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b cell memory to a serogroup c meningococcal conjugate vaccine in childhood and response to booster: little association with serum igg antibody.the maintenance of adequate serum ab levels following immunization has been identified as the most important mechanism for individual long-term protection against rapidly invading encapsulated bacteria. the mechanisms for maintaining adequate serum ab levels and the relationship between ag-specific memory b cells and ab at steady state are poorly understood. we measured the frequency of circulating serogroup c meningococcal (menc)-specific memory b cells in 250 healthy 6- to 12-y-old children 6 ...201222855707
clinical characteristics of children with lower respiratory tract infections are dependent on the carriage of specific pathogens in the nasopharynx.a prospective clinical study was performed to correlate nasopharyngeal carriage of bacteria with the type of lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) in hospitalised children. to determine bacterial load in nasopharyngeal aspirates (npa) we used semiquantitative culturing and quantitative taqman-pcr for those pathogens difficult to culture. specimens and clinical data were obtained from 311 children between 0 and 16 years of age with lrti during the period of 2006-2008. the most common detected ...201222850740
a glutathione-based system for defense against carbonyl stress in haemophilus influenzae.adhc from haemophilus influenzae encodes a glutathione-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase that has previously been shown to be required for protection against killing by s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno). this group of enzymes is known in other systems to be able to utilize substrates that form adducts with glutathione, such as aldehydes.201222849540
expression of hbd-2 induced by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and split influenza virus vaccine.human β-defensin-2 (hbd-2) is an antimicrobial peptide with high activity and broad spectrum activity. hbd-2 expression may be highly elevated by microorganisms and inflammation. we reported that the majority of common vaccines used, including 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and split influenza virus vaccine, could induce the expression of hbd-2 in epithelial cells. among them, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine was effective at ...201222842707
vaccination against encapsulated bacteria in hereditary c2 deficiency results in antibody response and opsonization due to antibody-dependent complement activation.hereditary c2 deficiency (c2d) is an important susceptibility factor for invasive infections caused by encapsulated bacteria such as pneumococci and haemophilus influenzae type b. the infections are mostly seen in childhood indicating that antibody-mediated acquired immunity is affected. c2d persons and healthy controls were vaccinated with acthib® and pneumo23®. analysis of specific antibodies to pneumococci serotype 6b, 7f, and 23f, and hib was performed. post-vaccination igg antibodies agains ...201222842196
rapid detection of haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus parainfluenzae in nasopharyngeal swabs by multiplex pcr.to establish multiplex pcr-based assays for detecting h.influenzae and h.parainfluenzae. and the pcr-based assays were applied to detect the carriage rates of h.influenzae and h.parainfluenzae in nasopharyngeal swab specimens which were collected from healthy children.201222840589
etiology of pneumonia in children in the absence of pneumococcal and antihaemophilus vaccines.childhood pneumonia represents an important pathology, a cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. our study aims to determine etiology of pneumonia in hospitalized children using several laboratory methods. we performed a prospective study that enrolled 560 children age 1 up to 18 years old all diagnosed with pneumonia by clinical and radiological features. we applied various laboratory methods (serologic, bacteriologic: bronchial aspirate, sputum, pleural effusion and blood culture) in order ...201222838220
five-year antibody persistence and safety following a booster dose of combined haemophilus influenzae type b-neisseria meningitidis serogroup c-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine.booster vaccination with the combined haemophilus influenza type b-neisseria meningitides serogroup c-tetanus toxoid vaccine (hib-menc-tt) has been reported to induce different menc antibody responses depending on the priming vaccines, with a possible impact on long-term protection. here, the five-year persistence of immune responses induced by a booster dose of hib-menc-tt was evaluated in toddlers primed with either hib-menc-tt or menc-tt.201222828645
impact of recent antibiotics on nasopharyngeal carriage and lower airway infection in indigenous australian children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.indigenous australian children have increased rates of bronchiectasis. despite a lack of high-level evidence on effectiveness and antibiotic resistance, these children often receive long-term antibiotics. in this study, we determined the impact of recent macrolide (primarily azithromycin) and β-lactam antibiotic use on nasopharyngeal colonisation, lower airway infection (>10(4) cfu/ml of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid culture) and antibiotic resistance in non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) ...201222819151
disk diffusion and mic quality control ranges for bc-3205 and bc-3781, two novel pleuromutilin antibiotics.mic and disk diffusion quality control (qc) ranges were established for two new pleuromutilin antimicrobials (bc-3205 and bc-3781) in an eight-laboratory study performed according to clinical and laboratory standards institute m23-a3 guidelines. staphylococcus aureus atcc 29213 and 25923, streptococcus pneumoniae atcc 49619, and haemophilus influenzae atcc 4927 strains were evaluated. the proposed qc ranges would aid clinical laboratories in testing these compounds following their development fo ...201222814462
a phase iii, randomized controlled study to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a semi-synthetic diphtheria, tetanus and whole-cell pertussis vaccine in indian infants.reactions to dtwp vaccine are well known and are a matter of great concern, much for the development of next generation combination vaccines. to avoid such reactions which occur from foreign compounds, who suggested manufacture of dtwp vaccine using semi-synthetic medium. the phase iii trial reported here was conducted to assess the immunogenicity, tolerability and safety of a new dtwp vaccine manufactured using semi-synthetic medium for both tetanus and diphtheria toxoids in comparison with the ...201222874850
dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib vaccine (infanrix hexa™): a guide to its use in infants.infanrix hexa™, a diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis b, inactivated poliomyelitis, and haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine, is indicated for primary and booster vaccination of infants. available clinical data from more than a decade of experience with the vaccine indicate that primary and booster vaccination with infanrix hexa™ is a safe and useful option for providing protection against the common childhood diseases of diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, pertu ...201222873778
antimicrobial activity of adenine-based inhibitors of nad(+)-dependent dna ligase.the relationship between enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial potency of adenine-based nad(+)-dependent dna ligase (liga) inhibitors was investigated using a strain of the gram-negative pathogen haemophilus influenzae lacking its major acrab-tolc efflux pump and the gram-positive pathogen streptococcus pneumoniae. to this end, biochemical inhibitors not mediating their antibacterial mode of action (moa) via liga were removed from the analysis. in doing so, a significant number of compounds were i ...201224900527
haemophilus influenzae type b disease and vaccine booster dose deferral, united states, 1998-2009.since the introduction of effective vaccines, the incidence of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease among children <5 years of age has decreased by 99% in the united states. in response to a limited vaccine supply that began in 2007, hib booster doses were deferred for 18 months.201222869828
changes in prevalence and load of airway bacteria using quantitative pcr in stable and exacerbated copd.prevalence and load of airway bacteria in stable and exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) has been previously studied using microbiological culture. molecular techniques, such as quantitative pcr (qpcr), may be more informative.201222863758
can infants be protected by means of maternal vaccination?the administration of vaccines is not usually recommended in pregnant women because of a fear of severe adverse events for the fetus. however, contraindication to vaccination applies only to vaccines based on live attenuated viruses for the theoretical possibility that they might infect the fetus. in contrast, the use of several inactivated vaccines is useful and recommended. as a result of the transplacental passage of antibodies, maternal immunization can reduce the risk of vaccine-preventable ...201222862749
virulence factors and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of haemophilus influenzae.haemophilus influenzae is a small gram-negative coccobacillus known as one of the major causes of meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis and epiglottitis, especially in childhood, as well as infections of the lower respiratory tract, eye infections and bacteremia. it has several virulence factors that play a crucial role in patient inflammatory response. its capsule, the adhesion proteins, pili, the outer membrane proteins, the iga1 protease and, last but not least, the lipooligosaccharide, increas ...201222908826
invasive haemophilus influenzae in the united states, 1999-2008: epidemiology and outcomes.introduction of the haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine has resulted in a dramatic reduction of hib disease in the u.s. and an increase in the relative importance of infections caused by nontypeable strains. the current project describes the characteristics and clinical outcomes of pediatric and adult patients with invasive h. influenzae (hi) and, through multivariable analysis, identifies risk factors for in-hospital mortality.201222902945
locked-in syndrome as an unusual complication of acute otitis media.a 32-year-old woman developed altered consciousness two days after initial symptoms of acute otitis media, with purulent discharge from the right ear. she was quadriplegic, with spontaneous eye opening, mild neck stiffness, and lacking vestibular-ocular reflexes.201222896933
sapf-mediated heme-iron utilization enhances persistence and coordinates biofilm architecture of haemophilus.non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a common commensal bacterium that resides in the human upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals. nthi is also a known causative agent of multiple diseases including sinusitis, otitis media, as well as exacerbates disease severity of patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. we have previously shown that the sap transporter mediates resistance to host antimicrobial peptides (amps) and import of the iron-containing ...201222919633
otogenic pneumocephalus as a complication of multiple myeloma.we report a case of otogenic pneumocephalus in an 80-year-old woman with multiple myeloma. the pneumocephalus was associated with haemophilus influenzae otitis media and reactive meningitis in the absence of an intracranial brain abscess. myeloma causes thinning of bone trabeculae and destructive lytic bone lesions. this can predispose to a risk of pathologic fractures and, in patients with skull vault involvement, to the rare complication of pneumocephalus. therefore, pneumocephalus should be c ...201222996713
tympanocentesis results of a canadian pediatric myringotomy population, 2008 to 2010.this study was completed to evaluate the middle ear microbiology of a pediatric population with chronic otitis media with effusion and to determine if there has been a change in the spectrum of microorganisms or their antibiotic susceptibility in the modern age of antibiotic therapy.201222935180
[nasopharyngeal carriage of children 6 to 60 months during the implementation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine].since 2001 in france, a nasopharyngeal carriage study was set up for children six to 24 months old. any data are available for older children (25 to 60 months). the aim of this study is to compare the nasopharyngeal carriage in children with acute otitis media (aom) or healthy between both age groups (6/24 months versus 25/60 months). moreover, during the study period, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) has replaced pcv7 in june 2010.201222925540
aware ceftaroline surveillance program (2008-2010): trends in resistance patterns among streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in the united states.ceftaroline fosamil, the prodrug form of the active metabolite ceftaroline, is a new broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin with antibacterial activity against the prevalent respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and staphylococcus aureus. bacterial resistance surveillance (5330 isolates) was conducted in the united states between 2008 and 2010 to assess the in vitro activity of ceftaroline and comparator antibacterial agents against invas ...201222903951
anti-viral and anti-bacterial activities of an extract of blackcurrants (ribes nigrum l.).the inhibitory effects of an extract of the blackcurrant (ribes nigrum l.) against pathogens associated with oral, nasopharyngeal and upper respiratory infectious diseases; namely respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza virus a and b (ifv-a and ifv-b), adenovirus (adv), herpes simplex virus type 1, haemophilus influenzae type b, streptococcus pneumoniae and streptococcus mutans, were investigated. less than 1% concentration of extract of blackcurrant inhibited replication of rsv, ifv-a and ...201222985050
