Publications

a western blot to detect antibody to avian reovirus.	purified reoviruses ram-1 and 74/2 were combined and used as antigen. the western blot detected antibodies to 16/16 avian reoviruses in sera from experimentally inoculated chickens, and to 6/7 reoviruses in contact sera from naturally infected chickens. the test was specific for avian reovirus and was more sensitive and specific than immunofluorescence.	1990	18679959
single and combined infections of specific-pathogen-free chickens with infectious bursal disease virus and an intestinal isolate of reovirus.	the susceptibility of 1-day-old and 7-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens to infection with a virulent strain of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) or an intestinal isolate of avian reovirus, or a combination of the two, was investigated. chickens infected with ibdv and reovirus had more severe pathological lesions than chickens infected with either virus alone, and prior infection with ibdv enhanced the pathogenicity of enteric reovirus. virus recovery was attempted from bursa, spleen, ...	1990	2157397
localisation of avian reovirus in the hock joints of chicks after entry through broken skin.	avian reoviruses are transmitted vertically via the egg and horizontally following the ingestion of infected faecal material. experiments conducted on eight one-day-old specific pathogen free chicks provide evidence for occasional infection through broken skin and localisation in the hock joint.	1990	2163092
experimental infection in specific-pathogen-free chicks with avian reovirus and avian nephritis virus isolated from broiler chicks showing runting syndrome.	avian reovirus (arv) and avian nephritis virus (anv) were individually isolated from runty 10-day-old broiler chicks. the arv isolate, ir-r, the anv isolate, ir-n, and the reference strain of anv, g-4260, were inoculated orally into 1-day-old chicks of two specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicken lines, 151 and pdl-1. growth retardation without the presence of gross lesions was clearly observed at 7 and 14 days postinoculation (pi) in chicks of both lines inoculated with the ir-r strain. on the othe ...	1990	2164386
characterization of avian reovirus strain-specific polymorphisms.	avian reoviruses have been associated with several pathologic conditions, but correlative relationships between genotypes and specific diseases have not been demonstrated. six avian reoviruses (883, 176, 81-5, s1133, fc, and tx) were selected for this study, and a comparative study of the pathogenic properties of the viruses in chickens, following peroral and footpad inoculation, was carried out, along with a comparison of the electrophoretic mobility of viral genomic segments and viral proteins ...	1990	2164387
characteristics and analysis of electropherotypes of avian reovirus field isolates.	genomic segments of 10 selected isolates of avian reoviruses recovered from the intestine of birds affected with malabsorption syndrome or runting/stunting syndrome were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. different electropherotypes were observed and analysed, depending on the period of recovery and particular geographic locations. the analysis showed great variability in the dsrna profiles of the isolates and higher mobility of the segments l1, s1, s2, s3 and s4. there was no corr ...	1990	2169677
different sensitivities of vero cells from two sources to avian reoviruses.	four strains of avian reovirus were each titrated in two batches of vero cells (a and b) from different sources and different media recommended for each batch. for each strain, variations in titre were observed under the different cultural conditions. in one case the discrepancy between the titre in a cells with medium recommended for b cells, and b cells with a medium was 2.1 log10. attention is drawn to the possibility that important differences in sensitivity may exist between batches of vero ...	1990	2359888
selection of genome segments following coinfection of chicken fibroblasts with avian reoviruses.	two avian reoviruses (883 and 176) shown to have distinct growth kinetics were used to coinfect chicken embryonic fibroblasts asynchronously to generate reassortants. more than 300 plaque-derived clones were obtained from passage 3 of two separate coinfections made at different m.o.i. and time intervals between infection and superinfection. the genome electropherotype of each plaque-derived clone was determined, and a diverse group of reassortants were detected. genome segments 883 m2 and 176 s1 ...	1990	2371771
alcohols induce interferon in primary chick embryo cells.	primary chick embryo cells (cec), cultured in vitro, produce interferon (ifn) following alcohol treatment. brief exposure of cells to methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, or butanol resulted in the production of an acid-labile ifn which could be detected in the supernatant medium as early as 60 min after removal of the drug. following "priming" of the cells by homologous ifn, these four alcohols induced even greater yields of ifn: up to 4,000 units per 10(7) cells of an acid-stable ifn were detected. ...	1990	1691766
in vitro and in vivo characterization of avian reoviruses. i. pathogenicity and antigenic relatedness of several avian reovirus isolates.	pathogenicity, pathogenesis, and antigenic relatedness of four avian reovirus isolates obtained from commercially reared broilers were investigated. chickens of various ages were inoculated both orally and intratracheally with reovirus. based on disease signs, mortality, weight depression, tissue lesions, invasiveness, and viral persistence in chickens inoculated at 1 day of age, the isolates were classified as being of low, intermediate, or high pathogenicity. the low-pathogenicity isolate (217 ...	1989	2549941
in vitro and in vivo characterization of avian reoviruses. ii. clinical evaluation of chickens infected with two avian reovirus pathotypes.	the effect of two avian reovirus isolates (2408 and 1733) on digestion and nutrient metabolism in infected chickens was assessed by an in vitro absorption assay and clinical blood chemistry analysis. birds of various ages were inoculated orally and intratracheally with reovirus and sampled periodically for the respective assays. transitory malabsorption was observed in the duodenum of birds infected with reovirus 2408. conversely, increased absorption was detected in the ileum of these same bird ...	1989	2549942
