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a fully liquid dtap-ipv-hep b-prp-t hexavalent vaccine for primary and booster vaccination of healthy mexican children.to evaluate an investigational, fully liquid hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-hepatitis b-haemophilus influenzae type b (dtap-ipv-hep b-prp-t: hexaxim™) vaccine for primary and booster vaccination of healthy children in mexico.201222863658
persistence of antibody response following a booster dose of hib-menc-tt glycoconjugate vaccine to five years: a follow-up study.antibodies against haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) and serogroup c neisseria meningitidis (menc) persist better to 3½ years of age after a 12-month booster dose of a combination hib-menc glycoconjugate vaccine (hib-menc-tt) in children primed in infancy with hib-menc-tt and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular-pertussis-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (dtap-ipv) than in those who received a monovalent menc-crm197 and dtap-ipv-hib (also tt conjugated). pertussis antibodies against filamentous hemagglu ...201222673139
risk of febrile seizures and epilepsy after vaccination with diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, and haemophilus influenzae type b.vaccination with whole-cell pertussis vaccine carries an increased risk of febrile seizures, but whether this risk applies to the acellular pertussis vaccine is not known. in denmark, acellular pertussis vaccine has been included in the combined diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-haemophilus influenzae type b (dtap-ipv-hib) vaccine since september 2002.201222357833
current and future challenges in the development of antimicrobial agents.micro-organisms exist to survive. even in the absence of antimicrobial agents, many have determinants of resistance that may be expressed phenotypically, should the need arise. with the advent of the antibiotic age, as more and more drugs were developed to treat serious infections, micro-organisms (particularly bacteria) rapidly developed resistance determinants to prevent their own demise.the most important determinants of resistance have been in the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. am ...201223090595
microbiological etiology and susceptibility of bacterial conjunctivitis isolates from clinical trials with ophthalmic, twice-daily besifloxacin.bacterial conjunctivitis is a contagious infection of the surface of the eye usually treated empirically with topical antibiotics. since the etiologic agent is rarely identified, it is important to monitor which bacteria cause conjunctivitis and determine their antibacterial resistance profiles.201222644963
microbiological aspects of vulvovaginitis in prepubertal girls.this study aimed to establish the vaginal introitus microbial flora in girls with and without symptoms of vulvovaginitis, and to present the distribution of isolated microorganisms by age groups in girls with vulvovaginitis. we enrolled 500 girls with vulvovaginitis symptoms, aged 2-12 years, referred by their pediatricians for microbiological examination of the vaginal introitus swabs, and 30 age-matched asymptomatic girls. similar microbial flora was isolated in both groups, but the symptomati ...201222383074
pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) from chlamydia trachomatis versus pid from neisseria gonorrhea: from clinical suspicion to therapy.pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) is the most significant complication of sexually transmitted infections in childbearing-age women and it represents an important public health problem because of its long-term sequelae (chronic pelvic pain, tubal infertility, ectopic pregnancy). prior to the mid 1970s pid was considered a monoetiologic infection, due primarily to neisseria gonorrhea. now it is well documented as a polymicrobial process, with a great number of microrganisms involved. in addition ...201223007248
azithromycin 1.5% ophthalmic solution: in purulent bacterial or trachomatous conjunctivitis.the second-generation macrolide azithromycin is available as a 1.5% ophthalmic solution for use in the treatment of bacterial or trachomatous conjunctivitis. this article reviews the pharmacological properties of azithromycin 1.5% ophthalmic solution and its clinical efficacy and tolerability in patients with purulent bacterial conjunctivitis or trachomatous conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis. azithromycin 1.5% ophthalmic solution had good in vitro activity against haemophilus influe ...201222316352
[etiology and biomarkers of systemic inflammation in mild to moderate copd exacerbations].the etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is heterogeneous and still under discussion. inflammation increases during exacerbation of copd. the identification of inflammatory changes will increase our knowledge and potentially guide therapy.201222552550
antimicrobial activity of the novel pleuromutilin antibiotic bc-3781 against organisms responsible for community-acquired respiratory tract infections (cartis).bc-3781 is an investigational semi-synthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic, which recently finished a clinical phase 2 trial in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. bc-3781 binds to the 50s ribosomal subunit and cross-resistance with other antimicrobial classes is uncommon. we evaluated the activity of bc-3781 against organisms responsible for community-acquired respiratory tract infections (cartis).201222287234
the incidence and etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in fever outpatients.the purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence, etiology and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) among outpatients with sore throat and/or cough, and thus to provide theoretical basis for timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment for cap. we used chest x-rays for fever (a temperature greater than 37.5°c) patients, who were recruited since 2007, presenting with sore throat and/or cough. the patients' age, gender, days of fever, respiratory symptoms (e.g. cough ...201223239436
[investigation of bacterial etiology with conventional and multiplex pcr methods in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia].community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is still a serious life-threatening disease, in which the etiologic agent cannot be identified in more than 50% of patients despite advanced diagnostic methods. the most commonly used methods in the determination of cap etiology are culture and serological tests. since early and accurate therapy reduces the mortality in cap cases, rapid and reliable diagnostic methods are needed. the aim of this study was to determine the bacterial etiology in adult patients wi ...201223188566
