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characterization of an immune deficiency homolog (imd) in shrimp (fenneropenaeus chinensis) and crayfish (procambarus clarkii).the immune deficiency (imd) signal pathway mediates immunity against gram-negative bacteria in drosophila. recent studies show that the imd pathway also involves in antiviral innate immune responses. the functions of the pathway in crustacean immunity are largely unknown. in this paper, two imds (fcimd and pcimd), one of the key elements of the imd pathway, were identified from chinese white shrimp fenneropenaeus chinensis and red swamp crayfish procambarus clarkii. both proteins have a death do ...201323850721
concholepas concholepas ferritin h-like subunit (ccfer): molecular characterization and single nucleotide polymorphism associated to innate immune response.ferritin has been identified as the principal protein of iron storage and iron detoxification, playing a pivotal role for the cellular homeostasis in living organisms. however, recent studies in marine invertebrates have suggested its association with innate immune system. in the present study, one ferritin subunit was identified from the gastropod concholepas concholepas (ccfer), which was fully characterized by rapid amplification of cdna ends technique. simultaneously, a challenge test was pe ...201323838046
h-ns is a negative regulator of the two hemolysin/cytotoxin gene clusters in vibrio anguillarum.hemolysins produced by vibrio anguillarum have been implicated in the development of hemorrhagic septicemia during vibriosis, a fatal fish disease. previously, two hemolysin gene clusters responsible for the hemolysis and cytotoxicity of v. anguillarum were identified: the vah1-plp gene cluster and the rtxachbde gene cluster. in this study, we identified the hns gene, which encodes the h-ns protein and acts as a negative regulator of both gene clusters. the v. anguillarum h-ns protein shares str ...201323836825
characterization of the ccr3 and ccr9 genes in miiuy croaker and different selection pressures imposed on different domains between mammals and teleosts.the innate immune system can recognize non-self through pattern recognition receptors and provides a first line of antimicrobial host defense. thus innate immunity plays a very important role in resistance against major bacterial disease in vertebrates. in the innate immune responses, the chemokine receptors act as the main receptors of chemokines which are released at the sites of infection, inflammation and injury. in this study, the miichthys miiuy ccr3 and ccr9 genes were cloned and characte ...201323817141
modulation of haemocyte phagocytic and antibacterial activity by alpha-adrenergic receptor in scallop chlamys farreri.the adrenergic receptors are a class of g protein-coupled receptors, through which norepinephrine and epinephrine trigger the second messenger to modulate the immune response in immunocytes of vertebrate. in the present study, a gene coding the homologue of α-adrenergic receptor was identified from scallop chlamys farreri (designated cfαar). its deduced protein comprised 318 amino acids, and contained a conserved 7tm_1 domain. after cfαar protein was expressed in the hek293 cells, the stimulatio ...201323811406
two rab gtpases, esrab-1 and esrab-3, involved in anti-bacterial response of chinese mitten crab eriocheir sinensis.rab gtpase is essential for the control of intracellular membrane trafficking in all eukaryotic cells and further affects the ability of phagocytic cells to scavenge pathogen. in the present study, the cdnas for two crab rab proteins (esrab-1 and esrab-3) were identified from the chinese mitten crab eriocheir sinensis by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) approaches and expressed sequence tag (est) analysis. the full-length cdnas of esrab-1 and esrab-3 were of 892 bp and 965 bp with orfs of ...201323791860
expression profiles of selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase and glutathione s-transferase from exopalaemon carinicauda in response to vibrio anguillarum and wssv challenge.a selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase cdna was obtained from the ridgetail white prawn exopalaemon carinicauda (ecgpx) by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) methods. the full-length cdna of ecgpx was 946 bp, which contains a 5'-untranslated region (utr) of 105 bp, 3'-utr of 280 bp with a poly (a) tail, an open reading frame (orf) of 561 bp, encoding a 186 amino-acid polypeptide with the predicted molecular weight of 21.35 kda and estimated isoelectric point of 7.65. it involves a puta ...201323770349
immune responses evoked by infection with vibrio anguillarum in zebrafish bath-vaccinated with a live attenuated strain.live attenuated vaccines are a promising application to control bacterial fish diseases. a live attenuated vibrio anguillarum vaccine candidate was established in our laboratory to protect fish against vibriosis. to elucidate the mechanism of immunoprotection, it is necessary to compare the different immune responses to infection between vaccinated and non-vaccinated fish. in this study, the expression levels of pathogen-specific antibodies and immune-related genes upon challenge at 28 days post ...201323768660
molecular characterization and expression analysis of four cathepsin l genes in the razor clam, sinonovacula constricta.cathepsin l (ctsl) is a lysosomal cysteine protease involved in immune responses in vertebrates. however, few studies exist regarding the role of cathepsin l in bivalves. in this study, we isolated and characterized four cathepsin l genes from the razor clam sinonovacula constricta, referred to as ctsl1, ctsl2, ctsl3 and ctsl4. these four genes contained typical papain-like cysteine protease structure and enzyme activity sites with erwnin-like and gnfd-like motifs in the proregion domain and an ...201323765116
genetic analysis of vibriosis and viral nervous necrosis resistance in atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) using a cure model.the aim of this study was to investigate whether observed time-until-death of atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) juveniles in separate challenge tests with vibrio anguillarum (causes vibriosis) and nodavirus [causes viral nervous necrosis (vnn)] are due to differences in susceptibility (whether at risk or not) or increased endurance (individual hazard, given that the animal is susceptible) using a cure mixture (cure) model with gibbs sampling. observed time-until-death, prepared as sequential binary ...201323736060
cloning and identification of four mu-type glutathione s-transferases from the giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii.glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are essential components of the cellular detoxification system because of their capability to protect organisms against the toxicity of reactive oxygen species (ross). four different gsts (mrmugst1-mrmugst4) showing similarities with mu-type gsts were cloned from the hepatopancreas of macrobrachium rosenbergii. these four gsts have 219, 216, 218 and 219 amino acids in length, respectively. mrmugst1-mrmugst4 proteins all have a g-site in the n-terminus and an h-s ...201323727284
differentially expressed proteins in the skin mucus of atlantic cod (gadus morhua) upon natural infection with vibrio anguillarum.vibriosis caused by v. anguillarum is a commonly encountered disease in atlantic cod farms and several studies indicate that the initiation of infection occurs after the attachment of the pathogen to the mucosal surfaces (gut, skin and gills) of fish. therefore it is necessary to investigate the role of different mucosal components in fish upon v. anguillarum infection. the present study has two parts; in the first part we analyzed the differential expression of skin mucus proteins from atlantic ...201323672475
