Publications

refined live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and enteritidis vaccines mediate homologous and heterologous serogroup protection in mice.	invasive nontyphoidal salmonella (nts) infections constitute a major health problem among infants and toddlers in sub-saharan africa; these infections also occur in infants and the elderly in developed countries. we genetically engineered a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain of multilocus sequence type 313, the predominant genotype circulating in sub-saharan africa. we evaluated the capacities of s. typhimurium and salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis δguaba δclpx live oral vaccin ...	2015	26351285
the o-antigen negative ∆wbav mutant of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis shows adaptive resistance to antimicrobial peptides and elicits colitis in streptomycin pretreated mouse model.	salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, the most common cause of human gastroenteritis, employs several virulence factors including lipopolysaccharide (lps) for infection and establishment of disease inside the host. the lps of s. enterica serovar enteritidis consists of lipid a, core oligosaccharide and o-antigen (oag). the oag consists of repeating units containing different sugars. the sugars of oag are synthesized and assembled by a set of enzymes encoded by genes organized into clusters. p ...	2015	26346801
electron-beam-inactivated vaccine against salmonella enteritidis colonization in molting hens.	electron-beam (ebeam) irradiation technology has a variety of applications in modern society. the underlying hypothesis was that ebeam-inactivated salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) cells can serve as a vaccine to control se colonization and shedding in poultry birds. an ebeam dose of 2.5 kgy (kilograys) was used to inactivate a high-titer (10(8) colony-forming units [cfu]) preparation of se cells. microscopic studies revealed that the irradiation did not damage the bacterial cell memb ...	2015	26292553
iranian clonal population of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, characterized by multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) method.	some 2 million tons of chicken meat is produced by iran per annum, positioning iran among the top producers in the region. this study aimed to evaluate the molecular epidemiology and genetic characteristics of salmonella enterica enteritidis in iran.	2015	26719781
proteomic analysis of outer membrane proteins in salmonella enterica enteritidis.	salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is the predominant agent causing salmonellosis in chickens and other domestic animals. in an attempt to identify antigenic s. enteritidis outer membrane proteins (omps) that may be useful for subunit vaccine development, we established a proteomic map and database of antigenic s. enteritidis omps. in total, 351 and 301 spots respectively from s. enteritidis strain 270 and strain 350 were detected by twodimensional gel electrophoresis. fifty-one antigen-rea ...	2015	25418479
mathematical modeling to assess the drivers of the recent emergence of typhoid fever in blantyre, malawi.	multiyear epidemics of salmonella enterica serovar typhi have been reported from countries across eastern and southern africa in recent years. in blantyre, malawi, a dramatic increase in typhoid fever cases has recently occurred, and may be linked to the emergence of the h58 haplotype. strains belonging to the h58 haplotype often exhibit multidrug resistance and may have a fitness advantage relative to other salmonella typhi strains.	2015	26449939
assessment of the effect of a salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium culture supernatant on the single-cell lag time of foodborne pathogens.	the objective of this study was the in vitro evaluation of the effect of a cell-free microbial supernatant, produced by a luxs-positive salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium strain, on the single-cell growth kinetic behavior of two strains of s. enterica (serotypes enteritidis and typhimurium) and a methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strain. the single-cell lag time (λ) of the pathogens was estimated in the absence and presence (20% v/v) of microbial supernatant based on optical density ...	2015	26433459
phop, spi1, spi2 and aroa mutants of salmonella enteritidis induce a different immune response in chickens.	poultry is the most frequent reservoir of non-typhoid salmonella enterica for humans. understanding the interactions between chickens and s. enterica is therefore important for vaccine design and subsequent decrease in the incidence of human salmonellosis. in this study we therefore characterized the interactions between chickens and phop, aroa, spi1 and spi2 mutants of s. enteritidis. first we tested the response of hd11 chicken macrophage-like cell line to s. enteritidis infection monitoring t ...	2015	26380970
area-level global and local clustering of human salmonella enteritidis infection rates in the city of toronto, canada, 2007-2009.	salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (s. enteritidis) remains a major foodborne pathogen in north america yet studies examining the spatial epidemiology of salmonellosis in urban environments are lacking. our ecological study combined a number of spatial statistical methods with a geographic information system to assess area-level heterogeneity of s. enteritidis infection rates in the city of toronto.	2015	26290174
distribution and molecular characterization of salmonella enterica hypermutators in retail food in china.	hypermutable pathogens can easily acquire mutation opportunities, as well as antimicrobial resistance, and are tremendous hazards to food safety and public health. in this study, a total of 96 (7.6%) hypermutators were identified from 1,264 salmonella isolates recovered from retail foods. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that hypermutators were genetically diverse. amino acid substitution of val421phe was detected in muts in one hypermutator and val246ala in 56 other hypermuta ...	2015	26219361
efficacy of lytic bacteriophage preparation in reducing salmonella in vitro, on turkey breast cutlets, and on ground turkey.	the efficacy of the recently approved salmonella lytic bacteriophage preparation (salmofresh) in reducing salmonella enterica serotype heidelberg on turkey breast cutlets and ground turkey was evaluated. in a broth model assay, the phage preparation completely inhibited the growth of four s. enterica serotypes (salmonella enteritidis, salmonella heidelberg, salmonella kentucky, and salmonella typhimurium) at 37°c at a multiplicity of infection of 10,000 pfu/cfu. at 4°c in 0.1% peptone water (pw) ...	2015	26197288
first description of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants and β-lactamase encoding genes in non-typhoidal salmonella isolated from humans, one companion animal and food in romania.	gastroenteritis attributable to salmonella enterica and the continuous increase in antimicrobial resistance of this gut pathogen, which compromises the use of previously effective treatments, is of great concern for public health. this study was conducted in order to investigate the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr) determinants and β-lactamase-encoding genes, in s. enterica, isolated from humans, one companion animal and food. moreover, the study aimed to identify potenti ...	2015	26120367
