monkeys.	electrolytic lesions were made in the anterior hypothalamus of 8 prepubertal female rhesus monkeys, aged 1.1-1.7 years. six unoperated females served as controls. no effects were found of the lesions upon age and body weight at menarche or at first ovulation, as estimated by blood levels of progesterone and laparoscopic observations. from these findings it appears that the neural control of puberty in the female rhesus may not be exerted through the anterior hypothalamus, in contrast with the ra ...	1983	6838715
force-length relations in cardiac muscle segments.	using a new technique that measures the length of a segment in the central region of isolated papillaries, we have determined the force-segment length relation for ferret papillary muscles at 27 degrees c. the muscles contracted under muscle length isometric (auxotonic) and segment isometric conditions in physiological solutions containing 9.0, 4.5, 2.25, and 1.125 mm ca2+. force-segment length relations obtained from auxotonic and segment isometric contractions were identical in a given ca2+ co ...	1983	6846558
myocardial segment velocity at a low load: time, length, and calcium dependence.	the length and time dependence of shortening velocity (vl) at a very light load (1 mn) was determined for central segments of ferret papillary muscle at 27 degrees c. a recently developed technique that measures the cross-sectional area of the chosen segment was used to assess segment length. segment length (sl) or force could be used as a feedback control signal. vl was determined by releasing the muscle to a 1-mn load (less than or equal to 3% maximum force) at various times during a segment i ...	1983	6846559
maturation in the ferret ileal epithelium and the effect of cortisone acetate.	normal maturation ('closure') in the ferret ileal epithelium occurs, between 35 and 39 days after birth, by a process of cellular replacement. the administration of cortisone acetate at doses up to 1.2 mg/g body weight for 5 days failed to promote any morphological changes in the ileal epithelium in this non-rodent species, and the results suggest that the maturing effect of cortisone acetate in the rat might be peculiar to the rodents.	1983	6853352
characterization of estradiol receptors in brain cytosols from perinatal ferrets.	studies were undertaken to characterize the binding of [3h]estradiol ([3h]e2) to blood plasma and to brain cytosols collected from perinatal ferrets of both sexes. a dialysis experiment showed that the binding capacity of plasma for [3h]e2 was low in neonatal ferrets. saturable, high-affinity binding of [3h]e2 to cytosols prepared from ferret hypothalamus + preoptic area (h + poa), basal temporal lobe, and midbrain + brainstem (sexes pooled) was demonstrated 5 days prior to the date of expected ...	1983	6857750
the ancestral karyotype of carnivora: comparison with that of platyrrhine monkeys.	the karyotypes of six species of carnivora (mungos mungo, paradoxurus hermaphroditus, potos flavus, mustela furo, felis serval, and halichoerus grypus), representative of five different families, were studied and compared. correspondence between almost all chromosome segments was found, and a presumed ancestral karyotype of carnivora is proposed. analogies to human chromosomes are also given, and the results obtained are in excellent agreement with previously published gene mapping data on man a ...	1983	6861525
the effects of maternal influenzal viraemia in late gestation on the conceptus of the pregnant ferret.	pregnant ferrets were inoculated intra-cardially on day 30 of gestation with influenza virus. the animals were sacrificed on days 5 to 11 after inoculation and the products of conception including the uterus were examined virologically and histopathologically. the results indicate that the initial site of infection of the conceptus is the haemophagous organ and that spread occurs from this site to the endometrium, placental labyrinth and fetus. lesions in the fetus are confined to the liver and ...	1983	6864368
normal differentiation of masculine sexual behavior in male ferrets despite neonatal inhibition of brain aromatase or 5-alpha-reductase activity.	male ferrets born in the laboratory received subcutaneous silastic capsules containing either the aromatase inhibitor, androst-1,4,6-triene-3, 17-dione (atd), the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, testosterone-17 beta-carboxylic acid (17 beta c), or no hormone, for 15 days beginning on the day of birth; an additional group of females received empty silastic capsules. all ferrets were gonadectomized when 11 weeks of age and were subsequently tested for masculine sexual behavior after a latin-square se ...	1983	6866214
ferret as a potential reservoir for human campylobacteriosis.	a survey was conducted to determine the frequency of campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni in feces of ferrets purchased for use in biomedical research. over a 12-month period, 168 ferrets from 2 commercial breeders were examined by bacteriologic cultural procedures for campylobacter spp; 61% were culturally positive for c fetus subsp jejuni. in a therapeutic trial with 16 ferrets shedding c fetus subsp jejuni in feces, erythromycin given orally failed to eliminate intestinal carriage of the organism ...	1983	6870007
vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates tracheal submucosal gland secretion in ferret.	we studied the effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip) on the output of 35s-labeled macromolecules from ferret tracheal explants either placed in beakers or suspended in modified ussing chambers. in ussing chamber experiments, the radiolabel precursor, sodium [35s]sulfate, and all drugs were placed on the submucosal side of the tissue. washings were collected at 30-min intervals from the luminal side and were dialyzed to remove unbound 35s, leaving radiolabeled macromolecules. vasoactive i ...	1983	6870072
some acoustic properties of neurones in the ferret inferior colliculus.	single neurones in the central nucleus of the ferret inferior colliculus (icc) were studied using extracellular recording. responses to pure tone stimuli were analyzed to assess the frequency organization of the nucleus, the sensitivity and tuning properties of neurones and the effects of binaural sound presentation. excitatory tuning curves had the characteristic shape found for neurones in the auditory systems of other species. many ferret neurones were inhibited by stimulus frequencies on eit ...	1983	6871703
the similar interaction of ferret alveolar macrophages with influenza virus strains of differing virulence at normal and pyrexial temperatures.	the possibility that ferret lung macrophages may be one factor operating in vivo to prevent infection of susceptible alveolar cells (as demonstrated by organ cultures) by both virulent and attenuated strains of influenza virus has been investigated. phagocytosis of four strains of influenza virus [a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) and clone 64d (attenuated for ferrets) and clones 64c and 7a (virulent for ferrets) of the recombinant virus a/pr/8/34-a/england/939/69 (h3n2)] by ferret alveolar macrophages in vitro ...	1983	6875518
