Publications

experimental transmission of aleutian disease virus (adv) to different animal species.	two animals from each of 8 different species (mink, finn raccoon, cat, dog, ferret, blue fox, mouse and rabbit) were inoculated with the highly virulent utah i strain of adv. only the mink developed hypergammaglobulinemia. all animals produced antibodies to adv antigens, but with different titres. mink sera had much higher antibody titres than the other animal sera. antibodies to the adv-coded, non-structural polypeptide (p71) were found in mink, finn raccoons and dogs only. presence of this kin ...	1985	2994362
in vitro metabolism of [3h]-peptide leukotrienes in human and ferret lung: a comparison with the guinea pig.	fragmented lung tissue prepared from human, ferret and guinea pig converted [3h]-leukotriene c4 ([3h]-ltc4) to [3h]-ltd4 and [3h]-lte4. [3h]-ltd4 was the major product recovered from incubations with human and guinea pig lung, whereas [3h]-lte4 was the predominant metabolite in ferret. kinetic analysis in human lung yielded a much faster rate for the conversion of [3h]-ltc4 to [3h]-ltd4+e4 than for the conversion of [3h]-ltd4 to [3h]-lte4. in all three species serine-borate complex blocked the m ...	1985	2996529
a comparative study of electrical field stimulation of the guinea-pig, ferret and marmoset urinary bladder.	the spontaneous and electrically evoked activity was examined in guinea-pig, ferret and marmoset urinary bladder. electrical field stimulation of detrusor strips in vitro induced a rapid, frequency-dependent contraction with a maximum response at 40 hz. this contraction was partly decreased by either atropine (0.29 microm) or desensitisation to alpha, beta-methylene atp (alpha, beta-meatp) (5 microm), and was totally blocked by a combination of the two. atropine blocked responses to carbachol (3 ...	1985	2998810
variability in milk composition of the domestic ferret (mustela putorius).	ferret milk composition was analyzed among individuals, over time, and across teat pairs. females differed in fat, protein, and lactose concentrations. protein and fat concentrations varied over the course of lactation. lactose was the only measured component which differed across teat pairs.	1985	2863046
altered calcium handling in experimental pressure-overload hypertrophy in the ferret.	the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in the intracellular handling of free, ionized calcium and the functional alterations that occur in cardiac hypertrophy. we developed a model of right ventricular pressure-overload hypertrophy in the ferret by critical banding of the pulmonary artery; this method produced significant degrees of hypertrophy within 1-3 months of surgery. we removed papillary muscles, 1 mm or less in diameter, from ferrets with cardiac hyper ...	1985	2933178
regional myocyte size in compensated right ventricular hypertrophy in the ferret.	the effect of pressure-induced right ventricular hypertrophy on regional myocyte size and shape and regional myocardial wet weight was studied by comparing 20 ferrets which underwent pulmonary artery banding at a weanling age to 19 non-operated siblings. using isolated myocyte preparations from six myocardial regions in 10 banded and seven non-banded ferrets, a 60% increase in cell volume in the right ventricular outflow tract and the right ventricular free wall was shown to be due primarily to ...	1985	2933527
olfactory deprivation enhances normal spine loss in the olfactory bulb of developing ferrets.	ferrets show a sensitive phase in their postnatal development during which they can become imprinted to food odors. at the same time the number of granule cell spines in the olfactory bulb reaches a maximum, declining significantly thereafter. in ferrets, exposed continuously to saturated levels of geraniol odor in the cage environment, the normal decline in spine number (occurring between day 60 and 90) is significantly enhanced. no such effects were observed during earlier ontogenetic phases. ...	1985	4088530
influence of day length and endocrine status on luteinizing hormone secretion in intact and ovariectomized adult ferrets.	the purpose of this study was to examine the pituitary-ovarian relationship of both estrous and anestrous female ferrets. the endocrine status of the animals was induced by manipulating photoperiod: females in estrus were housed in long days (16l:8d); females in anestrus were housed in short days (8l:16d). for studies of intact animals in both photoperiods, plasma luteinizing hormone (lh) levels were quantified in blood samples collected from adult ferrets at 5-min intervals over a 24-h period. ...	1985	4052529
migration and differentiation of cerebral cortical neurons after transplantation into the brains of ferrets.	cells from the cerebral proliferative zones of newborn ferrets were labeled with tritiated thymidine and a fluorescent dye and were transplanted as a single-cell suspension into the occipital region of newborn ferrets. the transplanted cells became thoroughly integrated into the host environment: many cells migrated through the intermediate zone and into the cortical plate, where they developed as pyramidal neurons. other transplanted cells came to resemble glial cells. after 1 to 2 months most ...	1985	4035355
evidence of proceptive without receptive defeminization in male ferrets.	the latencies of groups of gonadectomized male and female ferrets to approach and interact with a sexually active stimulus male were measured after administration of estradiol benzoate (eb; 0, 5, 10, or 15 micrograms/kg) in adulthood. receptive responsiveness to stud males was also assessed in these same ferrets during additional tests. control female ferrets gonadectomized on postnatal day 35 displayed a dose-dependent reduction in approach latencies to the stud male which did not occur in cont ...	1985	3843738
maturation of ovarian function in female ferrets is influenced by photoperiod.	sexual maturation of immature ferrets in response to a stimulatory photoperiod generally occurs within 6-7 weeks after imposition of long days at 16 weeks of age. in this study, females were examined for evidence of ovarian maturation after 22 days of exposure to the stimulatory photoperiod, before any sign of sexual maturation. the photoperiod-stimulated and control females were the same age (19 weeks), had similar body weights, and showed no evidence of vulvar oedema. comparison of oestradiol ...	1985	4045818