plasmid- and chromosome-encoded siderophore anguibactin systems found in marine vibrios: biosynthesis, transport and evolution.vibrio anguillarum is a marine pathogen that causes vibriosis, a hemorrhagic septicemia in aquatic invertebrate as well as vertebrate animals. the siderophore anguibactin system is one of the most important virulence factors of this bacterium. most of the anguibactin biosynthesis and transport genes are located in the 65-kb pjm1 virulence plasmid although some of them are found in the chromosome of this fish pathogen. over 30 years of research unveiled the role numerous chromosomal and pjm1 gene ...201323660776
the response profiles of hspa12a and tctp from mytilus galloprovincialis to pathogen and cadmium challenge.heat shock 70 kda protein 12a (hspa12a) is an atypical member of hsp70 family, and the translationally controlled tumor protein (tctp) is a novel hsp with chaperone-like activity. they are both involved in protecting organisms against various stressors. in the present study, the cdnas of hspa12a and tctp (called mghspa12a and mgtctp) were identified from mytilus galloprovincialis by race approaches. the full-length cdna of mghspa12a and mgtctp encoded a peptide of 491 and 171 amino acids, respec ...201323643947
conserved structural complement component c3 in miiuy croaker miichthys miiuy and their involvement in pathogenic bacteria induced immunity.complement component c3 is a key protein in the complement system whose activation is essential for all the important functions performed by this system. in this study, the complete c3 cdna sequence was isolated from the miiuy croaker (miichthys miiuy), which was high similarity to other complement c3. in this study, we report the primary sequence, the tissue expression profile, the polypeptide domain architecture and the phylogenetic analysis of miiuy croaker c3 gene. rapid amplification of the ...201323643875
identification of cathepsin b in the razor clam sinonovacula constricta and its role in innate immune responses.cathepsin b, a lysosomal cysteine protease, has drawn much attention in vertebrates. however, very little is known about the functions of cathepsin b in bivalves. in this study, we identified the cathepsin b gene in the razor clam sinonovacula constricta. the protein has a typical cysteine protease structure, comprising a 15-residue putative signal peptide, a 75-residue propeptide and a 249-residue mature domain. in the mature domain, there is an occluding loop, an oxyanion hole (gln) and a cata ...201323632254
immune-related functions of the hivep gene family in east african cichlid fishes.immune-related genes are often characterized by adaptive protein evolution. selection on immune genes can be particularly strong when hosts encounter novel parasites, for instance, after the colonization of a new habitat or upon the exploitation of vacant ecological niches in an adaptive radiation. we examined a set of new candidate immune genes in east african cichlid fishes. more specifically, we studied the signatures of selection in five paralogs of the human immunodeficiency virus type i en ...201324142922
differential metabolic responses of clam ruditapes philippinarum to vibrio anguillarum and vibrio splendidus challenges.clam ruditapes philippinarum is one of the important marine aquaculture species in north china. however, pathogens can often cause diseases and lead to massive mortalities and economic losses of clam. in this work, we compared the metabolic responses induced by vibrio anguillarum and vibrio splendidus challenges towards hepatopancreas of clam using nmr-based metabolomics. metabolic responses suggested that both v. anguillarum and v. splendidus induced disturbances in energy metabolism and osmoti ...201324056279
vibrio anguillarum bacterin uptake via the gills of japanese flounder and subsequent immune responses.the mucosal surfaces of fish allow for the introduction of foreign substances, including antigens, from the surrounding environment. in this study, uptake of vibrio anguillarum j-o-3 serotype bacterin by japanese flounder, and the subsequent immune responses were investigated. immunohistochemistry revealed that the bacterin was taken up through the epithelial cells of gills. the transcription levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (il)-1β, il-6 and tumor necrosis factor α were sign ...201324035752
synthesis and antibacterial activity of conjugates between norfloxacin and analogues of the siderophore vanchrobactin.from synthetic functionalized analogues of vanchrobactin, a siderophore produced by the fish pathogenic bacteria vibrio anguillarum serotype o2, several vanchrobactin analogues-norfloxacin conjugates were obtained and their antimicrobial activities against the wild-type and mutant strains of vibrio anguillarum serotype o2 have been determined.201323182214
the molecular characterization of a catalase from chinese mitten crab eriocheir sinensis.catalase (cat) is an antioxidant enzyme and plays a significant role in the protection against oxidative stress by reducing hydrogen peroxide. the cat cdna of eriocheir sinensis (escat) was cloned via race technique. the complete sequence of escat cdna consisted of a 5' untranslated regions (utr) of 224 bp, a 3' utr of 1287 bp with a poly (a) tail and an open reading frame (orf) of 1542 bp, which encoded a polypeptide of 513 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of approximately 5 ...201323171400
toxicity of forest fire retardant chemicals to stream-type chinook salmon undergoing parr-smolt transformation.long-term fire retardants are used to prevent the spread of wildland fires. these products are normally applied by aircraft and are intended specifically for terrestrial application, but fire retardants have entered aquatic habitats by misapplication and/or accidental spills and have resulted in fish mortalities. the authors examined the toxicity of two fire retardant products, phos-chek 259f and lc-95a, to salmon undergoing parr-smolt transformation. yearling stream-type chinook salmon at the s ...201323161484
luminal uptake of vibrio (listonella) anguillarum by shed enterocytes--a novel early defence strategy in larval fish.as adhesion and translocation through fish gut enterocytes of the pathogen vibrio (listonella) anguillarum are not well investigated, the effective cause of disease and mortality outbreaks in larval sea bass, dicentrarchus labrax, suffering from vibriosis is unknown. we detected v. anguillarum within the gut of experimentally infected gnotobiotic sea bass larvae using transmission electron microscopy and immunogold labelling. intact bacteria were observed in close contact with the apical brush b ...201323121135
heat shock protein 70 kda (hsp70) increase in sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax, l 1758) thymus after vaccination against listonella anguillarum.heat shock proteins 70 kda (hsp70) and apoptosis were investigated in thymus of sea bass juveniles (dicentrarchus labrax) subsequently to a vaccination against listonella (syn. vibrio) anguillarum. hsp70 expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and immunoenzymatic methods, resulting in increase in hsp70 after bath immunization and persistent in fish exposed to an intraperitoneal (i.p.) booster. the hsp70 increase in thymus was suggested as induction in lymphocytic cells, to be related to ...201323053607
transcriptional regulation of cytokines in the intestine of atlantic cod fed yeast derived mannan oligosaccharide or β-glucan and challenged with vibrio anguillarum.immunomodulatory feed additives are expected to exert their primary influence at the intestinal level through the expression of cytokines, which in turn affect the immune responses in fish. in two separate experiments a yeast-derived mannan oligosaccharide product (ym) or a purified β-glucan (bg) product were fed to atlantic cod (gadus morhua l.) for 5 weeks, after which they were bath-challenged with a bacterial pathogen--vibrio anguillarum. the transcription of selected cytokines (proinflammat ...201222771966