pathogenesis of viral encephalitis: demonstration of viral antigen(s) in the brain endothelium.	one of the enigmas in the pathogenesis of inflammation is why the white cells adhere to the endothelium. in trying to define the pathogenic mechanism, we carried out experiments on ferrets infected with an sspe strain of measles virus. using immunoperoxidase labeling techniques, viral antigens were demonstrated on the luminal surface and in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells, irrespective of the presence or absence of inflammatory changes. the degree of inflammation corresponded well with antibo ...	1983	6880611
comparative morphologic features of the pulmonary vasculature in mammals.	the ratio of right to left ventricular weight (0.3), and the ratio of the medial thickness of the pulmonary trunk to that of the aorta (0.4 to 0.7) are similar in humans and other mammals for which data are available. there are interspecies differences in quantity and arrangement of collagen, smooth muscle, and elastic tissue in the pulmonary trunk. the medial thickness of muscular pulmonary arteries is similar in man, baboon, ferret, goat, llama, and monkey. in most other mammals these vessels ...	1983	6881709
presence of oligoclonal immunoglobulin g bands and lack of matrix protein antibodies in cerebrospinal fluids and sera of ferrets with measles virus encephalitis.	young adult ferrets were immunized with measles vaccine and 5 to 6 weeks later inoculated intracerebrally with vero cells persistently infected with cell-associated strain d.r. of measles virus isolated from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. of nine ferrets which survived the infection for 3 weeks or longer, five showed neurological signs. at the time of death they had widespread inflammation in their brains, and cell-associated virus was isolated from three ferrets sacrificed ...	1983	6885159
a comparative study of the vagal innervation of the stomach in man and the ferret.		1983	6885613
intracellular calcium concentration during hypoxia and metabolic inhibition in mammalian ventricular muscle.	papillary muscles from rats, cats and ferrets were microinjected with aequorin, a photoprotein which emits light as a function of ca2+ concentration. the effects of hypoxia and different types of metabolic inhibition on intracellular ca2+ concentration ([ ca2+]i) and tension were studied. 2. exposure of the muscle to hypoxia (po2 less than 5 mmhg) or cn- caused a reversible decrease in developed tension, with no change in the magnitude of the ca transient associated with each contraction. the ra ...	1983	6887018
analysis of antigenic variation in equine 2 influenza a viruses.	influenza outbreaks involving viruses of the h3n8 subtype (equine 2) often occur in vaccinated horses. for this reason, a series of influenza viruses of the h3n8 subtype were examined to determine if antigenic variation could be detected in isolates during the period 1963-81. antigenic analyses with post-infection ferret sera and monoclonal antibodies showed that the haemagglutinins of recent isolates were antigenically distinguishable from the prototype a/eq/miami/1/63 and that antigenically di ...	1983	6601538
the utilization of exogenous taurine for the conjugation of xenobiotic acids in the ferret.	although the occurrence of the taurine conjugation mechanism for various xenobiotic acids is well established, nothing is known of the source of the taurine used for this conjugation. [14c]taurine was administered alone and in combination with 2-naphthylacetic acid or clofibric acid (both of which are known to form taurine conjugates) to to ferrets, and the 0--24 h urine collected. of the dose of [14c]taurine, 26% was recovered in the urine in 24 h and the only 14c-containing material present wa ...	1983	6613158
free fatty acids in an animal model of reye's syndrome.	recent studies have indicated that viral infections, aspirin treatment and hyperammonemia are associated with reye's syndrome. it has also been reported that free fatty acids in serum and total lipids in the liver of reye's syndrome patients are elevated during illness. the role of the lipid changes in the development of the disorder cannot be optimally studied in human patients, because infection and aspirin ingestion occur prior to the earliest symptoms of reye's syndrome. effects of influenza ...	1983	6615853
on and off sublaminae in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the ferret.	like the retinal ganglion cells from which they receive their input, most relay neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus have on- or off-center receptive fields with antagonistic surrounds. in the cat, neurons with these two types of receptive fields are anatomically intermingled, even though the on and off systems are functionally segregated. in the ferret, there is a sublamination of the retinal input to lateral geniculate nucleus laminae a and a1. we have investigated the function of this su ...	1983	6619918
sodium and potassium transport in ferret red cells.	potassium movements into ferret red cells were measured with the tracer 86rb. equilibration of 86rb between medium and cells could be resolved into two components. 70-90% occurred rapidly with a rate constant of between 3.5-5.5 h-1. the remaining 10-30% occurred slowly. the slow movement was equivalent to a potassium influx of about 1.2-2.76 mmol l-1 cell h-1. potassium influx was inhibited by 80-90% by 0.1 mm-bumetanide (a high-ceiling, loop diuretic). this suggests that the sodium-potassium co ...	1983	6620190
onset of relaxation in cardiac muscle segments.	the onset of relaxation has been studied in undamaged central segments of isolated ferret papillary muscles at 27 degrees c, 12 beats/min. a technique that provides a signal proportional to the length of a chosen segment was used to assess segment velocity and length. feedback control was employed to obtain segment isometric contractions. at a variety of times during segment isometric twitches, rapid load clamps were imposed using a range of loads from resting force to greater than half peak dev ...	1983	6624929
the role of naturally-acquired bacterial infection in influenza-related death in neonatal ferrets.	concomitant, naturally-acquired bacterial infection was the cause of some deaths occurring in neonatal ferrets infected with the attenuated influenza virus a/puerto rico/8/34, these being prevented by antibiotic therapy. bacterial infection played an insignificant role in the greater number of deaths following inoculation with the virulent clone 7a (of the recombinant influenza virus a/puerto rico/8/34-a/england/939/69/(h3n2]. as seen previously with clone 7a some ferret neonates infected with a ...	1983	6639875