live attenuated vaccines for invasive salmonella infections.	salmonella enterica serovar typhi produces significant morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the fact that there are licensed salmonella typhi vaccines available. this is primarily due to the fact that these vaccines are not used in the countries that most need them. there is growing recognition that an effective invasive salmonella vaccine formulation must also prevent infection due to other salmonella serovars. we anticipate that a multivalent vaccine that targets the following serovars wi ...	2015	25902362
differential innate immune responses of bovine peripheral blood leukocytes to salmonella enterica serovars dublin, typhimurium, and enteritidis.	the majority of salmonella serovars cause no clinical disease in cattle, while some are associated with severe disease. the objective of the current study was to determine the innate immune responses of bovine peripheral blood leukocytes exposed to salmonella enterica serovar dublin (bovine-specific), salmonella typhimurium (murine adapted, but zoonotic), and salmonella enteritidis (poultry host-adapted) in 3-week-old calves. all salmonella exposures increased cell surface cd14 and cd18 regardle ...	2015	25847354
a salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis foodborne outbreak after consumption of homemade lasagne.	in the latest year, and also in 2013, salmonella was the most frequently detected causative agent in foodborne outbreaks (fbos) reported in europe. as indicated in efsa report (2015) the serotypes mostly associated to fbos are s. typhimurium and enteritidis; while salmonella typhimurium is generally associated with the consumption of contaminated pork and beef, fbos due to salmonella enteritidis are linked to eggs and poultry meat. in this study it is described the investigation of a domestic fb ...	2015	27800418
antimicrobial resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamases of salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from livestock and processed food in portugal: an update.	as salmonella is a common foodborne pathogen, the present study aimed to determine the distribution of salmonella enterica serotypes isolated during 2011-2012 from poultry, swine, cattle, and processed food in portugal, and to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility and the extended-spectrum β-lactamases (esbls). results were also compared with data obtained before the implementation of the national control program in poultry and the ban of antimicrobial agents in animal feed in the europe ...	2015	25514213
isolation and identification of salmonella from diarrheagenic infants and young animals, sewage waste and fresh vegetables.	this study was carried out to determine the prevalence, distribution, and identification of salmonella serotypes in diarrheagenic infants and young animals, including sewage waste and fresh vegetables.	2015	27047154
characteristics of invasion-reduced hila gene mutant of salmonella enteritidis in vitro and in vivo.	salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes huge losses in poultry industry and also food poisoning in humans due to its being a food-borne pathogen. functions of invasion-related genes need to be explored, as invasion is a key step for salmonella infection. in this study, a transposon mutant library of salmonella enteritidis isolate sm6 was constructed and screened for the invasion-related genes via incubation with caco-2 ...	2015	26267091
reduction of salmonella enteritidis in the spleens of hens by bacterins that vary in fimbrial protein sefd.	the objective of this research was to determine whether variation in the presence of fimbrial protein sefd would impact efficacy of bacterins as measured by recovery of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) from the spleens of hens. two bacterins were prepared that varied in sefd content. also, two adjuvants were tested, namely, water-in-oil and aluminum hydroxide gel (alum). control groups for both adjuvant preparations included infected nonvaccinated hens and uninfec ...	2015	26218804
recovery of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis from hens initially infected with serovar kentucky.	salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and kentucky differ greatly in epidemiology. we wanted to know if the non-pathogenic serotype kentucky impacted the recovery of the pathogen enteritidis from chickens. to explore this issue, 4 groups of hens were treated as follows: (i) hens were inoculated orally with kentucky and injected intramuscularly 2 weeks later with enteritidis, (ii) hens were contact infected with kentucky and then with enteritidis, (iii) hens were injected with enteritidis only ...	2015	26190605
a role for the non-canonical wnt-β-catenin and tgf-β signaling pathways in the induction of tolerance during the establishment of a salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis persistent cecal infection in chickens.	non-typhoidal salmonella enterica induce an early pro-inflammatory response in chickens. however, the response is short-lived, asymptomatic of disease, resulting in a persistent colonization of the ceca, and fecal shedding of bacteria. the underlying mechanisms that control this persistent infection of chickens by salmonella are unknown. recently, we found an expansion of the treg population and subsequent increased in vitro immunosuppressive functions of the cd4(+)cd25(+) cells isolated from th ...	2015	26664962
herd- and individual-level prevalences of and risk factors for salmonella spp. fecal shedding in dairy farms in al-dhulail valley, jordan.	salmonellosis is an important disease frequently associated with diarrhea in calves. from january to september 2009, a cross-sectional study involving 91 dairy farms was conducted to determine the prevalence of salmonella spp. infection in cattle in al-dhulail valley, jordan. a total of 910 calve and cow fecal samples were collected. information on farm management practices was obtained through personal interviews using a standardized questionnaire and was tested as risk factors for salmonella s ...	2015	26065698
chemical modification of a dehydratase enzyme involved in bacterial virulence by an ammonium derivative: evidence of its active site covalent adduct.	the first example of an ammonium derivative that causes a specific modification of the active site of type i dehydroquinase (dhq1), a dehydratase enzyme that is a promising target for antivirulence drug discovery, is described. the resolution at 1.35 å of the crystal structure of dhq1 from salmonella typhi chemically modified by this ammonium derivative revealed that the ligand is covalently attached to the essential lys170 through the formation of an amine. the detection by mass spectroscopy of ...	2015	26148116
thermal inactivation of salmonella enteritidis on chicken skin previously exposed to acidified sodium chlorite or tri-sodium phosphate.	thermal inactivation of normal and starved cells of salmonella enteritidis on chicken skin previously exposed to different concentrations of acidified sodium chlorite (asc) or tri-sodium phosphate (tsp) was investigated. inoculated skin was pretreated with different concentration of asc or tsp, packaged in bags, and then immersed in a circulating water bath at 60 to 68 °c. the recovery medium was hektoen enteric agar. d-values, determined by linear regression, for normal cells on chicken skin, w ...	2015	26604399
