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astrovirus as a possible cause of congenital tremor type aii in piglets?congenital tremor is associated with demyelination of the brain and spinal cord and is clinically noted as outbreaks of trembling and shaking in newborn piglets during a limited time-period. six forms of the disease have been described, where form aii may be caused by an, as yet, unidentified viral infection. this study aimed to investigate the presence of astrovirus and circovirus by sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis and by relating the findings to the occurrence of diseas ...201425510194
long-term monitoring of 10 selected pathogens in wild boar (sus scrofa) in sierra nevada national park, southern spain.wild boar (sus scrofa) populations are increasing in the iberian peninsula, and population management must include disease management and control. in this study, the epidemiology of 10 selected pathogens (aujeszky's disease virus - adv, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus - prrsv, porcine influenza virus, porcine circovirus, porcine parvovirus, erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae, leptospira pomona, chlamydia/chlamydiaceae sp., salmonella sp. and mycobacterium bovis) in the wild boar pop ...201425261921
mutant usa strain of porcine circovirus type 2 (mpcv2) exhibits similar virulence to the classical pcv2a and pcv2b strains in caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs.in 2012, a mutant porcine circovirus type 2 (mpcv2) strain was identified in cases of pcv-associated disease (pcvad) in the usa. the mpcv2 had an additional amino acid, lysine (k), in the capsid at position 234. the objectives of this study were to compare the pathogenicity of mpcv2, pcv2a and pcv2b in pigs using biologically pure infectious virus stocks derived from respective infectious dna clones, and to investigate the importance of genotype-specific orf2 and the presence of lysine at positi ...201425053562
orf4-protein deficient pcv2 mutants enhance virus-induced apoptosis and show differential expression of mrnas in vitro.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the essential infectious agent of pcv associated disease (pcvad). during previous in vitro studies, 11 rnas and four viral proteins have been detected in pcv2-infected cells. open reading frame (orf) 4 is 180bp in length and has been identified at the transcription and the translation level. it overlaps completely with orf3, which has a role in virus-induced apoptosis. in this study, start codon mutations (m1-pcv2) or in-frame termination mutations (m2-pcv2) w ...201424503223
[molecular-genetic analysis of the genomes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 circulating in the area of russian federation].the molecular genetic analysis of the genomes of the virus of porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome (vprrs) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) circulating in the area of the russian federation was discussed. the results of this work showed the circulation of the strains of the european genotype vprrs similar to those found in france and denmark from 1998 to 2001. the homology of the fragment of one of the genes between the russian isolates and the vaccine strain porcilis prrs (intervet) w ...201425845139
detection of pcv-2 dna in stool samples from infants vaccinated with rotateq®.rotarix® and rotateq® vaccines have led to a dramatic reduction in rotavirus disease worldwide. however, the detection of porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv-1) and 2 (pcv-2) dna in these vaccines raised some safety concerns. studies examining shedding of rotavirus in stool from rotavirus vaccine recipients have been performed but no published data exist regarding the shedding of pcv virus in stools of vaccinees. the goal of this study was to determine if pcv-1 and/or pcv-2 is shed in the feces of in ...201424104203
development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection and differentiation of two genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is one of the major swine viral diseases and has caused significant economic loss to pig producers. pcv2 has been divided into two major genotypes: pcv2a, pcv2b. a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method was developed for the detection and differentiation of pcv2a and pcv2b in clinical samples.201423845855
evolutionary characterization of pig interferon-inducible transmembrane gene family and member expression dynamics in tracheobronchial lymph nodes of pigs infected with swine respiratory disease viruses.studies have found that a cluster of duplicated gene loci encoding the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (ifitms) family have antiviral activity against several viruses, including influenza a virus. the gene family has 5 and 7 members in humans and mice, respectively. here, we confirm the current annotation of pig ifitm1, ifitm2, ifitm3, ifitm5, ifitm1l1 and ifitm1l4, manually annotated ifitm1l2, ifitm1l3, ifitm5l, ifitm3l1 and ifitm3l2, and provide expressed sequence tag (est) and/or ...201424656980
screening of viral pathogens from pediatric ileal tissue samples after vaccination.in 2010, researchers reported that the two us-licensed rotavirus vaccines contained dna or dna fragments from porcine circovirus (pcv). although pcv, a common virus among pigs, is not thought to cause illness in humans, these findings raised several safety concerns. in this study, we sought to determine whether viruses, including pcv, could be detected in ileal tissue samples of children vaccinated with one of the two rotavirus vaccines. a broad spectrum, novel dna detection technology, the lawr ...201424778651
the inflammation-related gene s100a12 is positively regulated by c/ebpβ and ap-1 in pigs.s100a12 is involved in the inflammatory response and is considered an important marker for many inflammatory diseases in humans. our previous studies indicated that the s100a12 gene was abundant in the immune tissues of pigs and was significantly upregulated during infection with haemophilus parasuis (hps) or porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). in this study, the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of s100a12 was investigated in pigs. our results showed that s100a12, ccaat/enhancer-binding pro ...201425110868
interaction of porcine circovirus type 2 and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines on dually infected pigs.the objective of this study was to determine the effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccinations on disease severity in an experimental pcv2-m. hyopneumoniae dual challenge model. vaccine effectiveness was evaluated using microbiological (pcv2 viremia and m. hyopneumoniae nasal shedding), immunological (neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ-secreting cells), and pathological (gross lung lesions, histopathologic pulmonary and lymphoid lesions, and the pres ...201424631087
identification of mycoplasma suis antigens and development of a multiplex microbead immunoassay.the aims of the current study were to identify mycoplasma suis antigens and develop a multiplex microbead immunoassay (mia). a m. suis-expression library was screened for immunogens using sera from infected pigs. based on bioinformatics, putative antigens were identified within positive inserts; gene fragments were expressed and purified as polyhistidine fusion proteins, and immunoreactivity was confirmed by western blot. selected antigens were used to develop a mia. sera from noninfected and in ...201424557752