drug effects on afterdischarge and seizure threshold in lissencephalic ferrets: an epilepsy model for drug evaluation.	in normal and lissencephalic ferrets with chronically implanted electrodes, two antiepileptic drugs, (e)-2-[(amino)phenylmethylen]-benzo [b] thiophen-3(2h)-on (af-cx 921 xx) and carbamazepine (cbz), were compared. the variables included afterdischarges (ad) and seizures induced by cortical electrical stimulations (es). both drugs were given orally, 100 mg/kg of pure substance. es was applied before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 24 h after drug administration. lissencephaly was produced by a single intr ...	1983	6641645
antigenic analysis of h1n1 viruses isolated in the houston metropolitan area during four successive seasons.	we evaluated the antigenic stability of viruses within the h1n1 subtype, using 307 isolates spanning four winter seasons. the isolates from each seasonal period appeared relatively homogenous in hemagglutination inhibition tests employing ferret antisera. however, a panel of seven monoclonal antibodies to a/ussr/90/77 detected extensive micro-heterogeneity. antigenic variation occurred in the hemagglutinin antigen within a few weeks after the initial appearance of a/ussr/90/77-like strains in 19 ...	1983	6642637
sodium/calcium exchange in mammalian ventricular muscle: a study with sodium-sensitive micro-electrodes.	a method for mounting and rapidly perfusing small ventricular trabeculae (diameter around 250 micron) from either ferret or guinea-pig is described. tension, membrane potential (em) and intracellular na activity (aina) were measured. aina was measured using na-sensitive micro-electrodes. at room temperature (22-26 degrees c), [na]o 155 mmol/l and [ca]o 5.4 mmol/l, aina was 10.9 mmol/l +/- s.d. 4.2 mmol/l (n = 148). when [na]o was reduced from 155 to 1.5 mmol/l contractures developed. these were ...	1983	6644617
characterization of an influenza a host range mutant.	a mixed infection of primary chick kidney cells at 38 degrees with a/ann arbor/6/60 cold adapted virus and a/alaska/6/77 wt virus yielded a cold-reassortant virus, cr43-clone 3, which had a host range different from that of either parent. it does not produce detectable virus when grown in madin-darby canine kidney cells, while growing normally in primary chick kidney cells at 33 degrees. both parents, however, grow well in either cell type at 33 degrees c. genotypic analysis of viral rna electro ...	1983	6649412
action of almitrine on the pulmonary vasculature in ferrets and rats.	the action of almitrine on pulmonary vessels was studied under constant ventilation during normoxia and hypoxia. we used ferrets, in which one lobe of lung was perfused with venous blood at constant flow rate in vivo and isolated lungs perfused with blood at constant flow in both ferrets and normal and chronically hypoxic (three weeks in 10% o2) rats. almitrine caused constriction of the relaxed vessels of normoxic lung. during hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, when pulmonary artery pressure ( ...	1983	6652258
[epizootic swine influenza on animal farms in brittany].	since 1976, seroepidemiological surveys using radial haemolysis and isolation trials from samples collected from pigs at the abattoir showed that brittany was an important reservoir of swine subclinical infections due to the human influenza a viruses h3n2. influenza a h1sw n1sw subclinical infections sporadically occurred from 1979 to 1981. in january 1982 an epizootic started in finistère which spread from west to east. the h1sw and n1sw antigens of 28 stains isolated from 1979 to 1982 were stu ...	1983	6658105
the effects of low sodium solutions on intracellular calcium concentration and tension in ferret ventricular muscle.	papillary muscles from the right ventricles of ferrets were micro-injected with the photoprotein aequorin. both tension and the light emitted by the aequorin, which is a measure of the free intracellular ca concentration [( ca2+]i), were monitored. exposure of the papillary muscle to a solution in which all the na had been replaced by k (0 na(k) solution) resulted in an increase in tension which subsequently slowly decreased. this contracture was associated with a large increase in [ca2+]i follo ...	1983	6663506
vagal influences on the jejunal 'minute rhythm' in the anaesthetized ferret.	spontaneous jejunal motility in the urethane-anaesthetized ferret shows a cyclical pattern of contraction bursts alternating with quiescent periods described as 'minute rhythm' in conscious animals. cooling the cervical vagi to below 4 degrees c or acute vagotomy abolished this pattern of motility. on re-warming the vagi there was a return to cyclical motility after a latency which depended upon the contractile state at the time vagal conduction was restored. electrical vagal stimulation produce ...	1983	6663513
the founding of a cancer registry in a developing country.	the netherlands antilles is among the less developed countries lacking data on incidence and distribution of cancer. therefore, a retrospective case-finding survey was started in 1977 to retrieve all cases of cancer occurring in the period 1968-1977, simultaneously initiating a regular continuous registry for newly occurring cancers. the survey consisted of five phases, designed to ferret out cases from pathology and hospital files, out-patient files, and other sources, and to systematically che ...	1983	6668638
adrenergic and cholinergic receptors in submucosal glands of the ferret trachea: autoradiographic localization.		1983	6578099
does almitrine bismesylate improve v/q matching? an animal study.	pulmonary vascular actions of almitrine bismesylate were studied in ferrets, rats, cats and dogs in conditions which simulated those of patients with hypoxic lung disease. all or part of a lung was made hypoxic or hypoventilated so that affected vessels were constricted. rats were made chronically hypoxic (10%, o2, normobaric chamber). in vivo and isolated preparations were used. in all preparations and species almitrine bismesylate caused vasoconstriction in normoxia, constriction followed by d ...	1983	6586435
biosynthesis of lhrh: inferences from immunocytochemical studies.	inferences regarding biosynthesis of lhrh in rats are made from immunocytochemical studies using lhrh antisera with varied and specific binding requirements. immunoreactive perikarya were observed with antisera that could bind putative large molecular weight precursors of lhrh. no cells were detected with an antiserum that requires free decapeptide terminals and could not bind extended precursors. no such differential immunoreactivity was apparent in neuronal processes and neurovascular terminal ...	1983	6369270