avian cd25(+) gamma/delta (γδ) t cells after salmonella exposure.	although an expansion of distinct γδ t-lymphocyte subpopulations has been shown after salmonella infection of chicks, functions and activation states of these cells are still largely unknown. to characterize the activation status of avian γδ t lymphocytes after salmonella exposure, an avian whole-blood salmonella enteritidis live-vaccine-strain (se-lv) stimulation assay and flow cytometry were used, and the bacteria-provoked cd25-antigen expression of cd8-characterized γδ t-cell subsets determin ...	2015	26553561
vaccine potential of a nonflagellated, virulence-plasmid-cured (flid-, psevδ) mutant of salmonella enteritidis for chickens.	the aim of these studies was to assess residual virulence and early protective capacity of a negatively markered live attenuated vaccine candidate salmonella enteritidis mutant against a highly virulent s. enteritidis strain using a dayold chicken model. nonflagellated flid negative mutants of salmonella enteritidis 11 (se11) with and without the virulence plasmid proved to be sufficiently attenuated (limited invasiveness in vitro/in vivo) without reduced ability to colonise chicken gut. the ear ...	2015	26551419
the effect of dietary fructooligosaccharide supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and immune responses in broiler chickens challenged with salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharides.	this study was conducted to examine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (fos) supplementation on growth performance, lymphoid organ weight, intestinal morphology, and immunological status in broilers (n=180) challenged with salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharides (lps). birds were randomly assigned into a 3×2 factorial arrangement that included 1) 3 dietary treatments from d one to 21: positive control (pc), wheat-corn-soybean meal based diet contained antibiotics (virginiamycin and monensin ...	2015	26467012
bio-control of salmonella enteritidis in foods using bacteriophages.	two lytic phages, vb_senm-pa13076 (pa13076) and vb_senm-pc2184 (pc2184), were isolated from chicken sewage and characterized with host strains salmonella enteritidis (se) atcc13076 and cvcc2184, respectively. transmission electron microscopy revealed that they belonged to the family myoviridae. the lytic abilities of these two phages in liquid culture showed 104 multiplicity of infection (moi) was the best in inhibiting bacteria, with pc2184 exhibiting more activity than pa13076. the two phages ...	2015	26305252
gene expression profiles of chicken embryo fibroblasts in response to salmonella enteritidis infection.	the response of chicken to non-typhoidal salmonella infection is becoming well characterised but the role of particular cell types in this response is still far from being understood. therefore, in this study we characterised the response of chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs) to infection with two different s. enteritidis strains by microarray analysis. the expression of chicken genes identified as significantly up- or down-regulated (≥3-fold) by microarray analysis was verified by real-time pcr ...	2015	26046914
a mutation in the nlrc5 promoter limits nf-κb signaling after salmonella enteritidis infection in the spleen of young chickens.	to date, the functions of the nlrc5 in chickens remain undefined. in the current study, chicken nlrc5 was cloned and an a1017g mutation was detected in its promoter region. the relative expression levels of the nlrc5 and key nf-κb pathway genes, ikkα, ikkβ, nf-κb, il-6, il-1β and ifn-γ, in the spleens of wild and mutant type birds, aa and gg, were determined using fq-pcr at 7 day post-infection (dpi) with salmonella enteritidis. additionally, the bacterial burden in the caecum and various immune ...	2015	25979675
[study on simultaneous contamination of salmonella and campylobacter in retail chicken carcasses in beijing].	to elucidate the simultaneous contamination of salmonella and campylobacter in retail chicken carcasses in beijing and to carry out the serological typing of all salmonella isolates as well as the identification of campylobacter at the species level.	2015	25958640
a multi-country salmonella enteritidis phage type 14b outbreak associated with eggs from a german producer: 'near real-time' application of whole genome sequencing and food chain investigations, united kingdom, may to september 2014.	we report an outbreak of salmonella enteritidis phage type 14b (pt14b) in the united kingdom (uk) between may and september 2014 where public health england launched an investigation to identify the source of infection and implement control measures. during the same period, outbreaks caused by a salmonella enteritidis strain with a specific multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) profile occurred in other european union member states. isolates from a number of persons affected b ...	2015	25953273
high occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing salmonella in broiler carcasses from poultry slaughterhouses in south korea.	the emergence of antibiotic-resistant foodborne salmonella has become a major public health problem. consumption of undercooked poultry contaminated with salmonella can induce food poisoning in humans. in this study, we investigated the occurrence and antibiotic resistance patterns of salmonella spp. isolated from 120 chicken carcasses produced in 6 poultry slaughterhouses in south korea. a total of 11 samples (9.2%) were found contaminated with salmonella: 5 isolates were serotyped as salmonell ...	2015	25692653
curcuma and scutellaria plant extracts protect chickens against inflammation and salmonella enteritidis infection.	after a ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in farm animals in the european union in 2006, an interest in alternative products with antibacterial or anti-inflammatory properties has increased. in this study, we therefore tested the effects of extracts from curcuma longa and scutellaria baicalensis used as feed additives against cecal inflammation induced by heat stress or salmonella enteritidis (s. enteritidis) infection in chickens. curcuma extract alone was not enough to decrease ...	2015	26188032
evaluation of a salmonella enteritidis vaccine and related elisa for respective induction and assessment of acquired immunity to the vaccine and/or echinacea purpurea in awassi ewes.	the aim of this study was to evaluate an experimental salmonella enteritidis (se) bacterin and an indirect elisa system to assess quantitatively the acquired immunity in awassi ewes to the vaccine and/or echinacea purpurea (ep) dried roots. four treatments of the ewes were included in the experimental design, with 6 ewes/treatment. the first treatment (t1) had the controls that were non-vaccinated and non-treated with ep. the t2 ewes were only treated with ep. the t3 and t4 ewes were vaccinated ...	2015	25820070
biocontrol of salmonella enteritidis in spiked chicken cuts by lytic bacteriophages φsp-1 and φsp-3.	the ability of host specific bacteriophages φsp-1 and φsp-3 to lyse salmonella in artificially contaminated cuts of pressure cooked chicken meat was evaluated at different temperatures -4 °c, room temperature (28 ± 0.5 °c) and 37 °c applying low and high multiplicity of infection (moi). bacteriophages were able to significantly reduce the bacterial counts at all the temperatures studied. at 4 °c, individual application of φ sp-1 and φ sp-3 resulted in significant drop in bacterial counts (log10 ...	2015	25588852
