Publications

bacillus thuringiensis bel protein enhances the toxicity of cry1ac protein to helicoverpa armigera larvae by degrading insect intestinal mucin.	bacillus thuringiensis has been used as a bioinsecticide to control agricultural insects. bacillus cereus group genomes were found to have a bacillus enhancin-like (bel) gene, encoding a peptide with 20 to 30% identity to viral enhancin protein, which can enhance viral infection by degradation of the peritrophic matrix (pm) of the insect midgut. in this study, the bel gene was found to have an activity similar to that of the viral enhancin gene. a bel knockout mutant was constructed by using a p ...	2009	19542344
trichogramma (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae) ecology in a tropical bt transgenic cotton cropping system: sampling to improve seasonal pest impact estimates in the ord river irrigation area, australia.	trichogramma westwood (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae) cause high mortality rates in the potentially resistant pest species, helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), and are considered integral to the resistance management plan for bacillus thuringiensis transgenic cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., production in the ord river irrigation area (oria), western australia. measured as percentage of parasitism, trichogramma activity seems highly variable over time; yet, it contributes sign ...	2009	19610415
cry2ab tolerance response of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) populations from crylac cotton planting region.	helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is an important lepidopteran pest of cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., in asia. transgenic cotton expressing the cry1ac gene from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been widely planted for control of this pest. for managing the potential risk from resistance evolution in this pest, a new transgenic bt cotton containing cry1ac and cry2ab genes (gene pyramided strategy) was designed as a successor of cry1ac cotton. this article reports on levels of ...	2009	19610441
the expression of a recombinant cry1ac gene with subtilisin-like protease cdep2 gene in acrystalliferous bacillus thuringiensis by red/et homologous recombination.	a novel cdna encoding the subtilisin-like serine protease gene cdep2 was isolated from beauveria bassiana by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). it contained an 1137 bp orf that predicted a protein of 379 amino acids with m = 38863 da and pi = 8.21. in an attempt to improve insecticidal activity, the cdep2 gene and the cry1ac gene from bacillus thuringiensis were co-fused into the vector pht315 as phac-cdep2 plasmid by red/et homologous recombination. the co-fusion gene was ...	2009	19653036
frequency of bt resistance alleles in h. armigera during 2006-2008 in northern china.	helicoverpa armigera is an important lepidopteran pest of cotton in china. from 2002, the frequency of bt resistance alleles and quantitative shifts in larval cry1ac tolerance of field h. armigera population were monitored using bioassays of f(1) and f(2) offspring of isofemale lines from xiajin county of shandong province (an intensive bt cotton planting area) and anci county of hebei province (a multiple-crop system including corn, soybean, peanut, and bt cotton) in northern china. during 2006 ...	2009	19689916
homodimeric alkaline phosphatase located at helicoverpa armigera midgut, a putative receptor of cry1ac contains alpha-galnac in terminal glycan structure as interactive epitope.	helicoverpa armigera causes massive yield loss of various crops globally. bacillus thuringiensis coded cry1ac toxin is effective against the pest. through the present investigation, an alkaline phosphatase type putative receptor of the toxin was identified in the target insect gut bbmv. lectin-ligand immunoblot assay detected the presence of alpha-galnac residue at the nonreducing terminal of the glycan structure in the membrane bound haalp protein which mediates the toxin-receptor interaction.	2009	19714811
functional analysis of the autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus iap1 and iap2.	the autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv) contains three apoptosis suppressor genes: p35, iap1 and iap2. acmnpv p35 functions as a pancaspase inhibitor, but the function of iap1 and iap2 has not been entirely resolved. in this paper, we analyze the function of iap1 and iap2 in detail. acmnpv with p35-deletion inhibited the apoptosis of bti-tn-5b1-4 (tn-hi5) cells induced by a helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid npv (hearnpv) infection and rescued the replication of hearnpv an ...	2009	19727595
expression and activity of a probable toxin from photorhabdus luminescens.	as an insect pathogen, photorhabdus luminescens possesses an arsenal of toxins. here we cloned and expressed a probable toxin from p. luminescens subsp. akhurstii ynd185, designated as photorhabdus insecticidal toxin (pit). the pit gene shares 94% nucleotide and 98% predicted amino acid sequence identity with plu1537, a predicted orf from p. luminescens subsp. laumondii tt01 and 30% predicted amino acid sequence similarity to a fragment of a 13.6 kda insecticidal crystal protein gene of bacillus ...	2009	18409059