etiology and antimicrobial resistance of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in china.appropriate antimicrobial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is mainly based on the distribution of etiology and antimicrobial resistance of major pathogens. we performed a prospective observational study of adult with cap in 36 hospitals in china.201222932165
[comparison of culture and real-time pcr methods in the detection of streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae in acute otitis media effusion specimens].streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae are the major etiologic agents of acute otitis media. this study was aimed to compare the detection rate of s.pneumoniae and h.influenzae by culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in the middle ear effusions of patients diagnosed as acute otitis media. a total of 60 middle ear effusion samples collected from children with acute otitis media were included in the study. the samples were inoculated and incubated in bactec ped plu ...201223188581
oligomeric state study of prokaryotic rhomboid proteases.rhomboid peptidases (proteases) play key roles in signaling events at the membrane bilayer. understanding the regulation of rhomboid function is crucial for insight into its mechanism of action. here we examine the oligomeric state of three different rhomboid proteases. we subjected haemophilus influenzae, (higlpg), escherichia coli glpg (ecglpg) and bacillus subtilis (yqgp) to sedimentation equilibrium analysis in detergent-solubilized dodecylmaltoside (ddm) solution. for higlpg and ecglpg, rho ...201222921757
development and introduction of a ready-to-use pediatric pentavalent vaccine to meet and sustain the needs of developing countries--quinvaxem®: the first 5 years.quinvaxem(®) injection (dtwp-hepb-hib fully-liquid combined vaccine) is a ready-to-use, preservative-free, fully-liquid combined vaccine containing diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, bordetella pertussis inactivated cellular suspension, hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), and haemophilus influenzae type b conjugated oligosaccharide. the vaccine was the first ready-to-use, fully-liquid pentavalent vaccine to gain who pre-qualification status in 2006. the immunogenicity and safety of quinvaxem(®) wa ...201222889824
quantitative pcr of ear discharge from indigenous australian children with acute otitis media with perforation supports a role for alloiococcus otitidis as a secondary pathogen. 201223033913
[in vitro susceptibilities to levofloxacin and various antibacterial agents of 12,866 clinical isolates obtained from 72 centers in 2010].postmarketing surveillance of levofloxacin (lvfx) has been conducted continuously since 1992. the present survey was performed to investigate in vitro susceptibility of recent clinical isolates in japan to 30 selected antibacterial agents, focusing on fluoroquinolones (fqs). the common respiratory pathogens streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, and haemophilus influenzae continue to show a high susceptibility to fqs. in contrast, widely-prevailing resistance to ...201223173294
comparative in vitro activity of sitafloxacin against bacteria isolated from thai patients with urinary tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections.to determine comparative in vitro activity of sitafloxacin against clinical isolates of bacteria from thai patients with urinary tract infection and those with lower respiratory tract infection.201222574524
[changes of etiology of chronic sinusitis].to explore etiology distribution changes of chronic naso sinusitis.201222568256
the impact of new vaccine introduction on immunization and health systems: a review of the published literature.we conducted a systematic review of the published literature to examine the impact of new vaccine introduction on countries' immunization and broader health systems. six publication databases were searched using 104 vaccine and health system-related search terms. the search yielded 15,795 unique articles dating from december 31, 1911 to september 29, 2010. based on review of the title and abstract, 654 (4%) of these articles were found to be potentially relevant and were referred for full review ...201222940378
characterization of nasopharyngeal isolates of type b haemophilus influenzae from delhi.haemophilus influenzae is an important cause of mortality and morbidity among young children in developing countries. increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance especially production of extended spectrum beta lactamase (esbl) has made treatment and management of h. influenzae infection more difficult. nasopharyngeal h. influenzae isolates are excellent surrogate for determination of antibiotic resistance prevalent among invasive h. influenzae isolates. in this study, we characterized nasophar ...201223287135
investigations into genome diversity of haemophilus influenzae using whole genome sequencing of clinical isolates and laboratory transformants.haemophilus influenzae is an important human commensal pathogen associated with significant levels of disease. high-throughput dna sequencing was used to investigate differences in genome content within this species.201223176117
population subdivision and the detection of recombination in non-typable haemophilus influenzae.the disparity in diversity between unencapsulated (non-typable; nt) and encapsulated, serotypable haemophilus influenzae (hi) has been recognized for some time. it has previously been suggested that the wider diversity evidenced within nthi compared with typable lineages may be due to different rates of recombination within the encapsulated and nt populations. to examine whether there is evidence for different levels of recombination within typable and nt lineages of hi, we performed a statistic ...201223038806
sporozoite neutralizing antibodies elicited in mice and rhesus macaques immunized with a plasmodium falciparum repeat peptide conjugated to meningococcal outer membrane protein complex.antibodies that neutralize infectivity of malaria sporozoites target the central repeat region of the circumsporozoite (cs) protein, which in plasmodium falciparum is comprised primarily of 30-40 tandem nanp tetramer repeats. we evaluated immunogenicity of an alum-adsorbed (nanp)(6) peptide conjugated to an outer membrane protein complex (ompc) derived from neisseria meningitidis, a carrier protein used in a licensed haemophilus influenzae pediatric vaccine. mice immunized with (nanp)(6)-ompc ad ...201223226683