in vitro and in vivo characterization of avian reoviruses. iii. host factors affecting virulence and persistence.	three avian reovirus isolates (2177, 2035, and 1733) were used to determine the effect of the age of chickens at inoculation on virus virulence and persistence. groups of specific-pathogen-free leghorns were inoculated with three different reovirus isolates of different levels of pathogenicity at 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or 4 weeks of age. tissues were examined for the presence of virus and lesions at regular intervals until 8 weeks postinoculation (pi) and then again at 22 weeks pi. iso ...	1989	2549943
identification and characterization of an avian reovirus isolated from black-tailed gull (larus crassirostris).	an isolated virus from the feces of nestlings of black-tailed gulls living on the kabu-island, hachinohe-city, aomori-prefecture, was identified as an avian reovirus from its morphological, physicochemical and biological features. serologically, the isolate has a 62% of relatedness to ts-17 strain, a prototype of avian reovirus in japan. the isolate showed no significant virulences to one-day-old spf chickens, and showed low mortalities to chicken embryos, although it formed remarkable lesion on ...	1989	2561773
antigenic comparisons of selected avian reoviruses by use of the plaque-reduction neutralization assay.	the antigenic interrelatedness of 3 clone-purified turkey reoviruses (ng-turkey, 82-88, and nc-tev) to each other and to 4 clone-purified chicken reoviruses (s1133, co8, fahey-crawley, and avian type 2) was determined in reciprocal cross-neutralization tests, using polyclonal antisera and the plaque-reduction technique. the morphologic features of plaques formed under agar were studied for all 7 reoviruses, and size comparisons for turkey vs chicken isolates were made. all 3 turkey reoviruses (w ...	1989	2802316
viral agents associated with outbreaks of diarrhea in turkey flocks in quebec.	the relative importance of various enteric viruses associated with diarrhea of turkey poults was investigated by an evaluation of specimens received since 1982. specimens originated from one to eight week old turkey poults, with mild to severe diarrhea, from 114 flocks in 42 commercial operations located in southern quebec. the acute phase of enteritis occurred usually in poults between two and four weeks of age. clarified intestinal contents were examined by direct electron microscopy and enzym ...	1988	2832044
influence of maternal antibodies on susceptibility of embryonating eggs to avian reovirus.		1988	2845180
the propagation of avian viruses in a continuous cell line (qt35) of japanese quail origin.	seven of nine avian virus families tested (birnaviridae, coronaviridae, herpesviridae, paramyxoviridae, poxviridae, reoviridae, and retroviridae) were found to replicate in a quail fibroblast cell line, designated qt35, resulting in a cytopathic effect (cpe) visible with the naked eye or by low-power microscopy. in comparison, only one (paramyxoviridae) of seven mammalian virus families tested produced an observable cpe. cytopathic changes induced by examined viruses were round cell, syncytial, ...	1988	3135794
serologic comparison of avian reovirus isolates using virus neutralization and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the serologic relatedness of six avian reovirus isolates (co8, s1133, 81-5, 2408, 1733, and umi 203) were determined using a virus-neutralization (vn) test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). six groups of 20 specific-pathogen-free broilers each were twice infected with one of the six isolates per group. serum was reacted against each isolate in a beta vn test in chicken embryo kidney cells and against the s1133 virus in elisa. relatedness (r) values, determined by cross vn, reveal ...	1988	3202765
avian reovirus mrnas are nonfunctional in infected mouse cells: translational basis for virus host-range restriction.	avian reovirus s1133 penetrates and uncoats in suspension cultures of mouse l cells. the multiple species of viral transcripts are produced in the cytoplasm of the infected cell, but they fail to associate with polysomes, consistent with the absence of viral protein synthesis. the selective block in avian virus mrna translation is not overcome by coinfection with mammalian reovirus type 3, which replicates in mouse l cells, or by hypertonic shock or exposure to a low concentration of cycloheximi ...	1988	3380790
blue wing disease of chickens: isolation of avian reovirus and chicken anaemia agent.	viruses were regularly isolated from chickens affected with blue wing disease (bwd). all of the isolates in chicken embryo liver (cel) cells except one were avian reoviruses as identified by size, morphology and cross-agar gel precipitation. an additional agent was isolated in a t-lymphoblastoid cell line, mdcc-msb1. this agent has physico-chemical properties similar to those of caa and it cross reacts with the reference gifu-1 strain of caa in an indirect immunofluorescence test.	1988	18766664
blue wing disease of chickens: experimental infection with a swedish isolate of chicken anaemia agent and an avian reovirus.	isolates of an avian reovirus and chicken anaemia agent (caa) from a field case of blue wing disease (bwd) in sweden were inoculated into groups of spf, one-day-old chicks as follows: expt 1, an organ suspension from the field case; expt 2, a selected non-purified reovirus isolate grown in chicken embryo liver cells. expt 3, a plaque-purified reovirus strain; expt 4, the caa isolate from the organ suspension and expt 5, a combination of reovirus (from expt 3) and caa (from expt 4). the inoculati ...	1988	18766665
an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring antibody titre against avian reovirus using a single dilution of serum.	an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is described to measure antibody titres to avian reovirus in a single dilution of serum. various methods of antigen coating were compared. overnight treatment of plates at 4 c with antigen diluted in 0.01 m phosphate buffered saline, ph 7.5 appeared to be the most suitable as it increased the sensitivity and specificity of the test. standard curve equations derived from linear regression analyses of predetermined end-point titres versus absor ...	1988	18766698
comparison of chick embryo liver and vero cell cultures for the isolation and growth of avian reoviruses.	twenty-two strains of avian reovirus, all of which had had several passages in avian embryonic cell cultures, produced cpe in vero cells after 1 to 3 passages. however, even after five blind passages, reoviruses were not isolated in vero cells from faecal or joint material already shown to contain reovirus by ' chick embryo liver (celi) passage. growth characteristics of celi- or vero-adapted reovirus strain r2 were compared. even after 15 passages in vero cells, strain r2 still replicated in ce ...	1988	18766738