enteric porcine viruses in farmed shellfish in denmark.bivalve shellfish are at constant risk of being exposed to pathogens as a consequence of contamination of the shellfish beds with human or animal waste originating from sewage treatment plants or slurry fertilized fields. consumption of contaminated oysters and mussels are frequently reported as causes of disease outbreaks caused by norovirus or hepatitis a virus. other zoonotic pathogens such as hepatitis e virus (hev), rotavirus (rv) and salmonella from livestock may also be transmitted to she ...201425016209
[inheritance and disease in the pig: possibilities of use for breeding].single-locus disorders in domesticated animals were among the first mendelian traits to be documented, and to be included in early linkage maps. the use of linkage maps and comparative genomics has been essential to the identification of the causative genes for disorders. a dna marker for selection of resistance to f18+ e. coli in the pig is available since several years. the use of this marker decreases mortality due to post-weaning diarrhoea and/or oedema disease. for more than 100 disorders t ...201424867239
selection and identification of single-domain antibody fragment against capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) from c. bactrianus.single-domain variable heavy chain (vhh) antibody fragments are derived from heavy-chain antibodies of camelids. their comparatively small size, solubility, high affinity and specificity to the targets antigen make them suitable for many biotechnological applications. in this study, a vhh library was constructed from porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccine immunized c. bactrianus and three vhh fragments specific to the capsid protein of pcv2 (pcv2 cap) were selected and characterized. the selec ...201424736187
multiple-class antimicrobial resistance surveillance in swine escherichia coli f4, pasteurella multocida and streptococcus suis isolates from ontario and the impact of the 2004-2006 porcine circovirus type-2 associated disease outbreak.the objective of this work was to describe trends in multiple-class antimicrobial resistance present in clinical isolates of escherichia coli f4, pasteurella multocida and streptococcus suis from ontario swine 1998-2010. temporal changes in multiple-class resistance varied by the pathogens examined; significant yearly changes were apparent for the e. coli and p. multocida data. although not present in the e. coli data, significant increases in multiple-class resistance within p. multocida isolat ...201424309129
a recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 expressing the vp1 epitope of the type o foot-and-mouth disease virus is infectious and induce both pcv2 and vp1 epitope antibodies.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, a disease that causes huge economic damage in swine industry. a recombinant pcv2 expressing the neutralizing vp1 epitope (aa 141-160) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was rescued using an infectious cloning technique. the pcv2 antigen and fmdv-vp1 antigenic epitope of the cloned strain recpcv2-cl-vp1 were confirmed by an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (ipma) and a capture enzyme-l ...201425117547
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of pigeon circovirus.there are no effective antiviral treatments for pigeon circovirus (picv); thus, rapid diagnosis is critical for effective control of the disease caused by this virus. the recent development of a novel lamp technique that amplifies nucleic acids rapidly with high specificity and sensitivity under isothermal conditions has overcome some of the deficiencies of nucleic-acid-based diagnostic tests. we established a lamp method for rapid detection of picv using two pairs of primers that were designed ...201424193953
virus-like particles of chimeric recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 as antigen vehicle carrying foreign epitopes.virus-like particles (vlps) of chimeric porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) were generated by replacing the nuclear localization signal (nls; at 1-39 aa) of pcv2 capsid protein (cap) with classical swine fever virus (csfv) t-cell epitope (1446-1460 aa), csfv b-cell epitope (693-716 aa) and csfv t-cell epitope conjugated with b-cell epitope. the recombinant proteins were expressed using the baculovirus expression system and detected by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence assay. the abilit ...201425490764
establishment and application of a multiplex pcr for rapid and simultaneous detection of six viruses in swine.a multiplex pcr assay was developed and evaluated subsequently for its effectiveness in simultaneously detecting mixed viral infections of swine. specific primers were designed and used for testing the six swine viruses: three dna viruses, including pseudorabies virus (prv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2); three common rna viruses, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), and japanese encephalitis v ...201425116201
development of an evagreen-based multiplex real-time pcr assay with melting curve analysis for simultaneous detection and differentiation of six viral pathogens of porcine reproductive and respiratory disorder.concurrent infection of pigs with two or more pathogens is common in pigs under intensive rearing conditions. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and pseudorabies virus (prv) are all associated with reproductive or respiratory disorders or both and can cause significant economic losses in pig production worldwide. an evagreen-based multiplex r ...201425102430
seroprevalence and associated risk factors of important pig viral diseases in bhutan.a cross-sectional serological study was conducted in bhutan between october 2011 and february 2012 to determine the prevalence of antibodies to classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h1n1 and aujeszky's disease virus (adv). furthermore, risk factors for the seropositive status were investigated. antibodies to siv, subtype h1n1 (likely pandemic h1n1 2009) were detected i ...201425081946
a sensitive multiplex real-time pcr panel for rapid diagnosis of viruses associated with porcine respiratory and reproductive disorders.the objective of this study was to develop a multiplex real-time pcr panel using taqman probes for the detection and differentiation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus north american type (prrsv-na), pseudorabies virus (prv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine parvovirus type 1 (ppv1) and japanese encephalitis virus (jev). specific primer and probe combinations for pcv2, prrsv, prv, csfv, ppv1 and jev were selected within the conserv ...201425044282
preclinical detection of porcine circovirus type 2 infection using an ultrasensitive nanoparticle dna probe-based pcr assay.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has emerged as one of the most important pathogens affecting swine production globally. preclinical identification of pcv2 is very important for effective prophylaxis of pcv2-associated diseases. in this study, we developed an ultrasensitive nanoparticle dna probe-based pcr assay (undp-pcr) for pcv2 detection. magnetic microparticles coated with pcv2 specific dna probes were used to enrich pcv2 dna from samples, then gold nanoparticles coated with pcv2 specific o ...201424842840
porcine circovirus type 2 decreases the infection and replication of attenuated classical swine fever virus in porcine alveolar macrophages.recently, it has been noted that porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection adversely affects the protective efficacy of lapinized philippines coronel (lpc) vaccine, an attenuated strain of classical swine fever virus (csfv), in pigs. in order to investigate the possible mechanisms of the pcv2-derived interference, an in vitro model was established to study the interaction of lpc virus (lpcv) and pcv2 in porcine alveolar macrophages (ams). the results showed that pcv2 reduced the lpcv infection ...201424370262