treatment of bacterial meningitis: an update.the introduction of protein conjugate vaccines for haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), streptococcus pneumoniae (s. pneumoniae) and neisseria meningitidis (n. menigitidis) has changed the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis. bacterial meningitis continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity, and our incomplete knowledge of its pathogenesis and emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria contribute to such mortality and morbidity. an early empiric antibiotic treatment is criti ...201222984938
fluoroquinolones in the treatment of bronchopulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis.fluoroquinolones are commonly used to treat lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. these patients are susceptible to lung infection with common bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus and haemophilus influenzae, but are also prone to infection by opportunistic bacteria, including pseudomonas aeruginosa. the good oral bioavailability and broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity, including antipseudomonal properties, make this class of antimicrobial attractive. we review the evidence ass ...201222968160
prevention of gentamicin-induced apoptosis with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone.antioxidants have been shown to protect against aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss. mitoquinone (mitoq) is a mitochondria-targeted derivative of the antioxidant ubiquinone. mitoq is attached to a lipophilic triphenylphosphonium (tpp) cation, which enables its accumulation inside the mitochondria several hundred-fold over the untargeted antioxidant. the goals of this study were to determine if mitoq attenuates gentamicin-induced activation of caspase-3/7 activity as a marker of apoptosis and to ...201222965463
qsec controls biofilm formation of non-typeable haemophilus influenzae in addition to an ai-2-dependent mechanism.non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a common pathogen associated with diseases such as acute otitis media or exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the biofilm-forming capability substantially contributes to the persistence of nthi. however, the regulation of biofilm formation is not completely understood. quorum sensing regulated by autoinducer-2 produced by luxs is until now the only described regulatory mechanism. in this study, we show that the two-co ...201222954413
haemophilus influenzae: still a relevant invasive pathogen. 201222953620
haemophilus influenzae activity in a single medical center in israel in the post-vaccine era.the incidence of invasive disease due to haemophilus influenzae has decreased since the implementation of vaccination against serotype b.201222953615
haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in the short period after vaccination: a reminder of the phenomenon of apparent vaccine failure.we present two cases of bacterial meningitis caused by haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) which developed a few days after conjugate hib vaccination. this phenomenon of postimmunization provocative time period is reviewed and discussed. these cases serve as a reminder to clinicians of the risk, albeit rare, of invasive hib disease in the short period after successful immunization.201222953084
the decision making process on new vaccines introduction in south africa.south africa has a functional decision making process for the introduction of new vaccines; with an established national immunisation technical advisory group (nitag), referred to as national advisory group on immunisation (nagi). south africa has played a leadership role in the african continent with introduction of new vaccines, which dates back to 1995 with the introduction of hepatitis b, followed by the haemophilus influenzae type b in 1999 and recently the national roll out of the pneumoco ...201222939028
haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines - a south african perspective.introduction of hib vaccine is known to positively impact on reduction of both morbidity and mortality in children less than 5 years of age. incorporation of this vaccine into a national epi, however, does come at a significant cost, which is especially important in non-gavi funded countries. compounded reduction in response in certain patient populations and possible indication of booster doses further impacts on cost-benefit analyses. despite these issues, south africa has supplied hib vaccine ...201222939022
combination vaccines in the south african setting.the number of vaccines available and included as part of the national immunization schedules, has increased significantly over the past few decades. this impacts on patient/parent compliance and creates a challenge for health care providers for implementation of schedules necessitating training and infrastructure improvements. use of combination rather than component vaccines offers advantages for compliance by single dose administration of various antigens, reducing stock costing as well as red ...201222939020
immunogenicity and safety of 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d-conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) co-administered with routine childhood vaccines in taiwan.the immunogenicity and safety of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (h. influenzae) protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv), co-administered with routine childhood vaccines, were assessed in taiwanese infants.201223021506
a multiplex touchdown pcr for detection of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae type b and mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in sputum samples.rapid and accurate detection of streptococcus pneumoniae (sp), haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) and mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) in sputum by conventional methods remains problematic. primers based on capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis gene (cpsa), the region ii of the capsulation locus (cap), the insertion sequence is6110 were designed for sp, hib, mtbc respectively. these primers were incorporated in a multiplex touchdown pcr assay for simultaneous detection of sp, hib and mt ...201223018505
antibiotic susceptibility profile of haemophilus influenzae and transfer of co-trimoxazole resistance determinants.prior to the implementation of haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination worldwide, h. influenzae has been one of the main causative agents of community acquired pneumonia and meningitis in children. due to the lack of information on the characteristics of the h. influenzae isolates that have previously been collected in malaysia, the h. influenzae were assessed of their microbial susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics. emphasis was made on strains that were resistance to co-trimoxazole (sx ...201223018500