mapping the laminin receptor binding domains of neisseria meningitidis pora and haemophilus influenzae ompp2.neisseria meningitidis, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae are major bacterial agents of meningitis. they each bind the 37/67-kda laminin receptor (lamr) via the surface protein adhesins: meningococcal pilq and pora, h. influenzae ompp2 and pneumococcal cbpa. we have previously reported that a surface-exposed loop of the r2 domain of cbpa mediates lamr-binding. here we have identified the lamr-binding regions of pora and ompp2. using truncated recombinant proteins we show that b ...201223049988
identification of genes that contribute to the pathogenesis of invasive pneumococcal disease by in vivo transcriptomic analysis.streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) continues to be responsible for a high level of global morbidity and mortality resulting from pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, and otitis media. here we have used a novel technique involving niche-specific, genome-wide in vivo transcriptomic analyses to identify genes upregulated in distinct niches during pathogenesis after intranasal infection of mice with serotype 4 or 6a pneumococci. the analyses yielded 28 common, significantly upregulated genes ...201222778095
the spectrum of central nervous system infections in an adult referral hospital in hanoi, vietnam.to determine prospectively the causative pathogens of central nervous system (cns) infections in patients admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in hanoi, vietnam.201222952590
immunogenicity and safety of measles-mumps-rubella and varicella vaccines coadministered with a fourth dose of haemophilus influenzae type b and neisseria meningitidis serogroups c and y-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in toddlers: a pooled analysis of randomized trials.a pooled analysis was conducted of 1257 toddlers who received a fourth dose of haemophilus influenzae type b-neisseria meningitidis serogroups c and y-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (hibmency-tt) or hib conjugate vaccine (hib polysaccharide conjugated to n. meningitidis outer membrane protein) coadministered with measles-mumps-rubella (mmr) and varicella (var) vaccines (nct00134719/nct00289783). noninferiority of immunological responses to mmr and var was demonstrated between groups and incide ...201222617844
a broad range assay for rapid detection and etiologic characterization of bacterial meningitis: performance testing in samples from sub-sahara.this study aimed to conduct a pilot evaluation of broad-based multiprobe polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in clinical cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples compared to local conventional pcr/culture methods used for bacterial meningitis surveillance. a previously described pcr consisting of initial broad-based detection of eubacteriales by a universal probe, followed by gram typing, and pathogen-specific probes was designed targeting variable regions of the 16s rrna gene. the diagnostic performance o ...201222809694
risk of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease in adults with secondary immunodeficiency in the post-hib vaccine era.prior to the introduction of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccines, invasive hib disease affected almost exclusively children. according to some recent studies, in the postvaccine era, adults, the elderly, and immunocompromised persons can be affected more often than children. as the production of type-specific anti-capsular polysaccharide antibodies is the major defense mechanism against hib, individuals with defects in humoral immune responses have high susceptibility to infec ...201222398246
protein conjugate polysaccharide vaccines: challenges in development and global implementation.pneumonia and meningitis caused by haemophilus influenzae type b, streptococcus pneumoniae, and neisseria meningitidis are among the leading causes of under five mortality and morbidity. polysaccharide vaccines to prevent these infections are available since 1980s, but these are not effective in infants and children who are the common targets; therefore, protein conjugated were developed. the aim of this article is to understand the need for peumococcal protein conjugate vaccines, the challenges ...201222654279
effect of increased crm₁₉₇ carrier protein dose on meningococcal c bactericidal antibody response.new multivalent crm(197)-based conjugate vaccines are available for childhood immunization. clinical studies were reviewed to assess meningococcal group c (menc) antibody responses following menc-crm(197) coadministration with crm(197)-based pneumococcal or haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. infants receiving a total crm(197) carrier protein dose of ∼50 μg and concomitant diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (dtap)-containing vaccine tended to have lower menc geometric mean anti ...201222336285
bacterial infections in lilongwe, malawi: aetiology and antibiotic resistance.life-threatening infections present major challenges for health systems in malawi and the developing world because routine microbiologic culture and sensitivity testing are not performed due to lack of capacity. use of empirical antimicrobial therapy without regular microbiologic surveillance is unable to provide adequate treatment in the face of emerging antimicrobial resistance. this study was conducted to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in order to inform treatment choices and ...201222436174
structural basis for lack of toxicity of the diphtheria toxin mutant crm197.crm197 is an enzymatically inactive and nontoxic form of diphtheria toxin that contains a single amino acid substitution (g52e). being naturally nontoxic, crm197 is an ideal carrier protein for conjugate vaccines against encapsulated bacteria and is currently used to vaccinate children globally against haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, and meningococcus. to understand the molecular basis for lack of toxicity in crm197, we determined the crystal structures of the full-length nucleotide-free c ...201222431623