a sensitive and specific nanoparticle-assisted pcr assay for rapid detection of porcine parvovirus.a novel nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanopcr) assay to detect porcine parvovirus (ppv) is described here. primers for this assay were designed based on the conserved region of the nonstructural protein 1 (ns1) gene of ppv, which encodes one of the nonstructural proteins. the sensitivity of the ppv nanopcr assay was measured by using diluted recombinant plasmids in which the ppv ns1 gene had been inserted. the detection limit was 5.6 × 10(1) copies μl(-1) for the ppv nanopcr a ...201424117951
severity of bovine tuberculosis is associated with co-infection with common pathogens in wild boar.co-infections with parasites or viruses drive tuberculosis dynamics in humans, but little is known about their effects in other non-human hosts. this work aims to investigate the relationship between mycobacterium bovis infection and other pathogens in wild boar (sus scrofa), a recognized reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (btb) in mediterranean ecosystems. for this purpose, it has been assessed whether contacts with common concomitant pathogens are associated with the development of severe btb le ...201425350002
global gene expression profiling of myeloid immune cell subsets in response to in vitro challenge with porcine circovirus 2b.compelling evidence suggests that the early interaction between porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2) and the innate immune system is the key event in the pathogenesis of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). furthermore, pcv2 has been detected in bone-marrow samples, potentially enabling an easy spread and reservoir for the virus. to assess the gene-expression differences induced by an in-vitro pcv2b infection in different three different myeloid innate immune cell subsets generated from t ...201424618842
association of swine influenza h1n1 pandemic virus (siv-h1n1p) with porcine respiratory disease complex in sows from commercial pig farms in colombia.porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) is a serious health problem that mainly affects growing and finishing pigs. prdc is caused by a combination of viral and bacterial agents, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), swine influenza virus (siv), mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (myh), actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (app), pasteurella multocida and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2). to characterize the specific role of swine influenza virus in prdc presentation in colombia, 1 ...201425160760
occurrence and severity of lung lesions in slaughter pigs vaccinated against mycoplasma hyopneumoniae with different strategies.different vaccination strategies against mycoplasma hyopneumoniae have been adopted worldwide. reports from the field indicate varying levels of protection among currently available vaccines. the goal of the present study was to compare the efficacies of three widespread commercial vaccination strategies against m. hyopneumoniae under field conditions. 20 farms were included. 14 farms used different single dose vaccines (vaccine 1 [v1], 8 herds; vaccine 2 [v2], 6 herds); another 6 farms (v3) use ...201424485705
complex links between natural tuberculosis and porcine circovirus type 2 infection in wild boar.individuals in natural populations are exposed to a diversity of pathogens which results in coinfections. the aim of this study was to investigate the relation between natural infection with tuberculosis (tb) due to infection by bacteria of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in free-ranging eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa). apparent prevalence for tb lesions and pcv2 infection was extremely high in all age classes, including piglets (51% for tb; 85.7% for ...201424991567
swine infectious agents in tayassu pecari and pecari tajacu tissue samples from brazil.peccaries and pigs, tayassuidae and suidae respectively, diverged approximately one million years ago from a common ancestor. because these families share some pathogens, peccaries can act as reservoirs of infectious pathogens for domestic and wild swine. we evaluated the presence of swine infectious agents in the spleen and lung tissues of white-lipped peccaries (wlp; tayassu pecari) and collared peccaries (cp; pecari tajacu) in brazil. samples from 10 adult cp and three wlp, which had been hun ...201424484498
unbiased analysis by high throughput sequencing of the viral diversity in fetal bovine serum and trypsin used in cell culture.fetal bovine serum (fbs) and trypsin are reagents used in cell culture and have been the source of viral contamination of pharmaceutical products. we performed high throughput sequencing (hts) of two pools of commercial batches of fbs and three commercial batches of trypsin. taxonomies were assigned by comparing sequences of contigs and singletons to the entire ncbi nucleic acid and protein databases. the same major viral species were evidenced between batches of a given reagent but the proporti ...201424661556
evaluation of cells and biological reagents for adventitious agents using degenerate primer pcr and massively parallel sequencing.we employed a massively parallel sequencing (mps)-based approach to test reagents and model cell substrates including chinese hamster ovary (cho), madin-darby canine kidney (mdck), african green monkey kidney (vero), and high five insect cell lines for adventitious agents. rna and dna were extracted either directly from the samples or from viral capsid-enriched preparations, and then subjected to mps-based non-specific virus detection with degenerate oligonucleotide primer (dop) pcr. mps by 454, ...201425454874
porcine circovirus type 2 in china: an update on and insights to its prevalence and control.currently, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is considered the major pathogen of porcine circovirus associated-diseases (pcvad) that causes large economic losses for the swine industry in the world annually, including china. since the first report of pcv2 in 1998, it has been drawing tremendous attention for the government, farming enterprises, farmers, and veterinary practitioners. chinese researchers have conducted a number of molecular epidemiological work on pcv2 by molecular approaches in th ...201424885983
optimization of virus detection in cells using massively parallel sequencing.massively parallel sequencing (mps)-based virus detection has potential regulatory applications. we studied the ability of one of these approaches, based on degenerate oligonucleotide primer (dop)-polymerase chain reaction (pcr), to detect viral sequences in cell lines known to express viral genes or particles. dop-pcr was highly sensitive for the detection of small quantities of isolated viral sequences. detected viral sequences included nodavirus, bracovirus, and endogenous retroviruses in hig ...201424309095
a new nanopcr molecular assay for detection of porcine bocavirus.nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanopcr) is a novel method for the rapid amplification of dna and has been used for the detection of virus. for detection of porcine bocavirus (pbov), a sensitive and specific nanopcr assay was developed with a pair of primers that were designed based on ns1 gene sequences available in genbank. under the optimized conditions of the pbov nanopcr assay, the nanopcr assay was 100-fold more sensitive than a conventional pcr assay. the lower detection ...201424642242