steroid metabolism in the corpus luteum of the ferret.	implantation in the ferret is believed to be induced by a luteal substance which acts in concert with progesterone (p4) and which is secreted sometime between days 6 and 8 of pregnancy. this experiment was designed to identify the steroid products synthesized by ferret corpora lutea (cl) on these 2 days of pregnancy. cl were dissected from ferrets on day 6 or 8 of pregnancy and incubated with [3h] pregnenolone (p3), [3h] p4, or [3h] dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea). controls with no tissue or with ...	1983	6228262
distribution of viral antigen with the lower respiratory tract of ferrets infected with a virulent influenza virus: production and release of virus from corresponding organ cultures.	using fluorescent antibody techniques, a semi-quantitative survey has been made of the distribution of influenza virus antigen in the trachea, main bronchi, and three zones (hilar, intermediate and alveolar) of all four lung lobes of ferrets following intranasal inoculation of a virulent clone (7a) of the recombinant influenza virus a/pr/8/34-a/england/939/69 (h3n2). the results confirm the indications from our previous quantitative surveys of infectious virus and histological damage in these ar ...	1983	6338151
studies of two novel sulfasalazine analogs, ipsalazide and balsalazide.	sulfasalazine appears to exert its beneficial effect in colitis by releasing 5-aminosalicylic acid in the colon, but its use can be limited by side effects. ipsalazide and balsalazide are novel sulfasalazine analogs designed to release 5-aminosalicylic acid and a nontoxic carrier molecule in the gastrointestinal tract. they have a low oral toxicity following single or repeat administration to mouse, rat, and ferret, and balsalazide is not mutagenic in the ames test. ipsalazide and balsalazide ar ...	1983	6345112
normal and abnormal appearances of the 35-day ferret fetus studied by freehand (razor blade) sections and gross examination.	this communication reports the sectioning and subsequent examination of 1-mm freehand razor blade sections of the normal 35-day ferret fetus; pregnancy in the ferret lasts for 42 days. skeletal and other abnormalities obtained after maternal treatment with teratogens, such as trypan blue, mustine hydrochloride, and sodium salicylate are included for comparison with the normal.	1983	6348990
pericentriolar processes of photoreceptor cell basal bodies in the mammalian retina.	pericentriolar processes (arm-like fibers) of the migrating centrioles (diplosome) in differentiating retinal photoreceptor cells were examined in six mammalian species (hamster, vole, rat, rabbit, ferret, cat). these processes emanate in a radial fashion from one end of the centrioles comprising the photoreceptor diplosome. the pericentriolar processes of the basal body are first observed as the diplosome migrates toward the apical plasmalemma, suggesting that centrioles are committed early-on ...	1983	6356667
clinical trials with canine distemper vaccines in exotic carnivores.	two types of killed canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccine and a modified-live cdv vaccine were clinically evaluated in four species of exotic carnivores. in 16 trials in which 13 red pandas (ailurus fulgens) were given the killed vaccine, only 1 animal had a virus-neutralization titer that exceeded 1:100. a red panda given modified-live cdv vaccine deemed safe for gray foxes and ferrets died of bacterial pneumonia 16 days later. there was no pathologic evidence of canine distemper in that panda. ...	1983	6358163
mastitis caused by hemolytic escherichia coli in the ferret.	hemolytic escherichia coli was isolated from the mammary glands of 8 ferrets with gangrenous mastitis. clinical signs included firm swelling of one or more mammary glands and discoloration of the overlying skin. peracute disease and acute septicemia were observed, and in some cases the animals rapidly became moribund. antibiotic therapy alone did not alter the course of the disease. wide surgical resection of the involved glands in combination with systemic antibiotic therapy (ampicillin 10 mg/k ...	1983	6358164
intra- and interspecific embryo transfer.	the procedures that are collectively referred to as embryo transfer (et) have many uses. they were first used as research tools to study fetal-maternal physiology. since the first successful mammalian embryo transfer in 1890, et has been utilized for enhancement of genetic selection; diagnosis and treatment of infertility; control of infectious disease transmission; screening for genetic defects; propagation of rare and endangered species; and the study of developmental biology. most of the embr ...	1983	6363609
persistence of visna virus in cultured ferret brain cortex and fibroblasts.	cerebral cortex tissue fragments from newborn ferrets have been cultured in vitro and, when exposed to visna virus, failed to exhibit a cytopathic effect but retained the genome of the virus in a quiescent state for 46 d before synthesizing plaque-forming virus for the subsequent 26 d. in contrast, infection of an established line of cells derived from a ferret's brain with visna virus resulted in the formation of the polykaryocytes typically produced by this virus and a limited synthesis of pla ...	1983	6189779
surveillance of influenza in houston, texas, usa: gradual transition from a/victoria/75 (h3n2) to a/texas/77 (h3n2) predominance and antigenic characterization of "intermediate" strains.	influenza epidemics in houston, texas, usa, during the winters of 1975-76, 1976-77, and 1977-78 were attributed to a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), b/hong kong/5/72, and a/texas/1/77 (h3n2)-like viruses, respectively. both a/victoria and a/texas viruses were detected towards the end of the 1976-77 epidemic and throughout the 1977-78 epidemic. to determine if there had been a gradual transition in the predominant strain, 267 viral isolates from the 1975-76 epidemic were tested for a/texas virus. eight spe ...	1983	6190585
the early development of the av node and bundle in the ferret heart.	the development of the atrioventricular (av) junctional tissues in the ferret embryonic heart was studied on days 16, 18, and 21 of gestation. this important region of the heart was examined with pas and toluidine-blue staining at the light microscope level and with transmission electron microscopy at the ultrastructural level. by day 16 of gestation the ferret heart was in the initial stages of convolution. the heart was at the primitive four-chamber stage by 18 days postcoitum. on day 21 of ge ...	1983	6192697
heterogeneity of influenza b viruses.	antigenic analysis of influenza b strains isolated in 1981-82 from england, japan, and the usa, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the haemagglutinin of b/oregon/5/80, showed considerable heterogeneity among the isolates, the majority of which had distinct reactivity patterns. antigenically similar viruses were isolated from england, japan, and the usa, and heterogeneity was detected among isolates from each country. further studies are needed to determine whether this marked heterogeneit ...	1983	6194912