structure-function relations in the ntpase domain of the antiviral trna ribotoxin escherichia coli prrc.breakage of trna by escherichia coli anticodon nuclease prrc (ecoprrc) underlies a host antiviral response to phage t4 infection. expression of ecoprrc is cytocidal in yeast, signifying that prrc ribotoxicity crosses phylogenetic domain boundaries. ecoprrc consists of an n-terminal ntpase module that resembles abc transporters and a c-terminal nuclease module that is sui generis. prrc homologs are prevalent in many other bacteria. here we report that haemophilus influenzae prrc is toxic in e. co ...201222386822
the safety profile of haemophilus influenzae type b-neisseria meningitidis serogroups c and y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (hibmency).the safety profile of hibmency was compared with licensed hib conjugate vaccines in a pooled analysis that included more than 8,500 subjects who were administered a four-dose series of hibmency or commercially available hib vaccines at 2, 4, 6 and 12-15 mo of age in two primary vaccination and two fourth dose phase 3 studies. in all studies, hibmency or hib vaccine was co-administered with age-appropriate, routinely recommended vaccines. in one primary and one fourth dose study (n = 4180), local ...201222327493
modeling insights into haemophilus influenzae type b disease, transmission, and vaccine programs.in response to the 2007-2009 haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccine shortage in the united states, we developed a flexible model of hib transmission and disease for optimizing hib vaccine programs in diverse populations and situations. the model classifies population members by age, colonization/disease status, and antibody levels, with movement across categories defined by differential equations. we implemented the model for the united states as a whole, england and wales, and the alaska n ...201222257582
characterization of a ferrous iron-responsive two-component system in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), an opportunistic pathogen that is commonly found in the human upper respiratory tract, has only four identified two-component signal transduction systems. one of these, an ortholog to the qsebc (quorum-sensing escherichia coli) system, was characterized. this system, designated firrs, was found to be transcribed in an operon with a gene encoding a small, predicted periplasmic protein with an unknown function, ygiw. the ygiw-firrs operon exhibited a uniq ...201222961857
the impact of bacterial and viral co-infection in severe influenza.many questions remain concerning the burden, risk factors and impact of bacterial and viral co-infection in patients with pandemic influenza admitted to the intensive care unit (icu).201222487223
phosphorylcholine allows for evasion of bactericidal antibody by haemophilus influenzae.the human pathogen haemophilus influenzae has the ability to quickly adapt to different host environments through phase variation of multiple structures on its lipooligosaccharide (lps), including phosphorylcholine (chop). during colonization with h. influenzae, there is a selection for chop+ phase variants. in a murine model of nasopharyngeal colonization, this selection is lost in the absence of adaptive immunity. based on previous data highlighting the importance of natural antibody in limiti ...201222396641
novel rapidly diversifiable antimicrobial rna polymerase switch region inhibitors with confirmed mode of action in haemophilus influenzae.a series of inhibitors with a squaramide core was synthesized following its discovery in a high-throughput screen for novel inhibitors of a transcription-coupled translation assay using escherichia coli s30 extracts. the inhibitors were inactive when the plasmid substrate was replaced with mrna, suggesting they interfered with transcription. this was confirmed by their inhibition of purified e. coli rna polymerase. the series had antimicrobial activity against efflux-negative strains of e. coli ...201222843845
nontypeable haemophilus influenzae genetic islands associated with chronic pulmonary infection.haemophilus influenzae (hi) colonizes the human respiratory tract and is an important pathogen associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). bacterial factors that interact with the human host may be important in the pathogenesis of copd. these factors, however, have not been well defined. the overall goal of this study was to identify bacterial genetic elements with increased prevalence among h. influenzae strains isolated from patients with copd compared to those isolated from ...201222970300
association between early bacterial carriage and otitis media in aboriginal and non-aboriginal children in a semi-arid area of western australia: a cohort study.streptococcus pneumoniae (pnc), nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and moraxella catarrhalis (mcat) are the most important bacterial pathogens associated with otitis media (om). previous studies have suggested that early upper respiratory tract (urt) bacterial carriage may increase risk of subsequent om. we investigated associations between early onset of urt bacterial carriage and subsequent diagnosis of om in aboriginal and non-aboriginal children living in the kalgoorlie-boulder region ...201223256870
alternative sampling methods for detecting bacterial pathogens in children with upper respiratory tract infections.nasopharyngeal sampling is used for detecting bacteria commonly involved in upper respiratory tract infections, but it requires training and may not always be well tolerated. we sampled children (n = 66) of ages 0 to 4 years, with rhinorrhea, by using a nasopharyngeal swab, a nasal swab, and nose blowing/wiping into a paper tissue. streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and staphylococcus aureus were cultured at similar rates across methods with high concordance ...201223052306
pathogen diversity and hidden regimes of apparent competition.competition through cross-reacting host immune responses, a form of apparent competition, is a major driver of pathogen evolution and diversity. most models of pathogens have focused on intraspecific interactions to explain observed patterns. two recent experiments suggested that haemophilus influenzae, a common nasopharyngeal colonizer of humans, might alter the immune environment in a way that favors otherwise less fit serotypes of another common pathogen, pneumococcus. using a computational m ...201223234842
identification and characterization of the bacterial etiology of clinically problematic acute otitis media after tympanocentesis or spontaneous otorrhea in german children.acute otitis media (aom) is an important and common disease of childhood. bacteria isolated from cases of clinically problematic aom in german children were identified and characterized.201223167692