a nanoparticle-assisted pcr assay to improve the sensitivity for rapid detection and differentiation of wild-type pseudorabies virus and gene-deleted vaccine strains.nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanopcr) is a novel method for the rapid amplification of dna and has been adopted for the detection of virus because of its simplicity, rapidity, and specificity. a nanopcr assay was developed to detect and differentiate wild-type and gene-deleted pseudorabies virus (prv). three pairs of primers for nanopcr developed in this study were selected from conserved regions of prv, producing specific amplicons of 431 bp (gb), 316 bp (ge), and 202 bp (gg ...201323872268
development and characterization of two porcine monocyte-derived macrophage cell lines.cell lines cδ2+ and cδ2- were developed from monocytes obtained from a 10-month-old, crossbred, female pig. these cells morphologically resembled macrophages, stained positively for α-naphthyl esterase and negatively for peroxidase. the cell lines were bactericidal and highly phagocytic. both cell lines expressed the porcine cell-surface molecules mhci, cd11b, cd14, cd16, cd172, and small amounts of cd2; however, only minimal amounts of cd163 were measured. the lines were negative for the mouse ...201323610747
diagnostic performance of fecal quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of lawsonia intracellularis-associated proliferative enteropathy in nursery pigs.quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) tests for detection and quantification of lawsonia intracellularis in feces from pigs have been developed. the objective of the current study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a fecal qpcr test for detection of nursery pigs with l. intracellularis-associated proliferative enteropathy (pe) under field conditions. furthermore, the diagnostic performance for different subpopulations of pigs was investigated, including pigs infected or noninf ...201323536614
detection of contaminants in cell cultures, sera and trypsin.the aim of this study was standardization and application of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of contaminants in cell cultures, sera and trypsin. five pcr protocols were standardized to assess the presence of genetic material from mycoplasma, porcine circovirus 1 (pcv1), bovine leukemia virus (blv) or bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in cell culture samples. pcr reactions for the genes gapdh and beta-actin were used to evaluate the efficiency of nucleic acid extraction. the pc ...201324071554
complete nucleotide sequence of porcine circovirus 2 isolated from piglets in china.a new strain of canine distemper virus, strain hx, has been isolated from piglets in china, and its complete genome has been sequenced and analyzed. phylogenetic analysis suggests that hx belongs to the 2d genotype cluster and it is highly prevalent in china.201323868119
improvement of technical results following use of ingelvac circoflex in a dutch organic breeding and fattening farm: a case report.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a ubiquitous infection and major cause of production loss for the pig industry. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vaccination against pcv2 on technical results of pigs on an organic breeding and fattening farm, focussing on growth and mortality of weaned piglets and fattening pigs. the study was based on retrospective data between january 2009 and may 2011. during the study period, three subsequent vaccination strategies were used: 1. stellam ...201323923656
prevalence of swine viral and bacterial pathogens in rodents and stray cats captured around pig farms in korea.in 2008, 102 rodents and 24 stray cats from the areas around 9 pig farms in northeast south korea were used to determine the prevalence of the following selected swine pathogens: ten viral pathogens [porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), rotavirus, classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), pseudorabies ...201323892461
calculation of evolutionary correlation between individual genes and full-length genome: a method useful for choosing phylogenetic markers for molecular epidemiology.individual genes or regions are still commonly used to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among viral isolates. the genomic regions that can faithfully provide assessments consistent with those predicted with full-length genome sequences would be preferable to serve as good candidates of the phylogenetic markers for molecular epidemiological studies of many viruses. here we employed a statistical method to evaluate the evolutionary relationships between individual viral genes and full-lengt ...201324312527
a one-step rt-pcr assay to detect and discriminate porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in clinical specimens.outbreaks of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (hp-prrsv) have led to large economic losses and, subsequently, have drawn great attention to its diagnosis and prevention. to facilitate rapid discrimination of hp-prrsv from classical prrsv (c-prrsv), we developed a one-step rt-pcr assay. primer specificities were evaluated with rna extracted from 8 viral strains and our results revealed that the primers had a high specificity for prrsv. the assay sensitivity wa ...201324035936
development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of porcine hokovirus.hokoviruses have recently been detected as pathogens belonging to the family parvoviridae, which comprises porcine hokovirus (phov) and bovine hokovirus (bhov). in this study, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for the rapid, specific and sensitive detection of phov. a set of four primers specific for six regions within the phov vp1/2 genes was designed using online software. the reaction temperature and time were optimized at 65°c and 60 min, respectively. lamp p ...201323850717
[metagenomics-based detection of swine viruses].extreme varieties of viruses exist in the environment and animals, some of which are unknown. however, many unknown viruses are barely detected by means of conventional virus isolation and pcr assay.201323627112
multiplex pcr for the simultaneous detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, classical swine fever virus, and porcine circovirus in pigs.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was designed for the simultaneous detection of three viruses involved in reproductive and respiratory failure in pigs: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), classical swine fever virus (csfv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2). each target produced a specific amplicon with a size of 718 bp (prrsv), 288 bp (csfv), or 466 bp (pcv-2). the sensitivity of the multiplex pcr using purified plasmid constructs containing the specific v ...201323524252
the survey of porcine teschoviruses in field samples in china with a universal rapid probe real-time rt-pcr assay.a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) based on taqman was established and evaluated for quantitative detection of porcine teschoviruses (ptvs). a pair of primers and a taqman probe targeting on the highly conserved sequence of the 5'-untranslated region (5'-utr) of one to 11 serotypes of ptv were designed. standard plasmid dna containing pcr amplification of the 5'-utr were constructed and used to develop the real-time rt-pcr. the results indicated that the real-ti ...201323138413