identification of the binding sites to monoclonal antibodies on a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1) hemagglutinin and their involvement in antigenic drift in h1n1 influenza viruses.	we have determined nucleotide sequences of the ha1 portion of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of the parental a/ussr/90/70 (h1n1) virus and its eight variants selected in vitro with six monoclonal antibodies to study antigenic determinants. the ha1 gene of one of the variants (b-1-23) was cloned in bacteria and its nucleotide sequence was determined by the maxam-gilbert method. the nucleotide sequence of the variant was confirmed by the dideoxy chain termination method. the gene sequences of the oth ...	1983	6196912
pulmonary alpha-adrenoceptors: autoradiographic localization using [3h]prazosin.	we determined the distribution of pulmonary alpha-adrenoceptors by autoradiographic localisation of [3h]prazosin binding to frozen sections of ferret lung. specific binding of [3h]prazosin to lung sections was saturable and of high affinity (kd = 0.44 +/- 0.55 nm; mean +/- s.e., n = 5), with a specificity indicating binding to alpha 1-receptors. autoradiographic showed that alpha 1-receptors were present in highest density in vascular smooth muscle (small vessels greater than large vessels), and ...	1983	6303807
diltiazem and verapamil preferentially block inactivated cardiac calcium channels.	diltiazem has been proposed to act by blocking calcium channels of cardiac and smooth muscle since it has pharmacological [12-14] and clinical [10] effects that resemble those of verapamil, an agent that has been shown to block these channels [3]. however, block of the slow inward current by diltiazem has not been directly demonstrated. in fact, it has been suggested that diltiazem has an entirely different mechanism of action [7]. we therefore studied the blocking effects of diltiazem and verap ...	1983	6304329
autoradiographic localization of autonomic receptors in airway smooth muscle. marked differences between large and small airways.	autoradiographic methods were used to determine the distribution of autonomic receptors in airway smooth muscle of ferret from trachea to terminal bronchioles; [3h]dihydroalprenolol, [3h]prazosin, and [3h]quinuclidinyl benzilate were used to label beta-adrenergic, alpha-adrenergic, and muscarinic receptors, respectively, using experimental conditions that gave maximal specific receptor binding. marked differences were found in the longitudinal distribution of each receptor and in distribution of ...	1983	6305241
neutral red stains ganglia in the vagal motor pathway to ferret trachea without affecting ganglionic transmission.	to determine the effect of neutral red (0.01%) on neural transmission through ganglia, we used an in vitro nerve-muscle preparation of ferret trachea. before, during, and after incubating the trachea in neutral red, we induced isometric muscle contractions first by activating preganglionic fibers with electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve, and then by activating postganglionic nerve fibers with electrical field stimulation. incubation in neutral red (0.01%) for 45 min at 38 degrees c reduced ...	1983	6308359
involvement of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the control of goal-directed movements.	changes produced in dopamine (da) activity, by administration of the da-antagonists metoclopramide (10 mg/kg im) and tiapride (16 mg/kg im) and of the da agonists apomorphine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg im) and bromocriptine (8 mg/kg orally), specifically modified predatory behavior in the ferret. sulpiride (40 mg/kg ip and 90 mg/kg im) did not change the behavior. the number of bites necessary to kill the prey was reduced by metoclopramide and tiapride. the number of bites after the death of the prey was ...	1983	6312482
transmission in airway ganglia of ferrets: inhibition by norepinephrine.	we examined the possibility that norepinephrine inhibits transmission in parasympathetic ganglia of the ferret trachea. we impaled ganglion cells on recording microelectrodes and evoked postsynaptic action potentials by stimulating fiber tracts entering the ganglion. when norepinephrine was added to the recording bath, the action potentials were blocked. phentolamine reversed this block. these results indicate that, by activating alpha-receptors, norepinephrine inhibits transmission in airway ga ...	1983	6316214
mapping of adrenergic receptors in the trachea by autoradiography.	we investigated the distribution of adrenergic receptors in ferret trachea using autoradiography. [3h]dihydroalprenolol, used to identify beta-adrenoceptors, revealed a high density of specific binding sites over surface epithelium and submucosal glands, with less labelling of smooth muscle. [3h]prazosin labelling showed that alpha 1-receptors were numerous in glands and epithelium, but sparse in smooth muscle. comparison of adrenergic receptor densities in tracheal sections from the same animal ...	1983	6317370
the sympathetic superior cervical ganglia as "little neuroendocrine brains".	the superior cervical ganglia (scg) provide sympathetic innervation to the pineal gland, cephalic blood vessels, the choroid plexus, the eye, carotid body and the salivary and thyroid glands. removal of the ganglia brings about several neuroendocrine changes in mammals, including the disruption of water balance in pituitary stalk-sectioned rats and the alteration of normal photoperiodic control of reproduction and thyroid function in hamsters, ferrets, voles, rams and goats. these effects are co ...	1983	6324543
localization and release of lysozyme from ferret trachea: effects of adrenergic and cholinergic drugs.	lysozyme is a bacteriolytic enzyme found in respiratory tract fluid. in this study, immunocytochemistry was used to determine the cells of origin of tracheal lysozyme in the ferret. lysozyme was found in secretory granules of serous but not mucous cells in the submucosal glands, and was absent from the surface epithelium, cartilage, and connective tissue. the exclusive presence of lysozyme in serous gland cells renders it useful as a biochemical marker of that cell type. measurements of lysozyme ...	1983	6131743
cation and atp content of ferret red cells.	ferret red cells were shown to have the following properties: 1. they have a high sodium (96 mmol/l cell) and low potassium (3.9 mmol/l cell) content. 2. the majority do not appear to have an active sodium pump in their membranes. 3. their membranes are highly permeable to rubidium indicating that they are probably also highly permeable to potassium. 4. their magnesium (3.01 mmol/l cell) and calcium (0.01 mmol/l cell) contents are similar to those of red cells from other species. 5. their atp co ...	1983	6132742