development of a diagnostic real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of invasive haemophilus influenzae in clinical samples.since the introduction of the haemophilus influenzae serotype b vaccine, invasive h. influenzae disease has become dominated by nontypeable (nt) strains. several widely used molecular diagnostic methods have been shown to lack sensitivity or specificity in the detection of some of these strains. novel real-time assays targeting the fuck, lica, and ompp2 genes were developed and evaluated. the fuck assay detected all strains of h. influenzae tested (n = 116) and had an analytical sensitivity of 1 ...201223017260
antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of the beta-lactamase-producing haemophilus influenzae isolated in chongqing, china.this study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of haemophilus influenzae isolated from children with acute respiratory infection in chongqing, china. to this end, 1967 h. influenzae isolates from 2006 to 2009 were analysed regarding β-lactamase production and antibiotic resistance. ninety-nine β-lactamase-producing h. influenzae isolates from 2010 were analysed for antibiotic resistance and promoter regions of bla(tem) (-1) . β-lactamase production was found i ...201223009117
introduction of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) as pentavalent(dpt-hepb-hib) vaccine in two states of india. 201223024078
epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of culture-proven acute otitis media in taiwanese children.acute otitis media (aom) is one of the most common diseases in children. here, we describe the epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of aom in taiwanese children over a 10-year period.201223089688
signature-tagging of a bacterial isolate demonstrates phenotypic variability of the progeny in vivo in the absence of defined mutations.awareness of the high degree of redundancy that occurs in several nutrient uptake pathways of haemophilus influenzae led us to attempt to develop a quantitative stm method that could identify both null mutants and mutants with decreased fitness that remain viable in vivo. to accomplish this task we designed a modified stm approach that utilized a set of signature tagged wild-type (stwt) strains (in a single genetic background) as carriers for mutations in genes of interest located elsewhere in t ...201223085534
characterization of volatile metabolites taken up by or released from streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae by using gc-ms.volatile organic compounds (vocs) released from or taken up by streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae cultures were analysed by means of gc-ms after adsorption of headspace samples on multi-bed sorption tubes. sampling was performed at different time points during cultivation of bacteria to follow the dynamics of voc metabolism. vocs were identified not only by spectral library match but also based on retention times of native standards. as many as 34 volatile metabolites were relea ...201223059976
complications of oropharyngeal dysphagia: aspiration pneumonia.the incidence and prevalence of aspiration pneumonia (ap) are poorly defined. they increase in direct relation with age and underlying diseases. the pathogenesis of ap presumes the contribution of risk factors that alter swallowing function and predispose to the oropharyngeal bacterial colonization. the microbial etiology of ap involves staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae for community-acquired ap and gram-negative aerobic bacilli in nosocomial pneumonia. i ...201223052002
neglected infectious diseases in aboriginal communities: haemophilus influenzae serotype a and helicobacter pylori.this report describes proceedings of a workshop entitled "neglected infectious diseases in aboriginal communities" which took place in thunder bay, ontario, canada, on october 12, 2011. this workshop was jointly organized by the national research council of canada (nrc), the national microbiology laboratory (public health agency of canada) and northern ontario school of medicine (nosm) with participants from the medical sciences division and clinical sciences division of nosm, nrc, national micr ...201223046541
in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic activity of clofoctol.the aim of the study was to examine the in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of respiratory pathogens to clofoctol compared with amoxicillin and erythromycin, and to characterize the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) relationships of clofoctol using a murine pneumonia infection model. strains clinically isolated from patients between 2005 and 2009 were used to examine susceptibility: penicillin-susceptible streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin-resistant s. pneumoniae, streptococcus ...201223040683
vaccination of immunocompromised patients.vaccination of immunocompromised patients is challenging both regarding efficacy and safety. true efficacy data are lacking so existing recommendations are based on immune responses and safety data. inactivated vaccines can generally be used without risk but the patients who are most at risk for infectious morbidity and mortality as a result of their severely immunosuppressed state are also those least likely to respond to vaccination. however, vaccination against pneumococci, haemophilus influe ...201223051059
[warning about risk of invasive infections in splenectomized patients. experiences from university hospital brno, czech republic, in 2011].syndrome of fulminant sepsis in splenectomized (overwhelming postsplenectomy infection - opsi) is feared and often fatal infectious complication in patients after splenectomy. the risk of syndrome of fulminant sepsis in splenectomized in these persons persists lifelong and doesn't diminish during the time. etiologically, encapsulated bacterias like streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae group b and neisseria meningitidis are involved. as the mortality of syndrome of fulminant sepsis in ...201223094812
specific iga and metalloproteinase activity in bronchial secretions from stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients colonized by haemophilus influenzae.haemophilus influenzae is the most common colonizing bacteria of the bronchial tree in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), and positive cultures for this potentially pathogenic microorganism (ppm) has been associated with local inflammation changes that may influence the relationships between h. influenzae and the bronchial mucosa.201223228114
haemophilus influenzae oxyr: characterization of its regulation, regulon and role in fitness.to prevent damage by reactive oxygen species, many bacteria have evolved rapid detection and response systems, including the oxyr regulon. the oxyr system detects reactive oxygen and coordinates the expression of numerous defensive antioxidants. in many bacterial species the coordinated oxyr-regulated response is crucial for in vivo survival. regulation of the oxyr regulon of haemophilus influenzae was examined in vitro, and significant variation in the regulated genes of the oxyr regulon among ...201223226321