a divalent dna vaccine based on sia10 and ompu induces cross protection against streptococcus iniae and vibrio anguillarum in japanese flounder.streptococcosis and vibriosis caused by streptococcus iniae and vibrio anguillarum respectively have affected fish culture industries around the world. previous studies have indicated that the s. iniae antigen sia10 and the v. anguillarum outer membrane protein ompu, when used as dna vaccines, induce protection in turbot (scophthalmus maximus) and asian seabass (lates calcarifer) respectively. in this study, with an effort to develop effective vaccines against s. iniae and v. anguillarum, we con ...201222480661
virulence genes and pathogenicity islands in environmental vibrio strains nonpathogenic to humans.most vibrio species in autochthonous marine microbial communities, such as vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio harveyi, vibrio anguillarum among others, are considered nonpathogenic for humans. however, because many bacterial virulence genes are located in mobile genetic elements, the acquisition of mobile dna could mediate the appearance of virulent or more virulent strains even in a species defined as nonpathogenic. in this study, we screened a collection of marine nonpathogenic vibrio strains isolat ...201222676367
gene sequence based clustering assists in dereplication of pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea strains with identical inhibitory activity and antibiotic production.some microbial species are chemically homogenous, and the same secondary metabolites are found in all strains. in contrast, we previously found that five strains of p. luteoviolacea were closely related by 16s rrna gene sequence but produced two different antibiotic profiles. the purpose of the present study was to determine whether such bioactivity differences could be linked to genotypes allowing methods from phylogenetic analysis to aid in selection of strains for biodiscovery. thirteen p. lu ...201223015771
cloning, characterization and expression analysis of a cold shock domain family member yb-1 in turbot scophthalmus maximus.the y-box proteins are a family of highly conserved nucleic acid binding proteins. in this report we have identified a new member, yb-1 from turbot (scophthalmus maximus) spleen cdna library. the full-length cdna sequence of turbot yb-1 was obtained and then the expression at transcriptional level was researched by qrt-pcr. in normal organs, the expression of yb-1 was higher in liver, brain, gill and heart, respectively. yb-1 had the highest expression level at gastrula stage during the early st ...201222982328
phaeobacter gallaeciensis reduces vibrio anguillarum in cultures of microalgae and rotifers, and prevents vibriosis in cod larvae.phaeobacter gallaeciensis can antagonize fish-pathogenic bacteria in vitro, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate the organism as a probiont for marine fish larvae and their feed cultures. an in vivo mechanism of action of the antagonistic probiotic bacterium is suggested using a non-antagonistic mutant. p. gallaeciensis was readily established in axenic cultures of the two microalgae tetraselmis suecica and nannochloropsis oculata, and of the rotifer brachionus plicatilis. p. gallaecien ...201222928051
influence of elevated temperatures on the immune response of abalone, haliotis rubra.elevated water temperature can act as a stressor impacting the immune responses of molluscs, potentially increasing their susceptibility to microbial infections. abalone are commercially important marine molluscs that have recently experienced disease outbreaks caused by a herpesvirus and vibrio bacteria. sampling of wild-caught haliotis rubra showed a significant correlation between water temperature and both antiviral and antibacterial activity, with higher activity in summer than in winter mo ...201222306749
different approaches to expressing edwardsiella tarda antigen gapdh in attenuated vibrio anguillarum for multivalent fish vaccines.with the development of gene technology, expressing heterologous antigens in attenuated bacteria has become an important strategy to design multivalent vaccines. in our previous work, an attenuated vibrio anguillarum named mvav6203 was developed and proven to be an efficient live vaccine candidate. in this research, we aimed to express protective antigen glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) of edwardsiella tarda in attenuated vibrio anguillarum to establish a multivalent v. anguillar ...201222724428
identification and characterization of a hepcidin from half-smooth tongue sole cynoglossus semilaevis.hepcidin, an antimicrobial peptide, has a dual function including innate immunity and iron regulation. here, based on the sequence of an est database, we have isolated and characterized a hepcidin gene (referred to as cshepcidin) from half-smooth tongue sole (cynoglossus semilaevis). analysis of the coding regions indicated cshepcidin gene comprised 3 exons and 2 introns. the putative cshepcidin showed a great similarity to other hepcidin orthologues, particularly with respect to its 24 aa signa ...201222565018
evaluation of the probiotics bacillus subtilis and lactobacillus plantarum bioencapsulated in artemia nauplii against vibriosis in european sea bass larvae (dicentrarchus labrax, l.).two potential probiotics bacillus subtilis and lactobacillus plantarum were evaluated for use in aquaculture as preventive measures against vibriosis. in vitro evaluation of the probiotics using co-culture assays with the pathogen vibrio anguillarum and testing for the production of antibacterial substances showed the presence of antagonism and confirmed the production of antibacterial substances. both potential probiotics were administered to the live fish feed artemia franciscana nauplii, offe ...201222806117
a novel c1qdc protein acting as pattern recognition receptor in scallop argopecten irradians.the c1q domain containing (c1qdc) proteins refer to a family of proteins containing the versatile charge pattern recognition globular c1q domain in the c-terminus, which could bind various ligands including pamps and trigger a serial of immune response. in this study, a novel c1qdc protein was identified from argopecten irradians (designated as aic1qdc-2). its full-length cdna was of 1062 bp with an open reading frame of 720 bp encoding a polypeptide of 240 amino acids containing a typical gc1q ...201222691582
a scallop c-type lectin from argopecten irradians (aictl5) with activities of lipopolysaccharide binding and gram-negative bacteria agglutination.c-type lectins are a family of calcium-dependent carbohydrate-binding proteins. in the present study, a c-type lectin (designated as aictl5) was identified and characterized from argopecten irradians. the full-length cdna of aictl5 was of 673 bp, containing a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 24 bp, a 3' utr of 130 bp with a poly (a) tail, and an open reading frame (orf) of 519 bp encoding a polypeptide of 172 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 17 amino acids. a c-type lectin-like domai ...201222342746
phylogenetic analysis of antimicrobial lactic acid bacteria from farmed seabass dicentrarchus labrax.the use of lactic acid bacteria (lab) in the prevention or reduction of fish diseases is receiving increasing attention. in the present study, 47 lab strains were isolated from farmed seabass ( dicentrarchus labrax ) and were phenotypically and phylogenetically analysed by 16s rdna and randomly amplified polymorphic dna - polymerase chain reaction (rapd-pcr). their antimicrobial effect was tested in vitro against a wide variety of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. most of the strains isolated we ...201222439634
intracellular cu/zn superoxide dismutase (cu/zn-sod) from hard clam meretrix meretrix: its cdna cloning, mrna expression and enzyme activity.hard clam (meretrix meretrix) is an economically important bivalve in china. in the present study, a gene coding for an intracellular cu/zn-sod was cloned and characterized from hard clam. the full-length cdna of this cu/zn-sod (designated as mm-iccuzn-sod) consisted of 1,383 bp, with a 462-bp of open reading frame (orf) encoding 153 amino acids. several highly conserved motifs, including the cu/zn binding sites [h(46), h(48), h(63), and h(119) for cu binding; h(63), h(71), h(80), and d(83) for ...201223053968