species differences in epinephrine concentration and norepinephrine n-methyltransferase activity in hypothalamus and brain stem.	1. the concentration of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, and the activity of norepinephrine n-methyltransferase, the epinephrine-forming enzyme, were determined in hypothalamus and brain stem in several species. 2. epinephrine concentration in hypothalamus, a nerve terminal region, varied in the order frog greater than turtle greater than chicken greater than cat greater than dog greater than pigeon greater than rat greater than ferret greater than hamster greater than mouse, with conce ...	1983	6132773
species differences in the metabolic conjugation of clofibric acid and clofibrate in laboratory animals and man.	the urinary metabolites of single doses of clofibric acid (p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid), and its ethyl ester, clofibrate, have been investigated in rat, guinea pig, rabbit, dog, cat, ferret, and human volunteers. human volunteers, rodents, and rabbits given clofibric acid excreted 60-90% of the 14c dose in the urine in 24 hr, and the only metabolite found was the ester glucuronide of clofibric acid, together with small amounts of the unchanged acid. in the dog, cat, and ferret, however, urina ...	1983	6133730
continuous monitoring of the position of the ferret mandibular canine tooth to enable comparisons with the continuously-growing rabbit incisor.	a variable capacitance displacement transducer, previously employed for continuously monitoring movements of the rabbit mandibular incisor, was modified for use with the ferret mandibular canine. comparing this tooth of limited growth with the tooth of continuous growth, similarities were seen in the reactions to extrusive loads and the responses at death. for the tooth of limited growth, however, less creep was seen with extrusive loading and hexamethonium did not produce changes in tooth posit ...	1983	6138020
effect of exposure to long days on the secretion of oestradiol, oestrone, progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, cortisol and follicle-stimulating hormone in intact and spayed ferrets.	the changes in concentration of plasma oestradiol, oestrone, progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, cortisol and fsh were followed in intact female ferrets brought into oestrus by extension of the photoperiod from 8 to 16 h daily. an additional group of spayed females was similarly exposed to the extended photoperiod. there was no change in the blood oestrone, androstenedione and testosterone levels in the spayed females; the concentration of oestradiol, progesterone and fsh fell, while th ...	1983	6417256
arginine requirement and ammonia toxicity in ferrets.	hyperammonemia of varying magnitude was produced in young, male ferrets by either feeding them a purified diet containing low amounts of arginine or by intraperitoneal injections of jackbean urease. the responses were different depending on the method used to produce hyperammonemia. when hyperammonemia was produced by feeding a synthetic diet containing less than 0.2% arginine, ferrets developed encephalopathy soon after eating the diet and recovered after 4 hours. although intraperitoneal injec ...	1983	6875698
possibility of virally induced lymphoma in pet ferrets.		1983	17422287
[the effect of short-term lung inflation on the strength of the expiratory reflex in ferrets under normal conditions and in experimental pneumothorax].		1983	6883136
estrogen-induced bone marrow depression in ferrets.	the administration of estrogen-induced severe bone marrow depression in 9 of 12 ferrets, independent of sex (male, female) or ovariohysterectomy. resultant pancytopenia was manifested by subcutaneous petechiae, melena, hematomyelia, pale mucous membranes, pale bone marrow, centrilobular hepatic degeneration, hydrometra, and pyometra. these findings are compatible with the naturally occurring estrus-associated anemia seen in female ferrets.	1983	6683476
defensive respiratory reflexes in ferrets.		1983	6682239
interactions of aspirin and other potential etiologic factors in an animal model of reye syndrome.	recent studies of reye syndrome (rs) patients have suggested aspirin treatment as a possible factor in the etiology of this often fatal childhood disorder. the relationship of aspirin treatment to other factors that have been strongly implicated (influenza, ammonia toxicity) cannot be examined directly in patients because aspirin treatment is usually initiated by family members in the prodromal period before rs is diagnosed. in this report we describe the use of an animal model for rs in examini ...	1982	6961432
quantitative light and electron microscopical studies of the epithelial-connective tissue junction in intraoral mucosae.	the present study was designed to clarify the morphological nature of epithelial-connective tissue attachment by quantitative comparison of palatal and buccal mucosae. tissue samples were obtained from ferrets and, following a strict sampling regime, sections were obtained for quantitative light and electron microscopy. electron micrographs from the epithelial-connective tissue junction were subjected to analysis by serological intersection counting. quantitative results show that palatal epithe ...	1982	7143437
effects of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or estradiol administered neonatally on sexual behavior of female ferrets.	groups of female ferrets born in the laboratory received sc silastic capsules containing testosterone (t), 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (dht), 17 beta-estradiol (e), or no steroid for 15 days beginning on the day of birth; an additional group of male ferrets received empty sc capsules neonatally. all ferrets were gonadectomized at 11 weeks of age and were subsequently tested for masculine and feminine sexual behaviors while being treated consecutively over an 8-month period with several different ...	1982	7106050
plasma concentrations of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone during perinatal development in male and female ferrets.	concentrations of testosterone (t) and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (dht) were measured in plasma collected from male and female ferrets at eight perinatal ages, spanning the period when behavioral sexual differentiation occurs in this species. concentrations of t were significantly higher in males than in females 5 days before birth (day -5) and on postnatal days 10, 15, and 40. plasma concentrations of dht were equivalent in both sexes at all ages. in males, mean plasma t (2,278 pg/ml) and dht ...	1982	7106049
modulation of gonadal activity by timed injections of melatonin in pinealectomized or intact ferrets kept under two photoperiods.		1982	7201001
