Publications

activity of ocimum basilicum, ocimum canum, and cymbopogon citratus essential oils against plasmodium falciparum and mature-stage larvae of anopheles funestus s.s.	the biological activities of essential oils from three plants grown in cameroon: ocimum basilicum, ocimum canum, and cymbopogon citratus were tested against plasmodium falciparum and mature-stage larvae of anopheles funestus. gas chromatography and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analyses showed that the main compounds are geranial, 1,8-cineole and linalool in c. citratus, o. canum and o. basilicum, respectively. larvicidal tests carried out according to the protocol recommended by the wo ...	2014	24995776
cutprotfam-pred: detection and classification of putative structural cuticular proteins from sequence alone, based on profile hidden markov models.	the arthropod cuticle is a composite, bipartite system, made of chitin ﬁlaments embedded in a proteinaceous matrix. the physical properties of cuticle are determined by the structure and the interactions of its two major components, cuticular proteins (cps) and chitin. the proteinaceous matrix consists mainly of structural cuticular proteins. the majority of the structural proteins that have been described to date belong to the cpr family, and they are identified by the conserved r&r region (reb ...	2014	24978609
underpinning sustainable vector control through informed insecticide resistance management.	there has been rapid scale-up of malaria vector control in the last ten years. both of the primary control strategies, long-lasting pyrethroid treated nets and indoor residual spraying, rely on the use of a limited number of insecticides. insecticide resistance, as measured by bioassay, has rapidly increased in prevalence and has come to the forefront as an issue that needs to be addressed to maintain the sustainability of malaria control and the drive to elimination. zambia's programme reported ...	2014	24932861
ecological niche and potential distribution of anopheles arabiensis in africa in 2050.	the future distribution of malaria in africa is likely to be much more dependent on environmental conditions than the current distribution due to the effectiveness of indoor and therapeutic anti-malarial interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets (itns), indoor residual spraying for mosquitoes (irs), artemisinin-combination therapy (act), and intermittent presumptive treatment (ipt). future malaria epidemiology is therefore expected to be increasingly dominated by anopheles arabiensis, whic ...	2014	24888886
how the malaria vector anopheles gambiae adapts to the use of insecticide-treated nets by african populations.	insecticide treated bed nets have been recommended and proven efficient as a measure to protect african populations from malaria mosquito vector anopheles spp. this study evaluates the consequences of bed nets use on vectors resistance to insecticides, their feeding behavior and malaria transmission in dielmo village, senegal, were llins were offered to all villagers in july 2008.	2014	24892677
ex vivo anti-malarial drugs sensitivity profile of plasmodium falciparum field isolates from burkina faso five years after the national policy change.	the recent reports on the decreasing susceptibility of plasmodium falciparum to artemisinin derivatives along the thailand and myanmar border are worrying. indeed it may spread to india and then africa, repeating the same pattern observed for chloroquine resistance. therefore, it is essential to start monitoring p. falciparum sensitivity to artemisinin derivatives and its partner drugs in africa. efficacy of al and asaq were tested by carrying out an in vivo drug efficacy test, with an ex vivo s ...	2014	24885950
genetic polymorphism at an odorant receptor gene (or39) among mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae complex in senegal (west africa).	olfaction plays a significant role in insect behavior during critical steps of their life-cycle, such as host-seeking during foraging or the search for a mate. here, we explored genetic polymorphism within and divergence between sibling species of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae sensu lato in the gene sequence and encoded peptides of an odorant receptor, or39. this study included sympatric specimens of an. gambiae sensu stricto, an. coluzzii and an. arabiensis sampled together in ...	2014	24886539
molecular and functional characterization of anopheles gambiae inward rectifier potassium (kir1) channels: a novel role in egg production.	inward rectifier potassium (kir) channels play essential roles in regulating diverse physiological processes. although kir channels are encoded in mosquito genomes, their functions remain largely unknown. in this study, we identified the members of the anopheles gambiae kir gene family and began to investigate their function. notably, we sequenced the a. gambiae kir1 (agkir1) gene and showed that it encodes all the canonical features of a kir channel: an ion pore that is composed of a pore helix ...	2014	24855023
rnai-mediated knockdown of serine protease inhibitor genes increases the mortality of plutella xylostella challenged by destruxin a.	destruxin a is a mycotoxin that is secreted by entomopathogenic fungi which has a broad-spectrum insecticidal effect. previous transcript and protein profiling analysis showed that destruxin a has significant effects on the expression of serine protease inhibitor genes (serpin-2, 4, 5) in the larvae of plutella xylostella. in the current study, we aimed to understand the role of serpins under application of destruxin a. we obtained two full-length cdna sequences of p. xylostella serpins, named s ...	2014	24837592
community knowledge and acceptance of larviciding for malaria control in a rural district of east-central tanzania.	the use of microbial larvicides, a form of larval source management, is a less commonly used malaria control intervention that nonetheless has significant potential as a component of an integrated vector management strategy. we evaluated community acceptability of larviciding in a rural district in east-central tanzania using data from 962 household surveys, 12 focus group discussions, and 24 in-depth interviews. most survey respondents trusted in the safety (73.1%) and efficacy of larviciding, ...	2014	24830448
acceptance of illness and satisfaction with life among malaria patients in rivers state, nigeria.	health condition is one of the basic factors affecting satisfaction with life, and the level of illness acceptance. the purpose of the study was to analyse the level of illness acceptance, the level of satisfaction with life among malaria patients, and the level of trust placed in the physician and the nurse.	2014	24885562
insecticidal and repellent activities of pyrethroids to the three major pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in western kenya.	the dramatic success of insecticide treated nets (itns) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) in african countries has been countered by the rapid development of pyrethroid resistance in vector mosquitoes over the past decade. one advantage of the use of pyrethroids in itns is their excito-repellency. use of the excito-repellency of pyrethroids might be biorational, since such repellency will not induce or delay the development of any physiological resistance. however, little is known about ...	2014	24885499