[bacterial pneumonia in hiv-infected patients (excluding mycobacterial infection)].respiratory infections are the most common complications in hiv patients, regardless of the degree of immunosuppression. even though antiretroviral therapy has a protective effect on the risk of bacterial pneumonia, this still remains high (including those with cd(4)>500/mm(3)). the most frequently isolated bacteria are streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. the clinical and radiological presentations of lower respiratory tract infections in hiv patients are quite variable. the cli ...201223101646
a phase 3, randomized, double-blind trial comparing the safety and immunogenicity of the 7-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, given with routine pediatric vaccinations, in healthy infants in brazil.the inclusion of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) into national immunization programs in many countries has significantly decreased the incidence of disease caused by streptococcus pneumoniae. however, a substantial portion of disease remained and, in some areas, there has been an increase in disease produced by serotypes not included in pcv7. a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) was studied in healthy brazilian infants in a phase 3, double-blind, randomized study.201223099331
the impact of new vaccine introduction on the coverage of existing vaccines: a cross-national, multivariable analysis.a surge of new and underutilized vaccine introductions into national immunization programmes has called into question the effect of new vaccine introduction on immunization and health systems. in particular, countries deciding whether to introduce a new or underutilized vaccine into their routine immunization programme may query possible effects on the delivery and coverage of existing vaccines. using coverage of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (dtp) vaccine as a proxy for immunization system perfo ...201223099327
inhibitors of the acetyltransferase domain of n-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate-uridylyltransferase/glucosamine-1-phosphate-acetyltransferase (glmu). part 2: optimization of physical properties leading to antibacterial aryl sulfonamides.a previously described aryl sulfonamide series, originally found through hts, targets glmu, a bifunctional essential enzyme involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis. using structure-guided design, the potency of enzyme inhibition was increased in multiple isozymes from different bacterial species. unsuitable physical properties (low logd and high molecular weight) of those compounds prevented them from entering the cytoplasm of bacteria and inhibiting cell growth. further modifications describe ...201223099094
central nervous system infection with acanthamoeba in a malnourished child.a 3-year-old male child presented with moderate-to-high grade fever and non-projectile vomiting, generalised seizures and altered sensorium for 1&emsp14;month. ct scan revealed a communicating hydrocephalus with no basal exudates. the microbiological tests were negative for streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, neisseria meningitides, brucellosis, cryptococcosis, hiv and mycobacterium tuberculosis. intracranial pressure was relieved by ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, and the child was e ...201223097578
effect of vaccines on bacterial meningitis worldwide.three bacteria--haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and neisseria meningitidis--account for most acute bacterial meningitis. measurement of the effect of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines is most reliable for h influenzae meningitis because one serotype and one age group account for more than 90% of cases and the incidence has been best measured in high-income countries where these vaccines have been used longest. pneumococcal and meningococcal meningitis are caused by dive ...201223141619
cost-effectiveness of new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in turkey: a decision analytical model.streptococcus pneumoniae infections, which place a considerable burden on healthcare resources, can be reduced in a cost-effective manner using a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv-7). we compare the cost effectiveness of a 13-valent pcv (pcv-13) and a 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) with that of pcv-7 in turkey.201223137037
to save children's lives, china should adopt an initiative to speed introduction of pneumonia vaccines.despite rapid economic development, china has not yet incorporated into its national childhood immunization program vaccines against streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae type b. both vaccines can prevent pneumonia, the leading infectious disease killer of young children in china. in contrast, the other world health organization member nations with the ten largest birth cohorts have included h. influenzae type b in their national childhood immunization programs, and many of the wor ...201223129686
toxin-antitoxin loci vapbc-1 and vapxd contribute to survival and virulence in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae.nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a significant human pathogen responsible for respiratory tract infections and the most common cause of recurrent otitis media. type ii toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems are genetic elements that code for a stable protein toxin and a labile antitoxin that are thought to be involved in metabolic regulation of bacteria by enabling a switch to a dormant state under stress conditions. the contribution to infection persistence of the nthi ta loci vapbc-1 and vap ...201223157645
igg responses to pneumococcal and haemophilus influenzae protein antigens are not impaired in children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media.vaccines including conserved antigens from streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) have the potential to reduce the burden of acute otitis media. little is known about the antibody response to such antigens in young children with recurrent acute otitis media, however, it has been suggested antibody production may be impaired in these children.201223152850
septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint.septic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint is a rare acute infectious disease that requires attention from physicians and, once misdiagnosed, can have several implications for a patient. the most common microorganisms related to this disease are staphylococcus aureus, neisseria, haemophilus influenzae, and streptococcus. the infection of the joint may be caused by a direct spread of a local infection or by hematogenous inoculation from a distant focus. general predisposing factors, such as ...201223147304
antimicrobial resistance genotype trend and its association with host clinical characteristics in respiratory isolates of haemophilus influenzae.β-lactam resistance genotype trends in clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae and their correlation with the clinical background were analyzed.201223183338