nasopharyngeal bacterial interactions in children.antimicrobial treatments and vaccines can alter bacterial interactions in the nasopharynx, thereby altering disease processes. to better understand these interactions, we examined colonization rates of 3 respiratory bacterial pathogens among 320 children when healthy and at onset of acute otitis media (aom). bacterial interactions were analyzed with a repeated measures logistic regression model. among healthy children, streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis were synergistically (posi ...201223092680
effects of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable haemophilus influenzae protein d-conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in young children: a randomized controlled trial.this study evaluated the effects of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable haemophilus influenzae protein d-conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization compared with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vcrm) in young children.201223118268
associations between pathogens in the upper respiratory tract of young children: interplay between viruses and bacteria.high rates of potentially pathogenic bacteria and respiratory viruses can be detected in the upper respiratory tract of healthy children. investigating presence of and associations between these pathogens in healthy individuals is still a rather unexplored field of research, but may have implications for interpreting findings during disease.201223082199
ciprofloxacin dry powder for inhalation in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a phase ii randomised study.this phase ii, randomised, double-blind, multicentre study (nct00930982) investigated the safety and efficacy of ciprofloxacin dry powder for inhalation (dpi) in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. adults who were culture positive for pre-defined potential respiratory pathogens (including pseudomonas aeruginosa and haemophilus influenzae) were randomised to ciprofloxacin dpi 32.5 mg or placebo administered twice daily for 28 days (with 56 days of follow-up). bacterial density in sp ...201223018904
upper respiratory tract microbial communities, acute otitis media pathogens, and antibiotic use in healthy and sick children.the composition of the upper respiratory tract microbial community may influence the risk for colonization by the acute otitis media (aom) pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis. we used culture-independent methods to describe upper respiratory tract microbial communities in healthy children and children with upper respiratory tract infection with and without concurrent aom. nasal swabs and data were collected in a cross-sectional study of 240 child ...201222752171
nontypeable haemophilus influenzae biofilms: role in chronic airway infections.like many pathogens inhabiting mucosal surfaces, nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) forms multicellular biofilm communities both in vitro and in various infection models. in the past 15 years much has been learned about determinants of biofilm formation by this organism and potential roles in bacterial virulence, especially in the context of chronic and recurrent infections. however, this concept has not been without some degree of controversy, and in the past some have expressed doubts a ...201222919686
quorum signaling and sensing by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.quorum signals are diffusible factors produced by bacteria that coordinate communal responses. for nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), a series of recent papers indicate that production and sensing of quorum signals are determinants of biofilm formation/maturation and persistence in vivo. in this mini-review i will summarize the current knowledge about quorum signaling/sensing by this organism, and identify specific topics for additional study.201222919689
modified lipooligosaccharide structure protects nontypeable haemophilus influenzae from igm-mediated complement killing in experimental otitis media.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a gram-negative, human-restricted pathogen. although this bacterium typically colonizes the nasopharynx in the absence of clinical symptoms, it is also one of the major pathogens causing otitis media (om) in children. complement represents an important aspect of the host defense against nthi. in general, nthi is efficiently killed by complement-mediated killing; however, various resistance mechanisms have also evolved. we measured the complement resis ...201222761391
respiratory syncytial virus promotes moraxella catarrhalis-induced ascending experimental otitis media.otitis media (om) is a polymicrobial disease wherein prior or concurrent infection with an upper respiratory tract virus plays an essential role, predisposing the middle ear to bacterial invasion. in episodes of acute bacterial om, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most commonly isolated virus and thus serves as an important co-pathogen. of the predominant bacterial agents of om, the pathogenesis of disease due to moraxella catarrhalis is the least well understood. rigorous study of m. ca ...201222768228
one third of middle ear effusions from children undergoing tympanostomy tube placement had multiple bacterial pathogens.because previous studies have indicated that otitis media may be a polymicrobial disease, we prospectively analyzed middle ear effusions of children undergoing tympanostomy tube placement with multiplex polymerase chain reaction for four otopathogens.201222741759
in young children, persistent wheezing is associated with bronchial bacterial infection: a retrospective analysis.young children with persistent wheezing pose a diagnostic and therapeutical challenge to the pediatrician.we aimed to evaluate bacterial bronchial infection as a possible reason for non response to conventional asthma therapy, and to identify and characterise the predominant pathogens involved.201222726254
concurrent assay for four bacterial species including alloiococcus otitidis in middle ear, nasopharynx and tonsils of children with otitis media with effusion: a preliminary report.to detect the prevalences of alloiococcus otitidis, as well as haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis in children with chronic otitis media with effusion (ome) and to simultaneously investigate the colonization of these bacteria in the nasopharynx and palatine tonsils of these patients.201222737288