effective autodissemination of pyriproxyfen to breeding sites by the exophilic malaria vector anopheles arabiensis in semi-field settings in tanzania.	malaria vector control strategies that target adult female mosquitoes are challenged by the emergence of insecticide resistance and behavioural resilience. conventional larviciding is restricted by high operational costs and inadequate knowledge of mosquito-breeding habitats in rural settings that might be overcome by the juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxyfen (ppf). this study assessed the potential for anopheles arabiensis to pick up and transfer lethal doses of ppf from contamination sites t ...	2014	24779515
molasses as a source of carbon dioxide for attracting the malaria mosquitoes anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus.	most odour baits for haematophagous arthropods contain carbon dioxide (co2). the co2 is sourced artificially from the fermentation of refined sugar (sucrose), dry ice, pressurized gas cylinders or propane. these sources of co2 are neither cost-effective nor sustainable for use in remote areas of sub-saharan africa. in this study, molasses was evaluated as a potential substrate for producing co2 used as bait for malaria mosquitoes.	2014	24767543
high burden of malaria following scale-up of control interventions in nchelenge district, luapula province, zambia.	malaria control interventions have been scaled-up in zambia in conjunction with a malaria surveillance system. although substantial progress has been achieved in reducing morbidity and mortality, national and local information demonstrated marked heterogeneity in the impact of malaria control across the country. this study reports the high burden of malaria in nchelenge district, luapula province, zambia from 2006 to 2012 after seven years of control measures.	2014	24755108
an environmental data set for vector-borne disease modeling and epidemiology.	understanding the environmental conditions of disease transmission is important in the study of vector-borne diseases. low- and middle-income countries bear a significant portion of the disease burden; but data about weather conditions in those countries can be sparse and difficult to reconstruct. here, we describe methods to assemble high-resolution gridded time series data sets of air temperature, relative humidity, land temperature, and rainfall for such areas; and we test these methods on th ...	2014	24755954
central projections of gustatory receptor neurons in the medial and the lateral sensilla styloconica of helicoverpa armigera larvae.	food selection behavior of lepidopteran larvae is predominantly governed by the activation of taste neurons present in two sensilla styloconica located on the galea of the maxilla. in this study, we present the ultrastructure of the sensilla styloconica and the central projection pattern of their associated receptor neurons in larvae of the heliothine moth, helicoverpa armigera. by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the previous findings of two morphologically fairly sim ...	2014	24740428
cuticular differences associated with aridity acclimation in african malaria vectors carrying alternative arrangements of inversion 2la.	principal malaria vectors in africa, an. gambiae and an. coluzzii, share an inversion polymorphism on the left arm of chromosome 2 (2la/2l+a) that is distributed non-randomly in the environment. genomic sequencing studies support the role of strong natural selection in maintaining steep clines in 2la inversion frequency along environmental gradients of aridity, and physiological studies have directly implicated 2la in heat and desiccation tolerance, but the precise genetic basis and the underlyi ...	2014	24721548
monitoring, characterization and control of chronic, symptomatic malaria infections in rural zambia through monthly household visits by paid community health workers.	active, population-wide mass screening and treatment (msat) for chronic plasmodium falciparum carriage to eliminate infectious reservoirs of malaria transmission have proven difficult to apply on large national scales through trained clinicians from central health authorities.	2014	24678631
estimating the annual entomological inoculation rate for plasmodium falciparum transmitted by anopheles gambiae s.l. using three sampling methods in three sites in uganda.	the plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rate (pfeir) is a measure of exposure to infectious mosquitoes. it is usually interpreted as the number of p. falciparum infective bites received by an individual during a season or annually (apfeir). in an area of perennial transmission, the accuracy, precision and seasonal distribution (i.e., month by month) of apfeir were investigated. data were drawn from three sites in uganda with differing levels of transmission where falciparum malaria i ...	2014	24656206
transmission of malaria in relation to distribution and coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets in central côte d'ivoire.	the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) is an effective malaria control strategy. however, there are challenges to achieve high coverage, such as distribution sustainability, and coverage keep-up. this study assessed the effect of llins coverage and contextual factors on entomological indicators of malaria in rural côte d'ivoire.	2014	24645751
comparative analysis of response to selection with three insecticides in the dengue mosquito aedes aegypti using mrna sequencing.	mosquito control programmes using chemical insecticides are increasingly threatened by the development of resistance. such resistance can be the consequence of changes in proteins targeted by insecticides (target site mediated resistance), increased insecticide biodegradation (metabolic resistance), altered transport, sequestration or other mechanisms. as opposed to target site resistance, other mechanisms are far from being fully understood. indeed, insecticide selection often affects a large n ...	2014	24593293
insecticide resistance comes of age.	a new study integrates biochemistry, genetics and structural biology to reveal the mechanism of metabolic resistance in a vector mosquito in unprecedented detail.	2014	25001377
a single mutation in the gste2 gene allows tracking of metabolically based insecticide resistance in a major malaria vector.	metabolic resistance to insecticides is the biggest threat to the continued effectiveness of malaria vector control. however, its underlying molecular basis, crucial for successful resistance management, remains poorly characterized.	2014	24565444
an online tool for mapping insecticide resistance in major anopheles vectors of human malaria parasites and review of resistance status for the afrotropical region.	malaria control programmes across africa and beyond are facing increasing insecticide resistance in the major anopheline vectors. in order to preserve or prolong the effectiveness of the main malaria vector interventions, up-to-date and easily accessible insecticide resistance data that are interpretable at operationally-relevant scales are critical. herein we introduce and demonstrate the usefulness of an online mapping tool, ir mapper.	2014	24559061