low occurrence of 'non-haemolytic haemophilus haemolyticus' misidentified as haemophilus influenzae in cystic fibrosis respiratory specimens, and frequent recurrence of persistent h. influenzae clones despite antimicrobial treatment.non-influenzae commensal haemophilus species of low pathogenicity may be difficult to discriminate from haemophilus influenzae. we investigated the level of misidentifications in respiratory specimens from cystic fibrosis patients and evaluated the colonisation dynamics of genuine h. influenzae isolates. one hundred and ninety-two presumptive h. influenzae isolates were re-examined by assessment of marker genes sodc and fuck, and isolates with aberrant genotypes were subjected to multilocus sequ ...201223177564
haemophilus influenzae serotype b (hib) seroprevalence in england and wales in 2009.a national seroprevalence study was performed to determine the prevalence of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) antibodies in england and wales in 2009, when hib disease incidence was the lowest ever recorded. a total of 2,693 anonymised residual sera from routine diagnostic testing submitted by participating national health service hospital laboratories were tested for hib anti-polyribosyl-ribitol phosphate (prp) igg antibodies using a fluorescent bead assay. median anti-prp igg concentrations ...201223171823
implementation of human papillomavirus immunization in the developing world.cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women in less developed regions of the world and the leading cause of cancer deaths in gavi-eligible countries, where 54% of worldwide cervical cancer deaths occur. if prevention is not implemented in these countries, population growth alone will lead to a 63% increase in deaths by 2025. human papillomavirus (hpv) vaccines are routinely used in the national immunization programs in most industrial countries, and the decision by the g ...201223199963
epidemiological profile of invasive bacterial diseases in children in casablanca, morocco: antimicrobial susceptibilities and serotype distribution.the aim of this prospective study in morocco was to investigate the causes of invasive bacterial diseases in children in order to inform antibiotic therapy and vaccine choices. of 238 children aged < or = 5 years admitted to the children's hospital of casablanca for invasive diseases over a 12-month period, 185 were diagnosed with bacterial infection: 76 had chest-x-ray-confirmed pneumonia, 59 had meningitis and 50 had sepsis. streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen identified (n = ...201223301370
pulmonary computed tomography findings in 39 cases of streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia.the main objective of our study was to describe the pulmonary distribution of consolidation and ground-glass opacity (ggo) in chest computed tomography (ct) scans of streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. in addition, the percentage of other pulmonary abnormalities was also reported.201223257518
haemophilus influenzae type b disease in auckland children during the hib vaccination era: 1995-2009.to characterise haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) invasive disease in the era of hib vaccination, in children of the greater auckland region of new zealand.201223254497
evaluation of meningitis surveillance before introduction of serogroup a meningococcal conjugate vaccine - burkina faso and mali.each year, 450 million persons in a region of sub-saharan africa known as the "meningitis belt" are at risk for death and disability from epidemic meningitis caused by serogroup a neisseria meningitidis. in 2009, the first serogroup a meningococcal conjugate vaccine (psa-tt) developed solely for africa (menafrivac, serum institute of india, ltd.), was licensed for persons aged 1-29 years. during 2010-2011, the vaccine was introduced in the hyperendemic countries of burkina faso, mali, and niger ...201223254257
haemophilus influenzae type b combination vaccines and atopic disorders: a prospective cohort study.epidemiologic evidence for an association between vaccinations and atopy development is inconsistent. we evaluated the influence of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) combination vaccines in 6-month-old infants on the prevalence of atopic disorders in 18-month-old children.201223265751
[consensus guidelines for the management of upper respiratory tract infections].upper respiratory tract infections are the most common source of antibiotic prescriptions. acute pharyngitis is caused mainly by viruses, viral cases can be distinguished from acute streptococcal pharyngitis using centor clinical epidemiological criteria, by rapid antigen tests or throat culture. treatment of choice for streptococcal infection is penicillin v given in two daily doses. in children, acute otitis media (aom) is the infection for which antibiotics are most often prescribed. predomin ...201223241293
prevention of invasive diseases: strategies to increase vaccination coverage in children and adolescents.vaccines able to prevent invasive bacterial diseases have been introduced into national and/or regional immunization plans through different strategies. we evaluated haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcus and meningococcus c vaccination coverage in the 5 ligurian local health agencies, in the liguria region, and in italy in order to assess the efficacy of current immunisation policies concerning children at the 24th month and adolescents. furthermore, we considered new strategies for increa ...201223240175
invasive bacterial diseases: national surveillance in italy and vaccination coverage in the local health agency 4 "chiavarese", liguria region (italy).in 2007 in italy, the national institute of health published a new protocol for the national surveillance of invasive bacterial diseases, in order to enhance the notification system of these diseases and to improve immunization strategies. available vaccines to prevent these diseases were introduced for the first time into the 1999-2000 national immunization plan (nip) (vaccination against haemophilus influenzae type b) and the 2005-2007 nip (vaccination against streptococcus pneumoniae and neis ...201223240174
experience of vaccination against invasive bacterial diseases in veneto region (north east italy).the goal of this study was to describe and comment the experience of the veneto region in the bacterial invasive disease. vaccination coverage was 93% against pneumococcus and 95% against haemophilus influenzae type b. regard to meningococcus c the coverage rate was 90.1% in children, 81% at 6 years of age and 78.2% at 15 years. the preliminary data of an active surveillance of invasive bacterial diseases show that the streptoccoccus pneumoniae was the main agent involved and that its consequenc ...201223240172