summary of ceftaroline activity against pathogens in the united states, 2010: report from the assessing worldwide antimicrobial resistance evaluation (aware) surveillance program.the assessing worldwide antimicrobial resistance evaluation (aware) surveillance program is a sentinel resistance monitoring system designed to track the activity of ceftaroline and comparator agents. in the united states, a total of 8,434 isolates were collected during the 2010 surveillance program from 65 medical centers distributed across the nine census regions (5 to 10 medical centers per region). all organisms were isolated from documented infections, including 3,055 (36.2%) bloodstream in ...201222470115
when co-colonizing the nasopharynx haemophilus influenzae predominates over streptococcus pneumoniae except serotype 19a strains to cause acute otitis media.of 368 acute otitis media (aom) cases among 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate-vaccinated children, 43.5% were colonized by multiple otopathogens in the nasopharynx but only 7.1% experienced polymicrobial aom. when co-colonization occurred, haemophilus influenzae predominated over all streptococcus pneumoniae strains except 19a strains to cause aom. haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae both predominated over moraxella catarrhalis to cause aom.201222301480
moraxella catarrhalis activates murine macrophages through multiple toll like receptors and has reduced clearance in lungs from tlr4 mutant mice.moraxella catarrhalis is a gram negative bacterium and a leading causative agent of otitis media (om) in children. several recent reports have provided strong evidence for an association between toll like receptors and om. it has been found that both streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae activate host protective immune responses through toll like receptors (tlrs), however, the precise mechanism by which moraxella catarrhalis initiates the host immune response is current ...201222662179
dps promotes survival of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae in biofilm communities in vitro and resistance to clearance in vivo.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a common airway commensal and opportunistic pathogen that persists within surface-attached biofilm communities. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that bacterial stress-responses are activated within biofilms. transcripts for several factors associated with bacterial resistance to environmental stress were increased in biofilm cultures as compared to planktonic cultures. among these, a homolog of the dna-binding protein from starved cells (dps) w ...201222919649
innate immune properties of selected human neuropeptides against moraxella catarrhalis and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.considerable evidence supports the concept of active communication between the nervous and immune systems. one class of such communicators are the neuropeptides (nps). recent reports have highlighted the antimicrobial activity of neuropeptides, placing them among the integral components of innate immune defense. this study examined the action of four human neuropeptides: calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), neuropeptide y (npy), substance p (sp) and somatostatin (som), which are accessible in ...201222551165
molecular surveillance of true nontypeable haemophilus influenzae: an evaluation of pcr screening assays.unambiguous identification of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is not possible by conventional microbiology. molecular characterisation of phenotypically defined nthi isolates suggests that up to 40% are haemophilus haemolyticus (hh); however, the genetic similarity of nthi and hh limits the power of simple molecular techniques such as pcr for species discrimination.201222470516
nasopharyngeal flora in children with acute otitis media before and after implementation of 7 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in france.several studies have investigated the impact of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) on pneumococcal (sp) and staphylococcal (sa) nasopharyngeal (np) carriage. few have investigated the impact on haemophilus influenzae (hi) and moraxella catarrhalis (mc) carriage. we aimed to compare the np carriage rates in young children with acute otitis media (aom) before and after pcv7 implementation in france.201222397629
bacterial conjunctivitis.most cases of conjunctivitis in adults are probably due to viral infection, but children are more likely to develop bacterial conjunctivitis than they are viral forms. the main bacterial pathogens are haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae in adults and children, and moraxella catarrhalis in children. contact lens wearers may be more likely to develop gram-negative infections. bacterial keratitis occurs in up to 30 per 100,000 contact lens wearers.201222348418
development of 4h-pyridopyrimidines: a class of selective bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors.we have identified a series of compounds that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria. initial ic50's in aminoacylation/translation (a/t) assays ranged from 3 to14 μm. this series of compounds are variations on a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ol scaffold (e.g., 4h-pyridopyrimidine).201222373064
non-capsulated and capsulated haemophilus influenzae in children with acute otitis media in venezuela: a prospective epidemiological study.non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and streptococcus pneumoniae are major causes of bacterial acute otitis media (aom). data regarding aom are limited in latin america. this is the first active surveillance in a private setting in venezuela to characterize the bacterial etiology of aom in children < 5 years of age.201222335965
synergistic and feedback signaling mechanisms in the regulation of inflammation in respiratory infections.pneumonia, the most typical and frequent lower respiratory tract infection (lrti), is a leading cause of health problems in the united states. bacteria represent the most prevailing cause of pneumonia in both children and adults. although pneumonia with a single bacterial infection is common, a significant portion of patients with pneumonia is polymicrobial. this infection is often complexed with other physiological factors such as cytokines and growth factors. nontypeable haemophilus influenzae ...201222307042
risk factors and outcomes for pandemic h1n1 influenza compared with seasonal influenza in hospitalized children in china.to compare clinical features and outcomes of children hospitalized in china with pandemic (p)h1n1 between 2009 and 2010 versus seasonal influenza a between 2008 and 2009.201224294275