investigation of a regulatory agency enquiry into potential porcine circovirus type 1 contamination of the human rotavirus vaccine, rotarix: approach and outcome.in january 2010, porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) dna was unexpectedly detected in the oral live-attenuated human rotavirus vaccine, rotarix (glaxosmithkline [gsk] vaccines) by an academic research team investigating a novel, highly sensitive analysis not routinely used for adventitious agent screening. gsk rapidly initiated an investigation to confirm the source, nature and amount of pcv1 in the vaccine manufacturing process and to assess potential clinical implications of this finding. the inv ...201324056737
oral immunogenicity of a plant virus vector based porcine circovirus antigen - short communication.a recombinant cucumber mosaic virus based expression system has been developed for the production of an immunogenic porcine circovirus epitope. the resulting nanoparticle was shown to elicit specific immune response in mice and pigs, when administered parenterally. to evaluate the oral applicability of this vaccine candidate, two experiments were performed. in the first one, the resistance of the vector itself to mucosal environment was tested in mice. cucumber mosaic virus particles fed to mice ...201323974938
evaluation of the transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) genogroups a and b with semen from infected specific-pathogen-free boars.the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) is associated with several diseases including reproductive failure. this syndrome has been experimentally reproduced twice with two pcv-2 isolates representative of each major pcv-2 genogroup, i.e. pcv-2a and pcv-2b (cariolet et al., 2002; rose et al., 2007). in these two previous studies, the sows were infected by intra-uterine inoculation at insemination with 10(4.3) and 10(3.18) tcid(50) of pcv-2a and pcv-2b, respectively, corresponding to 1.2 × 10(11) an ...201323121716
snatch-farrowed, porcine-colostrum-deprived (sf-pcd) pigs as a model for swine infectious disease research.the current study tested the benefit of commercially available spray-dried bovine colostrum (the saskatoon colostrum company, saskatoon, saskatchewan) in raising snatch-farrowed, porcine-colostrum-deprived (sf-pcd) pigs. in experiment 1, 12 sf-pcd pigs received a liquid diet composed mainly of bovine colostrum from birth to day 10; 6 remained on the same liquid diet (col), and the other 6 were fed a diet composed mainly of milk replacer (rpl) until weaning. in experiment 2, 12 sf-pcd pigs were f ...201324082397
[construction and immunogenicity analysis of recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 bearing the porcine circovirus type 2 cap protein gene].to construct a recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 expressing cap protein of pcv2 and test the immunological efficacy in mice. in this study, the recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus type 5, named as rad5-cap (wt-rad5), was constructed through homologous recombination internally in the hek293ad cells after co-transfection of the pac i-linearized backbone plasmid and the shuttle plasmid pacad5cmv-cap containing the open reading frame (orf2) of the porcine circo ...201323547376
hepatitis e virus and porcine-derived heparin. 201323751114
development of porcine rotavirus vp6 protein based elisa for differentiation of this virus and other viruses.the context and purpose of the study included 1) bacterial expression of viral protein 6 (vp6) of porcine rotavirus (prv) and generation of rabbit polyclonal antiserum to the vp6 protein; 3) establishment of a discrimination elisa to distinguish prv from a panel of other porcine viruses.201323517810
[field trial on the simultaneous vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae].the objective of the present study was to investigate whether a combined or concurrent application of two vaccines against mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (m. hyo.) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in suckling piglets can be as effective as the single use of both products.201324126996
association of concurrent porcine circovirus (pcv) 2a and 2b infection with pcv associated disease in vaccinated pigs.investigations were performed to characterize porcine circovirus (pcv) 2 infection in 10 week old pigs from a case of apparent vaccine failure. thirty serum samples were collected from affected or non-affected pigs and tested for anti-pcv2 antibodies and pcv2 dna. to address potential pcv2 vaccine compliance issues, samples were tested for antibodies against baculovirus and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigens present in the pcv2 vaccine utilized in this herd. both pcv2a and pcv2b dna were detected ...201323829995
efficacy of in-feed medication with chlortetracycline in a farrow-to-finish herd against a clinical outbreak of respiratory disease in fattening pigs.the efficacy of chlortetracycline (ctc) in-feed medication to treat pigs with clinical respiratory disease was investigated in a farrow-to-finish pig herd infected with mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and with clinical respiratory disease in growing pigs. in total, 533 pigs were included. the animals were vaccinated against m hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus type 2 at weaning. at onset of clinical respiratory disease, they were randomly allocated to one of the following treatment groups: chlortetr ...201323136309
investigation of the association of growth rate in grower-finishing pigs with the quantification of lawsonia intracellularis and porcine circovirus type 2.as a part of a prospective cohort study in four herds, a nested case control study was carried out. five slow growing pigs (cases) and five fast growing pigs (controls) out of 60 pigs were selected for euthanasia and laboratory examination at the end of the study in each herd. a total of 238 pigs, all approximately 12 weeks old, were included in the study during the first week in the grower-finisher barn. in each herd, approximately 60 pigs from four pens were individually ear tagged. the pigs w ...201322854321
construction and application of a food-grade expression system for lactococcus lactis.a food-grade host/vector expression system for lactococcus lactis was constructed using alanine racemase gene (alr) as the complementation marker. we obtained an alanine racemase auxotrophic mutant l. lactis nz9000δalr by double-crossover recombination using temperature-sensitive integration plasmid pg(+)host9 and a food-grade vector palr with entirely lactococcal dna elements, including lactococcal replicon, nisin-inducible promoter pnisa and the alr gene from lactobacillus casei bl23 as a comp ...201322674186
identification and characterization of two novel transcription units of porcine circovirus 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection is associated with porcine circovirus-associated diseases in pigs, which is a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. to date, only three open reading frames (orfs) within the pcv2 genome have been reported: orf1 codes for two replicase proteins (rep and rep'), orf2 for the structural protein (cap), and orf3 for a protein implicated in cellular apoptosis. in this study, based on transcription analysis of orf3 mrna, a potential orf4 mrna was dete ...201323775757
effect of temperature on the survival of porcine circovirus type 2b in fresh pork.porcine circovirus type 2b (pcv2b) causes pcv-associated disease in pigs. this study was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature on the survival of pcv2b in fresh pork. several pieces of longissimus dorsi muscle were injected with 100 μl of a suspension containing 10(5.2) tcid50 (50% tissue culture infective doses) of the virus. virus-inoculated pieces of pork were stored at 25 °c, 4 °c and -20 °c and tested for the presence of infectious virus after different times of storage. pcv2b ...201323683855