bone marrow hypoplasia associated with estrus in ferrets.	bone marrow hypoplasia was characterized in a group of female ferrets during prolonged estrus. all ferrets exhibited hematological changes characteristic of various degrees of bone marrow hypoplasia. hematological findings included initial thrombocytosis and leukocytosis followed by thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anemia. platelet counts below 50,000/microliters were observed in 55% of the ferrets. hemorrhagic anemia due to thrombocytopenia was the most common cause of death and the mortality r ...	1985	4040589
restraint device for serial blood sampling of ferrets.	a device was designed that effectively restrained unanesthetized ferrets for serial blood sampling from the caudal artery. materials used for construction were inexpensive and easily obtained. fabrication was simple and rapid.	1985	4021441
ferrets in biomedical research.		1985	4021434
a technique for quantitating airway size from bronchial casts.	to develop a technique for quantitating the size of airways at various positions in the bronchial tree, we analyzed casts of formalin-fixed excised lungs of five mature male ferrets. the left lower lobe of each cast was dissected, the diameter and position of each terminal bronchiole were entered into a computer programmed to reconstruct the airway system, and the cross-sectional areas of 120 conducting airways were measured. the fraction of the lobe served by each measured airway was estimated ...	1985	3980372
l-dopa and apomorphine disrupt long- but not short-behavioural chains.	apomorphine (0.01-0.5 mg/kg) disrupted fighting between two male ferrets. the number of bites and neck nuzzling were decreased dose-dependently. at 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg scent-marking and collateral behaviour were increased, at 0.5 mg/kg stereotyped sniffing was induced. l-dopa (120 mg/kg + 30 mg/kg benserazide) exerted similar effects to apomorphine 0.05 mg/kg. thus, the dopamine (da) agonists increased short chain responses but disrupted long ones. haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg) facilitated inter-male f ...	1984	6522487
adenosine and hypoxic pulmonary vasodilation.	we have previously shown that after exposure to an inspired o2 tension less than 25 torr, isolated lungs perfused with autologous blood exhibit vasoconstriction followed by dilation. because adenosine has been implicated as a mediator of hypoxic vasodilation in the systemic circulation and because the concentration of adenosine in the lung has been shown to increase with hypoxia, we tested the hypothesis that adenosine is the mediator of hypoxic pulmonary vasodilation. we first confirmed that ad ...	1984	6437241
neural regulation of 35so4-macromolecule secretion from tracheal glands of ferrets.	our goal was to determine what nervous mechanisms mediate the secretion of macromolecules from tracheal submucosal glands of ferrets. to do this, we studied the secretion of 35so4-labeled macromolecules in vitro in response to electrical or pharmacological stimulation in the absence and presence of a specific nerve blocker and autonomic antagonists. we found that electrical field stimulation and the agonists acetylcholine, phenylephrine, terbutaline, and norepinephrine each cause secretion of ra ...	1984	6469816
effects of chronic dietary hexachlorobenzene exposure on the reproductive performance and survivability of mink and european ferrets.		1984	6742893
a procedure for descenting ferrets.		1984	6738516
a chemical procedure for loading the calcium indicator acquorin into mammalian working myocardium.	the bioluminescent calcium indicator aequorin was successfully loaded into mammalian working myocardium of ferrets by a chemical procedure which makes the cells reversibly hyperpermeable through exposure to ethylenebis-( oxyethylenenitrilo ) tetraacetic acid (egta). after undergoing the loading procedure, developed tension at lmax was 103 +/- 26% of the control, which indicates that the muscles regained normal function. the configurations of the aequorin signals (i.e., calcium transients) and th ...	1984	6728654
plasma concentrations of oestradiol and oestrone during perinatal development in male and female ferrets.	the concentrations of oestradiol and oestrone in peripheral plasma of male and female ferrets 5 days before and 7, 15 and 30 days after birth were measured. both steroids were present in high concentrations prenatally. much lower levels were found in samples collected on day 7 and later, when the concentrations were similar to those of adult gonadectomized animals. no significant sex difference was seen for the concentration of either steroid at any age studied. these results, and those previous ...	1984	6693827
the histochemical localization of cytochrome oxidase in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus of the ferret, cat, and monkey, with particular reference to retinal mosaics and on/off-center visual channels.	the histochemical localization of cytochrome oxidase within the normal retina and lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) of cats, ferrets, and monkeys revealed that distinct layers, types of cells, and portions of neurons are more intensely stained than others. the dark staining of photoreceptor inner segments and cone pedicles and the light staining of photoreceptor outer segments, somata, and rod spherules demonstrates that different segments of the same cell may have disparate but distinct levels o ...	1984	6092560
aleutian disease virus in b and t lymphocytes from blood and spleen and in bone marrow cells from naturally infected mink.	in the nuclei of 4% of peripheral blood or spleen mononuclear cells (mnc), aleutian disease virus(adv)-specific antigens were found by a direct immunofluorescence test. the mnc were further fractionated by nylon wool, affinity chromatography using staphylococcus aureus protein, or percoll gradient techniques. adv and specific antigens were detected in mnc fractions enriched in either the b or t lymphocytes. in the bone marrow, up to 40% antigen-positive cells were demonstrated over a period of 1 ...	1984	6096293
pancreatic beta cell tumor in a ferret.	a ferret with clinical and laboratory signs of hypoglycemia was found at surgery to have a beta cell tumor of the pancreas. there had been recurrent episodes of weakness, ataxia, dehydration, and hypothermia. a fasting blood glucose content was 43 mg/dl and the amended insulin/glucose ratio was 362.5. the tumor was removed, yet hypoglycemia persisted postoperatively. clinical signs related to hypoglycemia did not recur following application of medical treatment and frequent feedings. the histolo ...	1984	6096338