potential use of caprylic acid in broiler chickens: effect on salmonella enteritidis.	the effect of dietary caprylic acid (ca) on salmonella enteritidis, as well as the surface treatment of chicken skin contaminated with salmonella enteritidis was evaluated. to evaluate the dietary effect of ca on salmonella enteritidis, the individually housed broiler chickens (n=48) were divided into 4 groups (positive control, negative control, 2.5 g/kg of ca in the feed, and 5 g/kg of ca in the feed). the feed of all groups, except the negative control, was artificially contaminated with salm ...	2015	25407657
occurrence, genetic characterization and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella isolated from chicken meat and giblets.	summary this study was undertaken to survey the presence of salmonella in 200 chicken samples collected from mansoura, egypt. salmonella was detected in 16% (8/50), 28% (14/50), 32% (16/50) and 60% (30/50) of whole chicken carcasses, drumsticks, livers and gizzards, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 34% (68/200) among all samples. one hundred and sixty-six isolates were identified biochemically as salmonella, and confirmed genetically by pcr, based on the presence of inva and stn genes ...	2015	25004116
an enterobacterial common antigen mutant of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as a vaccine candidate.	due to increasing rates of invasive salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection, there is a need for an effective vaccine to prevent this disease. previous studies showed that a mutation in the first gene of the enterobacterial common antigen biosynthetic pathway, weca, resulted in attenuation of s. typhimurium in a murine model of salmonellosis. furthermore, immunization with a weca(-) strain protected against lethal challenge with the parental wild type s. typhimurium strain. herein, we ...	2015	26070977
type 1 fimbriae are important factors limiting the dissemination and colonization of mice by salmonella enteritidis and contribute to the induction of intestinal inflammation during salmonella invasion.	we have recently shown that salmonella gallinarum type 1 fimbriae with endogenous mannose-resistant (mr) variant of the fimh protein increase systemic dissemination of s. gallinarum and colonization of internal organs in comparison to the s. gallinarum fimh knockout strain or the mutant expressing mannose-sensitive (ms) fimh variant from s. enteritidis. elaborating from these studies, we proposed that ms variants of fimh are advantageous in gastrointestinal infections, in contrast to mr fimh var ...	2015	25914682
protection against salmonella typhimurium, salmonella gallinarum, and salmonella enteritidis infection in layer chickens conferred by a live attenuated salmonella typhimurium strain.	in the present study, we investigated the protection conferred by a live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) strain against salmonella typhimurium, salmonella gallinarum (sg), and salmonella enteritidis (se) infection in layer chickens. birds were orally primed with the attenuated st strain at 7 days of age and then boosted at 4 weeks post prime immunization (ppi). sequential monitoring of plasma igg and mucosal secretory iga (siga) levels revealed that inoculation with st in ...	2015	25713506
combination inhibition activity of nisin and ethanol on the growth inhibition of pathogenic gram negative bacteria and their application as disinfectant solution.	nisin and ethanol have been used as antimicrobial agents in food industry. however, nisin alone could not inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria, except in combination with a chelating agent, edta, or organic acid. this research aimed to study the survival of escherichia coli o157: h7, salmonella typhimurium tistr 292 and salmonella enteritidis dmst 17368 after treatment with nisin at 100, 200, 300, 500, 800, or 1000 iu/ml and ethanol at 70%, 50%, 30%, 20%, or 10% (v/v) alone and in combin ...	2015	26409058
genotypic diversity, pathogenic potential and the resistance profile of salmonella typhimurium strains isolated from humans and food from 1983 to 2013 in brazil.	salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium is one of the leading serovars that causes salmonellosis worldwide. however, few studies have molecularly characterized s. typhimurium strains in brazil. in this study, we genotyped 92 s. typhimurium strains isolated from humans (43) and food (49) between 1983 and 2013 in brazil using pfge, multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (mlva) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus pcr (eric-pcr). moreover, we assess ...	2015	26307078
immunomodulatory activity and control of salmonella enteritidis colonization in the intestinal tract of chickens by lactobacillus based probiotic.	lactobacillus-based probiotics (lbp) are used as competitive exclusion to control pathogenic enterobacterial infections and improve the weight gain in broiler chickens. this study assessed the inhibition of salmonella enteritidis (se) infection in one-week-old broiler chicks, using an experimental lbp containing four lactobacillus strains isolated from chickens (l. acidophilus, l. fermentum, l. reuteri, l. salivarius). the immunomodulatory effects of this treatment were evaluated, through the an ...	2015	26099807
comparison of four molecular methods to type salmonella enteritidis strains.	this study compared the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-pcr (eric-pcr), multilocus variable-number of tanden-repeat analysis (mlva), and multilocus sequence typing (mlst) methods for typing 188 salmonella enteritidis strains from different sources isolated over a 24-year period in brazil. pfge and eric-pcr were more efficient than mlva for subtyping the strains. however, mlva provided additional epidemiological information for those strain ...	2015	25703542
salmonella berta myocarditis: case report and systematic review of non-typhoid salmonella myocarditis.	to study trends in the epidemiology, clinical presentation, microbiology and prognosis of non-typhoid salmonella (nts) myocarditis.	2015	26730299
risk factors associated with salmonella in laying hen farms: systematic review of observational studies.	salmonella contamination of laying hen flocks and shell eggs is associated with various management and environmental factors. foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis have been traced back to consumption of salmonella-contaminated shell eggs. in the present study, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify and provide an evidence-based overview of potential risk factors of salmonella contamination of laying hens, layer premises, and shell eggs. this systematic literature search w ...	2015	26473681
three epidemics of invasive multidrug-resistant salmonella bloodstream infection in blantyre, malawi, 1998-2014.	the malawi liverpool wellcome trust clinical research programme (mlw) has routinely collected specimens for blood culture from febrile patients, and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with suspected meningitis, presenting to queen elizabeth central hospital (qech), blantyre, malawi, since 1998.	2015	26449953