effects of experimental immunosuppression on reovirus-induced tenosynovitis in light-hybrid chickens.	groups of specific pathogen-free light-hybrid chickens which had been immunosuppressed either by surgical thymectomy (tx) or surgical bursectomy (bx) or cyclophosphamide (cy) treatment or tx plus cy treatment (tx + cy), as well as intact (untreated) birds, were inoculated with graded doses of an arthrotropic avian reovirus at 1 day of age and observed up to 5 weeks post-inoculation (p.i.). cy-treatment with or without tx considerably increased the mortality, incidence of gross leg lesions and se ...	1987	18766593
rapid passage of avian reovirus in one-day-old chicks: clinical and virological findings.	two avian reoviruses, strain reo-25 and isolate w3-492 were inoculated orally in 1-day-old chicks. three to seven days post inoculation (dpi), the liver, spleen, pancreas, caecal tonsil and duodenum were collected, weighed and titrated in cell culture for their viral content. the different tissue homogenates collected were passaged several times in 1-day-old chicks. reo-25 virus was passaged only at 3-day intervals and w3-492 virus was passaged at 3- and 7- or 14-day intervals. for both reo-25 a ...	1987	18766609
preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against an avian reovirus.	thirteen monoclonal antibodies against avian reovirus strain uchida were derived. of the 13 antibodies, three (mab1, mab2, and mab3) had the ability to neutralize the infectivity of the virus. mab1 neutralized strains uchida, cs-108, and ts-142 equally. mab2 neutralized the same three strains, but the activity of neutralization was 10 times higher against uchida than against cs-108 and ts-142. mab3 neutralized only strain uchida. it seems that mab1 and mab2 have a rather broad neutralization act ...	1987	3442525
a comparison of the pathogenicity of four avian reoviruses in chickens.	four avian reoviruses were orally inoculated into 1-day-old chickens to determine pathogenicity, virus persistence in the intestinal tract, and effects on body weight gains. avian reoviruses reo-25 and w3-492 belonged to two separate serotypes, and viruses tc 897 and w3-410 were antigenically related to w3-492. isolate w3-492, which was highly pathogenic, was very rarely recovered from cloacal swabs collected 2 weeks postinoculation, but inoculated chickens gained significantly less weight (p le ...	1987	3579791
[demonstration of a reovirus in helicopter disease of broilers].	a reovirus was isolated from 5-13-day-old broiler birds with signs of the so-called helicopter disease--one of the forms of the malabsorption syndrome. a number of organs were investigated (trachea, liver, spleen, bursa of fabricius, proventricular stomach, and tendon sheath of musculus gastrocnemius). the virus was isolated from the proventricular stomach and the tendon sheath in cell cultures of chick embryo kidney as well as in 5-7-day-old chick embryos inoculated in the yolk sac. the remaini ...	1987	3039720
serological studies with reoviruses in chickens, turkeys and ducks.	fluorescent antibody (fa) studies with avian reoviruses in chickens, turkeys and ducks are described. detection of the group-specific antigen by fa test was investigated by titrating a reovirus antiserum on chick embryo liver cell cultures infected with 18 reovirus strains fixed on multitest slides. with 16 of the viruses, test titres were similar, indicating presence of a common antigen. the titre observed with a duck reovirus isolate was considerably lower, suggesting partial cross-reactivity. ...	1987	3119679
association of avian reovirus m and s genes with viral behavior in vivo. i. viral persistence.	persistent infections were initiated in chickens with four different avian reovirus strains of varying virulence. chickens 1 day old, 1 week old, or 2 weeks old were inoculated with each. eight weeks later, isolates from all four parent strains were obtained; all isolates but one were from the tendons, and that was from the pancreas. biochemical characterization of the isolates showed their genomes to be similar to those of the parent strains, although the proteins of the persistent isolates occ ...	1987	2823766
association of avian reovirus m and s genes with viral behavior in vivo. ii. viral pathogenicity.	a group of avian reoviruses comprising serially passaged s1133 strains and their vaccine derivatives was examined biochemically to study the temporal evolution of the viruses and biologically to assess their relative pathogenicities. the strains fell into three groups of differing virulence, the viruses becoming less pathogenic the longer they were passaged. protein and rna profiles of the strains showed no distinct patterns of evolution nor any trend that could be correlated with pathogenicity. ...	1987	2823767
serologic and pathogenetic studies on avian reoviruses isolated in japan.	eighty-nine avian reoviruses isolated from diseased and clinically normal chickens were classified serologically using antisera against five prototype strains. eighty-three strains were classified into five serotypes; six strains were untypable. most of the cytopathogenic strains that produced a clear cytopathic effect (cpe) in chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs) were highly pathogenic for chicken embryos (80% or more mortality via the allantoic sac) and for chicks (severe footpad swellings and te ...	1987	2823770
comparative study of the pathogenicity of avian reoviruses.	reovirus strains co8 and 81-5, isolated from chickens with malabsorption syndrome, and reovirus strain 176, isolated from chickens with tenosynovitis, were each individually inoculated into 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks. strain co8 caused tenosynovitis and pericarditis following footpad inoculation, but it was of low pathogenicity when given by either oral or subcutaneous route. in contrast, strains 81-5 and 176 were highly pathogenic and caused severe mortality following subcutaneous ...	1987	2823774
application of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (abc) technique for detecting avian reovirus in chickens.	an immunoperoxidase technique, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (abc), was used for detecting avian reovirus in glutaraldehyde-formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. a peroxidase-positive reaction, characterized by the presence of dark brown granules in the cytoplasm of affected cells, was found in the liver (kupffer cells, macrophages, and hepatocytes) and bursa of fabricius (epithelial cells, stromal cells, and/or macrophages). the early presence of peroxidase activity in the bursa of fabr ...	1987	2823776