alteration of cytoplasmic ionized calcium levels in smooth muscle by vasodilators in the ferret.	aequorin was used as an indicator of cytoplasmic ca2+ levels during the action of vasodilators in potassium-depolarized strips of ferret portal vein. moderate concentrations of isoprenaline produced either no change or an increase in cytoplasmic ca2+ levels during smooth muscle relaxation. only in the presence of very high concentrations of isoprenaline (greater than 10(-4) m) was a decrease in intracellular ca2+ levels detectable. both papaverine and forskolin also caused relaxations of the mus ...	1984	6096534
the intestine of ferret--a possible site of influenza virus replication.	anal virus shedding and stimulation of the immune response were observed in ferrets after oral and rectal administration of influenza a/hongkong/1/68 (h3n2) virus. despite of the low ph in the stomach, the virus had reached the intestines after oral administration and was found in high concentration in faeces and in mucosal cells lining the colon. using immunofluorescent staining, the virus antigen was detected in cytoplasm of columnar epithelial cells. virus replication also occurred in the res ...	1984	6148853
the development of the retinogeniculate pathways in normal and albino ferrets.	the retinogeniculate pathways of normal and albino ferrets have been studied with horseradish peroxidase and tritiated proline used as axonal markers. the uncrossed retinogeniculate projection of adult albino ferrets is abnormally small and occupies only a fraction of the geniculate area normally occupied by uncrossed afferents. the crossed pathway is correspondingly expanded, occupying almost the entire nucleus. the geniculate laminae in the albino ferret are abnormal, showing abnormal fusions ...	1984	6151658
pathology of experimental infection with brugia malayi in ferrets: comparison with occult filariasis in man.	ferrets experimentally infected with brugia malayi (subperiodic strain) developed eosinophilia at patency and usually became amicrofilaremic. ferrets necropsied within 3 months after becoming amicrofilaremic had granulomas and focal reactions to degenerating microfilariae in their livers, lungs and lymph nodes essentially identical to those of tropical eosinophilia. four of 7 ferrets that received multiple inoculations of larvae, developed edema of the inoculated paw and leg after becoming amicr ...	1984	6152118
steroid metabolism in corpora lutea of the western spotted skunk (spilogale putorius latifrons).	the present study reports steroid metabolism by corpora lutea (cl) obtained from skunks with diapausing embryos ('delay' cl) and with activated embryos (activated cl). cl from both reproductive periods were incubated with various radioactive precursors. control incubations without any tissue or with 50 microliter of packed skunk blood cells were also conducted simultaneously. incubation of skunk cl with [3h]-pregnenolone for 3 h resulted in 36% of the precursor accumulating as progesterone. meta ...	1984	6239920
ephaptic impulse transmission between ventricular myocardial cells in vitro.	impulse transmission between closely appositioned cylindrical myocardial preparations , from the ferret, was studied in vitro. one preparation was driven, and when the longitudinal extracellular potential difference between electrodes 80 micrometers apart was made larger than 30-60 mv by increasing the resistance of the extracellular space, ephaptic (i.e. non synaptic) impulse transmission from one preparation to another occurred. in 2 out of 8 pairs of preparations examined the impulse transmis ...	1984	6331073
antigenic comparisons of swine-influenza-like h1n1 isolates from pigs, birds and humans: an international collaborative study.	the objective of this international collaborative study was to compare recent swine isolates of influenza viruses and determine whether significant antigenic differences among isolates from different areas of the world could be detected. h1n1 viruses isolated from pigs, birds and humans in 12 different countries were compared in haemagglutination-inhibition assays with post-infection ferret sera and monoclonal antibodies to h1n1 strains. using a/nj/8/76 as the reference strain, we found that rec ...	1984	6335845
immunohistochemical localization to pyloric antral g cells of peptides derived from porcine preprogastrin.	antibodies to the peptides (designated cryptic a and b) that flank the g34 region of pig progastrin were used in immunohistochemical studies of the gastrointestinal tract. in elution and restaining experiments, the same cells were revealed by the cryptic peptide antibodies, and by antibodies specific for c-terminus of g17 and n-terminus of g34. the cells reacting with the cryptic peptide antibodies were localized predominantly to antral mucosa. they were found in pig, ferret, dog and cat but not ...	1984	6208575
characterization of h2 influenza virus hemagglutinin with monoclonal antibodies: influence of receptor specificity.	antigenic analysis of human and avian h2 influenza viruses were done with monoclonal antibodies to the ha molecules in hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays. these studies revealed that the receptor-binding specificity of the hemagglutinin can markedly influence the antigenic analysis obtained with monoclonal antibodies in hi tests. influenza viruses that are sensitive or resistant to inhibition by horse serum inhibitors showed marked differences in their reactivity with monoclonal antibodies ...	1984	6208682
the role of cellular susceptibility in the declining severity of respiratory influenza of ferrets with age.	a comparison was made, both in vivo and in organ culture, between newborn (1-day-old) and suckling (15-day-old) ferrets of lower respiratory tract tissue infected with a virulent strain (clone 7a) of influenza virus. newborn ferrets were killed by influenza virus following intranasal inoculation but suckling ferrets were almost as resistant as adult ferrets. in newborn ferrets there was a rapid, severe and progressive infection of lung tissue with infection of alveolar cells as well as those of ...	1984	6365145
eeg and seizure threshold in normal and lissencephalic ferrets.	changes in eeg and susceptibility to electrically induced seizures were examined in the ferret with lissencephaly produced by exposure to a single injection of methylazoxymethanol acetate (mam ac) given to the pregnant jill on gestation day 32. ten lissencephalic and 11 normal ferrets were chronically implanted with 14 cortical stainless steel electrodes. eeg records were sampled from various stages of the sleep/awake cycle. six of each group were subjected to electrical stimulation for seizure ...	1984	6466999
