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an insect cell line derived from the small brown planthopper supports replication of rice stripe virus, a tenuivirus.a cell line from the small brown planthopper (sbph; laodelphax striatellus) was established to study replication of rice stripe virus (rsv), a tenuivirus. the sbph cell line, which had been subcultured through 30 passages, formed monolayers of epithelial-like cells. inoculation of cultured vector cells with rsv resulted in a persistent infection. during viral infection in the sbph cell line, the viral non-structural protein ns3 co-localized with the filamentous ribonucleoprotein particles of rsv ...201323468422
synthesis, insecticidal, and antibacterial activities of novel neonicotinoid analogs with dihydropyridine.nilaparvata lugens, a major pest in rice-growing areas, is extremely difficult to manage. neonicotinoids have increasingly been used in crop protection and animal health care against n. lugens. to discover new bioactive molecules and pesticides, we combined the active structure of cyanoacrylates, aromatic aldehydes, and substituted pyridyl (thiazolyl) methyl-2-substituted-methylidene-imidazolidine derivatives for the design and synthesis of a series of novel neonicotinoid analogs with dihydropyr ...201323621983
overexpression of multiple detoxification genes in deltamethrin resistant laodelphax striatellus (hemiptera: delphacidae) in china.the small brown planthopper (sbph), laodelphax striatellus (fallén), is one of the major rice pests in asia and has developed resistance to multiple classes of insecticides. understanding resistance mechanisms is essential to the management of this pest. biochemical and molecular assays were performed in this study to systematically characterize deltamethrin resistance mechanisms with laboratory-selected resistant and susceptible strains of sbph.201324324548
the genome- and transcriptome-wide analysis of innate immunity in the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens.the brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens) is one of the most serious rice plant pests in asia. n. lugens causes extensive rice damage by sucking rice phloem sap, which results in stunted plant growth and the transmission of plant viruses. despite the importance of this insect pest, little is known about the immunological mechanisms occurring in this hemimetabolous insect species.201323497397
proteolytic processing of bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ab in rice brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (stål).to understand the low toxicity of cry toxins in planthoppers, proteolytic activation of cry1ab in nilaparvata lugens was studied. the proteolytic processing of cry1ab protoxin by n. lugens midgut proteases was similar to that by trypsin activated cry1ab. the cry1ab processed with n. lugens midgut proteases was highly insecticidal against plutella xylostella. however, cry1ab activated either by trypsin or the gut proteases of the brown planthopper showed low toxicity in n. lugens. binding analysi ...201324021715
genomic insights into the glutathione s-transferase gene family of two rice planthoppers, nilaparvata lugens (stål) and sogatella furcifera (horváth) (hemiptera: delphacidae).glutathione s-transferase (gst) genes control crucial traits for the metabolism of various toxins encountered by insects in host plants and the wider environment, including insecticides. the planthoppers nilaparvata lugens and sogatella furcifera are serious specialist pests of rice throughout eastern asia. their capacity to rapidly adapt to resistant rice varieties and to develop resistance to various insecticides has led to severe outbreaks over the last decade.201323457591
identification of transcription factors potential related to brown planthopper resistance in rice via microarray expression profiling.brown planthopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens stål, is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice. the molecular responses of plants to sucking insects resemble responses to pathogen infection. however, the molecular mechanism of bph-resistance in rice remains unclear. transcription factors (tf) are up-stream regulators of various genes that bind to specific dna sequences, thereby controlling the transcription from dna to mrna. they are key regulators for transcriptional expression in biolog ...201223228240
transgenic cry1ab rice does not impact ecological fitness and predation of a generalist spider.the commercial release of rice genetically engineered to express a cry1ab protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) for control of lepidoptera in china is a subject of debate. one major point of the debate has focused on the ecological safety of bt rice on nontarget organisms, especially predators and parasitoids that help control populations of insect pests.201222511982
transcriptome and comparative gene expression analysis of sogatella furcifera (horváth) in response to southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus.the white backed planthopper (wbph), sogatella furcifera (horváth), causes great damage to many crops by direct feeding or transmitting plant viruses. southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (srbsdv), transmitted by wbph, has become a great threat to rice production in east asia.201222558400
silencing coi1 in rice increases susceptibility to chewing insects and impairs inducible defense.the jasmonic acid (ja) pathway plays a key role in plant defense responses against herbivorous insects. coronatine insensitive1 (coi1) is an f-box protein essential for all jasmonate responses. however, the precise defense function of coi1 in monocotyledonous plants, especially in rice (oryza sativa l.) is largely unknown. we silenced oscoi1 in rice plants via rna interference (rnai) to determine the role of oscoi1 in rice defense against rice leaf folder (lf) cnaphalocrocis medinalis, a chewing ...201222558386
characterization and comparative analysis of small rnas in three small rna libraries of the brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens).the brown planthopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens (stå;l), which belongs to homopteran, delphacidae, is one of the most serious and destructive pests of rice. feeding bph with homologous dsrna in vitro can lead to the death of bph, which gives a valuable clue to the prevention and control of this pest, however, we know little about its small rna world.201222412935
surface display of rice stripe virus nsvc2 and analysis of its membrane fusion activity.rice stripe virus (rsv) infects rice and is transmitted in a propagative manner by the small brown planthopper. how rsv enters an insect cell to initiate the infection cycle is poorly understood. sequence analysis revealed that the rsv nsvc2 protein was similar to the membrane glycoproteins of several members in the family bunyaviridae and might induce cell membrane fusion. to conveniently study the membrane fusion activity of nsvc2, we constructed cell surface display vectors for expressing nsv ...201222492001
analysis of rice stripe virus whole-gene expression in rice and in the small brown planthopper by real-time quantitative pcr.rice stripe virus (rsv) is a typical member of the tenuivirus genus, which is transmitted mainly by the small brown planthopper (sbph) in a persistent, circulative-propagative manner. at present, expression levels of viral genes in rice and in sbph remain unclear. in this study, we investigated rsv gene expression in rsv-infected rice tissues and in viruliferous sbph using a sensitive and reliable real-time quantitative pcr (q-pcr) method. the results revealed that ns3 gene exhibited the highest ...201222404613