a pcv2 vaccine based on genotype 2b is more effective than a 2a-based vaccine to protect against pcv2b or combined pcv2a/2b viremia in pigs with concurrent pcv2, prrsv and ppv infection.the predominant genotype of porcine circovirus (pcv) in the pig population today is pcv2b yet pcv2a-based commercial vaccines are considered effective in protecting against porcine circovirus associated disease. the objective of this study was to compare the ability of pcv2a- and pcv2b-based vaccines to control pcv2b viremia in a challenge model that mimics the u.s. field situation. sixty-three pigs were randomly assigned to one of eight groups. sixteen pigs were vaccinated with an experimental ...201323174198
c-terminal heat shock protein 70 of mycobacterium tuberculosis as a molecular adjuvant for dna vaccination with the porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 (capsid) gene in mice.mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and the peptide binding c-terminal portion of hsp70 (amino acids 359-610; hsp70c) exert an adjuvant effect when used in vaccines. to enhance the immunogenicity of a dna vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), recombinant plasmids encoding the pcv2 orf2 (capsid) gene fused to full length hsp70 (pca-tch) or truncated c-terminal hsp70c (pca-tchc) were constructed. immunisation of mice with pca-tchc induced higher serum immunoglobuli ...201322809463
the survey of porcine teschoviruses, porcine circovirus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus infecting piglets in clinical specimens in china.a multiplex pcr assay was developed and evaluated for its ability to simultaneously detect three viral infections of swine. specific primers were carefully selected from articles published for each of the following three viruses: porcine circovirus type ii (pcv2), porcine teschovirus (ptv) and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). each target produced a specific amplicon with a size of 353 bp (pcv2), 168 bp (ptv) and 499 bp (tgev). the sensitivity of the multiplex pcr using purifie ...201323224864
simultaneous detection of porcine parvovirus and porcine circovirus type 2 by duplex real-time pcr and amplicon melting curve analysis using sybr green.the development of a sybr green-based duplex real-time pcr is described for simultaneous detection of porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) genomes. viral genomes were identified in the same sample by their distinctive melting temperature (t(m)) which is 77.5°c for ppv vp2 313bp amplicon and 82.3°c for pcv-2 orf2 171bp amplicon, respectively. the detection limit of the method was 0.01tcid(50)/ml for ppv and pcv-2, about 10 times more sensitive than conventional pcr. in a ...201322771739
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination reduces pcv2 in a pcv2 and salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis coinfection model.we previously reported that prior porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection potentiates the severity of clinical signs, lung lesions, and fecal shedding and tissue dissemination of salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis in infected pigs. here, we evaluated whether pcv2 vaccination is effective in reducing fecal shedding and tissue dissemination of s. choleraesuis and improving clinical signs associated with pcv2 and s. choleraesuis infection in 15 cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs ran ...201323107657
evaluation of the enhancing ability of three adjuvants for dna vaccination using the porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 (capsid) gene in mice.molecular adjuvants were used to augment the amplitude of the immune response in many studies recently. ubiquitin (ub), the peptide binding truncated c-terminal portion of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70c) and interleukin-2 (il-2) are widely investigated adjuvants which have been proved to be efficient. in our study, we compared the enhancing ability of these three adjuvants based on dna vaccination using the porcine circovirus type 2 orf2 (capsid) gene in mice. the results of lymphocyte proliferat ...201323123215
lack of antibody protection against porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus in naturally infected dams and their offspring.the aim of this study was to evaluate porcine parvovirus (ppv) and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection in dams and their offspring and the role of antibody protection on these infections. sera were collected from gilts and sows by venipuncture and from umbilical cord of newborn pre-suckle piglets for the detection of pcv2 and ppv antibodies by immunoperoxidase monolayer and haemmaglutination inhibition assays, respectively. gilts and sows sera were submitted to viral detection by pcr, as well ...201323084257
exploratory study of torque teno sus viruses in pulmonary inflammatory lesions in pigs.the pathogenic role of torque teno sus viruses 1 (ttsuv1) and 2 (ttsuv2), and their capacity to induce lesions are controversial. ttsuvs have been linked to porcine circovirus diseases (pcvds) and described as cause of mild respiratory lesions in gnotobiotic pigs; moreover, an increased ttsuv prevalence has been found in porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) affected pigs. in the present study, ttsuv1 and ttsuv2 loads and their prevalence were evaluated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ...201323031343
porcine circovirus type 2 stimulates plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the presence of ifn-gamma.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is recognized as the primary cause for the development of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvd). a number of reports demonstrated that pcv2 double-stranded (ds) dna inhibits interferon-α (ifn-α) production in cultures of porcine plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc). in addition, a short-lived peak of systemic ifn-α was detectable in the serum of pcv2-infected pigs, suggesting that the interaction of pcv2 with pdc may be more complex. culturing pdc supplement ...201324183591
verification of natural infection of peridomestic rodents by pcv2 on commercial swine farms.the porcine circovirus-2 (pcv2) is the main agent responsible for porcine circovirus associated diseases (pcvad). few studies have been done regarding pcv2 infection in other species. the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of pcv2 infection in the peridomestic rodent species mus musculus and rattus rattus on commercial pig farms in brazil. immunohistochemistry assay demonstrated pcv2 in the spleen, lung and kidney. viral dna was detected in tissues by nested pcr assay. parti ...201323141170
comparative analysis of different methods to enhance porcine circovirus 2 replication.porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) is an extremely slow-growing virus, and pcv2 infection and replication in cell culture yield very low viral titers. the effects of different methods of pcv2 cultivation in vitro were compared with the purpose of increasing viral yield. the results showed that treatment with il-2, cona, and d-glucosamine increased pcv2 yield more effectively than other treatments. additionally, treatment with il-2, cona, d-glucosamine and mβcd consistently increased pcv2 infection in p ...201323159413