is housing quality associated with malaria incidence among young children and mosquito vector numbers? evidence from korogwe, tanzania.	several studies conducted in northeast tanzania have documented declines in malaria transmission even before interventions were scaled up. one explanation for these reductions may be the changes in socio-environmental conditions associated with economic development, and in particular improvements in housing construction.	2014	24505285
long-lasting control of anopheles arabiensis by a single spray application of micro-encapsulated pirimiphos-methyl (actellic® 300 cs).	pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes are an increasing threat to malaria vector control. the global plan for insecticide resistance management (gpirm) recommends rotation of non-pyrethroid insecticides for indoor residual spraying (irs). the options from other classes are limited. the carbamate bendiocarb and the organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl (p-methyl) emulsifiable concentrate (ec) have a short residual duration of action, resulting in increased costs due to multiple spray cycles, and user fatig ...	2014	24476070
push by a net, pull by a cow: can zooprophylaxis enhance the impact of insecticide treated bed nets on malaria control?	mass insecticide treated bed net (itn) deployment, and its associated coverage of populations at risk, had "pushed" a decline in malaria transmission. however, it is unknown whether malaria control is being enhanced by zooprophylaxis, i.e., mosquitoes diverted to feed on hosts different from humans, a phenomenon that could further reduce malaria entomological transmission risk in areas where livestock herding is common.	2014	24472517
insecticide resistance mechanisms associated with different environments in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae: a case study in tanzania.	resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides is a growing concern in africa. since only a few insecticides are used for public health and limited development of new molecules is expected in the next decade, maintaining the efficacy of control programmes mostly relies on resistance management strategies. developing such strategies requires a deep understanding of factors influencing resistance together with characterizing the mechanisms involved. among factors likely to influence insecticide resistan ...	2014	24460952
control of malaria and other vector-borne protozoan diseases in the tropics: enduring challenges despite considerable progress and achievements.	vector-borne protozoan diseases represent a serious public health challenge, especially in the tropics where poverty together with vector-favorable climates are the aggravating factors. each of the various strategies currently employed to face these scourges is seriously inadequate. despite enormous efforts, vaccines-which represent the ideal weapon against these parasitic diseases-are yet to be sufficiently developed and implemented. chemotherapy and vector control are therefore the sole effect ...	2014	24401663
assessing the optimal virulence of malaria-targeting mosquito pathogens: a mathematical study of engineered metarhizium anisopliae.	metarhizium anisopliae is a naturally occurring fungal pathogen of mosquitoes. recently, metarhizium has been engineered to act against malaria by directly killing the disease agent within mosquito vectors and also effectively blocking onward transmission. it has been proposed that efforts should be made to minimize the virulence of the fungal pathogen, in order to slow the development of resistant mosquitoes following an actual deployment.	2014	24397503
2d and 3d chromosome painting in malaria mosquitoes.	fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) of whole arm chromosome probes is a robust technique for mapping genomic regions of interest, detecting chromosomal rearrangements, and studying three-dimensional (3d) organization of chromosomes in the cell nucleus. the advent of laser capture microdissection (lcm) and whole genome amplification (wga) allows obtaining large quantities of dna from single cells. the increased sensitivity of wga kits prompted us to develop chromosome paints and to use them ...	2014	24429496
potential causes and consequences of behavioural resilience and resistance in malaria vector populations: a mathematical modelling analysis.	the ability of mosquitoes to evade fatal exposure to insecticidal nets and sprays represents the primary obstacle to eliminating malaria. however, it remains unclear which behaviours are most important for buffering mosquito and parasite populations against vector control.	2014	24629066
vectorbase: an updated bioinformatics resource for invertebrate vectors and other organisms related with human diseases.	vectorbase is a national institute of allergy and infectious diseases supported bioinformatics resource center (brc) for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens. now in its 11th year, vectorbase currently hosts the genomes of 35 organisms including a number of non-vectors for comparative analysis. hosted data range from genome assemblies with annotated gene features, transcript and protein expression data to population genetics including variation and insecticide-resistance phenotypes. here we d ...	2014	25510499
de novo transcriptome sequencing and sequence analysis of the malaria vector anopheles sinensis (diptera: culicidae).	anopheles sinensis is the major malaria vector in china and southeast asia. vector control is one of the most effective measures to prevent malaria transmission. however, there is little transcriptome information available for the malaria vector. to better understand the biological basis of malaria transmission and to develop novel and effective means of vector control, there is a need to build a transcriptome dataset for functional genomics analysis by large-scale rna sequencing (rna-seq).	2014	25000941
mosquito genomics. highly evolvable malaria vectors: the genomes of 16 anopheles mosquitoes.	variation in vectorial capacity for human malaria among anopheles mosquito species is determined by many factors, including behavior, immunity, and life history. to investigate the genomic basis of vectorial capacity and explore new avenues for vector control, we sequenced the genomes of 16 anopheline mosquito species from diverse locations spanning ~100 million years of evolution. comparative analyses show faster rates of gene gain and loss, elevated gene shuffling on the x chromosome, and more ...	2014	25554792
maternal germline-specific genes in the asian malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi: characterization and application for disease control.	anopheles stephensi is a principal vector of urban malaria on the indian subcontinent and an emerging model for molecular and genetic studies of mosquito biology. to enhance our understanding of female mosquito reproduction, and to develop new tools for basic research and for genetic strategies to control mosquito-borne infectious diseases, we identified 79 genes that displayed previtellogenic germline-specific expression based on rna-seq data generated from 11 life stage-specific and sex-specif ...	2014	25480960
perceptions and recommendations by scientists for a potential release of genetically modified mosquitoes in nigeria.	the use of genetically modified mosquitoes (gmms) for the control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases has been proposed in malaria-endemic countries, such as nigeria, which has the largest burden in africa. scientists are major stakeholders whose opinions and perceptions can adversely affect the success of the trials of gmms if they are not involved early. unfortunately, information on the awareness of nigerians scientists and their overall perception of the gmms is practically non-exis ...	2014	24758165