chitin synthase 1 gene and its two alternative splicing variants from two sap-sucking insects, nilaparvata lugens and laodelphax striatellus (hemiptera: delphacidae).chitin synthase (chs) is an enzyme that is required for chitin formation in insect cuticles and other tissues. in this study, chs genes from two destructive rice insect pests, the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens and the small brown planthopper laodelphax striatellus, were cloned. phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes belonged to class chs1 of the chs gene family. most insects possess two chs genes (chs1 and chs2); however, genome and transcriptome searches showed that n. lugens poss ...201222634163
the rice hydroperoxide lyase oshpl3 functions in defense responses by modulating the oxylipin pathway.as important signal molecules, jasmonates (jas) and green leaf volatiles (glvs) play diverse roles in plant defense responses against insect pests and pathogens. however, how plants employ their specific defense responses by modulating the levels of ja and glvs remains unclear. here, we describe identification of a role for the rice hpl3 gene, which encodes a hydroperoxide lyase (hpl), oshpl3/cyp74b2, in mediating plant-specific defense responses. the loss-of-function mutant hpl3-1 produced dise ...201222519706
permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 december 2011-31 january 2012.this article documents the addition of 473 microsatellite marker loci and 71 pairs of single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) sequencing primers to the molecular ecology resources database. loci were developed for the following species: barteria fistulosa, bombus morio, galaxias platei, hematodinium perezi, macrocentrus cingulum brischke (a.k.a. m. abdominalis fab., m. grandii goidanich or m. gifuensis ashmead), micropogonias furnieri, nerita melanotragus, nilaparvata lugens stål, sciaenops ocellat ...201222448966
restriction of viral dissemination from the midgut determines incompetence of small brown planthopper as a vector of southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus.southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (srbsdv), a fijivirus, is transmitted by the white-backed planthopper in a persistent-propagative manner. in this study, we found that another planthopper species, the small brown planthopper (sbph), could acquire srbsdv but not transmit it. to identify the transmission barrier for srbsdv in sbphs, sequential infection by srbsdv in the organs of sbphs was studied with immunofluorescence for viral antigens. srbsdv initially entered the epithelial cells of ...201222683297
assembly of the viroplasm by viral non-structural protein pns10 is essential for persistent infection of rice ragged stunt virus in its insect vector.rice ragged stunt virus (rrsv), an oryzavirus, is transmitted by brown planthopper in a persistent propagative manner. in this study, sequential infection of rrsv in the internal organs of its insect vector after ingestion of virus was investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy. rrsv was first detected in the epithelial cells of the midgut, from where it proceeded to the visceral muscles surrounding the midgut, then throughout the visceral muscles of the midgut and hindgut, and finally into t ...201222837415
isolation and partial characterization of a new reovirus in the chinese mitten crab, eriocheir sinensis h milne edwards.a second type of freshwater crab reovirus has been isolated from chinese mitten crab, eriocheir sinensis h. milne edwards, in china; we named it e. sinensis reovirus (esrv816). the negatively stained virion is a non-enveloped icosahedral particle, 60 ± 5 nm in diameter. its genome is composed of 10 dsrna linear pieces exhibiting an electrophoretic pattern of 5/3/2. the largest segment (rna-1) was cloned and sequenced. the deduced amino acid sequence, corresponding to the rdrp of the virus, showe ...201222804822
the broad-leaf herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid turns rice into a living trap for a major insect pest and a parasitic wasp.synthetic chemical elicitors of plant defense have been touted as a powerful means for sustainable crop protection. yet, they have never been successfully applied to control insect pests in the field. we developed a high-throughput chemical genetics screening system based on a herbivore-induced linalool synthase promoter fused to a β-glucuronidase (gus) reporter construct to test synthetic compounds for their potential to induce rice defenses. we identified 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) ...201222313362
molecular characterization of dsc1 orthologs in invertebrate species.dsc1 and bsc1 are two founding members of a novel family of invertebrate voltage-gated cation channels with close structural and evolutionary relationships to voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. in this study, we searched the published genome sequences for dsc1 orthologs. dsc1 orthologs were found in all 48 insect species, and in other invertebrate species belonging to phyla mollusca, cnidaria, hemichordata and echinodermata. however, dsc1 orthologs were not found in four arachnid species ...201222321571
development and characterization of japonica rice lines carrying the brown planthopper-resistance genes bph12 and bph6.the brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens stål; bph) has become a severe constraint on rice production. identification and pyramiding bph-resistance genes is an economical and effective solution to increase the resistance level of rice varieties. all the bph-resistance genes identified to date have been from indica rice or wild species. the bph12 gene in the indica rice accession b14 is derived from the wild species oryza latifolia. using an f(2) population from a cross between the indica cultiv ...201222038433
effects of temperature on mate location in the planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (homoptera: delphacidae).the planthopper, nilaparvata lugens stål (homoptera: delphacidae), uses acoustic signals generated by abdominal vibration and transmitted through rice (oryza sativa l.) plants to locate mates. the influence of temperature (20, 28, and 32°c) on abdominal vibration patterns of individual females and males, proportion of mated females, and responsivity of male to female vibrational signals was investigated. when female and male adults were observed individually, temperatures of 20 and 32°c inhibite ...201223068181
identification of quantitative trait loci associated with small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus fallén) resistance in rice (oryza sativa l.).f(2) and bc(1) populations derived from the cross between 02428 / rathu heenati were used to investigate small brown planthopper (sbph) resistance. using the f(2) population, three qtls for antixenosis against sbph were located on chromosomes 2, 5 and 6, and accounted for 30.75% of the phenotypic variance; three qtls for antibiosis against sbph were detected on chromosomes 8, 9 and 12. qsbph5-c explaining 7.21% of phenotypic variance for antibiosis was identified on chromosome 5 using the bc(1) ...201222458437
mapping and pyramiding of two major genes for resistance to the brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens [stål]) in the rice cultivar adr52.the brown planthopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens (stål), is one of the most serious and destructive pests of rice, and can be found throughout the rice-growing areas of asia. to date, more than 24 major bph-resistance genes have been reported in several oryza sativa ssp. indica cultivars and wild relatives. here, we report the genetic basis of the high level of bph resistance derived from an indian rice cultivar, adr52, which was previously identified as resistant to the whitebacked planthopper ( ...201222048639