up-regulation of lysozyme gene expression during metamorphosis and immune challenge of the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera.	lysozymes act as crucial bacteriolytic enzymes in insect immune system by hydrolyzing the beta (1-->4) bonds between n-acetylglucosamine and n-acetylmuramic acid in the peptidoglycan of prokaryotic cell walls. we have isolated and characterized a helicoverpa armigera cdna encoding an insect lysozyme named halyz. we amplified a fragment by pcr, using degenerate primers derived from the conservative amino acid sequences for performing 5' and 3' race. the full-length cdna was 661 base pairs. the th ...	2009	18615707
relationships among activities of extracellular enzyme production and virulence against helicoverpa armigera in beauveria bassiana.	extracellular enzymes produced by beauveria bassiana, are believed to play a key role in cuticle hydrolysis. enzyme production and pathogenicity has been found to be positively correlated. twenty-eight isolates of b. bassiana, collected from different geographical regions and host ranges were characterized by in vitro extracellular enzyme production and sds-page techniques for discerning biochemical basis for virulence among the different isolates. in vitro analysis of extracellular enzymes like ...	2009	19025880
winged bean chymotrypsin inhibitors retard growth of helicoverpa armigera.	two putative kunitz-type chymotrypsin inhibitor genes (wci2 and wci5) were isolated from winged bean (psophocarpus tetragonolobus (l.) dc). while wci2 has previously been characterized, wci5 represents a new member of the wci family. wci5 was exclusively expressed in winged bean seeds. theoretical translation of both the genes resulted into polypeptides of 207 amino acids with 86% sequence similarity. the polypeptide sequences contain four half-cysteine residues and a well-conserved leu(65)-ser( ...	2009	19059315
resistance of helicoverpa armigera to cry1ac toxin from bacillus thuringiensis is due to improper processing of the protoxin.	the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis produces icps (insecticidal crystal proteins) that are deposited in their spore mother cells. when susceptible lepidopteran larvae ingest these spore mother cells, the icps get solubilized in the alkaline gut environment. of approx. 140 insecticidal proteins described thus far, insecticidal protein cry1ac has been applied extensively as the main ingredient of spray formulation as well as the principal icp introduced into crops as transgene for agricultural cr ...	2009	19146482
using an f(2) screen to monitor frequency of resistance alleles to bt cotton in field populations of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	in an effort to control the most devastating cotton pest, helicoverpa armigera (hübner), in qiuxian county (hebei, china), bt cotton has been planted almost exclusively since 1998 in this area. owing to the high insecticidal selection pressures in this region, monitoring of bt resistance in h. armigera is necessary so that proactive actions can be implemented before field control measures fail. from 2003 to 2005, an f(2) screen was conducted in order to monitor bt resistance in h. armigera popul ...	2009	19165746
modified female calling behaviour in cry1ac-resistant helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	the resistance risk in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) to transgenic cotton that expresses cry1ac from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has raised concerns about the sustainable deployment of bt cotton. mating behaviour between resistant and susceptible individuals is an important factor that affects resistance evolution of the insect. the female calling behaviours of the cry1ac-resistant strain and its susceptible control were compared in the laboratory to understand the difference in mating biology.	2009	19165761
constitutive expression of a trypsin protease inhibitor confers multiple stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco.	protease inhibitors have been reported to confer insect resistance in transgenic plants, except for a rice protease inhibitor that conferred drought tolerance in transgenic rice plants. we have cloned a protease inhibitor of tobacco that is expressed under treatment with aba, hydrogen peroxide, methyl jasmonate and wounding. the cdna codes for a six-domain serine protease inhibitor with a deduced sequence of 396 amino acids. we have generated transgenic tobacco plants expressing the protease inh ...	2009	19179349
characterization of a c-type lectin from the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera.	c-type lectins can specifically recognize sugars on the surface of microorganisms and cause a series of immune responses to effectively resist pathogenic invasions. in previous work in our laboratory, we obtained a c-type lectin from helicoverpa armigera (ha-lectin). it has two different carbohydrate recognition domains (crds) crd1 and crd2 arranged in tandem. in this study, recombinant crd1 and crd2 were expressed separately in escherichia coli and purified. they have the ability to agglutinate ...	2009	19185587