invasive salmonella infections at multiple surveillance sites in the democratic republic of the congo, 2011-2014.	this study reports the microbiological landscape of salmonella typhi and invasive nontyphoidal salmonella (ints) in the democratic republic of the congo (drc).	2015	26449951
invasive salmonellosis in kilifi, kenya.	invasive salmonelloses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in africa, but the incidence and case fatality of each disease vary markedly by region. we aimed to describe the incidence, clinical characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of invasive salmonelloses among children and adults in kilifi, kenya.	2015	26449944
incidence of nontyphoidal salmonella in food-producing animals, animal feed, and the associated environment in south africa, 2012-2014.	nontyphoidal salmonellosis continues to pose a global threat to human health, primarily by causing food-borne illnesses, and food-producing animals are the principal reservoirs of many pathogenic serovars. to identify key control points and generate information that may enable future estimation of the transmission routes between the environment, animals, and humans, we examined data on salmonella isolates in south africa.	2015	26449943
prediction of the growth of salmonella enteritidis in raw ground beef at various combinations of the initial concentration of the pathogen and temperature.	recently we clarified the growth kinetics of salmonella enteritidis in raw ground beef at various temperatures with our growth model. based on those results, this study aimed to build a new methodology to predict the growth of salmonella in ground beef at given initial concentrations of the pathogen and temperatures. namely, the maximum cell population of salmonella at various combinations of its initial concentration and temperature was developed with a polynomial equation. the rate constants o ...	2015	26412703
the growth kinetics of salmonella enteritidis in raw ground beef.	the growth kinetics of salmonella enteritidis in raw beef has been little studied so far. thus, this study aimed to clarify the growth kinetics of the pathogen in ground beef using a growth model. when salmonella cells inoculated at various initial doses into ground beef were incubated at a given temperature (24℃), the maximum population (nmax) of the microbe at the stationary phase varied with the doses. this relationship was expressed with a polynomialequation for nmax using the initial dose. ...	2015	26412698
occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella spp. isolated from food other than meat in poland.	antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria can result in therapy failure, increased hospitalization, and increased risk of death. in poland, salmonella spp. is a major bacterial agent of food poisoning. the majority of studies on antimicrobial resistance in salmonella spp. isolates from food have focused on meat products as the source of this pathogen. in comparison, this study examines the antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella spp. isolated from retail food products other than meat in ...	2015	26403102
salmonella enteriditis inducing cutaneous leucocytoclasic vasculitis: an unusual complication in a patient with an interleukine- 12 receptor beta-1 deficiency.		2015	26578053
minor salmonella: potential pathogens in eggs in algeria.	salmonellosis is one of the major foodborne diseases known to be closely related to the consumption of contaminated eggs, infected poultry, and poultry products. control and survey of the poultry chain are the key elements and the most critical steps in the prevention of human transmission of salmonella.	2015	26517492
detection of salmonella spp. from chevon, mutton and its environment in retail meat shops in anand city (gujarat), india.	the aim of this study was (i) to attempt isolation and identification of salmonella species from samples. (ii) serotyping of salmonella isolates. (iii) detection of virulence factor associated genes by polymerase chain reaction (pcr).	2015	27047102
the commercial impact of pig salmonella spp. infections in border-free markets during an economic recession.	the genus salmonella, a group of important zoonotic pathogens, is having global economic and political importance. its main political importance results from the pathogenicity of many of its serovars for man. serovars salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium are currently the most frequently associated to foodborne infections, but they are not the only ones. animal food products contaminated from subclinically infected animals are a risk to consumers. in border free markets, an example ...	2015	27047083
monitoring of behavior using a video-recording system for recognition of salmonella infection in experimentally infected growing pigs.	behavior is one of the most commonly used indicators of illness; however, few studies have investigated how different common diseases affect animal behavior. this experiment was conducted to investigate behavioral and clinical alterations in growing pigs experimentally infected with salmonella spp. during a 4-week post-infection period. a total of 48 growing pigs were divided into one of the three treatment groups (1) control, (2) infection with salmonella typhimurium or (3) infection with salmo ...	2015	25166898
prevalence, characterization and antibiotic resistance of salmonella isolates in large corvid species of europe and north america between 2010 and 2013.	it is well understood that salmonella is carried by animals and in majority of cases as asymptomatic hosts. surveillance efforts have focused on the role of agriculture and contamination points along the food chain as the main source of human infection; however, very little attention has been paid to the contribution of wildlife in the dissemination of salmonella and what effect anthropogenic sources have on the circulation of antibiotic resistant salmonella serovars in wildlife species. a purpo ...	2015	25103698
effects of the physical form of diet on the outcome of an artificial salmonella infection in broilers.	to prove the hypothesis that the physical form of diet affects the outcome of an artificial infection with salmonella enteritidis in broilers, 7-day-old birds were allotted to one of four groups and fed botanically, and nearly also chemically identical diets, differing in grinding and further compaction. in total, two birds from each group (age 14 days) were administered on average 1.06 x 10(8) colony-forming units (cfu) of salmonella enteritidis directly into the crop by gavage and immediately ...	2015	26292538
characterization of salmonella from commercial egg-laying hen farms in a central region of colombia.	salmonellosis affects humans more frequently than any other foodborne disease, and it causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry. a cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of salmonella spp. in laying hen farms in the tolima region of colombia. fifteen egg-laying hen farms were sampled, and a total of 589 samples were cultured to isolate salmonella spp. a total of 14 isolates of salmonella spp. were recovered from five farms, resulting in a prevalence of 33.33 ...	2015	26292535