the effects of oviposition-site deprivation on longevity and bloodfeeding rate in anopheles gambiae.	the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, needs surface water in order to lay their eggs. in many parts of africa, there are dry periods varying from days to months in length when suitable larval sites are not available and female mosquitoes experience oviposition-site deprivation (osd). previous studies have shown that egg-laying and egg-hatching rates were reduced due to osd. here, we assessed its effect on longevity and bloodfeeding rate of anopheles gambiae. we predicted that osd will ...	2014	24708656
igg1 and igg4 antibody responses to the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6 in the sympatric ethnic groups mossi and fulani in a malaria hyperhendemic area of burkina faso.	human antibody response to the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6 has recently emerged as a potentially useful tool for malaria epidemiological studies and for the evaluation of vector control interventions. however, the current understanding of the host immune response to mosquito salivary proteins and of the possible crosstalk with early response to plasmodium parasites is still very limited. we report here the analysis of igg1 and igg4 subclasses among anti-gsg6 igg responders belonging ...	2014	24760038
resistance mechanisms of anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae) to temephos.	anopheles stephensi is a sub-tropical species and has been considered as one of the most important vector of human malaria throughout the middle east and south asian region including the malarious areas of southern iran. current reports confirmed an. stephensi resistance to temephos in oman and india. however, there is no comprehensive research on mechanisms of temephos resistance in an. stephensi in the literature. this study was designed in order to clarify the enzymatic and molecular mechanis ...	2014	26114145
mass spectrometry based proteomic analysis of salivary glands of urban malaria vector anopheles stephensi.	salivary gland proteins of anopheles mosquitoes offer attractive targets to understand interactions with sporozoites, blood feeding behavior, homeostasis, and immunological evaluation of malaria vectors and parasite interactions. to date limited studies have been carried out to elucidate salivary proteins of an. stephensi salivary glands. the aim of the present study was to provide detailed analytical attributives of functional salivary gland proteins of urban malaria vector an. stephensi. a pro ...	2014	25126571
entomological and parasitological impacts of indoor residual spraying with ddt, alphacypermethrin and deltamethrin in the western foothill area of madagascar.	in madagascar, indoor residual spraying (irs) with insecticide was part of the national malaria control programme since the middle of the twentieth century. it was mainly employed in the highlands and the foothill areas, which are prone to malaria epidemics. prior to a policy change foreseeing a shift from ddt to pyrethroids, a study was carried out to assess the entomological and parasitological impacts of irs in areas with ddt or pyrethroids and in areas without irs.	2014	24423246
brain proteomics of anopheles gambiae.	anopheles gambiae has a well-adapted system for host localization, feeding, and mating behavior, which are all governed by neuronal processes in the brain. however, there are no published reports characterizing the brain proteome to elucidate neuronal signaling mechanisms in the vector. to this end, a large-scale mapping of the brain proteome of an. gambiae was carried out using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry, revealing a repertoire of >1800 proteins, of which 15% could not be assigned ...	2014	24937107
absence/presence calling in microarray-based cgh experiments with non-model organisms.	structural variations in genomes are commonly studied by (micro)array-based comparative genomic hybridization. the data analysis methods to infer copy number variation in model organisms (human, mouse) are established. in principle, the procedures are based on signal ratios between test and reference samples and the order of the probe targets in the genome. these procedures are less applicable to experiments with non-model organisms, which frequently comprise non-sequenced genomes with an unknow ...	2014	24771343
a small-scale field trial of pyriproxyfen-impregnated bed nets against pyrethroid-resistant anopheles gambiae s.s. in western kenya.	pyrethroid resistance is becoming a major problem for vector control programs, because at present, there are few suitable chemical substitutes for pyrethroids, as when used on bed nets the insecticide must have low mammalian toxicity as well as high activity to mosquitoes. pyriproxyfen (ppf) is one of the most active chemicals among the juvenile hormone mimic (jhm) group. sterilizing mosquitoes by using ppf could be a potential control measure for pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors. we investi ...	2014	25333785
molecular characterization of human pathogenic bunyaviruses of the nyando and bwamba/pongola virus groups leads to the genetic identification of mojuí dos campos and kaeng khoi virus.	human infection with bwamba virus (bwav) and the closely related pongola virus (pgav), as well as nyando virus (ndv), are important causes of febrile illness in africa. however, despite seroprevalence studies that indicate high rates of infection in many countries, these viruses remain relatively unknown and unstudied. in addition, a number of unclassified bunyaviruses have been isolated over the years often with uncertain relationships to human disease.	2014	25188437
micro-encapsulated pirimiphos-methyl shows high insecticidal efficacy and long residual activity against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in central côte d'ivoire.	the wide-scale implementation of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying (irs) has contributed to a considerable decrease of malaria morbidity and mortality in sub-saharan africa over the last decade. due to increasing resistance in anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes to dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (ddt) and pyrethroids, alternative insecticide formulations for irs with long-lasting residual activity are required to sustain the gains obtained in most malaria-endemic countr ...	2014	25152326
development and optimization of the suna trap as a tool for mosquito monitoring and control.	monitoring of malaria vector populations provides information about disease transmission risk, as well as measures of the effectiveness of vector control. the suna trap is introduced and evaluated with regard to its potential as a new, standardized, odour-baited tool for mosquito monitoring and control.	2014	24998771
behavioural divergence of sympatric anopheles funestus populations in burkina faso.	in burkina faso, two chromosomal forms of the malaria vector anopheles funestus, folonzo and kiribina, are distinguished by contrasting frequencies of shared polymorphic chromosomal inversions. sympatric and synchronous populations of folonzo and kiribina mate assortatively, as indicated by a significant deficit of heterokaryotypes, and genetic associations among inversions on independently segregating chromosome arms. the present study aimed to assess, by intensive longitudinal sampling, whethe ...	2014	24559382