diversity of planthoppers associated with the winter rice agroecosystems in southern yunnan, china.a field survey of the overwintering planthoppers (hemiptera: delphacidae) associated with the rice agroecosystems in southern yunnan was carried out during january-february in 2010 and 2011. 22 species of planthoppers were collected and identified, with one species representing the subfamily stenocraninae and the other 21 species in delphacinae. nycheuma cognatum (muir), peregrinus maidis (ashmead), and pseudosogata vatrenus (fennah) were new provincial records for yunnan. the pest species, soga ...201222958347
competitive antagonism of insect gaba receptors by iminopyridazine derivatives of gaba.a series of 4-(6-imino-3-aryl/heteroarylpyridazin-1-yl)butanoic acids were synthesized and examined for antagonism of gaba receptors from three insect species. when tested against small brown planthopper gaba receptors, the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl and the 2-naphthyl analogues showed complete inhibition of gaba-induced fluorescence changes at 100 μm in assays using a membrane potential probe. against common cutworm gaba receptors, these analogues displayed approximately 86% and complete inhibiti ...201222925448
morphology, distribution, and abundance of antennal sensilla of male and female macropterous and brachypterous small brown planthopper, laodelphax striatellus (fallén) (hemiptera: delphacidae).the antennal sensilla of both genders of macropterous and brachypterous adults of the small brown planthopper, laodelphax striatellus (fallén) (hemiptera: delphacidae) were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. scanning electron microscopy revealed seven types of antennal sensilla in adult l. striatellus which were not evenly distributed on all antennal segments. sensilla chaetica, a sensillum campaniformium and a böhm bristle were found on the scape. sensilla chaetica, sensilla ...201222767352
development and characterization of nine polymorphic microsatellites for the small brown planthopper laodelphax striatellus (hemiptera: delphacidae).nine microsatellite loci were isolated from the genome of laodelphax striatellus (homoptera: delphacidae) by constructing (tc)(6)(ac)(5) and (ag)(6)(ac)(5) compound ssr-enriched libraries using suppression-pcr procedures. these loci were found to be highly polymorphic, with 13 to 30 alleles per locus in the three populations that we investigated (jiangsu, shandong and zhejiang). the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.255 to 0.833 and 0.392 to 0.929, respectively. these microsat ...201222653602
ecdysone receptor controls wing morphogenesis and melanization during rice planthopper metamorphosis.in this study, we cloned full-length ecr cdnas from the small brown planthopper laodelphgax striatellus, the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens and the white back planthopper sogatella furciferas. this is the first reporting of ecrs from either l. striatellus or s. furciferas. the deduced amino acid sequences of the ecrs show high levels of similarity to each other. the highest transcriptional level of the ecr gene was detected in the mid-fifth instar nymphs of n. lugens. silencing of ecr expr ...201222326762
synthesis, insecticidal activity, crystal structure, and molecular docking studies of nitenpyram analogues with an ω-hydroxyalkyl ester arm anchored on the tetrahydropyrimidine ring.on the basis of the research of the proposed modes of action between neonicotinoids and insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr), a new series of nitenpyram analogues with an ω-hydroxyalkyl ester arm anchored on the tetrahydropyrimidine ring was designed and synthesized to further enhance the strength of the hydrogen-bonding action they display in binding with the nachr. the structures of the target compounds were characterized by (1)h nmr, ir, and elemental analysis, and the cis configur ...201222950659
effects of elevated co₂ on the nutrient compositions and enzymes activities of nilaparvata lugens nymphs fed on rice plants.elevated co(2) may reduce the tolerance of nilaparvata lugen (n. lugens) to adverse environmental factors through the biological and physiological degeneration of n. lugens. in an artificial climate box, under 375 and 750 μl l(-1) co(2) levels, the rice stems nutrient content, the nutrient content and enzyme activities of n. lugens nymph fed on rice seedlings exposed to ambient and elevated co(2) were studied. the results showed that rice stems had significantly higher protein and total amino ac ...201223108869
heat stress impedes development and lowers fecundity of the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens (stål).this study investigated the effects of sub-lethal high temperatures on the development and reproduction of the brown plant hopper nilaparvata lugens (stål). when first instar nymphs were exposed at their ult(50) (41.8°c) mean development time to adult was increased in both males and females, from 15.2±0.3 and 18.2±0.3 days respectively in the control to 18.7±0.2 and 19±0.2 days in the treated insects. these differences in development arising from heat stress experienced in the first instar nymph ...201223071803
isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens stål).brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens stål) (homoptera: delphacidae) is an economically important pest on rice. in this study, 30 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed from n. lugens genomic libraries using the method of fast isolation by aflp of sequence containing repeats (fiasco). polymorphism of each locus was detected in 48 individuals from two natural populations. these microsatellite loci revealed 2 to 18 alleles, and the expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.04 ...201222949813
a novel member of the trehalose transporter family functions as an h(+)-dependent trehalose transporter in the reabsorption of trehalose in malpighian tubules.in insects, malpighian tubules are functionally analogous to mammalian kidneys in that they not only are essential to excrete waste molecules into the lumen but also are responsible for the reabsorption of indispensable molecules, such as sugars, from the lumen to the principal cells. among sugars, the disaccharide trehalose is highly important to insects because it is the main hemolymph sugar to serve as a source of energy and carbon. the trehalose transporter tret1 participates in the transfer ...201222934042
specific herbivore-induced volatiles defend plants and determine insect community composition in the field.in response to insect attack, plants release complex blends of volatile compounds. these volatiles serve as foraging cues for herbivores, predators and parasitoids, leading to plant-mediated interactions within and between trophic levels. hence, plant volatiles may be important determinants of insect community composition. to test this, we created rice lines that are impaired in the emission of two major signals, s-linalool and (e)-β-caryophyllene. we found that inducible s-linalool attracted pr ...201222804824
genetic dissection of sympatric populations of brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (stål), using dalp-pcr molecular markers.direct amplified length polymorphism (dalp) combines the advantages of a high-resolution fingerprint method and also characterizing the genetic polymorphisms. this molecular method was also found to be useful in brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens species complex for the analysis of genetic polymorphisms. a total of 11 populations of nilaparvata spp. were collected from 6 locations from malaysia. two sympatric populations of brown planthopper, n. lugens, one from rice and the other from a weed ...201222593700
 the chemical pesticide, imidacloprid (imi) has long-lasting effectiveness against hemiptera. imi is commonly used to control the brown planthopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens stål (hemiptera: delphacidae). some chemical pesticides, however, can induce the susceptibility of rice to bph, which has indirectly led to the resurgence of bph. the mechanism of the chemical induction of the susceptibility of rice to bph was not previously understood. here, a 44 k agilent rice expression microarray was used ...201222544984