uptake of 65zn in tapetum lucidum.	the uptake of 65zn (administered as 65zncl2) in the tapetum lucidum of ferrets was studied by whole-body autoradiography. the results showed a slow increase in the labelling of the tapetal cells and 7 days after the 65zn-injection this tissue contained the highest radioactivity in the body. the strong tapetal labelling was registered in both albino and pigmented animals. previous biochemical and histochemical studies have indicated that there is a specific localization of zinc in the tapetal cel ...	1982	7047922
polychlorinated biphenyls (aroclors 1016 and 1242): effect on hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidases in mink and ferrets.		1982	6808933
neurotransmitter chemistry of lissencephalic cortex induced in ferrets by fetal treatment with methylazoxymethanol acetate.	treatment of pregnant ferrets with 15 mg/kg of methylazoxymethanol acetate (mam) at 33 days of fetal gestation results in offspring with cortical hypoplasia and lissencephally. neurochemical analysis of 5 areas of cortex from 8-week-old offspring of mam- or vehicle-treated jills indicated an overall enrichment in markers for catecholaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase, norepinephrine) and cholinergic (choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine) terminals but minimal change in the concentration of gaba ...	1982	6125249
mucous cells of the tracheobronchial tree in the ferret.	mucosubstances in the tracheobronchial tree of the ferret were studied histochemically. the submucous glands contained predominantly neutral mucins. scattered between these were cells containing sulphated mucins and sialidase-labile and sialidase-resistant sialomucins. most of the goblet cells in the trachea, as well as those in the bronchi and larger bronchioles, contained sulphated mucins. a smaller proportion of the goblet cells showed sialidase-labile and sialidase-resistant sialomucins. it ...	1982	6175610
aleutian disease in ferrets.	when 32 antibody-free ferrets were inoculated with the highly mink-virulent utah-1 strain of aleutian disease virus (adv), most developed adv antibody starting 15 days after infection, but the antibody titers were much lower than those seen in mink. relatively small amounts of adv were demonstrated in crfk cell culture, using ferret spleen and lymph node homogenates only 4 to 10 days after experimental infection, but low-level viral persistence for 180 days was shown by mink inoculation. the fer ...	1982	6176546
antigenic properties of some equine influenza viruses.	the antigenic relationships between the haemagglutinins of five a/equine-1 viruses and between six a/equine-2 viruses were examined using post-infection ferret and immunized pony sera. similar results were obtained with sera from both species for the a/equine-1 viruses and these confirmed minor antigenic differences between the prototype a/prague 1/56 virus and viruses isolated in england in 1973 and 1977. considerable antigenic differences were found between five of the a/equine-2 viruses, usin ...	1982	6181759
establishment and characterization of ferret cells in culture.	cells derived from the brain of a 6 wk-old ferret have been subcultured over 100 times and have undergone over 400 population doublings in vitro. these cells, referred to as mpf cells, have an absolute efficiency of colony formation in excess of 45%, exhibit a mean population doubling time of 12.5 h, possess ferret-specific antigens, and have isozymes with electrophoretic properties that are the same as those of isozymes found in ferret liver. the cells exhibit a cytopathic effect and support th ...	1982	6185411
humoral and cell-mediated immune response to influenza virus. ii. experiments in ferrets.		1982	6188342
studies on pathogenicity and immunogenicity of cold adapted variants of influenza virus.	cold adapted variants of influenza virus, replicated at 37, 35, 33 and 30 degrees c, were tested for capability to multiply in ferrets and to induce h and n antibodies. virus grown at 30 degrees c differed from the other in electrophoretic mobility of its polypeptides in page, in inducing higher level of n antibodies, and in higher intensity of immunofluorescence reaction in the respiratory tract.	1982	6189378
effects of butoprozine on ionic currents in frog atrial and ferret ventricular fibres. comparison with amiodarone and verapamil.	the effects of butoprozine on cardiac membrane currents of frog atrial and ferret ventricular fibres were investigated in voltage clamp conditions by means of the double sucrose gap technique. comparison was made with amiodarone and verapamil. butoprozine was found to decrease the fast sodium and slow calcium inward currents and the delayed outward current in a dose-dependent manner. the reactivation kinetics of both inward currents were reduced by butoprozine. amiodarone principally decreased t ...	1982	6280628
failure to detect hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies with intact avian influenza virions.	avian influenza viruses replicate in a variety of mammals and birds, yet hemagglutination inhibition tests show that postinfection sera from these animals (e.g., ferrets and ducks) have insignificant levels of antibodies (hinshaw et al., infect. immun. 34:354-361, 1981). this suggested that avian influenza viruses, in contrast to mammalian viruses, may not induce a significant humoral response. studies reported here indicate that avian influenza viruses do induce high levels of antibodies in fer ...	1982	6292104
enhancement of calcium current during digitalis inotropy in mammalian heart: positive feed-back regulation by intracellular calcium?	1. effects of digitalis compounds on slow inward ca current i(si)) and contractile force were examined in ferret ventricular muscle (single sucrose-gap voltage clamp) and calf purkinje fibres (two micro-electrode voltage clamp).2. in ventricular muscle, ouabain increased i(si) and inward current tails associated with i(si) conductance. the enhancement of i(si) followed a time course similar to the development of the positive inotropic effect, and it could be observed in the absence of aftercontr ...	1982	6292410
a spectrum of immune responses and pathological conditions between certain animal species to experimental mycobacterium bovis infection.	guinea-pigs, rabbits, rats, ferrets and hedgehogs were infected with a recent field isolate of mycobacterium bovis. the cell-mediated and antibody responses were studied up to 8 weeks after infection at which time the animals were killed and pathological, histological and bacteriological examinations were carried out. guinea-pigs and rabbits produced an intense cell-mediated response and strong tissue reactions around the lesions. this appears, in part, to be responsible for the susceptibility o ...	1982	6756462
inhibition of ciliary activity in organ cultures of ferret trachea in reference to genetic and biological characters in influenza virus strains.	as reported previously, attenuated stable inhibitor-resistant influenza viruses can be screened by a 50% ciliary activity inhibition test in ferret tracheal organ cultures. this test was further applied to a 5 attenuated cold-adapted influenza strains and to 11 strains with known a percentage of rna-rna hybridization with the parental a/pr/8/34 (hon1) virus strain. again, with one exception, attenuated strains could be clearly differentiated from virulent ones. it was concluded that virulence of ...	1982	6756625