association between the polymorphism of cfpgrp-s1 gene and disease susceptibility/resistance of zhikong scallop (chlamys farreri) to listonella anguillarum challenge.peptidoglycan recognition protein (pgrp) is a pattern recognition receptor, playing important roles in the innate immune response against invasive pathogens. the single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) loci in scallop pgrp gene (cfpgrp) were screened from chlamys farreri to investigate their association with disease resistance of scallop against listonella anguillarum. thirteen snp sites were identified in pgrp domain of cfpgrp, and two of them at positions 4407 and 4408 which are located in the sa ...201222809742
lipopolysaccharide o-antigen prevents phagocytosis of vibrio anguillarum by rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) skin epithelial cells.colonization of host tissues is a first step taken by many pathogens during the initial stages of infection. despite the impact of bacterial disease on wild and farmed fish, only a few direct studies have characterized bacterial factors required for colonization of fish tissues. in this study, using live-cell and confocal microscopy, rainbow trout skin epithelial cells, the main structural component of the skin epidermis, were demonstrated to phagocytize bacteria. mutant analyses showed that the ...201222662189
identification and characterization of il-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (irak-4) in half-smooth tongue sole cynoglossus semilaevis.as a crucial component in tlr/il-1r signaling pathways, irak-4 plays a central role in innate and adaptive immunity. in the present study, the cdna of irak-4 was cloned for the first time from half-smooth tongue sole (cynoglossus semilaevis). the full-length cdna of csirak-4 was 2149bp and contained a 168bp 5' utr, a 580bp 3' utr and a 1401bp cds. the predicted protein sequence of csirak-4 had two typical domains, a death domain (dd) at the n terminus and a serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kina ...201222230843
two replication regions in the pjm1 virulence plasmid of the marine pathogen vibrio anguillarum.vibrio anguillarum is a fish pathogen that causes vibriosis, a serious hemorrhagic septicemia, in wild and cultured fish. many serotype o1 strains of this bacterium harbor the 65kb plasmid pjm1 carrying the majority of genes encoding the siderophore anguibactin iron transport system that is one of the most important virulence factors of this bacterium. we previously identified a replication region of the pjm1 plasmid named ori1. in this work we determined that ori1 can replicate in escherichia c ...201222239981
bacterial pathogens and flora isolated from farm-cultured eels (anguilla japonica) and their environmental waters in korean eel farms.the purpose of this study was to investigate bacterial pathogens and flora in both sick and clinically healthy eels, anguilla japonica, and the environmental rearing waters of korean eel farms. between 2003 and 2010, a total of 621 sick eels were submitted for diagnosis, while 216 healthy eels and 87 environmental water samples were collected during a survey of 26 eel farms in korea. seven different bacterial species were obtained from 183 isolates, which were recovered from the internal organs ...201223357049
innovative vaccination protocol against vibriosis in dicentrarchus labrax (l.) juveniles: improvement of immune parameters and protection to challenge.the effect of vaccination on immune parameters of european sea bass, dicentrarchus labrax, is not fully established, as well as surveyed throughout rearing till the commercial size. furthermore, available information on the possible role of booster treatments is scarce. sea bass juveniles were vaccinated against listonella anguillarum using a commercial bivalent formulation administered by immersion (priming: 95 dph; booster: 165 dph) or by immersion (priming: 95 dph; booster: 165 dph) and subse ...201223277096
a four-crd c-type lectin from chlamys farreri mediating nonself-recognition with broader spectrum and opsonization.c-type lectins are a superfamily of ca(2+)-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins consisting of at least one carbohydrate-recognition domain (crd), which participate in nonself-recognition and clearance of invaders. in invertebrate, some multidomain c-type lectins have been identified, but their relative functions and binding mechanism are still meager. in the present study, a c-type lectin (cflec-4) with four crds from chlamys farreri was selected to investigate its possible function in in ...201223276881
nigribactin, a novel siderophore from vibrio nigripulchritudo, modulates staphylococcus aureus virulence gene expression.staphylococcus aureus is a serious human pathogen that employs a number of virulence factors as part of its pathogenesis. the purpose of the present study was to explore marine bacteria as a source of compounds that modulate virulence gene expression in s. aureus. during the global marine galathea 3 expedition, a strain collection was established comprising bacteria that express antimicrobial activity against vibrio anguillarum and/or staphylococcus aureus. within this collection we searched col ...201223203279
rnd type efflux pump system mexab-oprm of pseudomonas aeruginosa selects bacterial languages, 3-oxo-acyl-homoserine lactones, for cell-to-cell communication.bacteria release a wide variety of small molecules including cell-to-cell signaling compounds. gram-negative bacteria use a variety of self-produced autoinducers such as acylated homoserine lactones (acyl-hsls) as signal compounds for quorum sensing (qs) within and between bacterial species. qs plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and in beneficial symbiosis by responding to acyl-hsls in pseudomonas aeruginosa. it is considered that the selection of bacterial langu ...201222574700
immune response of turbot (scophthalmus maximus l.) to a broad spectrum vaccine candidate, recombinant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of edwardsiella tarda.edwardsiella tarda is a gram-negative pathogen which causes systemic infection in turbot. the increasing frequency of edwardsiellosis in turbot farming has stressed the need to understand the immune responses of fish, for the further development of prevention and control strategies. as a broad spectrum protective antigen, a recombinant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) of e. tarda eib202 has been proven to present remarkable protection against e. tarda, aeromonas hydrophila, vibri ...201223084627
an integrin from shrimp litopenaeus vannamei mediated microbial agglutination and cell proliferation.integrins are a family of adhesion receptors which regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, leukocyte migration, and complement receptor-dependent phagocytosis. in invertebrates, as a cell adhesion receptor, β integrins play an important role for the balanced activation of immune defense responses especially during the encounter of infections. the present study attempts to characterize the immune functions of shrimp integrin (lvintegrin) to have better understanding on the immune system and ...201222792387
simultaneous detection of multiple fish pathogens using a naked-eye readable dna microarray.we coupled 16s rdna pcr and dna hybridization technology to construct a microarray for simultaneous detection and discrimination of eight fish pathogens (aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella tarda, flavobacterium columnare, lactococcus garvieae, photobacterium damselae, pseudomonas anguilliseptica, streptococcus iniae and vibrio anguillarum) commonly encountered in aquaculture. the array comprised short oligonucleotide probes (30 mer) complementary to the polymorphic regions of 16s rrna genes for ...201222736973