expanding poliomyelitis and measles surveillance networks to establish surveillance for acute meningitis and encephalitis syndromes--bangladesh, china, and india, 2006-2008.quality surveillance is critical to the control and elimination of vaccine-preventable diseases (vpds). a key strategy for enhancing vpd surveillance, outlined in the world health organization (who) global framework for immunization monitoring and surveillance (gfims), is to expand and link existing vpd surveillance systems (particularly those developed for polio eradication and measles elimination) to include other priority vpds. since the launch of the global polio eradication initiative in 19 ...201223235298
case of invasive nontypable haemophilus influenzae respiratory tract infection with a large quantity of neutrophil extracellular traps in sputum.haemophilus influenzae type b was once the most common cause of invasive h. influenzae infection, but the incidence of this disease has decreased markedly with introduction of conjugate vaccines to prevent the disease. in contrast, the incidence of invasive infection caused by nontypable h. influenzae has increased in the us and in european countries. neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) are fibrous structures released extracellularly from activated neutrophils during inflammation, including in ...201223293532
[morphological changes in penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-lactamase-nonproducing, ampicillin-resistant haemophilus influenzae after exposure to oral antibacterial agents].morphological changes in penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae (prsp) and beta-lactamase-nonproducing, ampicillin-resistant haemophilus influenzae (blnar) after exposure to oral antibacterial agents could be observed over time under a phase-contrast microscope. morphological changes in blnar were also observed using a scanning electron microscope. the organisms used in this study were me19f strain identified as genotypic(g) gprsp (serotype: 19f) and jph002 strain identified as gblnar (se ...201223383434
[antibacterial susceptibility surveillance of haemophilus influenzae isolated from pediatric patients in gifu and aichi prefectures (2009-2010)].we investigated the susceptibility to antibacterial agents of 197 strains of haemophilus influenzae isolated from pediatric patients at medical facilities in gifu and aichi prefectures between 2009 and 2010. those strains were also examined for the mutations of ftsi coding for penicillin-binding protein 3, presence of bla tem-1, serotype and beta-lactamase producing ability. among the 197 strains, the most prevalent serotype was non-typeable (89.8%), followed by serotype b (8.1%), e (1.5%) and f ...201223383433
haemophilus influenzae and the lung (haemophilus and the lung).haemophilus influenzae is present as a commensal organism in the nasopharynx of most healthy adults from where it can spread to cause both systemic and respiratory tract infection. this bacterium is divided into typeable forms (such as type b) or nontypeable forms based on the presence or absence of a tough polysaccharide capsule. respiratory disease is predominantly caused by the nontypeable forms (nthi). haemophilus influenzae has evolved a number of strategies to evade the host defense includ ...201223369277
a case of infective abdominal aortic aneurysm due to haemophilus influenzae type b.infective abdominal aortic aneurysm (iaaa) is relatively rare, but a case which is caused by haemophilus influenzae type b is very rare. we experienced one iaaa case due to h. influenzae type b. the patient was 69-year-old man presenting with severe abdominal and back pain and elevated c-reactive protein (crp), as inflammatory marker. the patient was found to have saccular aneurysm infrarenal aorta on computed tomography scanning. first, we started to treat him with antibiotic agent and second, ...201223997558
bloodstream infection among children presenting to a general hospital outpatient clinic in urban nepal.there are limited data on the etiology and characteristics of bloodstream infections in children presenting in hospital outpatient settings in south asia. previous studies in nepal have highlighted the importance of murine typhus as a cause of febrile illness in adults and enteric fever as a leading bacterial cause of fever among children admitted to hospital.201223115652
[meningitis and encephalitis in poland in 2010].annually 2 000-3 000 cases of meningitis and encephalitis are notified to the polish surveillance system. the leading etiologic agents of the bacterial infections are: n. meningitidis, s. pneumoniae, h. influenzae type b and l. monocytogenes. the most common causes of bacterial infections in children are: e. coli, s. agalactiae and h. influenzae type b. the viral infections are mainly caused by the following pathogens: echovirus, coxsackie virus group a and b. the agents responsible for the vira ...201223101208
development of a single-tube loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of four pathogens of bacterial meningitis.several loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assays have been developed to detect common causative pathogens of bacterial meningitis (bm). however, no lamp assay is reported to detect streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus suis, which are also among common pathogens of bm. moreover, it is laborious and expensive by performing multiple reactions for each sample to detect bacterial pathogen. thus, we aimed to design and develop a single-tube lamp assay capable of detecting multiple ba ...201222946506
[antimicrobial susceptibilityof clinical isolates of aerobic gram-negative bacteria in 2008].we determined mics of antibacterial agents against 1145 clinical strains of aerobic gram-negative bacteria (22 species) isolated at 16 japanese facilities in 2008. mics were determined using mostly broth microdilution method and antibacterial activity was assessed. strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbl) accounted for 3.8% of escherichia coli, 2.6% of klebsiella pneumoniae, 6.8% of klebsiella oxytoca, 5.5% of proteus mirabilis and 1.8% of proteus vulgaris. esbl produced strain ...201222808694
community-acquired bacterial bloodstream infections in developing countries in south and southeast asia: a systematic review.information about community-acquired bacteraemia in developing countries in south and southeast asia is scarce. we aimed to establish the case fraction of bacteraemia in febrile patients admitted to hospital. we searched four databases and identified studies of south and southeast asia published between 1990 and 2010 that prospectively assessed patients admitted to hospital and from whom a blood culture was taken. we reviewed 17 eligible studies describing 40,644 patients. pathogenic organisms w ...201222632186
future challenges in the elimination of bacterial meningitis.despite the widespread implementation of several effective vaccines over the past few decades, bacterial meningitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, neisseria meningitidis and group b streptococcus (gbs) still results in unacceptably high levels of human mortality and morbidity. a residual disease burden due to bacterial meningitis is also apparent due to a number of persistent or emerging pathogens, including mycobacterium tuberculosis, escherichia coli, staphylococcu ...201222607903