de novo intestine-specific transcriptome of the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens revealed potential functions in digestion, detoxification and immune response.the brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens, bph) is the most serious rice plant pests in asia. in this study, we performed transcriptome-wide analysis on bph intestine. we obtained more than 26 million sequencing reads that were then assembled into 53,553 unigenes with a mean size of 388 bp. based on similarity search with the nucleotide sequences available at ncbi, bph intestine-specific transcriptome analysis identified 21,405 sequences. assembled sequences were annotated with gene description, ...201222361737
food assimilated by two sympatric populations of the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens (delphacidae) feeding on different host plants contaminates insect dna detected by rapd-pcr analysis.contamination of insect dna for rapd-pcr analysis can be a problem because many primers are non-specific and dna from parasites or gut contents may be simultaneously extracted along with that of the insect. we measured the quantity of food ingested and assimilated by two sympatric populations of brown planthopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens, one from rice and the other from leersia hexandra (poaceae), a wetland forage grass, and we also investigated whether host plant dna contaminates that of herb ...201222290463
can tropical insects stand the heat? a case study with the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens (stål).the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens (stål) is the most serious pest of rice across the world, especially in tropical climates. n. lugens nymphs and adults were exposed to high temperatures to determine their critical thermal maximum (ct(max)), heat coma temperature (hct) and upper lethal temperature (ult). thermal tolerance values differed between developmental stages: nymphs were consistently less heat tolerant than adults. the mean (± se) ct(max) of nymphs and adult females and males were ...201222253720
antifeedant and insecticidal effects of mandelic acid on the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens stål.to study the effects of mandelic acid (ma) on the brown planthopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens, the survival rate and behaviour of bph fed on an artificial diet with different dosages of ma was observed. the survival rate of bph decreased with the increase of the ma concentration and feeding time. in contrast to the control, the survival rate of bph 72 h after feeding decreased significantly. electrical penetration graph (epg) data indicated that ma absorbed by the rice plant from kimura b soluti ...201222191216
bt rice expressing cry1ab does not stimulate an outbreak of its non-target herbivore, nilaparvata lugens.in this study, the non-target effects of bt rice "kmd2" expressing a cry1ab protein on the performance of the brown planthopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens, over multiple generations were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. in the laboratory, bph was reared to observe the impact of the bt rice as compared to its parental non-bt cultivar xiushui 11, while the population dynamics and oviposition performance of bph were investigated in the field. the survival of bph nymphs fed bt and non ...201221688166
microarray analysis of broad-spectrum resistance derived from an indica cultivar rathu heenati.rathu heenati (rht) is a sri lankan rice cultivar that carries a brown planthopper (bph) resistance gene, bph3, and shows broad-spectrum resistance to all four biotypes of bph. the bph-resistance loci in rht has been studied extensively and assigned to four different rice chromosomes (3, 4, 6, and 10) by different research groups, but the gene has not been cloned previously. an affymetrix rice genome array containing 48,564 japonica and 1,260 indica sequences was used to analyze the potential re ...201222083132
development and use of est-ssr markers for assessing genetic diversity in the brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens stål).to assess genetic diversity in populations of the brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens stål) (homoptera: delphacidae), we have developed and applied microsatellite, or simple sequence repeat (ssr), markers from expressed sequence tags (ests). we found that the brown planthopper clusters of ests were rich in ssrs with unique frequencies and distributions of ssr motifs. three hundred and fifty-one est-ssr markers were developed and yielded clear bands from samples of four brown planthopper popula ...201221896240
overexpression of a cytochrome p450 monooxygenase, cyp6er1, is associated with resistance to imidacloprid in the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens.the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens, is an economically significant pest of rice throughout asia and has evolved resistance to many insecticides including the neonicotinoid imidacloprid. the resistance of field populations of n. lugens to imidacloprid has been attributed to enhanced detoxification by cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (p450s), although, to date, the causative p450(s) has (have) not been identified. in the present study, biochemical assays using the model substrate 7-ethoxycoum ...201121929695
rice planting systems, global warming and outbreaks of nilaparvata lugens (stål).brown planthopper (bph, nilaparvata lugens (stål)) is one of the most serious pests of rice in both temperate and tropical regions of east and south asia and has become especially problematic over the past few years. in order to analyze the effect of the change of rice cropping system on the population dynamics of bph, field surveys of the occurrence and distribution of bph were performed and other relevant data, including light trap data and ovary dissection data were collected in nearly 40 chi ...201120961467
the effects of triazophos on the trehalose content, trehalase activity and their gene expression in the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens (stål) (hemiptera: delphacidae).a previous study demonstrated that the flight capacity of nilaparvata lugens adults treated with triazophos was enhanced significantly. however, the physiological and regulative mechanisms of the flight enhancement are not well understood. trehalose is a primary blood sugar in insects, and the enzyme trehalase is involved in energy metabolism. the present study investigated the effects of triazophos on the trehalose content, trehalase activity (soluble trehalase and membrane-bound trehalase) and ...201121760647
characterization of soluble and membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase in nilaparvata lugens and their potential relation to development and insecticide resistance.two forms (soluble and membrane-bound) of alkaline phosphatases (alps) were found in the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens. in order to further study alps in n. lugens, two putative alp genes (nl-alp1 and nl-alp2) were identified in this pest. both nl-alp1 and nl-alp2 show approximately the same degree of sequence identity (40-50%) to other insect soluble and membrane-bound forms of alp. correlation of alp activity and mrna levels at different developmental stages, or following application o ...201121769927
brown planthopper (n. lugens stal) feeding behaviour on rice germplasm as an indicator of resistance.the brown planthopper (bph) nilaparvata lugens (stal) is a serious pest of rice in asia. development of novel control strategies can be facilitated by comparison of bph feeding behaviour on varieties exhibiting natural genetic variation, and then elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of resistance.201121779386