differential effects of inbreeding and selection on male reproductive phenotype associated with the colonization and laboratory maintenance of anopheles gambiae.	effective mating between laboratory-reared males and wild females is paramount to the success of vector control strategies aiming to decrease disease transmission via the release of sterile or genetically modified male mosquitoes. however mosquito colonization and laboratory maintenance have the potential to negatively affect male genotypic and phenotypic quality through inbreeding and selection, which in turn can decrease male mating competitiveness in the field. to date, very little is known a ...	2014	24418094
participation of irradiated anopheles arabiensis males in swarms following field release in sudan.	the success of the sterile insect technique (sit) depends the release of large numbers of sterile males, which are able to compete for mates with the wild male population within the target area. unfortunately, the processes of colonisation, mass production and irradiation may reduce the competitiveness of sterile males through genetic selection, loss of natural traits and somatic damage. in this context, the capacity of released sterile anopheles arabiensis males to survive, disperse and partici ...	2014	25495146
characterizing, controlling and eliminating residual malaria transmission.	long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) interventions can reduce malaria transmission by targeting mosquitoes when they feed upon sleeping humans and/or rest inside houses, livestock shelters or other man-made structures. however, many malaria vector species can maintain robust transmission, despite high coverage of llins/irs containing insecticides to which they are physiologically fully susceptible, because they exhibit one or more behaviours that define the b ...	2014	25149656
molecular biology of insect sodium channels and pyrethroid resistance.	voltage-gated sodium channels are essential for the initiation and propagation of the action potential in neurons and other excitable cells. because of their critical roles in electrical signaling, sodium channels are targets of a variety of naturally occurring and synthetic neurotoxins, including several classes of insecticides. this review is intended to provide an update on the molecular biology of insect sodium channels and the molecular mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. although mammalian ...	2014	24704279
increasing role of anopheles funestus and anopheles arabiensis in malaria transmission in the kilombero valley, tanzania.	in order to sustain the gains achieved by current malaria control strategies, robust surveillance systems that monitor dynamics of vectors and their roles in malaria transmission over time are essential. this longitudinal study demonstrates the trends in malaria vector dynamics and their relative contribution to malaria transmission in hyperendemic transmission settings in tanzania.	2014	25150840
implications of low-density microfilariae carriers in anopheles transmission areas: molecular forms of anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus populations in perspective.	previous studies have shown a general reduction in annual transmission potential (atp) of anopheles species after mass drug administration (mda) in lymphatic filariasis endemic communities. whereas results obtained from a monitoring programme after three years of mda revealed a decrease in atp of anopheles funestus this was not the same for an. gambiae s.s. in ghana. in this study, the ability of these vectors in transmitting wuchereria bancrofti in nine lymphatic filariasis endemic communities ...	2014	24690378
field evaluation of natural human odours and the biogent-synthetic lure in trapping aedes aegypti, vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses in kenya.	methods currently used in sampling adult aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses are limited for effective surveillance of the vector and accurate determination of the extent of virus transmission during outbreaks and inter - epidemic periods. here, we document the use of natural human skin odours in baited traps to improve sampling of adult ae. aegypti in two different endemic areas of chikungunya and dengue in kenya - kilifi and busia counties. the chemistry of the vol ...	2014	25246030
multigene phylogenetics reveals temporal diversification of major african malaria vectors.	the major vectors of malaria in sub-saharan africa belong to subgenus cellia. yet, phylogenetic relationships and temporal diversification among african mosquito species have not been unambiguously determined. knowledge about vector evolutionary history is crucial for correct interpretation of genetic changes identified through comparative genomics analyses. in this study, we estimated a molecular phylogeny using 49 gene sequences for the african malaria vectors an. gambiae, an. funestus, an. ni ...	2014	24705448
contrasting plasmodium infection rates and insecticide susceptibility profiles between the sympatric sibling species anopheles parensis and anopheles funestus s.s: a potential challenge for malaria vector control in uganda.	although the an. funestus group conceals one of the major malaria vectors in africa, little is known about the dynamics of members of this group across the continent. here, we investigated the species composition, infection rate and susceptibility to insecticides of this species group in uganda.	2014	24533773
sampling host-seeking anthropophilic mosquito vectors in west africa: comparisons of an active human-baited tent-trap against gold standard methods.	in this study, we characterize the ability of the previously described infoscitex tent (ist) to capture mosquitoes in comparison to either the centers for disease control light trap hung next to individuals under a bed net (ltc) or to human landing catches (hlc). in senegal, the ist caught 6.14 times the number of anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), and 8.78 times the culex group v mosquitoes as ltc. in one of two locations in burkina faso, the ist caught an. gambiae at a rate not significantly ...	2014	25422393
a description of malaria sentinel surveillance: a case study in oromia regional state, ethiopia.	in the context of the massive scale up of malaria interventions, there is increasing recognition that the current capacity of routine malaria surveillance conducted in most african countries through integrated health management information systems is inadequate. the timeliness of reporting to higher levels of the health system through health management information systems is often too slow for rapid action on focal infectious diseases such as malaria. the purpose of this paper is to: 1) describe ...	2014	24618105
re-evaluation of microscopy confirmed plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax malaria by nested pcr detection in southern ethiopia.	with 75% of the ethiopian population at risk of malaria, accurate diagnosis is crucial for malaria treatment in endemic areas where plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax co-exist. the present study evaluated the performance of regular microscopy in accurate identification of plasmodium spp. in febrile patients visiting health facilities in southern ethiopia.	2014	24502664