bacteriology of the paranasal sinuses in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients.to review the characteristic microbiology of the paranasal sinuses in patients with cystic fibrosis who undergo endoscopic sinus surgery. to examine the subtypes of organisms cultured from the maxillary sinuses and determine their sensitivity to antibiotic therapy.201222513080
membrane binding of escherichia coli rnase e catalytic domain stabilizes protein structure and increases rna substrate affinity.rnase e plays an essential role in rna processing and decay and tethers to the cytoplasmic membrane in escherichia coli; however, the function of this membrane-protein interaction has remained unclear. here, we establish a mechanistic role for the rnase e-membrane interaction. the reconstituted highly conserved n-terminal fragment of rnase e (nrne, residues 1-499) binds specifically to anionic phospholipids through electrostatic interactions. the membrane-binding specificity of nrne was confirme ...201222509045
antibacterial activity of clarithromycin loaded plga nanoparticles.novel drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles (nps) have been proved to enhance the effectiveness of many drugs. clarithromycin is a broad spectrum macrolide antibiotic, used in many infectious conditions like upper and lower respiratory tract infections, and skin and other soft tissue infections. this paper describes the preparation and enhanced in vitro antibacterial activities of clarithromycin loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (plga) nanoparticles. a modified quasi-emulsion solvent d ...201222393833
rates of positive blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures in children younger than 60 days during the vaccination era.fever is a common reason children present to the emergency department. the goal of this study was to determine the rates and the etiology of bacterial infection in children younger than 2 months during the vaccination era.201222270498
anti-bacterial performance of azithromycin nanoparticles as colloidal drug delivery system against different gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.azithromycin (azi) is a new macrolide antibiotic with a better activity against intracellular gram negative bacteria in comparison with erythromycin. the purpose of this research was to prepare azi nanoparticles (nps) using plga polymer and to compare the effectiveness of prepared nanoparticles with untreated azi solution.201224312766
haemophilus haemolyticus isolates causing clinical disease.we report seven cases of haemophilus haemolyticus invasive disease detected in the united states, which were previously misidentified as nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. all cases had different symptoms and presentations. our study suggests that a testing scheme that includes reliable pcr assays and standard microbiological methods should be used in order to improve h. haemolyticus identification.201222573587
culture and pcr detection of haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus haemolyticus in australian indigenous children with bronchiectasis.a pcr for protein d (hpd#3) was used to differentiate nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) from haemophilus haemolyticus. while 90% of nasopharyngeal specimens and 100% of lower-airway specimens from 84 indigenous australian children with bronchiectasis had phenotypic nthi isolates confirmed as h. influenzae, only 39% of oropharyngeal specimens with phenotypic nthi had h. influenzae. the nasopharynx is therefore the preferred site for nthi colonization studies, and nthi is confirmed as an i ...201222553240
evaluation of new biomarker genes for differentiating haemophilus influenzae from haemophilus haemolyticus.pcr detecting the protein d (hpd) and fuculose kinase (fuck) genes showed high sensitivity and specificity for identifying haemophilus influenzae and differentiating it from h. haemolyticus. phylogenetic analysis using the 16s rrna gene demonstrated two distinct groups for h. influenzae and h. haemolyticus.201222301020
[childhood bacterial meningitis trends in japan from 2009 to 2010].we conducted a pediatric survey of bacterial meningitis epidemiology from january 2009 to december 2010 in japan, and obtained the following results for 314 cases (186 boys, 124 girls, and 4 with gender not reported). children younger than one year old accounted for the majority of cases (51.2%, 161/314), and the incidence decreased with increasing age. haemophilus influenzae (in children aged 1 month to 5 years old) was the most common cause of infection (53.2%), followed by streptococcus pneum ...201223198578
improving the quality of immunization delivery to an at-risk population: a comprehensive approach.immunization quality improvement (qi) interventions are rarely tested as multicomponent interventions within the context of a theoretical framework proven to improve outcomes. our goal was to study a comprehensive qi program to increase immunization rates for underserved children that relied on recommendations from the centers for disease control and prevention's task force on community preventive services and the framework of the chronic care model.201222232306
antibody persistence after primary and booster doses of a pentavalent vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine among thai children at 18-19 months of age.the world health organization recommends a booster dose of a pertussis-containing vaccine for children aged 1-6 years, preferably during the second year of life. this study assessed the immunogenicity and safety of a pentavalent combination vaccine containing diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, and conjugated-hib polysaccharide antigens, [(dtap-ipv//prp-t (pentaxim)], as a booster at 18-19 months of age. participants had received primary doses of the same vaccine at ...201223082595
long-term immunogenicity assessment of a dtap-ipv//prp-t vaccine given at 2, 4, 6 and 18-19 months of age, and immunogenicity and safety of a dtap-ipv vaccine given as a booster dose at 4 to 6 years of age in thai children.booster vaccination of infants aims to further reduce the burden of childhood infectious diseases. this study assessed the antibody persistence induced by a primary series vaccination at 2, 4, 6 months of age and a first booster at 18-19 months of age with a pentavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, haemophilus influenzae type b combined vaccine (dtap-ipv//prp-t) in 4-6 year-old thai children (n=123). the safety and immunogenicity of a tetravalent acellular pe ...201223077849
national, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months--united states, 2011.high vaccination coverage in children by age 2 years has resulted in historically low levels of most vaccine-preventable diseases in the united states, but coverage must be maintained to reduce the burden of disease further and prevent a resurgence of these diseases, particularly in populations with lower vaccination coverage. this report describes national, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage by age 19-35 months for children born during january 2008-may 2010, based on 2011 natio ...201222951450
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