observations on the ability of avian reovirus vaccination of hens to protect their progeny against the effects of challenge with homologous and heterologous strains.	avian reovirus vaccines of the s1133 strain, used indirectly in the dams of challenged chicks, were found to confer protection against clinical signs and/or deaths resulting from the use of both homologous and heterologous challenge strains. there was some protection against every strain used, although this did vary in degree. it was difficult to relate this variation in protection to the differences in in vitro neutralization of the strains by s1133 antiserum, though there were some similaritie ...	1986	3009563
effect of dietary histamine on broiler chickens infected with avian reovirus s1133.	one-day-old broiler chickens were infected with either of two vaccine strains of avian reovirus s1133 and fed diets containing 0.2% histamine dihydrochloride for 21 or 35 days. control groups received either or neither of these treatments. the most notable virus-histamine interaction observed was increased (p less than 0.01) early mortality of chickens infected with the more virulent (pullet) vaccine virus. histamine in the diet did not affect seroconversion rates or the incidence of stunting in ...	1986	3015103
a comparison between the effect of an avian reovirus and infectious bursal disease virus on selected aspects of the immune system of the chicken.	reovirus 81-176 was inoculated subcutaneously into day-old specific-pathogen-free leghorns and evaluated for its effects on the immune system over a 3-week period. structural criteria included organ weights of the bursa of fabricius (bf) and spleen (sp), scoring of histological lesions in the bf, sp, and thymus, and hematological analyses of the circulating leukocytes. alterations in the functional capacity of the immune system were measured using the graft-versus-host reaction, the response of ...	1986	3015115
role of route of exposure, age, sex, and type of chicken on the pathogenicity of avian reovirus strain 81-176.	chickens were evaluated by age, sex, and type for susceptibility to reovirus strain 81-176 inoculated subcutaneously. chicks were most susceptible to the lethal effects of reovirus infection at hatching, after which resistance increased rapidly. by 1 week of age, mortality was negligible, but chicks were still susceptible to the less lethal effects of the virus. mortality rates of males and females were equal. leghorn and broiler-type chicks did not differ appreciably in their response to viral ...	1986	3021096
studies on orthoreoviruses isolated from young turkeys. iii. pathogenic effects in chicken embryos, chicks, poults, and suckling mice.	the pathogenicity of four clone-purified reoviruses (81-51, 81-68, 81-311, and 82-88) was studied in experimentally infected specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicken embryos and chicks. spf and specific-antigen-and-antibody-negative (saan) turkey poults, and suckling mice. in spf embryos, all four viruses caused death or lesions characteristic for avian reoviruses. spf chicks inoculated orally with isolate 81-68 showed no signs of overt disease but did develop antibodies to reovirus. in some experim ...	1986	3021103
influence of a 12.5 per cent rapeseed diet and an avian reovirus on the production of leg abnormalities in male broiler chickens.	the incidence of different forms of leg abnormality were recorded in reovirus (s1133) infected and control male broiler chickens fed on a normal commercial diet or one of similar nutritive value containing 12.5 per cent rapeseed meal. regular serological examination showed that birds remained free from mycoplasma gallisepticum and m synoviae infection throughout the 10 week period of investigation. precipitating antibodies to the reovirus were detected in 90 per cent of the infected birds betwee ...	1985	2983408
effect of avian reoviruses on lymphoid organ weights and antibody response in chickens.	several avian reoviruses were screened to determine their effects on the immune system by inoculating them subcutaneously (sq) into day-old chicks. for comparison, infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) was similarly evaluated. the response of the immune system was measured functionally by the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) response to newcastle disease virus (ndv) and structurally by changes in the organ-to-body-weight ratios of the bursa of fabricius, thymus, and spleen. when inoculated sq, ...	1985	2992443
pathogenic characteristics of highly virulent avian reovirus, strain 58-132, isolated from a chicken with tenosynovitis.		1985	2995715
performance of broiler progeny of breeder flocks vaccinated with inactivated oil emulsion malabsorption syndrome virus vaccine.	broiler breeder pullets were vaccinated at 20 to 24 weeks of age with an inactivated, oil emulsion vaccine containing the co8 strain of avian reovirus. the vaccination induced a high and uniform antibody response that peaked 4 to 5 months postvaccination and persisted up to 11 months postvaccination. broiler production parameters in progeny of vaccinated breeders were compared weekly with parameters of the total broiler production. there was a consistent improvement in body weight at processing ...	1985	2999744
protein coding assignment of the s genes of the avian reovirus s1133.	the protein coding assignments for each of the s genes of the avian reovirus s1133 have been determined. in vitro translation of rna derived from individual s dsrna genome segments demonstrated that the largest s gene, s1, codes for the smallest protein, sigma c; the s2 for sigma a; the s3 gene for sigma c; and the s4 gene for sigma ns. no other gene products could be identified. by examination of appropriate reassortant viruses, these assignments were confirmed.	1985	3976177
experimental reovirus infection in chickens: observations on early viraemia and virus distribution in bone marrow, liver and enteric tissues.	the nature of viraemia and tissue distribution of reovirus were studied in the early phase after oral infection of 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) white leghorn chicks with the r2 strain of avian reovirus. a range of tissues collected up to 3 weeks after infection was titrated for their viral content. virus was present in the plasma, erythrocyte and mononuclear fractions of the blood within 30 hours post-inoculation (p.i.) and was widely distributed in tissues, including the bone marrow b ...	1985	18766901
adaptation and characteristics of replication of a strain of avian reovirus in vero cells.	one of six australian strains of avian reovirus was adapted to replicate in an african green monkey kidney (vero) cell line. the cytopathic effect of the adapted strain in vero cells was characterised by syncytium formation occurring 12 hours post-infection, coincident with the production of progeny virus. the virus in vero cells was very cell-associated and longer incubation times were required for titration than in primary cultures of chicken kidney cells. methods for determination of the 50% ...	1985	18766925