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction during steady and pulsatile flow in ferrets.	we examined the effects of hypoxia and pulsatile flow on the pressure-flow relationships in the isolated perfused lungs of fitch ferrets. when perfused by autologous blood from a pump providing a steady flow of 60 ml/min, the mean pulmonary arterial pressure rose from 14.6 to 31.3 torr when alveolar po2 was reduced from 122 to 46 torr. this hypoxic pressor response was characterized by a 10.1-torr increase in the pressure-axis intercept of the extrapolated pressure-flow curves and an increase in ...	1984	6469782
mapping of cortical histogenesis in the ferret.	the columnar organization of forebrain cortical neuron production allows the neuroepithelium to be analysed in terms of a simple growth model. the pattern of neuron release within each column is repeated with great regularity across the surface of the developing cerebral hemisphere, resulting in the accumulation of cortical neurons in radial stacks above the proliferative ventricular epithelium. the time course of recruitment of adjacent tissue into neuron production accounts for the observed ro ...	1984	6470609
angiotensin ii does not inhibit vagally-induced bradycardia or gastric contractions in the anaesthetized ferret.	the effects of angiotensin ii (aii) and the analogue sar1-leu8-angiotensin ii on the changes in heart rate and gastric pressure induced by vagal stimulation were investigated in the urethane-anaesthetized ferret. aii at high doses (500 ng kg-1 i.v.) increased blood pressure and decreased gastric pressure whereas sar1-leu8-aii at the same dose had a much smaller effect on blood pressure and no effect on gastric pressure. intravenous injections or infusions of aii or its analogue did not alter the ...	1984	6478113
altered auditory brainstem evoked responses in the ferret model for reye's syndrome.	the effects of influenza b, aspirin and hyperammonemia on the functional integrity of the cochlea were examined using the ferret model for reye's syndrome. auditory brainstem evoked responses (abr) were recorded from treated ferrets and compared to those recorded from controls. delayed latencies of all waves, as well as increased i-iv interwave latencies were observed in recordings from treated ferrets. importantly, the latencies of wave i, nerve generator potential from the eighth nerve, and wa ...	1984	6480231
nitrate balance and biosynthesis in the ferret.	the net biosynthesis of nitrate in the ferret was demonstrated to be 8.89 to 10.3 mumol/kg bw/day. nitrate balance studies indicated that, because of metabolism, excretion of nitrate was lower than ingestion when oral doses were higher than 6.3 mumol/day. at nitrate ingestion levels of less than 6.3 mumol/day, excretion exceeded intake. studies with 15n-labeled nitrate indicated that only 36% of the oral dose was recoverable as [15n]nitrate from urine. oral doses of 15n-labeled ammonia resulted ...	1984	6485022
the role of lung development in the age-related susceptibility of ferrets to influenza virus.	newborn (i-day-old) ferrets died following intranasal inoculation of influenza virus (clone 7a) but suckling (15-day-old) ferrets were almost as resistant as adult ferrets. many of the deaths in newborn ferrets were consequent upon an increased lower respiratory tract infection. one reason for the latter was an increase in susceptibility of both ciliated epithelium and alveolar cells in newborn ferret lungs when compared with the corresponding cells in adult and suckling ferrets (coates et al. 1 ...	1984	6487534
coronary microangiography in the guinea pig, rabbit and ferret.	using improved methods, we have developed a microangiographic technique for studying the coronary circulation in langendorff perfused guinea pig, rabbit and ferret hearts. striking anatomical differences were observed between these species. in the guinea pig, the interventricular septum was supplied by a large septal artery which always arose from the right coronary artery, whereas in the rabbit and ferret, the septal artery was smaller and originated from the left coronary artery. the circumfle ...	1984	6490209
fetal alcohol syndrome in the ferret (mustela putorius).	gastric intubation of 1.5 g ethanol/kg maternal body weight produced a significant teratogenic response in ferrets (mustela putorius) treated once daily from gestational days 15 through 35. this response was evident by a rise in the frequency of fetuses with one or more malformations (21%), and by a rise in the frequency of litters with one or more malformed fetuses (50%). palatoschisis and greater relative intermedial canthi distance observed in this study are diagnostic features of the fetal a ...	1984	6495223
the effects of shortening on myoplasmic calcium concentration and on the action potential in mammalian ventricular muscle.	when cardiac muscle shortens during a contraction, the duration of mechanical activity is abbreviated (shortening deactivation), but the duration of the action potential is prolonged. neither of these phenomena is fully understood, but both may be related to changes in the myoplasmic free calcium concentration. in these experiments, isolated papillary muscles from cats and ferrets were allowed to contract under various mechanical conditions while myoplasmic calcium was monitored with aequorin, o ...	1984	6499137
effect of neonatal gonadectomy and administration of testosterone on coital masculinization in the ferret.	male ferrets castrated on postnatal day 5 displayed significantly lower levels of neck gripping, mounting, and pelvic thrusting behavior than groups of males castrated on postnatal days 20 or 35 when tested in adulthood after treatment with testosterone (t). administering a high dosage of t via sc silastic capsules to ovariectomized female ferrets over postnatal days 5-20 caused a significant enhancement of all three parameters of masculine coital behavior and ossification of clitorides, in comp ...	1984	6499776
the histology and ultrastructure of the meyers-kouwenaar body in ferrets infected with brugia malayi.	a study was made of the meyers-kouwenaar (mk) body in the livers of experimentally infected ferrets. meyers-kouwenaar bodies, the carcasses of microfilariae (mff) covered by deposits of splendore-hoeppli (sh) material, were found in small abscesses of eosinophils and in granulomas. the sh deposits varied from an eosinophilic, hyaline fringe around intact mff to multilayered deposits surrounding an unrecognizable granular remnant. in abscesses, peroxidase activity was intense in sh deposits and t ...	1984	6507726
choice of calcium salt. a comparison of the effects of calcium chloride and gluconate on plasma ionized calcium.	equimolar quantities of calcium chloride and calcium gluconate produced similar changes in plasma ionised calcium concentration when injected intravenously into anaesthetised ferrets or when added to human blood in vitro. in vivo changes were followed with a calcium electrode positioned in the animal's aorta, and this showed that the ionisation of calcium gluconate on its first pass through the circulation is as great as that of calcium chloride. this does not support the common suggestion that ...	1984	6507824