biofilm formation and genetic diversity of salmonella isolates recovered from clinical, food, poultry and environmental sources.	in the present study, salmonella isolates (n=40) recovered from clinical, food, poultry and environmental sources were characterized for serotype identification, genetic diversity and biofilm formation capability. serotype identification using multiplex pcr assay revealed six isolates to be salmonella typhimurium, 14 as salmonella enteritidis, 11 as salmonella typhi, and the remaining nine isolates unidentified were considered as other salmonella spp. most of the salmonella isolates (85%) produc ...	2015	26292170
outbreak of salmonella enteritidis phage type 13a infection in sweden linked to imported dried-vegetable spice mixes, december 2014 to july 2015.	from 24 december to 24 july 2015, 174 cases were reported in a nationwide salmonellosis outbreak in sweden: 108 cases were connected to a single restaurant. a spice mix, containing dried vegetables from the restaurant tested positive for the outbreak strain. additional spice mixes with similar content from different suppliers also tested positive. the outbreak investigation suggests there could be a risk of contaminated products being also on the market in other countries.	2015	26250070
[mycotic aneurysm caused by salmonella enteritidis: a case report].		2015	26200033
effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan and m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine associated to lactobacillus spp. on the humoral response of broilers challenged with salmonella enteritidis.	this study investigates the effects of different doses of serotonin, its precursor 5-hydroxytry-ptophan (5htp), and m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine inhibitor (nsd1015), administered via intraperitoneal for 5 consecutive days, on behavior and average body weight of broilers. we also measured the humoral immune response and quantification of salmonella enteritidis in broilers chickens that received the drugs evaluated and a lactobacillus pool. the study was divided into 3 experiments: experiment 1--admin ...	2015	26195810
modeling disinfection of plastic poultry transport cages inoculated with salmonella enteritids by slightly acidic electrolyzed water using response surface methodology.	in order to reduce the risk of enteric pathogens transmission in animal farms, the disinfection effectiveness of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (saew, ph 5.85 to 6.53) for inactivating salmonella enteritidis on the surface of plastic poultry transport cages was evaluated. the coupled effects of the tap water cleaning time (5 to 15 s), saew treatment time (20 to 40 s), and available chlorine concentrations (accs) of 30 to 70 mg/l on the reductions of s. enteritidis on chick cages were investi ...	2015	26188036
upregulation of nramp1 mrna confirms its role in enhanced host immunity in post-artificial infections of salmonella enteritidis in chicks.	1. salmonella enteritidis (se) is reported as the most common food-borne pathogen transmitted through poultry products. the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (nramp1) is a candidate gene associated with se-mediated immune response and is related to the phagocytosis of se. in this study, the classical single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) g2357a in exon 8 of the nramp1 gene was detected. the expression of nramp1 mrna was first investigated in heterophil granulocytes and spleen in ...	2015	26181686
reducing colonization and eggborne transmission of salmonella enteritidis in layer chickens by in-feed supplementation of caprylic acid.	salmonella enteritidis (se) is a major foodborne pathogen responsible for causing gastrointestinal infections in humans, predominantly due to the consumption of contaminated eggs. in layer hens, se colonizes the intestine and migrates to various organs, including the oviduct, thereby leading to egg yolk and shell contamination. this study investigated the efficacy of caprylic acid (ca), a medium-chain fatty acid, in reducing se colonization and egg contamination in layers. caprylic acid was supp ...	2015	26135893
high incubation temperature and threonine dietary level improve ileum response against post-hatch salmonella enteritidis inoculation in broiler chicks.	this study assessed the effect of both embryonic thermal manipulation and dietary threonine level on the response of broilers inoculated with salmonella enteritidis, considering bacterial counts in the cecal contents, intestinal morphology, mucin and heat shock protein 70 gene expression, body weight and weight gain. thermal manipulation was used from 11 days of incubation until hatch, defining three treatments: standard (37.7°c), continuous high temperature (38.7°c) and continuous low temperatu ...	2015	26131553
use of flow cytometry for quantitative analysis of metabolism of viable but non-culturable (vbnc) salmonella.	a simple and rapid assay method for analysis of the metabolic activity of viable but non-culturable (vbnc) salmonella was established. an environmental isolate of salmonella enteritidis (se), grown to the logarithmic phase, rapidly lost its culturability during incubation with 1-10 mm h2o2 in luria-bertani (lb) medium. to assess the viability of the bacteria, we measured 3 different metabolic activities: respiratory activity by 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl-tetrazolium chloride (ctc) reduction, glucose up ...	2015	26119425
characterization of a foodborne outbreak caused by salmonella enteritidis in aracaju, state of sergipe, brazil.	in december 2001, an outbreak of foodborne gastroenteritis infected 114 of 161 people who ate at a restaurant in aracaju, state of sergipe, brazil.	2015	26108014
molecular epidemiology of nontyphoidal salmonella in poultry and poultry products in india: implications for human health.	human infections with non-typhoidal salmonella (nts) serovars are increasingly becoming a threat to human health globally. while all motile salmonellae have zoonotic potential, salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium are most commonly associated with human disease, for which poultry are a major source. despite the increasing number of human nts infections, the epidemiology of nts in poultry in india has not been fully understood. hence, as a first step, we carried out epidemiological a ...	2015	26063942
effect of salmonella infection on cecal tonsil regulatory t cell properties in chickens.	two studies were conducted to study regulatory t cell [treg (cd4⁺cd25⁺)] properties during the establishment of a persistent intestinal infection in broiler chickens. four-day-old broiler chicks were orally gavaged with 5 × 10⁶ cfu/ml salmonella enteritidis (s. enteritidis) or sterile pbs (control). samples were collected at 4, 7, 10, and 14 d postinfection. there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the number of cd4⁺cd25⁺ cells by d 4 postinfection that increased steadily throughout the co ...	2015	26049799
[use of bacteriphages against salmonella enteritidis: a prevention tool].	salmonellosis is a highly prevalent disease still searching for preventive tools to avoid contamination level priority public health.	2015	26040389
multinational outbreak of salmonella enteritidis infection during an international youth ice hockey competition in riga, latvia, preliminary report, march and april 2015.	a multinational outbreak of salmonellosis linked to the riga cup 2015 junior ice-hockey competition was detected by the finnish health authorities in mid-april and immediately notified at the european union level. this prompted an international outbreak investigation supported by the european centre for disease prevention and control. as of 8 may 2015, seven countries have reported 214 confirmed and suspected cases, among which 122 from finland. the search for the source of the outbreak is ongoi ...	2015	26027481