reisolation of avian arthrotropic reovirus r2 from chicks infected as embryos.	four groups of specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicken eggs of 7 days' incubation were inoculated via the yolk sac with a range of 10-fold dilutions of avian reovirus r2. deaths between days 8 and 18 of incubation increased in number with increased virus dose inoculated, and virus was recovered with high frequency from all groups except those given the lowest dose. for those chicks which hatched, cloacal swabs at day-old failed to demonstrate virus in the chicks given the lowest dose, although thos ...	1985	18766930
the pathogenicity of some avian reoviruses with particular reference to tenosynovitis.	in two experiments, 13 avian reoviruses from different sources were tested in specific pathogen-free (spf) light hybrid chicks at 1-day-old for their pathogenicity with particular respect to tenosynovitis. all strains including two from commercial ducks and another from a wedge-tail eagle caused tenosynovitis. in most cases the lesions were macroscopic but in a few only microscopic abnormalities were observed after footpad or oral inoculation. in the first experiment with six british strains, in ...	1984	18766835
reovirus-induced tenosynovitis in chickens: the effect of breed.	the effect of breed of chicken on infection with an arthrotropic avian reovirus strain r2 was studied by oral or footpad inoculation of 1-day-old chicks of the following breeds: (1) specific pathogen-free (spf) light-hybrid, (2) commercial white leghorn egg-layer, and (3) commercial ross i broiler, and observed to 12 weeks of age. although most inoculated birds of all three breeds developed swelling of one or both legs below the hock joint at 3 to 4 weeks of age, gross lesions of tenosynovitis b ...	1984	18766865
serological characteristics of avian reoviruses of australian origin.	the antigenic relationship of plaque purified avian reoviruses isolated from commercial chickens in australia was determined with a serum neutralisation procedure using antisera prepared in rabbits. ten selected isolates were assigned to three groups based upon relatedness values determined by cross-neutralisation studies. considerable cross-reactivity was demonstrated against heterologous types and the three groups were considered to be subtypes rather than distinct serotypes.	1984	18766870
effects of feed additives and feed contaminants on the susceptibility of chickens to viruses.	several feed additives and contaminants are recognized which may alter avian immune responsiveness or disease resistance. exposure of poultry to such chemical substances may in some instances explain the failure of vaccines to confer expected levels of disease resistance and may explain certain flock health problems associated with infectious agents generally presumed to be commensals. limited studies with bht and ethoxyquin did not associate decreased resistance to ndv infection with dietary in ...	1984	6483886
detection of genomic differences between the avian reovirus isolate s1133 and its high-passage derivative p100.	previous studies have shown that the s1133 and p100 strains of avian reovirus are identical by electropherotype analysis of their genomic rna despite demonstrating differences in their protein composition. by using the more sensitive technique of liquid nucleic acid hybridization for comparing the genomes of these two viruses, differences among several homologous rna genome segments have been detected. the implication of the use of these techniques for characterization and analysis of recently i ...	1984	6487199
a comparison of avian and mammalian cell cultures for the propagation of avian reovirus wvu 2937.	two avian and seven mammalian cell lines were evaluated for their application in propagating avian reovirus wvu 2937. cultures were compared for monolayer-formation time, support of viral replication, passages and postinfection time required for expression of cytopathic effect (cpe), type of cpe, and virus yield. cpe was observed on the first passage with infected egg yolk in primary chicken embryo kidney cells, primary through tertiary chicken embryo liver (cel) cells, and african green monkey ...	1984	6721794
modification of three avian viruses passaged in chinese hamster lung cells (don) in pathogenicity to chicken embryo.	the beaudette 42 strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus, sato strain of newcastle disease virus, and uchida strain of avian reovirus were passaged in chinese hamster lung cells (don), and some properties were examined. the don-passaged strains showed a difference in replication in don and chicken embryo kidney cells in one-step growth curve examinations and a partial modification in pathogenicity to chicken embryos; nevertheless, neutralization tests revealed no serological alteration.	1984	6331368
in vitro and in vivo studies with an avian reovirus derived from a temperature-sensitive mutant clone.	a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of avian reovirus isolate maine 1-203 was obtained at 41 c. the 19th passage of this mutant (ts 19) was utilized for in vitro studies comparing its replication in macrophage cultures with that of its parent strain and an apathogenic s1133 virus. in vivo studies were initiated to determine the ts mutant's pathogenicity for day-old chicks, safety and protective levels for 6-day-old chicks, and interference with marek's disease, newcastle, and infectious bronchit ...	1984	6091605
pathogenicity of avian reoviruses isolated from tendons and tendon sheaths of chickens with leg weakness.		1984	6092759
prevalence of reoviruses in commercial chickens.	the prevalence of reoviruses in commercial chickens with the runting/stunting syndrome, tenosynovitis, and normal chickens was investigated. reoviruses were isolated from 3-week-old chickens affected with the runting/stunting syndrome and from older chickens with tenosynovitis; viruses were isolated from tissues with and without lesions. reoviruses were also frequently isolated from rectal contents of normal 3-week-old chickens, and there was serological evidence of previous reovirus infection i ...	1984	6098246
pathological studies in chicken embryos and day-old chicks experimentally infected with avian reovirus.		1984	6099967
viral tissue tropisms and interferon production in white leghorn chickens infected with two avian reovirus strains.	inoculation of 6-day-old and 4-week-old chickens with pathogenic or attenuated avian reovirus resulted in an inapparent infection. the virus had a greater tissue distribution and persisted longer in tissues of 6-day-old chickens. interferon was detected in only the serum and lung of infected chickens and appeared to be related to route of inoculation. titers of interferon were greater and appeared sooner in the tissues of older chickens. reovirus-neutralizing antibody was not detected in the ser ...	1983	6196015