proteomic analysis of insecticide triazophos-induced mating-responsive proteins of nilaparvata lugens stål (hemiptera: delphacidae).the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (stål) (hemiptera: delphacidae), is a classic example of a resurgent pest induced by insecticides. it has been demonstrated that triazophos treatment causes an increase in the content of male accessory gland proteins (acps) that can be transferred to females via mating, influencing female reproduction. however, the mechanism of this type of insecticide-induced acps in males and the subsequent stimulation of reproduction in females are not well understood ...201121800909
differential resistance and cross-resistance to three phenylpyrazole insecticides in the planthopper nilaparvata lugens (hemiptera: delphacidae).cross-resistance to two fipronil analogs, butene-fipronil and ethiprole, was detected in fipronil-resistant field populations and a resistant laboratory strain of the planthopper nilaparvata lugens (stål) (hemiptera: delphacidae), although the two analogs have not been used widely in rice-growing areas in china. the results showed that six field populations with 23.8-43.3-fold resistance to fipronil had reached a higher level of cross-resistance to ethiprole (resistance ratio [rr] = 47.1-100.9-f ...201121882705
biological effects of rice harbouring bph14 and bph15 on brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens.brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens stål; bph) resistance genes bph14 and bph15 have been introgressed singly or pyramided into rice variety minghui 63 (mh63). the antibiosis and antixenosis effects of these rice lines on bph and the expression of five p450 genes of bph regulated by these rice lines were investigated in this study.201121254325
electrical penetration graph evidence that pymetrozine toxicity to the rice brown planthopper is by inhibition of phloem feeding.pymetrozine is a valuable novel insecticide for control of sucking insects, including the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens (stål), one of the most serious pests on rice. this study was conducted to elucidate the action mechanisms of pymetrozine on the feeding behaviour of the planthopper.201121254329
rna interference in nilaparvata lugens (homoptera: delphacidae) based on dsrna ingestion.an efficient and convenient rna interference (rnai) technique involving double-stranded rna (dsrna) ingestion is useful for gene function studies of non-model insects.201121370391
cross-resistance of bisultap resistant strain of nilaparvata lugens and its biochemical mechanism.the resistant (r) strain of the planthopper nilaparvata lugens (stål) selected for bisultap resistance displayed 7.7-fold resistance to bisultap and also had cross-resistance to nereistoxin (monosultap, thiocyclam, and cartap), chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, and malathion but no cross-resistance to buprofezin, imidacloprid, and fipronil. to find out the biochemical mechanism of resistance to bisultap, biochemical assay was done. the results showed that cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (p450) activity i ...201121404864
effect of fipronil on brain and muscle ultrastructure of nilaparvata lugens (stål) (homoptera: delphacidae).the ultrastructure of nilaparvata lugens brain cells was damaged by treatment at different fipronil concentrations. the cell showed swollen mitochondria and vacuolization, but no mitochondrial cristae. rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer) fragmentation and degranulation were seen. the dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum cisterns was very prominent, and the predominant lamellar rers were arranged chaotically. the golgi apparatus demonstrated obvious changes in configuration, as dilated with closed c ...201121497400
life table and population parameters of nilaparvata lugens stal. (homoptera: delphacidae) on rice.survival and fertility characteristics of the brown planthopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens were assessed in the laboratory and field. life tables and population parameters of the bph were constructed in an environment with unlimited food supply and that was free of natural enemies. the highest mortality occurred in the immature stage, especially in the first and second instars. the life table analysis showed that the population density of bph decreased gradually. the survival ratio of male to fem ...201124575207
two novel cytochrome p450 genes cyp6cs1 and cyp6cw1 from nilaparvata lugens (hemiptera: delphacidae): cdna cloning and induction by host resistant rice.two novel full-length p450 cdnas, cyp6cs1 and cyp6cw1, were cloned from the fourth instar nymphs of brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens stål (hemiptera: delphacidae) reared on its susceptible rice variety taichung native 1 (tn1) plants. the deduced proteins are typical microsomal p450s sharing conserved structural and functional domains with other insect cyp6 members. temporal expression analysis by northern blot hybridization indicated pre-exposure to n. lugens moderately resistant rice minghu ...201120609275
mining and characterization of sequence tagged microsatellites from the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens.the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (stål) (hemiptera: delphacidae), is an important pest of rice. to better understand the migration pattern and population structure of the chinese populations of n. lugens, we developed and characterized 12 polymorphic microsatellites from the expressed sequence tags database of n. lugens. the occurrence of these simple sequence repeats was assessed in three populations collected from three provinces of china. the number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 ...201122243416
influence of pymetrozine on feeding behaviors of three rice planthoppers and a rice leafhopper using electrical penetration graphs.pymetrozine reportedly inhibits feeding of plant sap-sucking insects, such as aphids and brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens (stål)). by using electrical penetration graph (epg), this study was conducted to investigate any differential effect of pymetrozine on the feeding behaviors of four major rice sap-sucking insect species, 1) n. lugens, 2) white-backed planthopper (sogatella furcifera (horváth)), 3) small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus (fallen)), and 4) green rice leafhopper (n ...201122299348
knockdown of midgut genes by dsrna-transgenic plant-mediated rna interference in the hemipteran insect nilaparvata lugens.rna interference (rnai) is a powerful technique for functional genomics research in insects. transgenic plants producing double-stranded rna (dsrna) directed against insect genes have been reported for lepidopteran and coleopteran insects, showing potential for field-level control of insect pests, but this has not been reported for other insect orders.201121655219
nitric oxide production is associated with response to brown planthopper infestation in rice.nilaparvata lugens stål, the brown planthopper (bph), is one of the most destructive phloem-feeding insects of rice (oryza sativa l.) throughout asia. here, we show that bph feeding increases the level of endogenous nitric oxide (no) in the leaf and sheath tissue of both resistant and susceptible rice cultivars. however, in the roots, the no level increased in the resistant cultivar, but decreased in the susceptible one. a burst of no production occurred in the sheath within 1 h of infestation w ...201121411180