persistence of fecal shedding of salmonella enteritidis by experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages.	salmonella enteritidis can be deposited inside eggs laid by infected hens, so the prevalence of this pathogen in commercial egg-producing flocks is an important risk factor for human illness. opportunities for the introduction, transmission, and persistence of salmonellae in poultry are potentially influenced by flock housing and management systems. animal welfare concerns have spurred the development of alternatives to traditional cage-based housing. however, the consequences of poultry housing ...	2015	25910903
[an etiological survey and traceability analysis on a foodborne illness epidemic outbreak caused by salmonella enteritidis].		2015	25876498
preacclimation alters salmonella enteritidis surface properties and its initial attachment to food contact surfaces.	exposure of salmonella to environmental stress, prior to its adherence to a food contact surface, may change the cell surface properties and consequently affect its initial attachment and biofilm formation. this study investigated the influence of temperature and ph preacclimation on the initial attachment of salmonella enteritidis to acrylic and stainless steel. besides, changes in physicochemical properties of cells were examined; and their surface attachment was modeled by xdlvo theory. resul ...	2015	25800356
a molecular epidemiological investigation of multistate outbreaks of salmonella enteritidis from clinical and environmental samples in turkey, 2000-2010.	to analyze interrelated salmonella enteritidis strains isolated in turkey. fifty-five s. enteritidis surveillance strains were isolated from human feces and environmental samples from different regions in turkey between 2000 and 2010.	2015	25790533
investigation of two outbreaks of gastroenteritis in tržič in september 2011.	an outbreak of gastroenteritis of etiologically unspecified origin and an outbreak of salmonellosis occurred simultaneously in september 2011 in tržič. the purpose of the investigation of both outbreaks was to identify the most probable source and the mode of transmission and to implement preventive measures.	2015	27646620
an immunosuppressed man with an aortic rupture secondary to salmonella aortitis successfully treated with endovascular aortic repair.	a 75-year-old immunosuppressed man presented with fever and central abdominal pain 3 weeks after having positive blood cultures for salmonella enteritidis. a computed tomography scan demonstrated a contained perforation of a nonaneurysmal abdominal aorta. salmonella aortitis was suspected, and given his recent history of coronary artery stent insertion, endovascular aortic repair was performed, with lifelong antibiotic therapy. at 6 months, there were no remaining clinical or radiological concer ...	2015	25722250
evaluation of the effects of a mixture of organic acids and duration of storage on the survival of salmonella on turkey carcasses.	samples from turkey carcasses previously inoculated with salmonella enteritidis 33/66 were subjected to the effect of various mixtures of equal parts of organic acid solutions (acetic, ascorbic, citric, lactic, and tartaric acids). the first part of the study concerned analysis of the influence of the mixtures of organic acids over 15 or 30 min on salmonella enteritidis on turkey carcasses. turkey breast samples were inoculated with salmonella enteritidis at 3.7, 2.7, 1.7, 0.7, and 0.07 log cfu. ...	2015	25719885
electrochemical deoxyribonucleic acid biosensor based on electrodeposited graphene and nickel oxide nanoparticle modified electrode for the detection of salmonella enteritidis gene sequence.	in this paper a new electrochemical dna biosensor was prepared by using graphene (gr) and nickel oxide (nio) nanocomposite modified carbon ionic liquid electrode (cile) as the substrate electrode. gr and nio nanoparticles were electrodeposited on the cile surface step-by-step to get the nanocomposite. due to the strong affinity of nio with phosphate groups of ssdna, oligonucleotide probe with a terminal 5'-phosphate group could be attached on the surface of nio/gr/cile, which could further hybri ...	2015	25686924
cross-protection against salmonella typhimurium infection conferred by a live attenuated salmonella enteritidis vaccine.	in this study, a genetically engineered live attenuated salmonella enteritidis (se) vaccine was evaluated for its ability to protect against salmonella typhimurium (st) infection in chickens. the birds were orally primed with the vaccine on the 1st day of life and given an oral booster at 5 wk of age. control birds were orally inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline. both groups of birds were orally challenged with a virulent st strain at 9 wk of age. compared with the control chickens, the va ...	2015	25673904
a food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by different salmonella serotypes in 2 universities in xiamen, fujian, china, in 2012.	we investigated a diarrhea outbreak in 2 universities to identify the etiological agent responsible, the source of infection, the mode of transmission, and the risk factors. a case-controlled study was conducted using case students and asymptomatic control students who were selected randomly and frequency-matched according to class and age, and the source of food or water intake was investigated. of the total 22,404 students at the universities, 0.25% developed salmonella infections. a total of ...	2015	25672350
sporadic salmonellosis in lower saxony, germany, 2011-2013: raw ground pork consumption is associated with salmonella typhimurium infections and foreign travel with salmonella enteritidis infections.	to investigate risk factors for sporadic salmonellosis, for each notified case four randomly selected population controls matched for age, sex and geographical region were interviewed via self-administered questionnaire. conditional logistic regression analysis of 285 matched pairs revealed significant associations for raw ground pork consumption [odds ratio (or) 6·0, 95% confidence interval (ci) 1·8-20·1], taking antacids (or 5·8, 95% ci 1·4-24·5), eating meat outside the home (or 5·7, 95% ci 2 ...	2015	25626727
administration of a salmonella enteritidis δhilassraflig strain by coarse spray to newly hatched broilers reduces colonization and shedding of a salmonella enteritidis challenge strain.	consumption of contaminated poultry meat is still an important cause of salmonella infections in humans. colonization inhibition (ci) occurs when a live salmonella strain is administered to chickens and subsequently protects against challenge with another salmonella strain belonging to the same serotype. a salmonella enteritidis hilassraflig deletion mutant has previously been proven to reduce colonization and shedding of a wild-type salmonella enteritidis strain in newly hatched broilers after ...	2015	25535402