spatial distribution of the sibling species of anopheles gambiae sensu lato (diptera: culicidae) and malaria prevalence in bayelsa state, nigeria.	much of the confusing ecophenotypic plasticity of anopheles gambiae sensu lato is attributable to the differential biological traits of the sibling species, with their heterogeneous geographical distribution, behavioral dissimilarities and divergent population dynamics. these differences are critical to their roles in malaria transmission. studies were, therefore, undertaken on the spatial distribution of these species and malaria prevalence rates in bayelsa state, september, 2008-august 2010.	2014	24438675
full-genome characterisation of orungo, lebombo and changuinola viruses provides evidence for co-evolution of orbiviruses with their arthropod vectors.	the complete genomes of orungo virus (oruv), lebombo virus (lebv) and changuinola virus (cglv) were sequenced, confirming that they each encode 11 distinct proteins (vp1-vp7 and ns1-ns4). phylogenetic analyses of cell-attachment protein 'outer-capsid protein 1' (oc1), show that orbiviruses fall into three large groups, identified as: vp2(oc1), in which oc1 is the 2nd largest protein, including the culicoides transmitted orbiviruses; vp3(oc1), which includes the mosquito transmitted orbiviruses; ...	2014	24475112
de novo transcriptome of the hemimetabolous german cockroach (blattella germanica).	the german cockroach, blattella germanica, is an important insect pest that transmits various pathogens mechanically and causes severe allergic diseases. this insect has long served as a model system for studies of insect biology, physiology and ecology. however, the lack of genome or transcriptome information heavily hinder our further understanding about the german cockroach in every aspect at a molecular level and on a genome-wide scale. to explore the transcriptome and identify unique sequen ...	2014	25265537
transmission patterns of plasmodium falciparum by anopheles gambiae in benin.	to better control malaria, the clear and urgent need is for improved data to inform decision makers, but in several african countries, there is a lack of baseline data on vectors and variation in the intensity of malaria transmission. this has resulted in the implementation of vector control efforts that ignore variation in vector behaviour and intensity of transmission, an approach that is most often not cost-effective. this study presents a detailed entomological description of mosquito distri ...	2014	25412948
first report of an exophilic anopheles arabiensis population in bissau city, guinea-bissau: recent introduction or sampling bias?	the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis exhibits greater behavioural and ecological plasticity than the other major vectors of the anopheles gambiae complex, which presents challenges for major control methods. this study reports for the first time the presence of an. arabiensis in antula, a suburb of bissau city, the capital of guinea bissau, where high levels of hybridization between anopheles coluzzii and an. gambiae have been reported. given that previous surveys in the area, based on indoor ...	2014	25370807
increased malaria transmission around irrigation schemes in ethiopia and the potential of canal water management for malaria vector control.	irrigation schemes have been blamed for the increase in malaria in many parts of sub-saharan africa. however, proper water management could help mitigate malaria around irrigation schemes in this region. this study investigates the link between irrigation and malaria in central ethiopia.	2014	25218697
anopheles ziemanni a locally important malaria vector in ndop health district, north west region of cameroon.	malaria transmission in cameroon is mediated by a plethora of vectors that are heterogeneously distributed across the country depending on the biotope. to effectively guide malaria control operations, regular update on the role of local anopheles species is essential. therefore, an entomological survey was conducted between august 2010 and may 2011 to evaluate the role of the local anopheline population in malaria transmission in three villages of the ndop health district in the northwest region ...	2014	24903710
an experimental hut study to quantify the effect of ddt and airborne pyrethroids on entomological parameters of malaria transmission.	current malaria vector control programmes rely on insecticides with rapid contact toxicity. however, spatial repellents can also be applied to reduce man-vector contact, which might ultimately impact malaria transmission. the aim of this study was to quantify effects of airborne pyrethroids from coils and ddt used an indoor residual spray (irs) on entomological parameters that influence malaria transmission.	2014	24693934
evidence for perennial malaria in rural and urban areas under the sudanian climate of kandi, northeastern benin.	in arid settings, droughts usually lead to periods of very low or no malaria transmission. however, in rural kandi (sonsoro) in northeastern benin, several malaria cases are often diagnosed during dry seasons. the underlying factors accounting for this phenomenon remain unknown.	2014	24564957
a cost-effective, community-based, mosquito-trapping scheme that captures spatial and temporal heterogeneities of malaria transmission in rural zambia.	monitoring mosquito population dynamics is essential to guide selection and evaluation of malaria vector control interventions but is typically implemented by mobile, centrally-managed teams who can only visit a limited number of locations frequently enough to capture longitudinal trends. community-based (cb) mosquito trapping schemes for parallel, continuous monitoring of multiple locations are therefore required that are practical, affordable, effective, and reliable.	2014	24906704
field study site selection, species abundance and monthly distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in the northern kruger national park, south africa.	knowledge of the ecology and behaviour of a target species is a prerequisite for the successful development of any vector control strategy. before the implementation of any strategy it is essential to have comprehensive information on the bionomics of species in the targeted area. the aims of this study were to conduct regular entomological surveillance and to determine the relative abundance of anopheline species in the northern kruger national park. in addition to this, the impact of weather c ...	2014	24460920
a genotypically distinct, melanic variant of anopheles arabiensis in sudan is associated with arid environments.	anopheles arabiensis, an important malaria vector in sudan and other countries in sub-saharan africa, exhibits considerable ecological and behavioural plasticity allowing it to survive in the harsh conditions of arid regions. it has been shown that adult populations of an. arabiensis in the semi-desert habitat of western khartoum state survive through the long dry season in a state of partial aestivation, characterized by limited feeding activity and a degree of arrested ovarian development. ano ...	2014	25496059
modeling larval malaria vector habitat locations using landscape features and cumulative precipitation measures.	predictive models of malaria vector larval habitat locations may provide a basis for understanding the spatial determinants of malaria transmission.	2014	24903736