an ear-motif-containing erf transcription factor affects herbivore-induced signaling, defense and resistance in rice.ethylene responsive factors (erfs) are a large family of plant-specific transcription factors that are involved in the regulation of plant development and stress responses. however, little to nothing is known about their role in herbivore-induced defense. we discovered a nucleus-localized erf gene in rice (oryza sativa), oserf3, that was rapidly up-regulated in response to feeding by the rice striped stem borer (ssb) chilo suppressalis. antisense and over-expression of oserf3 revealed that it po ...201121831212
pyramided rice lines harbouring allium sativum (asal) and galanthus nivalis (gna) lectin genes impart enhanced resistance against major sap-sucking pests.we have developed transgene pyramided rice lines, endowed with enhanced resistance to major sap-sucking insects, through sexual crosses made between two stable transgenic rice lines containing allium sativum (asal) and galanthus nivalis (gna) lectin genes. presence and expression of asal and gna genes in pyramided lines were confirmed by pcr and western blot analyses. segregation analysis of f₂ progenies disclosed digenic (9:3:3:1) inheritance of the transgenes. homozygous f₃ plants carrying asa ...201121295625
pyrosequencing the midgut transcriptome of the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens.the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens, is a serious pest threatening rice production across the world. to identify the main features of the gene expression and the key components of the midgut of n. lugens responsible for nutrition, xenobiotic metabolism and the immune response, we used pyrosequencing to sample the transcriptome. more than 190,000 clean sequences were generated, which led to about 30,000 unique sequences. sequence analysis indicated that genes with abundant transcripts in th ...201121919985
biological characterization of sulfoxaflor, a novel insecticide.the commercialization of new insecticides is important for ensuring that multiple effective product choices are available. in particular, new insecticides that exhibit high potency and lack insecticidal cross-resistance are particularly useful in insecticide resistance management (irm) programs. sulfoxaflor possesses these characteristics and is the first compound under development from the novel sulfoxamine class of insecticides.201121308958
the chloroplast-localized phospholipases d α4 and α5 regulate herbivore-induced direct and indirect defenses in rice.the oxylipin pathway is of central importance for plant defensive responses. yet, the first step of the pathway, the liberation of linolenic acid following induction, is poorly understood. phospholipases d (plds) have been hypothesized to mediate this process, but data from arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) regarding the role of plds in plant resistance have remained controversial. here, we cloned two chloroplast-localized pld genes from rice (oryza sativa), ospldα4 and ospldα5, both of which w ...201121984727
fork head transcription factor is required for ovarian mature in the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (stål).the brown planthopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens, is the most devastating rice pest in many areas throughout asia. the reproductive system of female n. lugens consists of a pair of ovaries with 24-33 ovarioles per ovary in most individuals which determine its fecundity. the fork head (fox) is a transcriptional regulatory molecule, which regulates and controls many physiological processes in eukaryotes. the fox family has several subclasses and members, and several fox factors have been reported t ...201122208615
distinct expression profiles and different functions of odorant binding proteins in nilaparvata lugens stål.odorant binding proteins (obps) play important roles in insect olfaction. the brown planthopper (bph), nilaparvata lugens stål (delphacidae, auchenorrhyncha, hemiptera) is one of the most important rice pests. its monophagy (only feeding on rice), wing form (long and short wing) variation, and annual long distance migration (seeking for rice plants of high nutrition) imply that the olfaction would play a central role in bph behavior. however, the olfaction related proteins have not been characte ...201122174925
Identification of yeast associated with the planthopper, Perkinsiella saccharicida: potential applications for Fiji leaf gall control.Yeasts associate with numerous insects, and they can assist the metabolic processes within their hosts. Two distinct yeasts were identified by PCR within the planthopper Perkinsiella saccharicida, the vector of Fiji disease virus to sugarcane. The utility of both microbes for potential paratransgenic approaches to control Fiji leaf gall (FLG) was assessed. Phylogenetic analysis showed one of the microbes is related to yeast-like symbionts from the planthoppers: Laodelphax striatellus, Nilaparvat ...201121850475
suppression of ns3 and mp is important for the stable inheritance of rnai-mediated rice stripe virus (rsv) resistance obtained by targeting the fully complementary rsv-cp gene.rice stripe virus (rsv) is a viral disease that seriously impacts rice production in east asia, most notably in korea, china, and japan. highly rsv-resistant transgenic japonica rice plants were generated using a dsrnai construct designed to silence the entire sequence region of the rsv-cp gene. transgenic rice plants were inoculated with a population of viruliferous insects, small brown planthoppers (sbph), and their resistance was evaluated using elisa and an infection rate assay. a correlatio ...201122134721
design, synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel pyrazole amides containing hydrazone substructures.background: pyrazole and hydrazone derivatives possess good insecticidal activities; their substructural units are widely used in pesticide design. in an effort to discover new molecules with good insecticidal activities, a series of pyrazole amide derivatives containing hydrazone substructures were synthesised and bioassayed. results: bioassays demonstrated that some of the title compounds exhibited notable control of plutella xylostella (linnaeus), helicoverpa armigera (hübner), culex pipiens ...201122190278
five proteins of laodelphax striatellus are potentially involved in the interactions between rice stripe virus and vector.rice stripe virus (rsv) is the type member of the genus tenuivirus, which relies on the small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus fallén) for its transmission in a persistent, circulative-propagative manner. to be transmitted, virus must cross the midgut and salivary glands epithelial barriers in a transcytosis mechanism where vector receptors interact with virions, and as propagative virus, rsv need utilize host components to complete viral propagation in vector cells. at present, these m ...201122028913
analysis of expressed sequence tags from maize mosaic rhabdovirus-infected gut tissues of peregrinus maidis reveals the presence of key components of insect innate immunity.the corn planthopper, peregrinus maidis, causes direct feeding damage to plants and transmits maize mosaic rhabdovirus (mmv) in a persistent-propagative manner. mmv must cross several insect tissue layers for successful transmission to occur, and the gut serves as an important barrier for rhabdovirus transmission. in order to facilitate the identification of proteins that may interact with mmv either by facilitating acquisition or responding to virus infection, we generated and analysed the gut ...201121199018
expression of defense genes and activities of antioxidant enzymes in rice resistance to rice stripe virus and small brown planthopper.the rice variety tai06-1 is resistant to rice stripe disease and xiushui63 is a highly susceptible rice variety to this disease. these two varieties were used to analyze the expression patterns of defense genes and antioxidant defense responses at the seedling stage, upon feeding with viruliferous small brown planthopper (sbph) and nonviruliferous sbph, respectively. the expression levels of cp (coat protein) gene of rice stripe virus (rsv) were higher upon feeding with viruliferous sbph in xius ...201121300551