A novel protein with a fibrinogen-like domain involved in the innate immune response of Marsupenaeus japonicus.Fibrinogen-related proteins play important roles in innate immunity. We isolated a fibrinogen-related protein gene (MjFREP1) in kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. MjFREP1 encoded a protein of 270 amino acids, including a 223 amino acid fibrinogen-like domain. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis shows that MjFREP1 is mainly expressed in the gills and the expression is significantly upregulated by Vibrio anguillarum, Staphylococcus aureus, or white spot syndrome virus (WSS ...201222142703
A novel pathogen-binding gC1qR homolog, FcgC1qR, in the Chinese white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis.In vertebrates, the globular "head" of complement component C1q receptor (gC1qR) is a versatile, multiligand binding protein. However, research on its function in invertebrates is limited. In the present study, a full-length cDNA sequence of a novel gC1qR homolog, FcgC1qR, from the Chinese white shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis was cloned. Semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected FcgC1qR in all examined tissues, with the highest level detected in the intestine. Western blot assa ...201221893092
Two classes of glutathione S-transferase genes with different response profiles to bacterial challenge in Venerupis philippinarum.Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is major cytosolic detoxification enzymes involved in many pathological and physiological processes. In the present study, two classes of GSTs (VpGST-1 and VpGST-2) were cloned from Venerupis philippinarum haemocytes by cDNA library and RACE approaches. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis together supported that they belonged to a new member of sigma and pi classes GSTs protein family, respectively. The expression profiles of these two genes under Vibrio ...201222119575
Effect of Coriolus versicolor supplemented diet on innate immune response and disease resistance in kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus against Listonella anguillarum.The effect of Coriolus versicolor extract supplemented diets on innate immune response and disease resistance in kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus against Listonella anguillarum, is reported. Kelp grouper were divided into four groups of 25 each and fed with C. versicolor enriched diets at 0% (control), 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1.0% level. After 30 days of feeding, all fish were injected interaperitoneally (i.p.) with 50 µl of L. anguillarum (4.7 × 10(7) CFU) to investigate the immune parameters at week ...201222155010
identification of α1-antitrypsin as a positive acute phase protein in ayu (plecoglossus altivelis) associated with listonella anguillarum infection.α1-antitrypsin (aat) is implicated in the regulation of a variety of mammalian immune responses and was recently identified as a major serpin in blood plasma of some fish. however, aat expression following bacterial infection in fish has not been well described. in this study, we cloned the full-length ayu (plecoglossus altivelis) aat gene cdna. it contained a 1368-bp coding region, which encodes a 19-amino acids (aa) signal peptide and a 437-aa mature aat containing the serpin's signature seque ...201222100612
two c-type lectins from shrimp litopenaeus vannamei that might be involved in immune response against bacteria and virus.c-type lectins play crucial roles in innate immunity to recognize and eliminate pathogens efficiently. in the present study, two c-type lectins from shrimp litopenaeus vannamei (designated as lvlectin-1 and lvlectin-2) were identified, and their expression patterns, both in tissues and toward pathogen stimulation, were then characterized. the full-length cdna of lvlectin-1 and lvlectin-2 was 567 and 625 bp, containing an open reading frame (orf) of 471 and 489 bp, respectively, and deduced amino ...201222094589
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) based identification of genes and expression analysis of leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT2) from Epinephelus bruneus.The kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus, is an economically important intensively cultured species in Southeast Asia. Despite the insatiable demand its large-scale production has been hindered by problems associated with water quality, nutrition, and diseases especially due to increased rearing density. It is generally accepted that in fish both innate and adaptive immune system provide protection from diseases. In the present study a cDNA library of Streptococcus iniae-challenged kelp grouper was ...201221983421
Three ferritin subunits involved in immune defense from bay scallop Argopecten irradians.Ferritin is a ubiquitous protein that plays an important role in iron storage and iron-withholding strategy of innate immunity. In this study, three genes encoding different ferritin subunits were cloned from bay scallop Argopecten irradians (AiFer1, AiFer2 and AiFer3) by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches based on the known ESTs. The open reading frames of the three ferritins are of 516 bp, 522 bp and 519 bp, encoding 171,173 and 172 amino acids, respectively. All the AiFers con ...201222146701
Secreted glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a broad spectrum vaccine candidate against microbial infection in aquaculture.Aims: Subcellullar localizations and cross-immunities of GAPDHs from six common pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture were investigated. Methods and Results: Subcellullar localizations of GAPDHs of Edwardsiella tarda EIB202, Edwardsiella ictaluri ATCC33202, Aeromonas hydrophila LSA34, Vibrio anguillarum MVM425, Vibrio alginolyticus EPGS020401 and Vibrio harveyi VIB647 were analysed with Western blotting, indirect immunofluorescence and flow cytometry examinations. Immunoprotections of different r ...201222017642
characterization, genomic organization, and expression profiles of myd88, a key adaptor molecule in the tlr signaling pathways in miiuy croaker (miichthys miiuy).myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88) is an important adaptor protein in the tlr signaling pathways. in the present study, we firstly cloned and characterized miichthys miiuy myd88 (mimi-myd88) cdna and gene. the mimi-myd88 gene was 3,470 bp consisting of five exons and four introns. the cdna was composed of 1,627 bp with an 867-bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 288 amino acid residues. the theoretical molecular mass and isoelectric point of this polypeptide were 33.25 and 4.96 ...201223053604
molecular characterization and expression of a novel big defensin (sb-bdef1) from ark shell, scapharca broughtonii.big defensins, endogenous cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides (amps) with antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory property, play crucial roles in host defense against various microbial pathogens. a novel big defensin (sb-bdef1) of ark shell scapharca broughtonii was identified by expressed sequence tag (est) and race techniques. the sb-bdef1 cdna contained an open reading frame (orf) of 336-bp encoding a polypeptide of 111 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 21 amino acid residues ...201223000749
toxicity of atrazine and nonylphenol in juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on general health, disease susceptibility and gene expression.atrazine (atz) and nonylphenol (np) are commonly identified contaminants in aquatic habitats; however, few studies have considered the impact of these endocrine disrupters on immune function and resistance to disease. this study examined the immunotoxicological effects of atz and np at multiple levels of biological organization. juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to a solvent control (0.00625%, v/v anhydrous ethanol), or sub-lethal concentrations of atz (59 μg/l and 555 μg ...201222982499
ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme e2-like gene associated to pathogen response in concholepas concholepas: snp identification and transcription expression.ubiquitin-conjugated e2 enzyme (ube2) is one of the main components of the proteasome degradation cascade. previous studies have shown an increase of expression levels in individuals challenged to some pathogen organism such as virus and bacteria. the study was to characterize the immune response of ube2 gene in the gastropod concholepas concholepas through expression analysis and single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) discovery. hence, ube2 was identified from a cdna library by 454 pyrosequencin ...201222971731
immune response and energy metabolism of chlamys farreri under vibrio anguillarum challenge and high temperature exposure.the complex interactions among host, pathogen and environment are believed to be the main causes for the mass mortality of cultured scallops during summer period. in the present study, the temporal variations of immune and energy parameters of chlamys farreri under vibrio anguillarum challenge, higher temperature (29°c) exposure as well as their combined treatment were investigated in order to better understand the energetic mechanisms of scallop immune defense. after the treatments, the superox ...201222960216
miiuy croaker transferrin gene and evidence for positive selection events reveal different evolutionary patterns.transferrin (tf) is a protein that plays a central role in iron metabolism. this protein is associated with the innate immune system, which is responsible for disease defense responses after bacterial infection. the clear link between tf and the immune defense mechanism has led researchers to consider tf as a candidate gene for disease resistance. in this study, the miichthys miiuy (miiuy croaker) tf gene (mimi-tf) was cloned and characterized. the gene structure consisted of a coding region of ...201222957037
involvement of fenneropenaeus chinensis cathepsin c in antiviral immunity.cathepsin c (cath c) is a lysosomal cysteine protease that belongs to the papain superfamily. cath c is capable of activating many chymotrypsin-like serine proteases and is reported to be a central coordinator for the activation of many serine proteinases in immune and inflammatory cells. in this study, cath c cdna was cloned from fenneropenaeus chinensis (fc). the complete cdna of fc-cath c in chinese white shrimp was found to be 1445-base pairs (bp) long. it contained an open reading frame (or ...201222885030
characterization of european sea bass transcripts by rna seq after oral vaccine against v. anguillarum.the european sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax) is, along with the gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata), one of the most extensively cultured species in european aquaculture productions. massive mortalities may be caused by bacterial or viral infections in intensive aquaculture production. evaluation of the efficacy of an oral vaccine against vibrio anguillarum (aquavac vibrio oral) in sea bass revealed specific immune gene expression profiles in the gut as well as protection of fish. in the present ...201222790793
characterization and snp variation analysis of a hsp70 gene from miiuy croaker and its expression as related to bacterial challenge and heat shock.heat shock proteins (hsps) play crucial roles in the immune response of vertebrates. in order to study immune defense mechanism of heat shock protein gene in miiuy croaker (miichthys miiuy), a cdna encoding heat shock protein 70 (designated mimi-hsp70) gene was cloned from miiuy croaker. the cdna was 2195 bp in length, consisting of an open reading frame (orf) of 1917 bp encoding a polypeptide of 638 amino acids with estimated molecular mass of 70.3 kda and theoretical isoelectric point of 5.55. ...201222750024
molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of a cc chemokine gene from miiuy croaker (miichthys miiuy).chemokines are a family of structurally related chemotactic cytokines that regulate the migration of leukocytes, under both physiological and inflammatory conditions. a partial cdna of cc chemokine gene designed as mimi-cc3 was isolated from miiuy croaker (miichthys miiuy) spleen cdna library. unknown 3' part of the cdna was amplified by 3'-race. the complete cdna of mimi-cc3 contains an 89-nt 5'-utr, a 303-nt open reading frame and a 441-nt 3'-utr. three exons and two introns were identified in ...201222736236
cathepsin l in the orange-spotted grouper, epinephelus coioides: molecular cloning and gene expression after a vibrio anguillarum challenge.the orange-spotted grouper, epinephelus coioides, is an important fish maricultured in many asian countries. in the present study, the full-length cdna of cathepsin l, an immunity related gene of fishes, was isolated from e. coioides using rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). it is 1,443 bp in length, including an open reading frame (orf) of 1,011 bp. the open reading frame encoded a preproprotein of 336 amino acids (aa), which consisted of a signal peptide of 16 aa, a proregion peptide of 9 ...201222723013
[cloning and expression analysis of lipopolysaccharide-induced tnf-a(litaf) of japanese scallop (mizuhopecten yessoensis)].the lipopolysaccharide-induced tnf-alpha factor (litaf) is an inflammatory cytokine, which plays an important role in innate immunity system. based on the expressed sequence tag (est) of japanese scallop (mizuhopecten yessoensis), the cdna of litaf gene was amplified using rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) approach. results showed that the full-length cdna of litaf is 1 551 bp consisting of a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 76 bp, a 3' utr of 1 001 bp, and an open reading frame (orf) of 47 ...201222698745
effects on mortality and stress response in european sea bass, dicentrarchus labrax (l.), fed mannan oligosaccharides (mos) after vibrio anguillarum exposure.the effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (mos; 4 g kg(-1) ; bio-mos, alltech inc, usa) in diets for european sea bass, dicentrarchus labrax (l.), juveniles in relation to disease and stress resistance, combining intestinal infection with vibrio anguillarum and stress challenge by confinement, were assessed in this study. after 8 weeks of mos supplementation, fish were exposed to a pathogen challenge test against v. anguillarum by direct gut inoculation combined with a confinement stressor ...201222690841
treatment of vibriosis in european sea bass larvae, dicentrarchus labrax l., with oxolinic acid administered by bath or through medicated nauplii of artemia franciscana (kellogg): efficacy and residual kinetics.european sea bass larvae were challenged by bath with listonella anguillarum strain 332a, 2.5×10(7) cfuml(-1) for 1h. fish either received no treatment or oral treatment with artemia franciscana (kellog) nauplii enriched with oxolinic acid, or bath treatments with oxolinic acid. medication commenced 1day following challenge and was performed on days 1, 3 and 5 post-challenge at a dosage of 20mgl(-1) for 2h for bath treatments, while two doses each of 750 nauplii per fish were administered daily ...201222670590
comparative proteomics of two vibrio anguillarum serotype o1 strains with different virulence phenotypes.vibrio anguillarum is part of the natural flora in the aquatic habitat, but under certain circumstances it can cause terminal hemorrhagic septicemia in marine fish due to the action of virulence-associated proteins. in our study, v. anguillarum mn and 3010 were identified as serotype o1 by aflp analysis, and the virulence of v. anguillarum mn was shown 50-fold higher than that of the strain 3101 by ld(50) tests with japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus. nine spots were noted as differentiall ...201222653266
identification and characterization of dscam isoforms isolated from orange-spotted grouper epinephelus coioides.the down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (dscam), an immunoglobulin (ig) superfamily member, was first identified from human and subsequently isolated from both vertebrates and invertebrates. recent studies have shown that the dscam molecule serves diverse functions in neurodevelopment, such as axon guidance and neuronal migration. most studies on dscam, however, have focused on mammals and arthropods, and our present knowledge of bony fish dscam is still limited. in this study, orange-spotted g ...201222627126