studies on interferon induction and interferon sensitivity of avian reoviruses.	four strains of avian reovirus were ineffective inducers of interferon (ifn) in chicken kidney (ck) cell cultures. all strains were similar in single-cycle replication curves. at multiplicities of infection between 0.20 and 10 plaque-forming units per cell, ifn was not induced in ck cells. reovirus did not produce an ifn blocker in ck cells. attenuated reovirus did induce ifn in aged chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) cell cultures. by priming cells with a low dose of ifn before infection with reov ...	1983	6197057
development of an attenuated apathogenic reovirus vaccine against viral arthritis/tenosynovitis.	a fully attenuated apathogenic reovirus vaccine was developed by 235 serial passages of s1133 strain avian reovirus in embryonating chicken eggs and 100 additional passages in chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) cultures, 65 of which were cultured at 32 c. chickens with and without maternal antibodies to avian reovirus were vaccinated subcutaneously at 1 day of age and challenged via footpad at 14 days of age. it appeared that the 40th, 66th, and 100th cef passage levels were apathogenic at doses ra ...	1983	6314976
in vitro characterization of an avian reovirus vaccine strain.	in vitro studies were performed to characterize the vaccine strain, designated p100, derived from the arthrogenic reovirus isolate, s1133, by cold adaptation. p100 appeared to be temperature sensitive, shown by a marked drop in titer and efficiency of plaquing after incubation at 41 degrees. studies indicated that genomic double-stranded rna and protein synthesis were severely restricted at the elevated temperature. differences in the growth behavior of p100 and s1133 at 37 degrees were also not ...	1983	6845656
characteristics and pathogenicity of two avian reoviruses isolated from chickens with leg problems.	two reoviruses identified as 172 and 176 were isolated from the hock of 2-to-3-week-old broiler breeders exhibiting leg problems. oral-ocular or intraplantar inoculation of day-old specific-pathogen-free or broiler chickens produced severe mortality (60-100%) within 2 to 6 days. the main lesions observed were tenosynovitis as well as necrosis and congestion of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and bursa of fabricius.	1983	6847543
forms of leg abnormality observed in male broilers fed on a diet containing 12.5 percent rapeseed meal.	the incidence of leg abnormalities was studied in 216 male ross i broilers, fed for 10 weeks on a diet containing 12.5 per cent extracted rapeseed. regular serological examination showed that the birds remained free from mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae and avian reovirus throughout the period of investigation. post mortem examination and radiographs were performed when birds were culled due to leg deformities or at the end of the experiment. leg abnormalities were seen in 19.4 per ...	1983	6635344
polymorphism of the genomic rnas among the avian reoviruses.	the genome of avian reoviruses is comprised of 10 segments of double-stranded (ds)rna. analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the genomic rna from a small number of avian reoviruses has demonstrated a significant polymorphism in the migration pattern of the dsrna segments among different isolates. comparison of these patterns with that of the mammalian reovirus of serotype 1 has permitted calculation of the molecular weights of the avian dsrna species.	1982	7119751
avian reovirus polypeptides: analysis of intracellular virus-specified products, virions, top component, and cores.	avian reovirus-specified polypeptides can be separated into three size classes: large (lambda), medium (mu), and small (sigma), similar to those of the mammalian reoviruses. a nomenclature has been proposed to indicate the individual polypeptides within each size class by progressive alphabetical subscripts. three lambda polypeptides (lambda(a), lambda(b), and lambda(c)) are found in infectious viral particles and have molecular weights of 145,000, 130,000, and 115,000, respectively. all are pre ...	1982	7143561
avian reovirus antibody assay by indirect immunofluorescence using plastic microculture plates.	an indirect fluorescent antibody test was developed to detect serum antibody to avian reovirus strain wvu2937. this test employed small multiple well plastic plates (8 x 5.5 cm) which readily fitted into the standard mechanical stage mechanism of an incident light fluorescence microscope. the small wells of the plates required minimal (10 mul) volumes of reagents. in tests on 18 sera in which the indirect fluorescent antibody, agar gel precipitin and plaque reduction methods were compared sera w ...	1982	6462191
polymorphism of the migration of double-stranded rna genome segments of avian reoviruses.	a number of field isolates of avian reovirus were characterized by analysis of the migration pattern of their genomic double-stranded rna (dsrna) segments upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. comparison of the various isolates has demonstrated (i) no relationship between serotype and migration of any individual dsrna segment, (ii) marked polymorphism of migration patterns of all dsrna segments among isolates of the same serotype as well as among different serotypes, (iii) no correlation betw ...	1982	6287028
pathogenicity of avian reoviruses: examination of six isolates and a vaccine strain.	six avian reovirus isolates and a vaccine reovirus strain were compared for invasiveness, virulence, and pathological characteristics upon infection of day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks by the footpad, subcutaneous, and oral routes of inoculation. no significant differences were noted regarding the ability of individual isolates to infect target tissues. however, virulence (measured as the 50% lethal dose) among the isolates varied markedly from 2 x 10(5) to less than 10 pfu per chick for th ...	1982	6292109
efficacy of some disinfectants against infectious bursal disease virus and avian reovirus.		1982	6293154
some observations on the isolation and cultivation of avian reoviruses.	for the cultivation of avian reoviruses a comparison was made of cell cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts, lungs, liver, kidney and chicken kidney and fertile eggs inoculated via the yolk sac, chorioallantoic membrane or allantoic cavity. chick embryo liver was found to be the most sensitive cell culture method and the yolk sac the best inoculation route for eggs. chicken kidney cells were second to embryonic liver cells, but peak titres of cell-bound and cell-free virus occurred later than in ...	1982	18770208