effects of influenza infection, aspirin, and an arginine-deficient diet on the inner ear in reye's syndrome.	the individual effects of an influenza b viral infection, aspirin, and an arginine-deficient diet on the inner ear were assessed in the ferret model for reye's syndrome using both functional and morphological parameters. auditory brainstem evoked responses recorded from inoculated ferrets revealed threshold elevations and increased latencies during the first 72 hours, but approximated those of control animals by 96 hours. although there was a mild distention of reissner's membrane, no pronounced ...	1984	6508126
the anatomy of the ferret paratracheal parasympathetic nerve-ganglion plexus.	silver-impregnated preparations of the ferret paratracheal nerve-ganglion plexus were studied for description and quantitation of the general morphology of ganglia and nerve bundles and trunks. most ganglia were found in one or two chains, separated by interganglionic nerve trunks, running the length of the trachea in close apposition to the trachealis muscle. ganglia were flat, one cell deep, and characterized by irregular spacing and small and variable numbers of perikarya. perifascicular, inf ...	1984	6510374
hormonal correlates of photoperiod-induced puberty in a reflex ovulator, the female ferret (mustela furo).	in an attempt to develop an animal model wherein the pubertal process could be initiated or accelerated by a readily controlled, noninvasive, external signal, this study examined sexual development of the female ferret, a photoperiodic, reflex ovulator. these animals exhibit signs of precocious sexual maturation within 6 wk of exposure to a stimulatory, long-day photoperiod at 15 wk of age. in the first study, females matured under a long-day stimulus were allowed to mate with a fertile male fer ...	1984	6518233
comparison of monoclonal antibodies with ferret sera for the characterization of influenza a (h3n2) virus strains in a computer system.	a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies was generated against five different influenza a (h3n2) virus strains, isolated between 1977 and 1980. monoclonal antibodies with defined specificities in haemagglutination inhibition tests for the strains against which they had been raised were selected. eventually 18 of these were chosen and tested against a large number of recent h3n2 isolates. the results were compared with those obtained with antisera from ferrets immunized with the five strains menti ...	1984	6526140
mucormycotic meningoencephalitis in a ferret (case report).		1984	6527482
histology of the ferret retina.	the retina of the adult ferret, mustelo furo, was studied with light and transmission electron microscopy to provide an anatomical basis for use of the ferret as a model for retinal research. the pigment epithelium is a simple cuboidal layer of cells characterized by a zone of basal folds, apical microvilli, and pigment granules at various stages of maturation. the distinction between rod and cone photoreceptor cells is based on their location, morphology, heterochromatin pattern and the electro ...	1984	6529018
effects of dietary hexachlorobenzene exposure on regional brain biogenic amine concentrations in mink and european ferrets.	in the initial trial, adult mink and ferrets were administered hexachlorobenzene (hcb) via the feed at concentrations of 1, 5, or 25 ppm for 47 wk. animals receiving 125 and 625 ppm hcb in the diet died before termination of the experiment, with female ferrets at the 125 ppm level displaying abnormal aggressiveness and hyperexcitability just prior to death. hypothalamic serotonin (5-ht) was significantly elevated at all dose levels in mink, and cerebellar 5-ht was significantly elevated at 1 ppm ...	1984	6542146
periapical response to apical plugs of dentin and calcium hydroxide in ferret canines.		1984	6586964
effects of diltiazem on transmembrane potential and current of right ventricular papillary muscle of ferrets.	we studied the effects of diltiazem on electrical properties of isolated ferret right ventricular papillary muscles. by using standard microelectrode recording techniques and current clamp and voltage clamp protocols (single sucrose gap method), we measured action potential variables, depolarization-induced automaticity, slow (or second) inward current (isi) and time-dependent and isochronal (1 sec) outward current. resting potential was unaffected at all concentrations studied (from 2 nm-11 mic ...	1984	6694106
a genetic and monoclonal analysis of high-yielding reassortants of influenza a virus used for human vaccines.	this paper describes two methods of analysis using monoclonal antibodies and rna hybridization to characterize variation in the haemagglutinins of seven high-yielding influenza virus reassortants used for inactivated vaccine production. the results show that variants' were selected in producing these genetic reassortants. the haemagglutinins of two reassortants showed both antigenic and structural differences from their wild-type (wt) parents as detected by the two methods of analysis. these var ...	1984	6699022
muscarinic receptors: evidence for a nonuniform distribution in tracheal smooth muscle and exocrine glands.	muscarinic receptor distribution in smooth muscle, exocrine glands, and epithelium of the ferret trachea was determined using [3h]propylbenzilylcholine mustard ([3h]prbcm) binding and autoradiography. specific, atropine-sensitive [3h]prbcm binding was quantified autoradiographically in the trachealis muscle (approximately 21 binding sites/microns2), surface epithelium (approximately 6 binding sites/microns2), and submucosal glands (approximately 5 binding sites/microns2). serous and mucous cells ...	1984	6699685
dirofilaria immitis infection in three ferrets.		1984	6706805
an investigation of antigenic drift of neuraminidases of influenza a (h1n1) viruses.	a newly developed lectin neuraminidase test (lnt) and a panel of mouse monoclonal and post-infection ferret antibodies have been used to analyse antigenic drift in n1 neuraminidases of influenza a viruses isolated between 1933 and 1957 and also between 1977 and 1980. significant antigenic differences were detected among the 'early' (1933-57) viruses since the na of viruses isolated one year apart could be distinguished serologically. the na of the 're-emerged' virus a/ussr/92/77 (h1n1) was antig ...	1984	6707471