nervous necrosis virus replicates following the embryo development and dual infection with iridovirus at juvenile stage in grouper.infection of virus (such as nodavirus and iridovirus) and bacteria (such as vibrio anguillarum) in farmed grouper has been widely reported and caused large economic losses to taiwanese fish aquaculture industry since 1979. the multiplex assay was used to detect dual viral infection and showed that only nervous necrosis virus (nnv) can be detected till the end of experiments (100% mortality) once it appeared. in addition, iridovirus can be detected in a certain period of rearing. the results of r ...201222563447
the expression of dopa decarboxylase and dopamine beta hydroxylase and their responding to bacterial challenge during the ontogenesis of scallop chlamys farreri.dopa decarboxylase (ddc) and dopamine beta hydroxylase (dbh) is responsible for the synthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine, respectively. in the present study, dopa decarboxylase (cfddc) and dopamine beta hydroxylase (cfdbh) were selected as indicator to investigate the development of catecholaminergic nervous system in the larvae of scallop chlamys farreri. the cfddc and cfdbh transcripts were all detectable during the whole ontogenesis expect for the cfddc transcripts in 2-cell embryos stage ...201222521420
miiuy croaker hepcidin gene and comparative analyses reveal evidence for positive selection.hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (hamp) is a small cysteine-rich peptide and a key molecule of the innate immune system against bacterial infections. molecular cloning and genomic characterization of hamp gene in the miiuy croaker (miichthys miiuy) were reported in this study. the miiuy croaker hamp was predicted to encode a prepropeptide of 99 amino acids, a tentative rx(k/r)r cleavage motif and eight characteristic cysteine residues were also identified. the gene organization is also similar to ...201222511989
immune responses of zebrafish (danio rerio) induced by bath-vaccination with a live attenuated vibrio anguillarum vaccine candidate.a fish vaccine candidate, live attenuated vibrio anguillarum, which can protect fish from vibriosis, was established in our laboratory. in this study, the protective immunological mechanism of live attenuated v. anguillarum was investigated in zebrafish as a model animal. after bath-vaccinated with the live attenuated strain, zebrafish were challenged with wild pathogenic strain to test the immunoprotection of the live attenuated strain. as the results, specific antibody response of fish against ...201222507197
secondary structure of antisense rnaβ, an internal transcriptional terminator of the plasmid-encoded iron transport-biosynthesis operon of vibrio anguillarum.rnaβ affects the transcription process of the iron transport-biosynthesis operon encoded in the pjm1 plasmid of vibrio anguillarum at a stem-loop structure located in the intergenic region between the fata and angr genes. the net result is a higher level of the fatd, fatc, fatb, and fata moiety as compared with the longer transcript encoding those genes as well as the angr and angt genes. in this work we report the secondary structure of rnaβ determined by treatment with single and double strand ...201222491898
zebrafish (danio rerio) larvae as a system to test the efficacy of polysaccharides as immunostimulants.the present study was carried out to examine the use of zebrafish (danio rerio) as a preliminary screening model for testing the effect of potential immunostimulant substances on the innate immune system. β-glucan, a polysaccharide used widely as an immunostimulant, was used as a representative molecule and tested on zebrafish embryos and larvae. the efficacy of the molecule was evaluated by determining the differential expression of some selected genes related to the immune system by rt-qpcr. l ...201222489616
[molecular cloning, sequence analysis and expression of ayu complement component c9 gene].c9, a component of the membrane attack complex, participates in the final stage of the complement cascade which lyses foreign organisms by disrupting the integrity of their cell membranes. in the present study, a full-length ayu c9 (ac9) cdna was cloned which contains 2,125 nucleotides and encodes a protein of 592 amino acids. a signal peptide was deposited in the n-terminal 22 residues. the deduced amino acid sequence of ac9 showed 56.8% identity to the c9 of rainbow trout, and 40.9% to 53.8% i ...201222467389
association of cflgbp gene polymorphism with disease susceptibility/resistance of zhikong scallop (chlamys farreri) to listonella anguillarum.lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-glucan binding protein (lgbp) is a pattern recognition receptor (prr) recognizing and binding both lps and β-1, 3-glucan, playing important roles in innate immunity. in the present study, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) were assessed in lgbp gene from scallop chlamys farreri (designated cflgbp), and eight snps were found in its potential lps and glucanase binding motif. the locus +7679 with the transition of g-a, which produced an amino acid substitution ...201222465359
immune response of four dual-crd c-type lectins to microbial challenges in giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii.c-type lectins (ctls) are believed to play important roles in the innate immunity of invertebrates and serve as pattern recognition receptors, opsonins, or effector molecules. in this study, the full-lengths cdna of 4 ctl genes from giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii were cloned and designated as mrlec1, mrlec2, mrlec3, and mrlec4. all of these 4 lectin cdnas encode proteins with 2 carbohydrate recognition domains (crds). while mrlec1, mrlec3, and mrlec4 had signal peptides, no sig ...201222450241
molecular cloning and characterization of interleukin-1β in half-smooth tongue sole cynoglossus semilaevis.as a member of the interleukin (il)-1 family, il-1β is a prototypical proinflammatory cytokine, which plays a crucial role in immune responses. herein, we reported the full length cdna of il-1β in half-smooth tongue sole (cynoglossus semilaevis). the csil-1β cdna contained a 130 bp 5' utr, a 417 bp 3' utr and a 741 bp coding sequence (cds) that translated into a polypeptide of 246 amino acids. the protein sequence included a typical il-1 family signature and lacked an interleukin-converting enzy ...201222436375
effect of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate on chinese mitten crab, eriocheir sinensis, larvae challenged with pathogenic vibrio anguillarum.this study investigated the protective effect of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (phb) on chinese mitten crab, eriocheir sinensis, zoea larvae challenged with pathogenic vibrio anguillarum. phb was delivered to the crab larvae through rotifer and artemia bioencapsulation. zoea 3 larvae were challenged with v. anguillarum at a final concentration of 10(5) cfu ml(-1). phb-enriched rotifers and artemia nauplii were added to the culture water 24 h prior to, upon and 24 h after challenge. the results confirme ...201222417317
a goose-type lysozyme gene in japanese scallop (mizuhopecten yessoensis): cdna cloning, mrna expression and promoter sequence analysis.lysozyme is an important component of the immune response against bacteria that is characterized by its ability to break down bacterial cell-walls. we constructed a high-quality cdna library from mantle tissue of adult japanese scallop (mizuhopecten yessoensis). the est which is high homology with g-type lysozyme genes of other species was found in the cdna library. in the present study, the complete express sequence of g-type lysozyme genes from japanese scallop (designated as mylysog) was dire ...201222366552