differential elicitation of proteases and protease inhibitors in two different genotypes of chickpea (cicer arietinum) by salicylic acid and spermine.	elicitation of proteases and protease inhibitors (pis) by salicylic acid (sa) and spermine (spm) was investigated in roots and shoots of two different genotypes of chickpea cultivars iccv10 and l550, which were resistant and susceptible to wilt disease, respectively. sa and spm were found to suppress the elicitation of proteases in the resistant cv, whereas they induce it in susceptible cv. elicitation of new trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors was observed in the roots and shoots of resistant c ...	2009	19201507
seasonal migration of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) over the bohai sea.	the seasonal migration of the helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) over the bohai sea was observed with a searchlight trap and an entomological radar located on a small island in the center of the sea, and through a network of light-traps around the bohai region. the h. armigera moths were observed to migrate over the sea at least as early as may and light trapping through a network suggested migration might start as early as april, as soon as the moths had emerged from overwin ...	2009	19253623
effects of bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ac and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (hacpv) on cotton bollworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	in this study, interactions on the mortality and debilitating effects between cry1ac, a toxic protein produced by bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) and hacpv (chinese strain) on first and third instars larvae of helicoverpa armigera were evaluated in laboratory. when first instar was exposed to combination of bt cotton leaf discs containing hacpv (6 x 10(6), 1 x 10(7), and 3 x 10(7) pib ml(-1)) the effect on mortality was additive, when such instar larvae exposed to combination of cry1ac (0.9, 2 ...	2009	19269293
efficient constitutive expression of chitinase in the mother cell of bacillus thuringiensis and its potential to enhance the toxicity of cry1ac protoxin.	previous studies revealed that chitinase could enhance the insecticidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis and it has been used in combination with b. thuringiensis widely. however, the expression of b. thuringiensis chitinase is rather low and needs induction by chitin, which limits its field application. it would make sense to constitutively express the chitinase at a sufficiently high level to offer advantages in biological control of pests. in this study, a signal peptide-encoding sequence-d ...	2009	19277644
cloning and characterization of two novel crystal protein genes, cry54aa1 and cry30fa1, from bacillus thuringiensis strain btmc28.	bacillus thuringiensis strain btmc28 was isolated from the soil sample in china. two novel crystal protein genes were found by using the pcr-rflp method. moreover, the full-length sequences of two novel genes were obtained by a single oligonucleotide nested (son)-pcr upstream and downstream strategy. sequence analysis revealed that one gene encoded a polypeptide of 673 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 76.3 kda, 38% identical to cry10aa, and the other encoded a polypeptide of 687 amin ...	2009	19280260
identification of a novel gene encoding the trehalose phosphate synthase in the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera.	trehalose and trehalose metabolism are crucial for insect development. we measured the content of polyhydric compounds in the hemolymph of diapause- and nondiapause-destined individuals of helicoverpa armigera. we found that the trehalose content is much higher in diapause-destined individuals than that in nondiapause individuals. the activity of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (tps) during h. armigera larval-pupal development is significantly higher in diapause-type individuals and is closely co ...	2009	19004876
defensive role of tomato polyphenol oxidases against cotton bollworm (helicoverpa armigera) and beet armyworm (spodoptera exigua).	tomato (solanum lycopersicum) polyphenol oxidases (ppos), enzymes that oxidize phenolics to quinones, have been implicated in plant resistance to insects. the role of ppo in resistance to cotton bollworm [helicoverpa armigera (hübner)] and beet armyworm [spodoptera exigua (hübner)] (lepidoptera: noctuidae) was evaluated. consumption, weight gains, and mortality of larvae feeding on foliage of transgenic tomato lines overexpressing ppo (op lines) and of larvae feeding on foliage of transgenic tom ...	2009	19050959
safety assessment and detection method of genetically modified chinese kale (brassica oleracea cv. alboglabra ).	sporamins are tuberous storage proteins and account for 80% of soluble protein in sweet potato tubers with trypsin-inhibitory activity. the expression of sporamin protein in transgenic chinese kale (line boa 3-1) conferred insecticidal activity toward corn earworm [ helicoverpa armigera (hubner)] in a previous report. in this study, we present a preliminary safety assessment of transgenic chinese kale boa 3-1. bioinformatic and simulated gastric fluid (sgf) analyses were performed to evaluate th ...	2009	19216530