antiemetic activity of butorphanol against cisplatin-induced emesis in ferrets and dogs.	the analgesic agent butorphanol was evaluated for its ability to block cisplatin-induced emesis in ferrets and dogs. in ferrets, butorphanol (0.15, 0.3, or 0.45 mg/kg; expressed in terms of the tartrate salt) administered sc 30 minutes prior to cisplatin (8 mg/kg iv) reduced the number of emetic episodes but did not eliminate them. when these doses of butorphanol were administered 30 minutes before and 30 and 90 minutes after cisplatin, they caused a dose-related reduction in the number of emeti ...	1982	6889914
remission of estrus-associated anemia following ovariohysterectomy and multiple blood transfusions in a ferret.		1982	6890548
distemper virus infection in ferrets: an animal model of measles-induced immunosuppression.	distemper virus is very similar antigenically to measles virus, and the disease produced in ferrets by distemper is a systemic illness quite similar to measles infection in humans. using an attenuated strain of distemper virus, we produced a mild systemic illness in ferrets and were able to study the effects of the viral infection on cell-mediated immunity (cmi). beginning on day 5 after viral inoculation and continuing to day 30, infected ferrets showed a marked lymphopenia, with a reduction in ...	1982	7044625
efficacy of the avermectins against filarial parasites: a short review.	the avermectins are macrocyclic lactones produced by streptomyces avermitilis. one of them has been chemically modified and given the non-proprietary name ivermectin. the compounds have shown efficacy against various stages of filarial parasites. with respect to pre-adult stages in the mammalian host, activity has been observed against dirofilaria immitis in ferrets and dogs, and dipetalonema viteae and litomosoides carinii in jirds (meriones); but activity has not been observed against the deve ...	1982	7051527
circadian timing of sleepiness in man and woman.	men and women living contentedly in long-term isolation from the usual time-of-day cues have revealed surprising new regularities about the timing of human sleep/wake alternations. contemporary effort to ferret out and articulate these regularities in quantitative terms lead to a diversity of mathematical models. if these eventually acquire predictive competence then we may expect practical improvements of therapy for insomnia, jet lag, and some kinds of psychiatric depression.	1982	7051861
effects of early social experience on activity and object investigation in the ferret.	earlier experiments have shown that many of the effects of early social isolation in the rat may be due to deprivation of social play. the isolated ferret, like the isolated rat, is hyperactive; furthermore, its hyperactivity appears to be related to deprivation of social play. however, the relationship between object investigation and social rearing is more complex in the ferret than it is in the rat.	1982	7054018
evaluation of an attenuated, cold-recombinant influenza b virus vaccine.	a live, attenuated influenza b virus vaccine was evaluated in a group of students. the virus, cold-recombinant (cr) 7, was produced by recombining the attenuated cold-adapted parent, b/ann arbor/1/66, with a wild strain, b/hong kong/8/73. in ferrets, the wild strain produced histopathologic lesions in the lungs, whereas the cr strain and the attenuated parent did not. a total of 306 individuals was inoculated intranasally with either the cr virus or a placebo. after inoculation, only one symptom ...	1982	7054318
fine structural examination of the single heart tube in the fifteen day ferret embryo.	the different segments of the embryonic heart tube of the ferret were examined with light and transmission electron microscopy. the cells of bulbus cordis, bulboventricular junction, primitive ventricle, atrioventricular junction, and primitive atria were in the process of differentiating into myocardial cells. the ventricular muscle cells were the most developed cells; the least mature muscle cells were those located at the arterial and venous ends of the heart tube. the cells between the ventr ...	1982	7055837
genetic composition and virulence of influenza virus: differences in facets of virulence in ferrets between two pairs of recombinants with rna segments of the same parental origin.	facets of virulence for ferrets of 16 recombinant clones of two parent viruses a/finland/4/74 (h3n2) and a/okuda/57 (h2n2) were determined and viewed in relation to their genetic composition. of the five pairs of recombinant clones with rna segments of the same parental origin, differences in facets of virulence were detected between members of two of the pairs. one pair differed in ability to produce fever, and another pair in ability to infect the lower respiratory tract. subsequent analyses i ...	1982	7061993
serum enzyme alterations in arginine-deficient, influenza-infected ferrets: a potential animal model of reye's syndrome.	young male ferrets developed hyperammonemia and encephalopathy soon after eating a diet lacking arginine. because of this characteristic and their known susceptibility to influenza infections, they were further tested as an animal model for reye's syndrome (rs), a childhood disorder which sometimes develops following influenza and which is characterized in part by encephalopathy, hyperammonemia, and elevated serum transaminase levels. either the deficiency or infection alone resulted in minor el ...	1982	7067689
experimental trichinella spiralis infection in the ferret, mustela putorius furo.	laboratory ferrets (mustela putorius furo) were each inoculated with 500 larvae of a strain of trichinella spiralis that had been passaged in mice for many generations. the recovery of adult worms from ferrets on days 4 and 7 of infection represented a mean of 32% of the inoculum, with most of the worms being in the anterior three quarters of the small intestine. larvae subsequently became encysted in the ferret musculature, with the diaphragm alone yielding as many as 5,750 larvae upon digestio ...	1982	7069183
elevation of nasal viral levels by suppression of fever in ferrets infected with influenza viruses of differing virulence.	the effect of suppression of fever on viral levels in nasal washes of ferrets infected with either of two clones (7a, virulent; 64d, attenuated) of the recombinant influenza virus a/puerto rico/8/34-a/england/939/69 (h3n2) was studied. the febrile response was reduced by shaving the ferrets or by treating them with sodium salicylate, which had no noticeable effect on the inflammatory response. for both clones, significantly more virus was shed in the nasal washes of ferrets whose febrile respons ...	1982	7069233