calcium-dependent mechanical oscillations occur spontaneously in unstimulated mammalian cardiac tissues.	in quiescent rat ventricular myocardium, bathed in solution of 2 mm ca++ or less, it has been previously demonstrated that spontaneous microscopic oscillatory cell motion is present and interacts with an incident laser beam to produce scattered light intensity fluctuations which can be monitored to quantify the underlying motion. the present study shows that scattered light intensity fluctuations are not present under any conditions in frog atrial or ventricular preparations, but do occur in eac ...	1984	6713605
vagal control of colonic motility in the anaesthetized ferret: evidence for a non-cholinergic excitatory innervation.	spontaneous colonic motility in the urethane-anaesthetized ferret consists of two distinct types of contraction which correspond to the patterns recorded myoelectrically in conscious animals. this motility was abolished or greatly reduced when nervous conduction was prevented in the cervical vagi by cooling to below 4 degrees c. on rewarming the nerves the colonic motility returned, after a short latency, to the pre-cool level. atropine transiently abolished colonic motility. on its return the m ...	1984	6716289
control of intracellular ionized calcium concentration by sarcolemmal and intracellular mechanisms.	the regulation of the resting intracellular ionized calcium concentration [( ca2+]i) has been studied in ferret papillary muscle using the photoprotein aequorin to measure [ca2+]i. elevating [ca2+]o produced an initial rapid increase of [ca2+]i and tension which then decayed to a steady level. this secondary fall of [ca2+]i is attributed to a secondary decrease of ca entry on na-ca exchange produced by the known fall of [na+]i. replacing external na by k produced a large transient increase of bo ...	1984	6716490
comparison of subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of a live attenuated distemper virus vaccine in ferrets.		1984	6719805
electrical and anatomic characteristics of cells of ferret paratracheal ganglion.	a preparation has been developed for study of the electrical properties of the neurons of the ferret paratracheal ganglia. two cell types were identified. ah cells were characterized by the presence of a single action potential in response to cathodal current pulses, followed by a profound after hyperpolarization that lasted for several hundred milliseconds. electrical stimulation of branches of the laryngeal nerves produced a fast excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp) that was often followed ...	1984	6720937
neural coordination of excitation of ferret trachealis muscle.	the distribution of junction potentials and synaptic potentials to muscle cells and ganglion cells in the ferret trachealis muscle-nerve plexus preparation was studied with local electrical stimulation of branches of the laryngeal nerve or the interganglionic nerve trunk. stimulations evoked excitatory junction potentials in muscle cells and fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials in ganglion (ah) cells located throughout the preparation, regardless of the location of the stimulating electrode. ...	1984	6720938
differential replication of attenuated and virulent influenza viruses in organ cultures of ferret bronchial epithelium. brief report.	in contrast to its abundant replication in ferret nasal epithelium in vivo and in vitro, comparable to that of the virulent strains, the attenuated influenza virus a/pr/8/34 produced much lower yields than the virulent strains in organ cultures of bronchial epithelium agreeing with its relative inability to infect the lower respiratory tract of ferrets. the replication of another attenuated strain showed different temperature characteristics in bronchial epithelium to that in nasal turbinate epi ...	1984	6721679
tapetum lucidum in the pigmented and albino ferret.	light and electron microscopy showed that the tapetum lucidum in the pigmented ferret is morphologically indistinguishable from that in the albino ferret. the matrix of the rods of the tapetal cells was strongly osmiophilic, but glutaraldehyde fixation before osmium tetroxide treatment caused a dissolution of the matrix material. it has been proposed that the tapetal cells are modified melanocytes and that the tapetal rods are composed of melanin, but it can be concluded from our data that the m ...	1984	6723811
meningeal cryptococcosis and congestive cardiomyopathy in a ferret.		1984	6725123
retro-orbital technique for blood collection from the ferret (mustela putorius furo).	blood samples were obtained from anesthetized ferrets of various ages, by venipuncture of the retro-orbital plexus with a heparinized capillary pipette. it is recommended that a cumulative collection of 20% of total blood volume not be exceeded for any two week period. this technique, when carefully performed on alternate orbits and at a frequency dictated by body weight and volume of blood needed, has been used repeatedly for months without apparent harm or distress to the animal.	1984	6727294
lymphocytic leukemia in a ferret (mustela furo).		1984	6730228
neurological syndrome in the ferret (mustela putorius furo).		1984	6730270
role of lipoproteins and prolactin in luteal function in the ferret.	this study investigated luteal function in vitro during early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the ferret. corpora lutea taken from animals on day 13 following the ovulatory stimulus (mating or gonadotropin treatment) were dissociated with collagenase and incubated with ovine prolactin (prl), ovine luteinizing hormone (lh), total lipoprotein fraction from canine serum, canine high-density lipoproteins (hdl), canine low-density lipoproteins (ldl) or combinations of prl, lh, hdl, and ldl. total li ...	1984	6733208
the dependence of force and velocity on calcium and length in cardiac muscle segments.	the segment length (sl) dependence of force (f) and light load shortening velocity (vl) was determined for central segments of ferret papillary muscles at different extracellular calcium concentrations. muscles were maintained at 27 degrees c in a physiological solution which contained in mm: nacl 140; kcl 5.0; mgso4 1.0; nah2po4 1.0; acetate 20; the ph was 7.4. calcium concentrations were 1.125, 2.25, 4.5 and 9.0 mm. total force-segment length relations were determined from both muscle length i ...	1984	6741718
inner ear changes in the ferret model for reye's syndrome.	the acute effects of influenza b, aspirin, and hyperammonemia on the inner ear were examined using the ferret model for reye's syndrome. histopathologic examination revealed varying degrees of vacuolization in both the sensory and nonsensory endolymphatic tissues of the cochlear and vestibular membranous labyrinth. the secretory epithelial cells of the stria vascularis and the vestibular dark cells appeared to be more severely affected, as demonstrated by the presence of an extensive number of i ...	1984	6742340