population structure in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) frequently colonize the human pharynx asymptomatically, and are an important cause of otitis media in children. past studies have identified typeable h. influenzae as being clonal, but the population structure of nthi has not been extensively characterized. the research presented here investigated the diversity and population structure in a well-characterized collection of nthi isolated from the middle ears of children with otitis media or the pharynges ...201223266487
glycerol monolaurate antibacterial activity in broth and biofilm cultures.glycerol monolaurate (gml) is an antimicrobial agent that has potent activity against gram-positive bacteria. this study examines gml antibacterial activity in comparison to lauric acid, in broth cultures compared to biofilm cultures, and against a wide range of gram-positive, gram-negative, and non-gram staining bacteria.201222808139
haemophilus influenzae and oxidative stress.haemophilus influenzae is a commensal of the human upper respiratory tract. h. influenzae can, however, move out of its commensal niche and cause multiple respiratory tract diseases. such diseases include otitis media in young children, as well as exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and bronchitis. during the course of colonization and infection, h. influenzae must withstand oxidative stress generated by multiple reactive oxygen species produ ...201222919631
nontypeable haemophilus influenzae: the role of n-acetyl-5-neuraminic acid in biology.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an exclusive human pathogen, which has evolved a number of unique mechanisms to survive within the human environment. an important part of this is the ability of the organism to take up and incorporate sialic acid into its surface structures. this protects the organism against host adaptive and innate immune factor as well as serving as a mechanism for sustaining itself within biofilms. recent evidence suggests that this also may be the source of the ...201222919611
expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of pila from the nontypeable haemophilus influenzae type iv pilus.the type iv pili of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are involved in twitching motility, adherence, competence and biofilm formation. they are potential virulence factors for this important human pathogen and are thus considered to be vaccine targets. to characterize these pili, an attempt to solve the atomic structure of the major pilin subunit pila was initiated. a 1.73 å resolution x-ray diffraction data set was collected from native n-terminally truncated pila (δn-pila). data proces ...201222442223
origin of the diversity in dna recognition domains in phasevarion associated moda genes of pathogenic neisseria and haemophilus influenzae.phase variable restriction-modification (r-m) systems have been identified in a range of pathogenic bacteria. in some it has been demonstrated that the random switching of the mod (dna methyltransferase) gene mediates the coordinated expression of multiple genes and constitutes a phasevarion (phase variable regulon). moda of neisseria and haemophilus influenzae contain a highly variable, dna recognition domain (drd) that defines the target sequence that is modified by methylation and is used to ...201222457715
respiratory viruses from hospitalized children with severe pneumonia in the philippines.pneumonia remains a leading cause of child death in developing countries. the viruses in severe pneumonia remain poorly defined.201223092190
seventeen sxy-dependent cyclic amp receptor protein site-regulated genes are needed for natural transformation in haemophilus influenzae.natural competence is the ability of bacteria to actively take up extracellular dna. this dna can recombine with the host chromosome, transforming the host cell and altering its genotype. in haemophilus influenzae, natural competence is induced by energy starvation and the depletion of nucleotide pools. this induces a 26-gene competence regulon (sxy-dependent cyclic amp receptor protein [crp-s] regulon) whose expression is controlled by two regulators, crp and sxy. the role of most of the crp-s ...201222821979
proteobacterial arfa peptides are synthesized from non-stop messenger rnas.the translation of non-stop mrna (which lack in-frame stop codons) represents a significant quality control problem for all organisms. in eubacteria, the transfer-messenger rna (tmrna) system facilitates recycling of stalled ribosomes from non-stop mrna in a process termed trans-translation or ribosome rescue. during rescue, the nascent chain is tagged with the tmrna-encoded ssra peptide, which promotes polypeptide degradation after release from the stalled ribosome. escherichia coli possesses a ...201222791716
natural transformation of gallibacterium anatis.gallibacterium anatis is a pathogen of poultry. very little is known about its genetics and pathogenesis. to enable the study of gene function in g. anatis, we have established methods for transformation and targeted mutagenesis. the genus gallibacterium belongs to the pasteurellaceae, a group with several naturally transformable members, including haemophilus influenzae. bioinformatics analysis identified g. anatis homologs of the h. influenzae competence genes, and natural competence was induc ...201222582057
defining the dna uptake specificity of naturally competent haemophilus influenzae cells.some naturally competent bacteria exhibit both a strong preference for dna fragments containing specific 'uptake sequences' and dramatic overrepresentation of these sequences in their genomes. uptake sequences are often assumed to directly reflect the specificity of the dna uptake machinery, but the actual specificity has not been well characterized for any bacterium. we produced a detailed analysis of haemophilus influenzae's uptake specificity, using illumina sequencing of degenerate uptake se ...201222753031
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of the methionine sulfoxide reductase a domain of msrab from haemophilus influenzae.methionine sulfoxide reductase (msr) is a repair enzyme that reduces oxidized methionine to methionine. the msr enzyme is divided into msra and msrb, which reduce the s and r configurations of the substrate, respectively. in some pathogenic bacteria msra and msrb exist in a fusion-protein form, msrab. in this study, the recombinant msra part of msrab from haemophilus influenzae (himsra) was overexpressed, purified and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. a diffraction dat ...201222691787