experimental transmission of avian reovirus and avian adenovirus through embryonated eggs.		1981	6271116
avian adenoviruses and avian reoviruses isolated from diseased chickens.		1981	6275831
experimental infection of broiler chickens with an avian reovirus.		1981	6282942
isolation of avian reovirus as a possible etiologic agent of osteoporosis ("brittle bone disease"; "femoral head necrosis") in broiler chickens.	avian reovirus was isolated from intestines of 3-to-7-day-old broiler chickens with enteritis from broiler houses where osteoporosis was a problem. the virus was purified in a cesium chloride gradient (buoyant density 1.37 gm/ml) and identified as a reovirus by electron microscopy. specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens and commercial broiler chickens with anti-reovirus maternal antibodies inoculated at 1 day of age with the reovirus isolate developed lesions of femoral head fractures and/or oste ...	1981	6461325
serological comparisons of avian reoviruses.		1980	6248574
performance of 3 successive generations of specified-pathogenfree chickens maintained as a closed flock.	no antibodies against salmonella pullorum, mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, haemophilus gallinarum, fowl pox virus, marek's disease virus, herpes virus of turkey, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, avian adenovirus, avian reovirus, infectious bursal disease virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, avian leukosis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus and newcastle disease virus were detectable in the sera obtained from these chickens in 3 generations at various ages. antibodies against i ...	1980	6253742
interferon induction by viruses. vi. reovirus: virion genome dsrna as the interferon inducer in aged chick embryo cells.	the interferon-inducing particle (ifp) activity of avian and human reoviruses in aged chick embryo cells was determined by analyzing dose (multiplicity)-response (interferon yield) curves. these curves fit best a model in which each cell infected with greater than or equal to 1 ifp produces a quantum yield of interferon. avian reovirus stocks contained as many as 60 times more ifp than plaque-forming particles (pfp). upon uv-irradiation the ratio of ifp:pfp became 197, suggesting that virtually ...	1980	6180039
ultrastructural histopathology of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane infected with an avian reovirus.	the histopathological pattern of chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane infected by an avian reovirus, crawley strain, has been investigated by semithin sections and transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. the typical virus-induced pock is made up of a crust of necrotic ectodermal cell elements, an ectodermal proliferation and a proliferated, infiltrated, and oedematous mesoderm. large crystals of virions are present in the ectodermal cells of the pock, where the details of the vi ...	1980	18770272
effects of avian reovirus on marek's disease (md). i. suppression of md development.	the effects of an avian reovirus on the development of acute marek's disease (md) were studied by exposing chickens to reo-w isolant of avian reovirus before infecting them with an oncogenic md herpesvirus (mdhv). four separate trials were made in a similar manner, 2 trials with an experimental line of white leghorn (wsu-vs) highly susceptible to md, and 2 trials with a commercial strain of meat-type (c-mt) chicken. md mortality and/or incidence of gross md lesions were consistently reduced by p ...	1979	226049
serological incidence of avian reovirus infection in broiler-breeders and progeny in nova scotia.	the plaque neutralization test and the agar gel precipitation test were used to detect neutralizing and precipitating antibody to avian reovirus strain wvu2937 in sera from 14 commercial broiler breeder flocks and eight progeny flocks. ten breeder flocks (71%) possessed positive agar gel precipitation reactors (598 sera tested) and 12 (86%) possessed plaque neutralization reactors (114 serum pools tested). all broiler flocks possessed agar gel precipitation reactors, but these were not examined ...	1979	231481
characterization of avian reoviruses isolated from the synovia and breast blister.	reoviruses texas, s 1133, umi 203, and wvu 2937 induced swelling of the foot pad and inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes when inoculated in the foot pad of 2-week-old gnotobiotic chicks. from differences in virus neutralization as measured with geometric mean (r) value, all four viruses are subtypes of a single serotype. the cell-associated and cell-released virus growth curves were similar, with a lag phase of about 15 hours and a log phase of 15 to 21 hours. viral rna synthesis reac ...	1979	232658
susceptibility of duck to uchida strain of avian reovirus.		1979	513401
the isolation of lentogenic strains of newcastle disease virus in australia.	twelve isolations of newcastle disease virus were made from 77 clinical samples from chickens from conjunctivitis, respiratory disease, proventriculitis and bursal atrophy. nine of the isolations were made from chickens with conjunctivitis. the viruses were identified as newcastle disease virus by inhibition of their haemagglutinins with specific antiserum to newcastle disease virus. the viruses failed to kill chicken embryos after inoculation into the allantoic cavity and they were judged to be ...	1978	687276
experimental reovirus hepatitis in newborn chicks.	the avian reovirus "um 1-203" originally isolated in the united states from chickens with tenosynovitis was pathogenic for the newborn chick infected by parenteral inoculation. it induced plurivisceral lesions, which became particularly intense in the liver. the intense local multiplication of the virus provoked a necrotizing hepatitis; viral titers were maintained around an e.i.d.50 of 10(8)/0.2 ml of organ suspension in chicks killed between the 3rd and 5th days after inoculation. as a specifi ...	1978	211695
studies on experimental tenosynovitis in light hybrid chickens.	a group of light hybrid chicks was inoculated via the footpad at 1-day-old with an avian reovirus isolated from ruptured gastrocnemius tendons, and were housed with a similar number of uninoculated chicks (in-contacts) from the same hatch. though all inoculated birds showed swellings of the injected leg after 7 days, lesions of tenosynovitis did not develop in the other leg or in either leg of in-contacts until they were 6- to 7-weeks-old. lesions in leg tendons, and particularly the digital fle ...	1978	18770368