reemergence of anopheles funestus as a vector of plasmodium falciparum in western kenya after long-term implementation of insecticide-treated bed nets.	historically, the malaria vectors in western kenya have been anopheles funestus, anopheles gambiae s.s., and anopheles arabiensis. of these species, an. funestus populations declined the most after the introduction of insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) in the 1990s in asembo, and collections of an. funestus in the region remained low until at least 2008. contrary to findings during the early years of itn use in asembo, the majority of the anopheles collected here in 2010 and 2011 were an. funes ...	2014	24470562
biting by anopheles funestus in broad daylight after use of long-lasting insecticidal nets: a new challenge to malaria elimination.	malaria control is mainly based on indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets. the efficacy of these tools depends on the behaviour of mosquitoes, which varies by species. with resistance to insecticides, mosquitoes adapt their behaviour to ensure their survival and reproduction. the aim of this study was to assess the biting behaviour of anopheles funestus after the implementation of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins).	2014	24678587
made-to-measure malaria vector control strategies: rational design based on insecticide properties and coverage of blood resources for mosquitoes.	eliminating malaria from highly endemic settings will require unprecedented levels of vector control. to suppress mosquito populations, vector control products targeting their blood hosts must attain high biological coverage of all available sources, rather than merely high demographic coverage of a targeted resource subset, such as humans while asleep indoors. beyond defining biological coverage in a measurable way, the proportion of blood meals obtained from humans and the proportion of bites ...	2014	24739261
daily blood feeding rhythms of laboratory-reared north american culex pipiens.	blood feeding by free-living insect vectors of disease is rhythmic and can be used to predict when infectious bites will occur. these daily rhythms can also be targeted by control measures, as in insecticide-treated nets. culex pipiens form pipiens and c.p. f. molestus are two members of the culex pipiens assemblage and vectors of west nile virus throughout north america. although culex species vector human pathogens and parasites, the daily blood feeding rhythms of c.p. f. molestus, to our know ...	2014	24450879
ecophysiology of anopheles gambiae s.l.: persistence in the sahel.	the dry-season biology of malaria vectors is poorly understood, especially in arid environments when no surface waters are available for several months, such as during the dry season in the sahel. here we reappraise results on the dry-season physiology of members of the anopheles gambiae s.l. complex in the broad context of dormancy in insects and especially in mosquitoes. we examine evidence on seasonal changes in reproduction, metabolism, stress tolerance, nutrition, molecular regulation, and ...	2014	24933461
mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids - a review.	constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. one of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. the voltage-gated sodium channel (nav) is the target of pyrethroids and ddt insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultur ...	2014	25292318
pirna pathway gene expression in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles stephensi.	the ability of transposons to mobilize to new places in a genome enables them to introgress rapidly into populations. the pirna pathway has been characterized recently in the germ line of the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, and is responsible for downregulating transposon mobility. transposons have been used as tools in mosquitoes to genetically transform a number of species including anopheles stephensi, a vector of human malaria. these mobile genetic elements also have been proposed as too ...	2014	24947897
metagenomics, paratransgenesis and the anopheles microbiome: a portrait of the geographical distribution of the anopheline microbiota based on a meta-analysis of reported taxa.	anophelines harbour a diverse microbial consortium that may represent an extended gene pool for the host. the proposed effects of the insect microbiota span physiological, metabolic and immune processes. here we synthesise how current metagenomic tools combined with classical culture-dependent techniques provide new insights in the elucidation of the role of the anopheles-associated microbiota. many proposed malaria control strategies have been based upon the immunomodulating effects that the ba ...	2014	25185007
habitat discrimination by gravid anopheles gambiae sensu lato--a push-pull system.	the non-random distribution of anopheline larvae in natural habitats suggests that gravid females discriminate between habitats of different quality. whilst physical and chemical cues used by culex and aedes vector mosquitoes for selecting an oviposition site have been extensively studied, those for anopheles remain poorly explored. here the habitat selection by anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), the principal african malaria vector, was investigated when presented with a choice of two infusio ...	2014	24693951
the salivary secretome of the biting midge, culicoides sonorensis.	culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are hematophagous insects with over 1400 species distributed throughout the world. many of these species are of particular agricultural importance as primary vectors of bluetongue and schmallenberg viruses, yet little is known about culicoides genomics and proteomics. detailed studies of members from other blood-feeding dipteran families, including those of mosquito (culicidae) and black fly (simuliidae), have shown that protein components with ...	2014	24949243
genome sequence analysis of in vitro and in vivo phenotypes of bunyamwera and ngari virus isolates from northern kenya.	biological phenotypes of tri-segmented arboviruses display characteristics that map to mutation/s in the s, m or l segments of the genome. plaque variants have been characterized for other viruses displaying varied phenotypes including attenuation in growth and/or pathogenesis. in order to characterize variants of bunyamwera and ngari viruses, we isolated individual plaque size variants; small plaque (sp) and large plaque (lp) and determined in vitro growth properties and in vivo pathogenesis in ...	2014	25153316
a global assembly of adult female mosquito mark-release-recapture data to inform the control of mosquito-borne pathogens.	pathogen transmission by mosquitos is known to be highly sensitive to mosquito bionomic parameters. mosquito mark-release-recapture (mmrr) experiments are a standard method for estimating such parameters including dispersal, population size and density, survival, blood feeding frequency and blood meal host preferences.	2014	24946878
larval salinity tolerance of two members of the anopheles funestus group.	the anopheles funestus group (diptera: culicidae) is one of the main species groups involved in malaria transmission in the afrotropical regions. basic research into this group has been limited because its members are eurygamic (they tend not to mate in confined spaces), which makes laboratory colonization difficult. currently, only a few an. funestus giles colonies are available and no colonies of other members of the group have been established. as information on the larval biology of members ...	2014	24987777