biological roles of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae type iv pilus proteins encoded by the pil and com operons.we previously demonstrated that one or more products of the genes in the pil and com gene clusters of the opportunistic human respiratory pathogen nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are required for type iv pilus (tfp) biogenesis and function. here, we have now demonstrated that the pilabcd and comabcdef gene clusters are operons and that the product of each gene is essential for normal pilus function. mutants with nonpolar deletions in each of the 10 pil and com genes had an adherence de ...201222328674
genome-scale approaches to identify genes essential for haemophilus influenzae pathogenesis.haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative bacterium that has no identified natural niche outside of the human host. it primarily colonizes the nasopharyngeal mucosa in an asymptomatic mode, but has the ability to disseminate to other anatomical sites to cause otitis media, upper, and lower respiratory tract infections, septicemia, and meningitis. to persist in diverse environments the bacterium must exploit and utilize the nutrients and other resources available in these sites for optimal growth ...201222919615
lineage-specific virulence determinants of haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius.an emergent clone of haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius (hae) is responsible for outbreaks of brazilian purpuric fever (bpf). first recorded in brazil in 1984, the so-called bpf clone of hae caused a fulminant disease that started with conjunctivitis but developed into septicemic shock; mortality rates were as high as 70%. to identify virulence determinants, we conducted a pan-genomic analysis. sequencing of the genomes of the bpf clone strain f3031 and a noninvasive conjunctivitis strain ...201222377449
antiinflammatory role of muc1 mucin during infection with nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.muc1 (or muc1 in nonhuman species) is a membrane-tethered mucin expressed on the apical surface of mucosal epithelia (including those of the airways) that suppresses toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling. we sought to determine whether the anti-inflammatory effect of muc1 is operative during infection with nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), and if so, which tlr pathway was affected. our results showed that: (1) a lysate of nthi increased the early release of il-8 and later production of muc ...201222298528
intranasal immunization with nontypeable haemophilus influenzae outer membrane vesicles induces cross-protective immunity in mice.haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative human-restricted bacterium that can act as a commensal and a pathogen of the respiratory tract. especially nontypeable h. influenzae (nthi) is a major threat to public health and is responsible for several infectious diseases in humans, such as pneumonia, sinusitis, and otitis media. additionally, nthi strains are highly associated with exacerbations in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. currently, there is no licensed vaccine ...201222880074
council on accreditation of nurse anesthesia educational programs/schools. list of recognized educational programs/schools/w/revisions (current status as of december, 1986). 20123541479
council on accreditation of nurse anesthesia educational programs/schools. list of recognized educational programs/schools/w/revisions (current status as of december, 1986). 20123541479
the effects of propranolol and metoprolol on skin blood flow in diabetic patients.the effect of 2 weeks treatment with propranolol or metoprolol on skin blood flow (sbf) at rest was examined in 12 diabetic patients with essential hypertension in whom gross large vessel disease had been excluded. neither drug significantly altered resting skin blood flow. however we cannot exclude an important difference between the two beta-adrenoceptor blockers because of the great variability of sbf within subjects. a larger study and/or more accurate methods of measuring sbf are needed to ...20123606936
evaluation of pediatric community field trips.a field trip program for junior medical students on a pediatric clinical clerkship acquainted students with the care of normal and handicapped children in community settings of school, day care center, residential treatment, or diagnostic facilities.a program evaluation by pre and post-trip survey demonstrated a positive change in students' knowledge and attitude in general, which was unaffected by such factors as sex, previous experience in a medical setting, and previous experience with handic ...20123586049
abnormal lung and liver uptake of gallium-67 and technetium-99m mdp in hypercalcemia of lymphoma with metastatic pulmonary calcification.abnormal pulmonary uptake of ga-67 citrate and tc-99m mdp and reversible liver uptake of tc-99m mdp was seen in a patient with hypercalcemia of lymphoma and biopsy-proven metastatic pulmonary calcification. abnormal lung uptake of tc-99m mdp may confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary calcification, lessening the need for invasive procedures to evaluate pathologic lung uptake of ga-67 citrate.20123527509
passive avoidance behavior in mice: interaction between age and genotype.balb/c (balb) and c57bl/6 (c57) mice were tested in a passive avoidance apparatus at different ages (6, 12 and 24 months). results showed a clear-cut retention decrease only in 24 month old balb mice in comparison with younger animals. no significant age effect was evident in c57 mice.20123569384
[background of literature search. the use of literature in the process of my experimental study]. 20123534390
[indications for liver transplantation in 1986]. 20123544635
one month's insulin treatment of type ii diabetes: the early and medium-term effects following insulin withdrawal.in order to see if subcutaneous insulin treatment of type ii diabetes might produce lasting physiologic changes, ten patients received one month's insulin treatment under strict dietary supervision. when compared to the pretreatment period, 48 hours after discontinuing insulin treatment fasting plasma glucose had fallen (p = 0.005), fasting serum insulin had risen (p = 0.005), and fasting hepatic glucose production measured by 3h-3-glucose turnover had fallen (p = 0.008). the metabolic clearance ...20123534516
hospital liability to nonpatients: a case report. 20123546904
negotiating hospital mergers: toronto general and toronto western consolidate. 20123582812
epidemiology of alzheimer's disease and other dementing illnesses. 20123539969
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