viral arthritis/tenosynovitis: a review.	a review if presented of viral arthritis/tenosynovitis, one of the clinical manifestations of avian reovirus infection in chickens. since the detection of a viral etiology of arthritis/tenosynovitis in 1957, the disease has been reported in various parts of the world. pathological features of the disease include inflammatory lesions in the extensor and flexor tendons and tendon sheaths of the posterior limbs and in the tibiotarsal joints. hepatitis, myocarditis, hydropericardium, as well as inte ...	1977	18770337
ultrastructural study of avian synovium infected with an arthrotropic reovirus.	three-week-old chicks were inoculated via the foot pad with the avian reovirus (strain wvu 2937) that has been proved to be the causative agent in avian viral arthritis. the initial stages of the avian reovirus infection in the synovium of the hock joint were studied by transmission electron microscopy to shed light on the early virus-host relationship of an arthrotropic virus and synovial tissue. at 48 hours postinoculation (pi), coated, partially coated, and uncoated virus particles were seen ...	1977	197972
avian reovirus isolated from dead-in-shell embryos.		1977	202774
structural and growth characteristics of infectious bursal disease virus.	the infectious bursal disease virus is not enveloped and has a diameter of 60 nm and a density of about 1.32 g/ml. it contains two pieces of single-stranded rna with molecular weights close to 2 x 10(6). the capsid is made up of four major polypeptides with molecular weights of 110,000, 50,000, 35,000, and 25,000. the virus replicates in chicken embryo fibroblasts rather than in epitheloid cells. after an eclipse period of 4 h, virus production reaches a maximum about 12 h later. the virus has n ...	1976	176463
physical and chemical characterization of an avian reovirus.	the avian viral agent s1133 has previously been classified serologically as a member of the avian reovirus group. this viral agent grows in chicken embryo fibroblast cells, bands at a density of 1.37 g/ml in cscl equilibrium density gradients, has a particle diameter of 75 nm, and has a morphology similar to that of human reovirus type 3. its nucleic acid is comprised of double-stranded rna and adenosine-rich oligonucleotides. the dsrna is distributed among 10 segments with molecular weights of ...	1976	987252
nonpermissive infection of l cells by an avian reovirus: restricted transcription of the viral genome.	avian reovirus multiples in chicken embryo fibroblasts. although the avian virus adsorbs to l cells and is uncoated therein, it does not multiply. in the nonpermissive infection of l cells with the avian reovirus only four of the genomic segments of the viral genome are transcribed, l1, m3, s3, and s4, and these are the same segments that have been designated previously as early functions in the permissive infection of l cells with type 3 reovirus. when l cells are co-infected with avian reoviru ...	1976	987253
avian reoviruses in new zealand.		1976	1070617
homidium (ethidium) bromide inhibition of avian reovirus replication.	homidium bromide inhibited replication of avian reovirus in cell culture. inhibition was dose dependent, and the critical event required that the dye be present during the replicative viral cycle and was not attributable to a cellular function.	1976	1247201
peculiar secretory iga system identified in chickens. ii. identification and distribution of free secretory component and immunoglobulins of iga, igm, and igg in chicken external secretions.	a homologue of a free secretory component (sc) was identified in chicken intestinal secretion by criteria based on its antigenic relationship with intestinal secretory iga (siga), molecular size, sugar content, and electrophoretic mobility, as well as its elution characteristic from ion-exchange chromatography. sc was obtained in a form free from iga from the intestinal secretion by salting out and deae chromatography, followed by density ultracentrifuguation or sephadex g-200 gel-filtration. ho ...	1975	1176771
experimental egg-transmission of avian reovirus.	two experiments with an avian reovirus (fdo isolant), serologically identical to the fahey-crawley and wvu 2937 isolants, provided conclusive proof that egg-transmission can occur. in the first experiment, 4-day-old chicken embryos were inoculated into the yolk sac with serial dilutions of virus and subsequently hatched. high virus doses killed all embryos, whereas low doses (14 or less plaque-forming units) allowed some embryos to hatch normally although infected. in the second experiment, viru ...	1975	164174
localization of avian reovirus (fdo isolant) in tissues of mature chickens.	mature hens were exposed to a reovirus (fdo isolant) serologically related to the viral arthritis agent. examination of 23 tissues from the respiratory, alimentary, and reproductive tracts and tendons from the hock joint revealed widespread infection 4 days after inoculation via the respiratory and alimentary tracts. by 14-15 days, infection had largely subsided but was still detectable in the tendons, oviduct, and alimentary tract of some birds. no infection was found at 30 days. virus isolatio ...	1975	164175
in vitro cultivation of cells from the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos.	by treatment of chorioallantoic membranes from embryonated eggs with collagenase and hyaluronidase before the conventional application of trypsin cells could be grown in culture which supported growth of a large variety of myxoviruses, herpesviruses, avian reoviruses and the infectious bronchitis virus of chickens. the cultures could be used for sensitive plaque assays and neutralization tests.	1975	165393
comparison of the characteristics of avian reoviruses isolated from the digestive and respiratory tract, with viruses isolated from the synovia.	two-week-old gnotobiotic chicks were inoculated in the foot pad with viruses isolated from synovia and synovial membrane-wvu 1464-29h, wvu 1675, wvu 2937, wvu 2986, and wvu 71-212; from digestive tract-reoviruses 24, 25, and 59; or from respiratory tract-reovirus fahey-crawley (fc). all viruses induced swelling of the foot pad and inflammatory changes of synovial membrane. serum from virus-infected chicks had a common agar gel precipitin (agp) line. on the basis of the plaque-reduction test in p ...	1975	167621
structural and growth characteristics of two avian reoviruses.	two virus strains which had been suspected to be the etiological agents of infectious bursitis (gumboro disease) and of inclusion body hepatitis of chickens were characterized by their morphology, their peptide composition and the segmented genome of their double-stranded rna to be typical reoviruses. although the 2 avian strains did not clearly differ in their serological behaviour, the size of some of their rna segments were not identical. both strains replicated in tissue cultures prepared fr ...	1975	170888