identification and functional analysis of the novel orf4 protein encoded by porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases in pigs. to date, viral proteins cap, rep, rep', and orf3, encoded by the pcv2 genome, have been described. here, transcription and translation of a novel viral gene within the pcv2 genome (designated orf4) was determined and functionally analyzed in vitro and in vivo. northern blot analysis indicated that the rna transcribed from the orf4 gene is about 180 bp in length and overlaps orf3 in ...201323152517
high-level expression and immunogenicity of a porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein through codon optimization in pichia pastoris.the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) capsid protein (cap) is an important antigen for the development of vaccines. to achieve high-level expression of recombinant pcv2 cap in pichia pastoris, the wild-type cap (wt-cap) and optimized cap (opti-cap) gene fragments encoding the same amino acid sequence of pcv2 were amplified by pcr using dna from lymph nodes of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome-suffered pigs and synthesized based on the codon bias of the methylotrophic yeast p. pastoris, r ...201323143467
activation of nf-κb contributes to production of pig-major acute protein and serum amyloid a in pigs experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2.acute phase proteins (apps) have protective and regulatory roles in the inflammatory response. previous studies indicate that apps in serum change after pigs are infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), but the mechanisms underlying app production have remained unclear. in this present study, 35-day-old pigs were challenged with pcv2 and responses compared to an uninfected control group. to investigate the concentrations of apps in serum and the activity of nf-κb in the liver, five pigs i ...201324011594
a multiplex rt-pcr assay for rapid and differential diagnosis of four porcine diarrhea associated viruses in field samples from pig farms in east china from 2010 to 2012.since october 2010, clinical outbreaks of diarrhea in suckling piglets have reemerged in pig-producing areas of china, causing an acute increase in the morbidity and mortality in young piglets. four viruses, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine group a rotaviruses (gar), and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), are the major causative agents of enteric disease in piglets. a novel multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) wa ...201323988656
detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) antibodies in meat juice samples from polish wild boar (sus scrofa l.).pcv2 and prrsv are two important pathogens of domestic swine. there is considerable evidence that the infection is also present in wild boars. meat juice provides an alternative to serum for antibody testing, and it has been used in testing for many important porcine infectious diseases. samples of brachial muscle were collected from 142 wild boars shot in different regions of poland during the 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 hunting seasons. meat juice harvested from muscle samples was tested using an ...201323974935
synergistic effects of sequential infection with highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is the causative agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs. coinfection with highly pathogenic prrsv (hp-prrsv) and pcv2 in the field has recently become extensive in some asian countries. a synergistic pathogenicity between prrsv and pcv2 infections has previously been reported. however, the consequences ...201323971711
vero cells expressing porcine circovirus type 2-capsid protein and their diagnostic application.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in swine. although the incidences of pcv2-related diseases are ubiquitous throughout the world, the serological tools are rather limited, mainly because the virus does not induce any cytopathic effects in cells. the purpose of this study was to develop a rapid, sensitive and easy quantitative immunofluorescence assay (qifa) using the recombinant pcv2 nucleocapsid protein (ncp) for the det ...201323954842
interaction of porcine circovirus type 2 replication with intracellular redox status in vitro.redox status influences replication of some viruses but its effect on porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), the primary causative agent of the emerging swine disease post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome is not known. the interaction of pcv2 replication with intracellular redox status in pk15 cells was examined in this study.201323902724
multiple routes of porcine circovirus type 2 transmission to piglets in the presence of maternal immunity.porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), the cause of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad), is widespread in swine farms throughout the united states with vaccine controlling disease, but not eliminating infection. we examined the pcv2 virological and immunological status of sows, pre-suckling piglets, and the farrowing environment of sow farms to determine pcv2 exposure risks, transmission dynamics, and immunological impacts at the time of farrowing. pcv2 was widely distributed in animals and the ...201323867083
epitope screening of the pcv2 cap protein by use of a random peptide-displayed library and polyclonal antibody.capsid protein (cap), the only structural protein of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), is involved in the host protective response and is a target for vaccine development. to find a rapid and easy way to fully map the antigenic epitopes of cap, purified cap-specific polyclonal antibodies were used to screen a random heptapeptide phage display library. after three rounds of screening, twenty phage clones that had binding activity to cap-specific antibodies (tested by phage elisa) were sequenced. when ...201323845304
correlation of the cyclin a expression level with porcine circovirus type 2 propagation efficiency.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is an important pathogen in swine, and it is assumed that pcv2 replication is cell cycle dependent (especially during s phase). however, the cellular molecules that regulate pcv2 replication have not been fully identified. here, we cloned the porcine cyclin a (cyca) and cdk2 genes, the major regulators of the s phase, and established cyca or cdk2 overexpression and lower-expression cell lines. the propagation efficiency of strains pcv2a/cl or pcv2b/yj in these ce ...201323836398
effectiveness of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination in reducing the severity of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs.changes in the severity of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and the effect of vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) on the severity of pmws and the prevalence of pcv2 were assessed on 50 english pig farms from 2008 to 2010. pmws severity on farms before and after pcv2 vaccination was estimated by combining data on post-weaning mortality, morbidity and proportion of pigs positive for pcv2 by pcr. at the first visit (before vaccination), all 50 farms were seroposit ...201323830301
molecular analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 strains from uruguay: evidence for natural occurring recombination.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a worldwide distributed virus and is considered an important emerging pathogen related to several distinct disease syndromes in pigs. genomic structure consists of three major open reading frames (orfs). orf1 (rep gene) encodes replication-related proteins, orf2 (cap gene) encodes the capsid protein and orf3 encodes a protein putatively involved in virus-induced apoptosis. based on cap gene sequences, pcv2 strains are classified into two main genotypes, pcv2a ...201323806516