role of maternal immunity in the protection of newborn ferrets against infection with a virulent influenza virus.	intranasal infection of newborn ferrets with a virulent strain of influenza virus invariably resulted in their deaths following virus replication to high titre in both lung and nasal turbinates (collie et al., 1980). however, a similar challenge of newborn ferrets born to mothers immunized by infection with virulent or attenuated viruses resulted in complete protection; no virus replicated in their lungs and little or no virus was isolated from their nasal turbinates. protection appeared to be a ...	1984	6745992
factors influencing free intracellular calcium concentration in quiescent ferret ventricular muscle.	the photoprotein aequorin was injected into cells of ferret papillary muscles to monitor the resting intracellular free ca concentration [( ca2+]i). increasing the external ca concentration [( ca2+]o) increased both resting [ca2+]i and resting tension. the tension and [ca2+]i both rose to a peak and then declined to a steady-state level which was higher than the control. qualitatively similar, but larger, effects were observed if [ca2+]i was first elevated with strophanthidin. the increase of [c ...	1984	6747860
stimulus-specific patterns of intracellular calcium levels in smooth muscle of ferret portal vein.	aequorin was loaded into cells of the ferret portal vein in order to follow intracellular ca2+ levels during smooth muscle contraction. in response to a single d.c. pulse, the aequorin signal reaches a peak during the rising phase of the evoked force transient and begins to rapidly fall while force is still rising. in response to the addition of phenylephrine to the bathing solution, the aequorin signal rises rapidly to a peak while force is still rising but then falls rapidly to a lower level f ...	1984	6747864
interactions between splanchnic and vagus nerves in the control of mean intragastric pressure in the ferret.	to determine whether splanchnic nerves relax the stomach by direct or indirect mechanisms, ramp inflations of the stomach, section and electrical stimulation of the vagus and greater splanchnic nerves, and step inflations of the duodenum were used. a high threshold, sustained inhibition of the gastric pressure response to ramp inflation was mediated by the vagus. prior splanchnectomy increased vagal inhibition. the greater splanchnic nerves had no effect on gastric responses to inflation, althou ...	1984	6747874
characterization of oscillations of intracellular calcium concentration in ferret ventricular muscle.	the photoprotein aequorin was injected into superficial cells of ferret papillary muscles. tension and aequorin light (a function of intracellular [ca2+]) were monitored. increasing intracellular ca concentration ([ca2+]i), either by decreasing extracellular na, or by inhibiting the na pump with strophanthidin, produced spontaneous oscillations of [ca2+]i and tension. fourier analysis showed that these oscillations had frequencies of up to 3-4 hz. if the muscle was stimulated in these conditions ...	1984	6747885
vago-vagal reflexes to the colon of the anaesthetized ferret.	electrical stimulation of the central end of the vagal communicating branch in the thorax at frequencies between 2 and 20 hz elicited, after a latency of 7.2 +/- 0.8 s, large-amplitude colonic contractions. 5 hz stimulation gave near maximal contractions and, because vomiting was more likely to occur at higher stimulus frequencies, was used as the standard stimulus for subsequent experiments. at this frequency the peak colonic contraction was 6.5 +/- 0.9 kpa. following atropine the characteristi ...	1984	6747895
immunocytochemical localization of lhrh in the median eminence, infundibular stalk, and neurohypophysis. evidence for multiple sites of releasing hormone secretion in humans and other mammals.	the distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (lhrh) was studied by light-microscopic immunocytochemistry in the hypothalamo-pituitary complex of humans, monkeys, ferrets, bats, and rats. lhrh-immunoreactive fibers were identified in the median eminence of all these species, but the precise location of these fibers varied. in rats, the vast majority of lhrh fibers in the median eminence was confined to the external zone. in contrast, in bats, most of the lhrh fibers were located in t ...	1984	6370455
suppression and enhancement of transformation of ferret peripheral blood mononuclear cells by mycobacteria.	the effect of heat killed mycobacterium bovis on the phytohaemagglutinin (pha) response of normal peripheral blood leucocytes from ferrets was dose dependent. concentrations of 10(6) organisms ml-1 and below enhanced the response, whereas more than 10(6) organisms ml-1 suppressed it. this suppression correlated with cytotoxicity of m bovis for ferret peripheral blood leucocytes. three environmental strains, m phlei, m smegmatis and m aurum were not cytotoxic and did not affect the pha response b ...	1984	6379787
lhrh neurons and their projections in humans and other mammals: species comparisons.	using light microscopic immunocytochemistry, we have identified lhrh neurons and their projections in humans, monkeys, ferrets, bats and rats. in all these species, lhrh neurons project to the vascular contact zone of the me, but positions of perikarya vary. this cell population, confined largely to rostral forebrain regions in rats, expands into the medial basal hypothalamus in humans, rhesus monkeys, ferrets and bats. accompanying this expansion is an augmentation of extrahypothalamic lhrh pro ...	1984	6384949
[intestinal influenza infection in ferrets].		1984	6397158
half-life of fsh and lh in the ferret.	anoestrous and oestrous ferrets were injected with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (lrh) or a long-acting analogue and subsequently hypophysectomized. spayed ferrets were hypophysectomized without prior treatment with gonadotrophin releasing factor, and serial blood samples collected from all animals in order to follow the rate of decline in plasma gonadotrophin concentration. the half-life of lh in the spayed female (around 2 h) was much longer than that of the hormone released from the h ...	1984	6421040