desiccation tolerance as a function of age, sex, humidity and temperature in adults of the african malaria vectors anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus.	adult mosquito survival is strongly temperature and moisture dependent. few studies have investigated the interacting effects of these variables on adult survival and how this differs among the sexes and with age, despite the importance of such information for population dynamic models. for these reasons, the desiccation tolerance of anopheles arabiensis patton and anopheles funestus giles males and females of three different ages was assessed under three combinations of temperature and humidity ...	2014	25267846
qsar analyses of ddt analogues and their in silico validation using molecular docking study against voltage-gated sodium channel of anopheles funestus.	ddt has enjoyed the reputation of a successful pesticide in disease control programme and agricultural practices along with the serious opposition and ban later on due to its biomagnification and toxic action against non-target organisms. the present work was carried out to develop qsar models for analysing ddt analogues for their pesticidal activity and in silico validation of these models. a 2d-qsar model was generated using stepwise with multiple regression, and the model with a value of r(2) ...	2014	25271473
analysis of the genitalia rotation in the male anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae).	anopheles funestus is a major malaria vector in africa. insecticide resistance has developed in populations of this species in several african countries, prompting the need to develop additional vector control methods such as the sterile insect technique (sit). this technique requires an understanding of those underlying physiological events that lead to sexual maturity of an. funestus males, the rotation of their genitalia in particular. the aim of this study was to qualitatively and quantitati ...	2014	23932945
abundance and diversity of anopheles species (diptera: culicidae) associated with malaria transmission in human dwellings in rural and urban communities in oyo state, southwestern nigeria.	mosquito samples were collected from rural and urban communities in three selected major towns in southwestern nigeria to determine the impact of urbanization on the diversity and abundance of anopheles species associated with malaria transmission in human habitations. a total of ten anopheles species were identified in the rural communities, while eight anopheles species were identified in the urban communities. out of the ten anopheles species identified, only four species, anopheles gambiae ( ...	2013	23842885
population dynamics and spatial structure of human-biting mosquitoes, inside and outside of houses, in the chockwe irrigation scheme, southern mozambique.	focal control of malaria vectors, a potentially cost-effective alternative to conventional control, requires a spatio-temporal understanding of the mosquitoes. trapping of african malaria vectors has generally been limited to inside houses making distribution estimates dependent on the location of dwellings. the development of tent-traps to sample outdoor biting mosquitoes has enabled more independent estimates. here we describe both temporal and spatial variation in mosquito movements in an irr ...	2013	23733293
role of species composition in malaria transmission by the anopheles funestus group (diptera: culicidae) in ghana.	malaria remains a public health problem in ghana, with anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus as the predominant vectors. while much information exists on the species composition of an. gambiae, very little exists for an. funestus. this study was carried out to determine the species composition of an. funestus giles populations from three ecological areas in ghana and investigate their role in malaria transmission. mosquitoes were collected using human landing and pyrethrum spray methods. a to ...	2013	23701614
molecular systematics and insecticide resistance in the major african malaria vector anopheles funestus.	anopheles funestus is one of three major african vectors of malaria. its distribution extends over much of the tropics and subtropics wherever suitable swampy breeding habitats are present. as with members of the anopheles gambiae complex, an. funestus shows marked genetic heterogeneity across its range. currently, two unnamed species are recognized in the group, with molecular and cytogenetic data indicating that more may be present. the control of malaria vectors in africa has received increas ...	2013	23317045
behavioral adaptation of anopheles funestus to long-lasting insecticide-treated nets.		2013	23307935
efficacy of actellic 300 cs, pirimiphos methyl, for indoor residual spraying in areas of high vector resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates in zambia.	the selection of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors has the potential to compromise any insecticide-based malaria vector control program. to ensure that transmission-interrupting tools remain effective, and their choice is evidence based, insecticide surveillance and monitoring is essential. this study assessed and compared the residual efficacy of an organophosphate insecticide pirimiphos methyl (actellic 300 cs, 0-2-diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl 0, 0-dimethylphosphorothioate) at 1 ...	2013	24843932
characterization of the anopheles funestus group, including anopheles funestus-like, from northern malawi.	limited information is available on malaria vector composition, feeding habits and malaria transmission in northern malawi. evidence of mosquito species diversity in this area was established in 2009, when anopheles funestus-like, a new member of the an. funestus group was described. additional biological information is needed to identify this species and to understand its role in malaria transmission.	2013	24189481
health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence.	introduction. climate change projections indicate that droughts will become more intense in the 21 century in some areas of the world. the el niño southern oscillation is associated with drought in some countries, and forecasts can provide advance warning of the increased risk of adverse climate conditions. the most recent available data from emdat estimates that over 50 million people globally were affected by drought in 2011. documentation of the health effects of drought is difficult, given t ...	2013	23787891
extensive circadian and light regulation of the transcriptome in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae.	mosquitoes exhibit 24 hr rhythms in flight activity, feeding, reproduction and development. to better understand the molecular basis for these rhythms in the nocturnal malaria vector anopheles gambiae, we have utilized microarray analysis on time-of-day specific collections of mosquitoes over 48 hr to explore the coregulation of gene expression rhythms by the circadian clock and light, and compare these with the 24 hr rhythmic gene expression in the diurnal aedes aegypti dengue vector mosquito.	2013	23552056