programming of formalin-induced nociception by neonatal lps exposure: maintenance by peripheral and central neuroimmune activity.	the immune and nociceptive systems are shaped during the neonatal period where they undergo fine-tuning and maturation. painful experiences during this sensitive period of development are known to produce long-lasting effects on the immune and nociceptive responses. it is less clear, however, whether inflammatory pain responses are primed by neonatal exposure to mild immunological stimuli, such as with lipopolysaccharide (lps). here, we examine the impact of neonatal lps exposure on inflammatory ...	2015	25449583
[purulent pericarditis and colonic infiltrating to salmonella enteritidis complicated by acute intussusception in a case of il-12rβ1 deficiency].	il-12 receptor β1 deficiency (il-12rβ1) predisposes patients to mycobacteria and salmonella infections. we report a case of il-12rβ1 deficiency with a fatal multi-resistant salmonella enteritidis infection. this boy was born after from a consanguineous marriage, and diagnosed as having a il-12rβ1 deficiency since the age of 3 months. he presented with recurrent salmonella enteritidis essentially digestive localization, complicated by purulent pericarditis at the same germ at the age of two and a ...	2014	25445126
reduction of salmonella on turkey breast cutlets by plant-derived compounds.	the foodborne illnesses associated with poultry meat due to salmonella are a major concern in the united states. in this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of carvacrol, eugenol, thyme essential oil, and trans-cinnamaldehyde was determined against different salmonella serotypes in vitro and on turkey breast cutlets. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) of antimicrobial agents were determined using a microdilution colorimetric assay. carvacrol was the ...	2014	25405806
evolution of antimicrobial resistance of <i>salmonella enteritidis</i> (1972-2005).	with the extensive use of antibiotics in livestock production, surveillance revealed an increase in salmonella resistance to the commonly used antimicrobials in veterinary and public health. this serious threat to health care is further exacerbated by the limited epidemiological information about the common zoonotic agent, salmonella enteritidis, required to determine antibiotic therapy. the aim was to characterise the antimicrobial resistance patterns of s. enteritidis isolates across different ...	2014	28235277
prevalence and characterization of salmonella shed by captive and free-range california sea lions (zalophus californianus) from a rehabilitation center and three state reserves along the california coast.	salmonella is a genus of zoonotic bacteria that can infect a variety of animals, and may cause gastrointestinal disease in marine mammals. many of the same salmonella serotypes are shed by california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and humans, which poses transmission questions and public health concerns. in this study, 454 fecal samples from three free-ranging california sea lion populations along the california coast and from animals undergoing rehabilitation at the marine mammal center, sa ...	2014	25314819
pyogenic liver abscess caused by salmonella enteritidis: a rare case report.	salmonella enteritidis is one of the most important serovars transmitted from animals to humans and a serovar most commonly reported worldwide. infection with enteritidis is mainly limited to the intestinal tract, but under certain circumstances may cross the mucosal barrier to disseminate and get established as some localized infectious focus. although cited as one of the very uncommon causes, enteritidis may involve the liver and evolve into an overt abscess. pyogenic liver abscess by a gas fo ...	2014	25308026
modeling the effect of temperature on survival rate of salmonella enteritidis in yogurt.	the aim of the study was to determine the inactivation rates of salmonella enteritidis in commercially produced yogurt and to generate primary and secondary mathematical models to predict the behaviour of these bacteria during storage at different temperatures. the samples were inoculated with the mixture of three s. enteritidis strains and stored at 5 degrees c, 10 degrees c, 15 degrees c, 20 degrees c and 25 degrees c for 24 h. the number of salmonellae was determined every two hours. it was f ...	2014	25286657
an immunogenic salmonella ghost confers protection against internal organ colonization and egg contamination.	the tightly regulated expression of the phix174 lysis gene e from a multi-copy plasmid led to the stable production of an salmonella enteritidis bacterial ghost. the present study was conducted to evaluate induction of the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced after single or double intramuscular immunization with the s. enteritidis ghost and to assess its protective effect on colonization of the intestinal tract, visceral and reproductive organs, internal egg contamination, and egg ...	2014	25241048
membrane lipid composition and stress/virulence related gene expression of salmonella enteritidis cells adapted to lactic acid and trisodium phosphate and their resistance to lethal heat and acid stress.	this study evaluated the acid and heat resistance of salmonella enteritidis in simulated gastric fluid (ph 2.0) and during thermal treatment (54-60 °c), respectively, after adaptation to lactic acid (la) or trisodium phosphate (tsp) at various phs (ph 5.3-9.0). the changes in membrane lipid composition and expression levels of rpos and rpoh were examined to elucidate their roles in bacterial stress resistance. transcriptional profile of several virulence-related genes was also analyzed. results ...	2014	25217722
growth and survival of enterobacteriaceae and inoculated salmonella on walnut hulls and maturing walnut fruit.	postharvest contamination of in-shell walnuts may occur when the fruit is dropped to or harvested from the orchard floor or as the outer hull is removed with mechanical abrasion and water. to evaluate the effect of maturity on the potential for microbial contamination, 'howard' walnut fruits were collected weekly from the tree canopy, from 6 to 7 weeks before to 1 week after typical commercial harvest. the numbers of microorganisms able to form colonies on plate count agar, macconkey agar (presu ...	2014	25198836
a colonisation-inhibition culture consisting of salmonella enteritidis and typhimurium δhilassraflig strains protects against infection by strains of both serotypes in broilers.	consumption of contaminated poultry meat is still an important cause of salmonella infections in humans and there is a need for control methods that protect broilers from day-of-hatch until slaughter age against infection with salmonella. colonisation-inhibition, a concept in which a live salmonella strain is orally administered to day-old chickens and protects against subsequent challenge, can potentially be used as control method. in this study, the efficacy of a salmonella typhimurium δhilass ...	2014	24975814
improving the efficiency of transposon mutagenesis in salmonella enteritidis by overcoming host-restriction barriers.	transposon mutagenesis using transposome complex is a powerful method for functional genomics analysis in diverse bacteria by creating a large number of random mutants to prepare a genome-saturating mutant library. however, strong host restriction barriers can lead to limitations with species- or strain-specific restriction-modification systems. the purpose of this study was to enhance the transposon mutagenesis efficiency of salmonella enteritidis to generate a larger number of random insertion ...	2014	24973023