the bphi008a gene interacts with the ethylene pathway and transcriptionally regulates mapk genes in the response of rice to brown planthopper feeding.we examined ways in which the brown planthopper induced008a (bphi008a; ay256682) gene of rice (oryza sativa) enhances the plant's resistance to a specialist herbivore, the brown planthopper (bph; nilaparvata lugens). measurement of the expression levels of ethylene synthases and of ethylene emissions showed that bph feeding rapidly initiated the ethylene signaling pathway and up-regulated bphi008a transcript levels after 6 to 96 h of feeding. in contrast, blocking ethylene transduction (using 1- ...201121487048
the mode of action of a nitroconjugated neonicotinoid and the effects of target site mutation y151s on its potency.neonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid, are selective agonists of the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) with -no(2) or -cn group in trans-configuration. previously we reported the excellent insecticidal activity of a series of nitroconjugated neonicotinoids with -no(2) or -cn group in cis-configuration by replacing nitromethylene pharmacophore with a nitroconjugated system. to understand the action mode of these nitroconjugated neonicotinoids, a representative member ip ...201121549193
wolbachia screening in spiders and assessment of horizontal transmission between predator and prey.recent studies have revealed that the prevalence of wolbachia in arthropods is attributable not only to its vertical transmission, but also to its horizontal transfer. in order to assess the horizontal transmission of wolbachia between predator and prey, arthropods belonging to 11 spider families and six insect families were collected in the same field of rice. the distribution of wolbachia in these arthropods was detected by diagnostic pcr amplification of the wsp (wolbachia outer surface prote ...201121584395
genetic dissection of the resistance to rice stripe virus present in the indica rice cultivar 'ir24'rice stripe disease, caused by rice stripe virus (rsv) and transmitted by the small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus fallen), is one of the most serious viral diseases of rice in temperate east asian production regions. prior quantitative trait loci (qtl) mapping has established that oryza sativa l. subsp. indica 'ir24' carries positive alleles at the three loci qstv3, qstv7, and qstv11-i. here, we report an advanced backcross analysis based on three selected chromosome segment substitu ...201121793697
planthopper "adaptation" to resistant rice varieties: changes in amino acid composition over time.the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens, shows considerable geographic and temporal variability in its response to varieties of cultivated rice. n. lugens has repeatedly "adapted" to resistant rice varieties; however, the physiological changes underlying planthopper adaptation are poorly understood. endosymbionts within planthoppers, such as yeast-like endosymbionts (yls) could play a role as they produce essential amino acids for planthoppers. we used a full factorial study to determine how n ...201121782824
multi-generation effects of bt rice on anagrus nilaparvatae, a parasitoid of the nontarget pest nilapavarta lugens.little is known about the potential cumulative long-term effects of transgenic crops on nontarget organisms. in the present laboratory study, the potential cumulative effects of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) rice on parasitoids in successive generations were observed for an egg parasitoid, anagrus nilaparvatae parasitizing eggs of nilaparvata lugens (stål) (hemiptera: delphacidae) feeding on bt rice. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test confirmed that cry1ab insecticidal protein coul ...201022182572
bacterial symbionts of the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (homoptera: delphacidae).the brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens stål), the most destructive pest of rice, has been identified, including biotypes with high virulence towards previously resistant rice varieties. there have also been many reports of a yeast-like symbiont of n. lugens, but little is known about the bacterial microbes. in this study, we examined the bacterial microbes in n. lugens and identified a total of 18 operational taxonomic units (otus) representing four phyla (proteobacteria, firmicutes, actinoba ...201020097822
biotransformation of thianicotinyl neonicotinoid insecticides: diverse molecular substituents response to metabolism by bacterium stenotrophomonas maltophilia cgmcc 1.1788.the carbon atom that neighbors the tertiary amine attached to the 6-chloro-3-pyridinylmethyl moiety is the key active site in the hydroxylation of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and thiacloprid as well as in the demethylation of acetamiprid by stenotrophomonas maltophilia cgmcc 1.1788. in this study, thianicotinyl neonicotinoid insecticides having diverse molecular substituents were biotransformed by s. maltophilia cgmcc 1.1788. the results indicated that the substitution of 6-chloropyridyl in ...201020149644
cdna cloning, heterogeneous expression and biochemical characterization of a novel trypsin-like protease from nilaparvata lugens.a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) strategy was used to clone diverse trypsin-like protease gene transcripts from midguts of the brown planthopper nilaparvata lugens stål (homoptera: delphacidae). six individual trypsin-like protease transcripts were identified. on the basis of one nucleotide sequence of the six clones, a full-length cdna sequence (1902 bp) was obtained by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). the cdna contained an 1128-bp open reading frame encoding a ...201020355330
insecticidal activity of camptothecin against nilaparvata lugens, brevicoryne brassicae, and chilo suppressalis.greenhouse tests showed that 0.2% camptothecin emulsifiable concentrate (ec) has strong contact toxicity to three agricultural pests, with lc50 and lc90 values of 0.1-0.6 and 0.4-5.0 mg liter(-1), respectively. the descending order of susceptibility was nilaparvata lugens (ståhl) > brevicoryne brassicae (l.) > chilo suppressalis (walker). field tests showed that the corrected mortality of b. brassicae and n. lugens was 94.6 and 69.1%, respectively, which was not significantly different from that ...201020429466
massively parallel pyrosequencing-based transcriptome analyses of small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus), a vector insect transmitting rice stripe virus (rsv).the small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus) is an important agricultural pest that not only damages rice plants by sap-sucking, but also acts as a vector that transmits rice stripe virus (rsv), which can cause even more serious yield loss. despite being a model organism for studying entomology, population biology, plant protection, molecular interactions among plants, viruses and insects, only a few genomic sequences are available for this species. to investigate its transcriptome and d ...201020462456
in vivo passages of heterologous beauveria bassiana isolates improve conidial surface properties and pathogenicity to nilaparvata lugens (homoptera: delphacidae).in entomopathogenic hyphomycetes, desired candidates against the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (a sap-sucking rice pest in asia), are lacking. in this study, 21 beauveria bassiana isolates from heterologous host insects showed low pathogenicity to third-instar nymphs sprayed at the high concentration of ∼ 1000 conidia/mm(2), causing only 2-23% mortalities. of those, three isolates killed significantly more nymphs (up to 45-62%) after two in vivo passages but no more after further passage ...201020932842