alternation of immune parameters and cellular energy allocation of chlamys farreri under ammonia-n exposure and vibrio anguillarum challenge.the complex interactions among host, pathogen and environment are believed to be the main causes for the mass mortality of cultured scallops. in the present study, the temporal variations of immune parameters and cellular energy allocation (cea) of chlamys farreri under ammonia-n, vibrio anguillarum as well as their combined treatment were investigated to better understand the energetic mechanisms of scallop in immune defense. after 1 d exposure to ammonia-n, v. anguillarum and their combination ...201222326939
bacterial host interaction of gfp-labelled vibrio anguillarum hi-610 with gnotobiotic sea bass, dicentrarchus labrax (l.), larvae.the location and cell damage caused by vibrio anguillarum, the causative agent of classical vibriosis, within the developing gut of the newly hatched sea bass, dicentrarchus labrax (l.), is unknown. a gnotobiotic sea bass model was used to investigate the early interactions of v. anguillarum with sea bass larvae. in the present study, germ-free sea bass larvae were orally exposed to a v. anguillarum hi-610 pathogen labelled with the green fluorescent protein (gfp-hi-610) and sampled at regular i ...201222324372
identification and expression analysis of goose-type lysozyme in half-smooth tongue sole (cynoglossus semilaevis).lysozymes are considered to be potent innate immune molecules against the invasion of bacterial pathogens. the goose-type lysozyme is one of the three major distinct lysozyme types identified in the animal kingdom including teleosts. in this report, we identified, sequenced, and characterized the goose-type lysozyme gene (csglys) from half-smooth tongue sole (cynoglossus semilaevis). the full-length cdna of csglys is 1191 bp in length from the transcription start site to polyadenylation site, in ...201222321603
diversification of the expanded teleost-specific toll-like receptor family in atlantic cod, gadus morhua.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are major molecular pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. atlantic cod (gadus morhua) is the first vertebrate known to have lost most of the mammalian tlr orthologues, particularly all bacterial recognising and other cell surface tlrs. on the other hand, its genome encodes a unique repertoire of teleost-specific tlrs. the aim of this study was to investigate if these duplicate tlrs have been retained through adaptive evolution to compensate for the ...201223273344
c312m: an attenuated vibrio anguillarum strain that induces immunoprotection as an oral and immersion vaccine.vibrio anguillarum, a gram-negative bacterial pathogen, is the causative agent of vibriosis that affects a wide range of aquatic animals. in this study, we obtained a mutant v. anguillarum, c312m, derived from the pathogenic v. anguillarum c312 by selection of rifampicin resistance. c312m was slower in growth than the wild type c312, particularly under conditions of iron depletion. compared to c312, c312m was altered in protein production profile and exhibited a dramatically increased median let ...201223209076
determining vaccination frequency in farmed rainbow trout using vibrio anguillarum o1 specific serum antibody measurements.despite vaccination with a commercial vaccine with a documented protective effect against vibrio anguillarum o1 disease outbreaks caused by this bacterium have been registered among rainbow trout at danish fish farms. the present study examined specific serum antibody levels as a valid marker for assessing vaccination status in a fish population. for this purpose a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed and used to evaluate sera from farmed rainbow trout vaccina ...201223185402
evidence of an antimicrobial-immunomodulatory role of atlantic salmon cathelicidins during infection with yersinia ruckeri.cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides that act as effector molecules of the innate immune system with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. these evolutionary conserved cationic host-defence peptides are integral components of the immune response of fish, which are generally believed to rely heavily on innate immune defences to invading pathogens. in this study we showed that atlantic salmon cathelicidin 1 and 2 (ascath1 and ascath2) stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes incre ...201121858109
Discovery of novel biopreservation agents with inhibitory effects on growth of food-borne pathogens and their application to seafood products.Selection of protective cultures is relevant in order to biopreserve and improve the functional safety of food products, mainly through inhibition of spoilage and/or pathogenic bacteria. Accordingly, the present study investigated potential applications of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the biopreservation of fish and shellfish products. For this purpose, a collection of 84 LAB strains isolated from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) was identified and characterized for ...201122041547
identification and expressional analysis of two cathepsins from half-smooth tongue sole (cynoglossus semilaevis).cathepsins are a family of lysosomal proteases that play an important role in protein degradation, antigen presentation, apoptosis, and inflammation. cathepsins are divided into three groups, i.e., cysteine protease, serine protease, and aspartic protease. cathepsin d and cathepsin l, which are aspartic protease and cysteine protease respectively, have been identified in a number of teleosts; however, the immunological relevance of fish cathepsins is largely unknown. in this study, we cloned and ...201121939771
Molecular characterization and tissue distribution of ferritin M in kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus.This study, reports the identification and analysis of ferritin M chain, from kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus (EbFerM); it comprises 1004 base pair (bp), including 528bp open reading frame (ORF) which encodes 176 amino acid (aa) residues; the calculated molecular weight is 20kDa. The 5'-untranslated region (UTR) possesses 476bp proceeded by a putative Iron Regulatory Element (IRE). Pair wise alignments showed that EbFerM shared 94% identity with that of Larimichthys crocea and Sciaenops. It is ...201121885330
A ?-aminobutyrate type A receptor-associated protein involved in the immune response of Eriocheir sinensis.The ?-aminobutyrate type A receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) is a ubiquitin-like modifier, which is implicated in membrane trafficking and fusion events of ?-aminobutyrate type A receptor, autophagy and apoptosis. In the present study, the gene encoding GABARAP (designated EsGABARAP) was cloned from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends approach and expression sequence tag (EST) analysis. The full-length cDNA of EsGABARAP was of 457 bp, containing a ...201122008098
The unique role of siderophore in marine-derived Aureobasidium pullulans HN6.2.The L: -ornithine-N (5)-monooxygenase structural gene (SidA gene, accession number: FJ769160) was isolated from both the genomic DNA and cDNA of the marine yeast Aureobasidium pullulans HN6.2 by inverse PCR and RT-PCR. An open reading frame of 1,461 bp encoding a 486 amino acid protein (isoelectric point: 7.79) with calculated molecular weight of 55.4 kDa was characterized. The promoter of the gene (intronless) was located from -1 to -824 and had three HGATAR boxes which wer ...201121989767
a susceptible protein by proteomic analysis from vibrio anguillarum under various environmental conditions.vibrio anguillarum is a halophilic gram-negative bacterium causing vibriosis in marine fish and other aquatic animals. most bacteria have developed strategies to survive in harsh environments, and v. anguillarum also encounters various stresses in seawater and hosts. in this study, we investigated changes in protein expression of v. anguillarum in response to diverse stress conditions of temperature, ph, and nacl. proteins were separated by 2d-page, differences in expression patterns under each ...201121979859
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