in vitro activation of the promutagens 2-acetamidofluorene, cyclophosphamide and 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene by constitutive ferret and rat hepatic s-9 fractions.	the ability of the ferret to metabolically activate promutagenic compounds was compared with that of the rat, using the salmonella/microsome assay. three compounds which require biotransformation to mutagenic metabolites, 2-acetamidofluorene (2-aaf), cyclophosphamide (cpa), and 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (dmba), were studied. metabolic activation was provided by ferret or rat hepatic s-9 fractions at 5 levels for each chemical, and optimal s-9 levels as well as dose-response curves were obtaine ...	1984	6427977
cutaneous mastocytoma in a ferret.		1984	6432756
description of sarcocystis falcatula stiles, 1893, a parasite of birds and opossums.	sarcocystis falcatula stiles, 1893 is re-described. intermediate hosts of the parasite which was earlier described as sarcocystis debonei vogelsang, 1929 are species of passeriform, psittaciform, and columbiform birds. in these birds, muscle zoites are 6.88 x 2.19 (4.8-8.4 x 1.2-3.6) micron and are enclosed in a cyst wall with regular protrusions, 1-5 micron long. the convoluted primary wall has multiple thin areas in the osmiophilic layer. microtubules originate in the ground substance and exte ...	1984	6439855
preconditioning of trichinella spiralis nativa larvae in musculature to low temperatures.	preconditioning of a trichinella spiralis nativa isolate in ferret and fox musculature was carried out by freezing at -15 degrees c from 0 to 322 days prior to low temperature refrigeration at -32 degrees c. a limited number of preconditioned samples of infected fox musculature was also refrigerated at -45 degrees c. preconditioned larvae were appreciably more resistant than those subjected to the low temperatures directly. under the conditions of this investigation, the longer the period of pre ...	1984	6441341
influence of mustelid scent-gland compounds on suppression of feeding by snowshoe hares (lepus americanus).	this study investigated the influence of mustelid anal-gland compounds in suppressing feeding by snowshoe hares on coniferous tree seedlings. pen and field bioassays indicated that 3-propyl-1,2-dithiolane from the stoat (mustela erminea), and secondarily, 2,2-dimethylthietane from the mink (m. vison) had a very negative effect on feeding behavior of hares. the major component of stoat anal gland secretions, 2-propylthietane, and the related compounds, thietane and 2-methylthietane, were not effe ...	1984	24318435
polyunsaturated fatty acid and peroxide levels in rations for fitch (mustela putorius furo).		1984	16031027
systemic candidosis in a fitch.	a 4-month-old fitch (mustela putorius furo) was presented vomiting and with a haemorrhagic enteritis that failed to respond to antibiotic, vitamin and fluid therapy. at necropsy, apart from lesions referable to an enteritis, no other specific abnormality was observed. histopathologically, lesions were seen in myocardium and renal medulla associated with mycelia, pseudomycelia and blastospores. marked lymphoid depletion was noted in lymph nodes and spleen. candida tropicalis was isolated from liv ...	1984	16031078
the effects of changes of ph on intracellular calcium transients in mammalian cardiac muscle.	the calcium-sensitive photoprotein aequorin was micro-injected into cells of rat, ferret, rabbit and cat papillary muscles. aequorin light emission is a function of free intracellular calcium concentration. the changes in intracellular calcium concentration [( ca2+]i) and tension accompanying changes of ph have been studied. when the solution perfusing the papillary muscle was changed from tyrode solution equilibrated with 5% co2 to tyrode solution equilibrated with 15% co2, developed tension sh ...	1983	6410050
carbonic anhydrase activity of intact erythrocytes from seven mammals.	carbonic anhydrase activity of intact erythrocytes from seven mammalian species was determined at 25 degrees c, ph 7.4, by mass spectrometry using the 18o-exchange technique. the seven species were cavia porcellus, mustela putorius furo, felis domesticus, canis familiaris, homo sapiens, equus caballus, and bos taurus. carbonic anhydrase activities determined as a function of hemoglobin concentration (std kcat) for intact erythrocytes at ph 7.4 were not significantly different from those determin ...	1983	6415018
an immunohistochemical study of the middle ear muscles of some carnivores and primates, with special reference to the iim and slow-tonic fibre types.	the middle ear muscles of several species of carnivores (cat, dog, fox, ferret and stone-marten) and some new world monkeys (callithrix, saimiri) and old world monkeys (cercopithecus, macaca) were examined. the fibre type compositions of these muscles were determined by a combination of the standard histochemical myofibrillar atpase method, and immunohistochemical techniques using myosintype-specific antisera. immunohistochemically slow-tonic fibres were found in the stapedius muscles of only tw ...	1983	6415024
study of prolactin levels in the ferret.	a radioimmunoassay for canine prolactin has been used to measure prolactin in the ferret. serial dilutions of extracts of ferret pituitary glands and of ferret plasma yielded curves that were parallel with the canine prolactin standard curve. the sensitivity, accuracy, reproducibility and precision of the assay were within acceptable limits. plasma prolactin levels increased after the administration of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (trh) or chlorpromazine, but not after giving luteinizing hormo ...	1983	6417258
anti-influenza a activity of combinations of amantadine and ribavirin in ferret tracheal ciliated epithelium.	the anti-influenza a activities of amantadine and ribavirin were investigated separately and in combination. ferret tracheal ciliated epithelium was continuously exposed to the drugs at concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/l) comparable to those found in human serum after oral administration. each drug alone produced a modest delay in a/alaska/6/77 (h3n2) induced cytopathic effect. the combination of drugs synergistically delayed cytopathic effect. at 1 mg/l of each, cytopathic effect was prevent ...	1983	6826488
interference following dual inoculation with influenza a (h3n2) and (h1n1) viruses in ferrets and volunteers.	the effects of simultaneous inoculation with two attenuated influenza a viruses was studied in ferrets and volunteers. groups of ferrets were inoculated with an influenza a (h3n2) or (h1n1), virus or a combination of both viruses: the temperature response, serum and local antibody response, and the change in nasal wash protein concentration was determined. the results showed that both viruses were attenuated for ferrets, and that inoculation with both viruses together did not cause clinical reac ...	1983	6834013