torque teno sus virus (ttsuv) in tissues of pigs and its relation with the occurrence of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.torque teno sus virus (ttsuv) is a member of the recently created family anelloviridae. two distinct species of ttsuvs, 1 (ttsuv1) and 2 (ttsuv2) have been reported so far in domestic pigs and wild boars. although ttsuvs have not been clearly linked to any specific disease of pigs, a relation between ttsuv infections and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) has been suggested. to examine further this possibility, the present study was conducted in search for ttsuv1 and ttsuv2 genome ...201323783757
three new emerging subgroups of torque teno sus viruses (ttsuvs) and co-infection of ttsuvs with porcine circovirus type 2 in china.torque teno sus viruses (ttsuvs) are non-enveloped viruses and have single-stranded, negative sense circular dna genomes and are widely distributed in pigs. but till now, the prevalence of ttsuvs with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in pig herds of china is not very clear; and the genetic variation among different ttsuvs isolate is very large and need to divide the subgroups. in this study, the co-infection with ttsuvs and porcine circovrius (pcv) in the pig population of china was investigated ...201323758726
porcine cd74 is involved in the inflammatory response activated by nuclear factor kappa b during porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) infection.human cd74 induces a signalling cascade that results in the activation of nuclear factor kappa b (nf-κb); however, porcine cd74 has not been widely studied. in this study, we show that porcine cd74 is mainly expressed in cells of the macrophage lineage and can be induced by lipopolysaccharide (lps), polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid [poly(i:c)], and infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in vitro. in addition, we confirmed that porcine cd74 can activate nf-κb by promoting iκbα degrad ...201323736979
the blurred border between porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease and porcine respiratory disease complex.porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) is the name used to describe a clinical presentation characterized by respiratory signs and poor growth in growing-finishing pigs. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is one of the pathogens potentially involved in the presentation of this complex, although, it has been mainly linked to pcv2-systemic disease (pcv2-sd). however, some reports have suggested that pcv2 can cause respiratory lesions in the absence of systemic lymphoid damage; this apparently di ...201323398668
torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 distribution in tissues of porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease affected and age-matched healthy pigs.the present work was aimed to investigate the torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 (ttsuv1 and 2) loads of different tissues of pigs affected by porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-systemic disease (pcv2-sd) and healthy age-matched ones. a total of 20 pigs (10 healthy and 10 diagnosed as pcv2-sd) were chosen for the study. from each pig, a total of 7 tissues were analyzed, including lung, kidney, liver, ileum, bone marrow, and mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes. ttsuv 1 and 2 were quantified by means ...201323395293
the natural history of porcine circovirus type 2: from an inoffensive virus to a devastating swine disease?the present review summarizes the current knowledge on the natural history of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection and its related diseases. the perception about pcv2 as a significant pathogen has markedly changed in the last 15 years. the ubiquitous nature of the virus, the retrospective evidence of this infection long before disease association, the multifactorial aetio-pathogenesis of pcv2-systemic disease (sd) and the lack of consistent demonstration of koch's postulates caused great c ...201323380460
economic efficiency analysis of different strategies to control post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome and porcine circovirus type 2 subclinical infection in 3-weekly batch system farms.the study assessed the economic efficiency of different strategies for the control of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (pmws) and porcine circovirus type 2 subclinical infection (pcv2si), which have a major economic impact on the pig farming industry worldwide. the control strategies investigated consisted on the combination of up to 5 different control measures. the control measures considered were: (1) pcv2 vaccination of piglets (vac); (2) ensuring age adjusted diet for growers (d ...201323375866
glutamine modifies immune responses of mice infected with porcine circovirus type 2.the present study was conducted to evaluate the immune-enhancing effects of dietary l-glutamine supplementation in porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-infected mice, and to examine the clearance effects of glutamine against pcv2 in experimentally infected mice. a total of sixty kunming female mice were infected with pcv2 at a dose of 100 tcid(50) (50% tissue culture infection dose) by intraperitoneal injection after 2 weeks of dietary l-glutamine supplementation or l-alanine supplementation (as the ...201323351361
single-tube multiplexed molecular detection of endemic porcine viruses in combination with background screening for transboundary diseases.detection of several pathogens with multiplexed real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) assays in a one-step setup allows the simultaneous detection of two endemic porcine and four different selected transboundary viruses. reverse transcription (rt)-qpcr systems for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), two of the most economically important pathogens of swine worldwide, were combined with a screening system for diseases noti ...201323303496
comparative effects of vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in a pcv2-prrsv challenge model.the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) vaccinations in an experimental pcv2-prrsv challenge model, based on virological (viremia), immunological (neutralizing antibodies [nas], gamma interferon-secreting cells [ifn-γ-scs], and cd4(+) cd8(+) double-positive cells), and pathological (lesions and antigens in lymph nodes and lungs) evaluations. a total of 72 pigs were randomly ...201323302743
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2): pathogenesis and interaction with the immune system.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad). the virus preferentially targets the lymphoid tissues, which leads to lymphoid depletion and immunosuppression in pigs. the disease is exacerbated by immunostimulation or concurrent infections with other pathogens. pcv2 resides in certain immune cells, such as macrophage and dendritic cells, and modulates their functions. upregulation of il-10 and proinflammatory cytokines in infecte ...201325387012
interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interleukin-13 gene expression in cultured mononuclear cells from porcine circovirus type 2-vaccinated pigs after cells were challenged with porcine circovirus type 2 open reading frame 2 antigen.to characterize the kinetics of interleukin (il)-4, il-5, and il-13 secretion in peripheral blood and lymph node mononuclear cells isolated from porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-vaccinated pigs after cells were challenged with pcv2 open reading frame 2 antigen.201323270354
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