evaluation of alternative rice planthopper control by the combined action of oil-formulated metarhizium anisopliae and low-rate buprofezin.high resistance of brown planthopper (bph) nilaparvata lugens stål to common insecticides is a challenge for control of the pest. an alternative control strategy based on the combined application of fungal and chemical agents has been evaluated.201020949549
life-table analysis of the performance of nilaparvata lugens (hemiptera: delphacidae) on two wild rice species.life tables of the planthopper nilaparvata lugens (stål) (hemiptera: delphacidae) on two wild rice species, oryza officinalis wall, ex watt. and oryza rufipogon griff., and on 'taichung native 1' (o. sativa indica tn1) were studied at 27 degrees c in the laboratory. the raw data were analyzed based on the age-stage, two-sex life table to take both sexes and the variable developmental rate among individuals and between sexes into consideration. the intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate ...201021061962
identification of two species of yeast-like symbiotes in the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens.to determine the species of the yeast-like symbionts (yls) in the brown planthoppers (bph), nilaparvata lugens, yls were first isolated and purified by ultracentrifugation from the fat bodies of bph, and then 18s rdna and internal transcribed spacer (its)-5.8s rdna sequences of yls were amplified with the different general primers for fungi. the results showed that the two different 18s and its-5.8s rdna sequences of yls were obtained. one 2291-bp dna sequence, which contained 18s and its-5.8s r ...201021153730
population dynamics of noncytoplasmic incompatibility-inducing wolbachia in nilaparvata lugens and its effects on host adult life span and female fitness.wolbachia are bacteria that live intracellularly in a wide variety of arthropods. they are maternally inherited and can affect both reproduction and fitness of its host. when infected males mate with uninfected females or females infected by a different wolbachia strain, there is often a failure of karyogamy, which is usually attributed to cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci). we measured the strength of ci induced by wolbachia and the fitness effects in three chinese populations of the brown plant ...201022182545
pharmacological characterization of cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoids in relation to imidacloprid binding sites in the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens.neonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid, are selective agonists of the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) and extensively used in areas of crop protection and animal health to control a variety of insect pest species. here we describe that two cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoids (ippa152002 and ippa152004), recently synthesized in our laboratory, discriminated between the high and low affinity imidacloprid binding sites in the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens, a major ...201019849723
role of hydroperoxide lyase in white-backed planthopper (sogatella furcifera horváth)-induced resistance to bacterial blight in rice, oryza sativa l.a pre-infestation of the white-backed planthopper (wbph), sogatella furcifera horváth, conferred resistance to bacterial blight caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) in rice (oryza sativa l.) under both laboratory and field conditions. the infestation of another planthopper species, the brown planthopper (bph) nilaparvata lugens stål, did not significantly reduce the incidence of bacterial blight symptoms. a large-scale screening using a rice dna microarray and quantitative rt-pcr reveal ...201019891707
interpopulation crosses, inheritance study, and genetic variability in the brown planthopper complex, nilaparvata lugens (homoptera: delphacidae).studies on hybridization, inheritance, and population genetics of brown planthoppers that infest rice and weeds were undertaken using starch gel electrophoresis to determine whether the weed-infesting population represents a biological race or a species. f(1) and f(2) generations were produced by crosses between parental insects from the two populations with little indication of hybrid sterility. gpi, mdh, and idh loci were inherited in a simple mendelian fashion in families of two sympatric pop ...201019967400
divalent and oxabridged neonicotinoids constructed by dialdehydes and nitromethylene analogues of imidacloprid: design, synthesis, crystal structure, and insecticidal activities.a series of divalent and oxabridged neonicotinoids were synthesized by reactions of nitromethylene analogues of imidacloprid and dialdehydes, and their structures were confirmed by (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, high-resolution mass spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis. the bioassays indicated that some of them were endowed with excellent insecticidal activities against cowpea aphid ( aphis craccivora ), armyworm ( pseudaletia separata walker), and brown planthopper ( nilaparvata lugens ). divalen ...201020000569
novel bifunctional nucleases, ombbd and atbbd1, are involved in abscisic acid-mediated callose deposition in arabidopsis.screening of the expressed sequence tag library of the wild rice species oryza minuta revealed an unknown gene that was rapidly and strongly induced in response to attack by a rice fungal pathogen (magnaporthe oryzae) and an insect (nilaparvata lugens) and by wounding, abscisic acid (aba), and methyl jasmonate treatments. its recombinant protein was identified as a bifunctional nuclease with both rnase and dnase activities in vitro. this gene was designated ombbd (for o. minuta bifunctional nucl ...201020018603
selectable antibiotic resistance marker gene-free transgenic rice harbouring the garlic leaf lectin gene exhibits resistance to sap-sucking planthoppers.rice, the major food crop of world is severely affected by homopteran sucking pests. we introduced coding sequence of allium sativum leaf agglutinin, asal, in rice cultivar ir64 to develop sustainable resistance against sap-sucking planthoppers as well as eliminated the selectable antibiotic-resistant marker gene hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) exploiting cre/lox site-specific recombination system. an expression vector was constructed containing the coding sequence of asal, a potent controll ...201020094886
discrimination of rice panicles by hyperspectral reflectance data based on principal component analysis and support vector classification.detection of crop health conditions plays an important role in making control strategies of crop disease and insect damage and gaining high-quality production at late growth stages. in this study, hyperspectral reflectance of rice panicles was measured at the visible and near-infrared regions. the panicles were divided into three groups according to health conditions: healthy panicles, empty panicles caused by nilaparvata lugens stål, and panicles infected with ustilaginoidea virens. low order d ...201020043354
screening of ir50 x rathu heenati f7 rils and identification of ssr markers linked to brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens stål) resistance in rice (oryza sativa l.).brown planthopper (nilaparvata lugens stål) is one of the major insect pests of rice. a sri lankan indica rice cultivar rathu heenati was found to be resistant to all biotypes of the brown planthopper. in the present study, a total of 268 f(7) rils of ir50 and rathu heenati were phenotyped for their level of resistance against bph by the standard seedbox screening test (ssst) in the greenhouse. a total of 53 ssr primers mapped on the chromosome 3 were used to screen the polymorphism between the ...201020396978
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