growth inhibitory activity of fatty acid methyl esters in the whole seed oil of madagascar periwinkle (apocyanaceae) against helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	crude hexane and water extracts of catharanthus roseus linn. (syn: vinca rosea) (apocyanaceae) stem, leaf, and seed exhibited pesticidal activity against helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera noctuidae). the extracts differed significantly in their efficacy, with the crude hexane extract of whole seed being the most effective in curtailing pupal survivorship to 18% followed by the hexane extracts of leaf (21%) and stem (24%). average pupal weight (68.2 mg) and length (1.5 cm) in the whole s ...	2009	19610438
tranosema rostrale ichnovirus repeat element genes display distinct transcriptional patterns in caterpillar and wasp hosts.	the endoparasitic wasp tranosema rostrale transmits an ichnovirus to its lepidopteran host, choristoneura fumiferana, during parasitization. as shown for other ichnoviruses, the segmented dsdna genome of the t. rostrale ichnovirus (triv) features several multi-gene families, including the repeat element (rep) family, whose products display no known similarity to non-ichnovirus proteins, except for a homologue encoded by the genome of the helicoverpa armigera granulovirus; their functions remain ...	2009	19264643
mannose-binding lectin from yam (dioscorea batatas) tubers with insecticidal properties against helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	the amino acid sequence of mannose-binding lectin, named db1, from the yam (dioscorea batatas, synonym dioscorea polystachya) tubers was determined. the lectin was composed of two isoforms db1(cys86) and db1(leu86) consisting of 108 amino acid residues with 90% sequence homology between them. db1 showed a high sequence similarity to snowdrop (galanthus nivalis) bulb lectin, gna; especially, the carbohydrate-binding sites of gna were highly conserved in db1. db1 interacted with d-mannose residues ...	2009	19271711
variation in resistance to pyrethroids in helicoverpa armigera from benin republic, west africa.	pyrethroid resistance in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) field populations was investigated in benin over several years by using third- and fourth-instar larval topicalbioassays. h. armigera was resistant to pyrethroids tested as cypermethrin, deltamethrin, bifenthrin, and fenvalerate. pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide significantly decreased the ld50 value of cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and the resistance suppression by this synergist effect was observed. no significant decrease in the ld50 ...	2009	19886459
differential transcript accumulation in cicer arietinum l. in response to a chewing insect helicoverpa armigera and defence regulators correlate with reduced insect performance.	monitoring transcriptional reorganization triggered in response to a particular stress is an essential first step for the functional analysis of genes involved in the process. to characterize cicer arietinum l. defence responses against helicoverpa armigera feeding, transcript patterns elicited by both herbivore and mechanical wounding were profiled and compared, and the application of defence regulators was assessed. a combination of approaches was employed to develop transcript profiles, inclu ...	2008	18544610
baited traps may be an alternative to conventional pesticides in integrated crop management of chicory (compositae) in south africa.	chicory, chicorium intybus l. (compositae), is a major field crop in the eastern cape province of south africa. several pests feed on the leaves of the plant, resulting in reduced yield. the most important of these are the noctuid moths helicoverpa armigera (hübner), chrysodeixis acuta (walker), and trichoplusia orichalcea (f.). the use of attract-and-kill traps offers an alternative to broad-based insecticides in the control of these species. three fields were treated with normal insecticides a ...	2008	18330122
nonuniform distribution of glucosinolates in arabidopsis thaliana leaves has important consequences for plant defense.	the spatial distribution of plant defenses within a leaf may be critical in explaining patterns of herbivory. the generalist lepidopteran larvae, helicoverpa armigera (the cotton bollworm), avoided the midvein and periphery of arabidopsis thaliana rosette leaves and fed almost exclusively on the inner lamina. this feeding pattern was attributed to glucosinolates because it was not evident in a myrosinase mutant that lacks the ability to activate glucosinolate defenses by hydrolysis. to measure t ...	2008	18408160
molecular cloning and expression profiles of the acyl-coa-binding protein gene from the cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera.	acyl-coa-binding protein (acbp), also known as the diazepam-binding inhibitor (dbi), has been identified in diverse species and is evolutionarily conserved in plants and animals. in a recent study, an acbp cdna (haacbp) encoding 85 amino acids was isolated from the cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera. the isolated protein is highly homologous to the acbp present in the bombyx mori midgut, where it is highly expressed. northern and western blot analyses revealed that haacbp is expressed predomin ...	2008	18481302
identification of a kunitz inhibitor from albizzia kalkora and its inhibitory effect against pest midgut proteases.	a purification protocol, involving water extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, sepharose 4b-trypsin affinity and fplc superdex g-75 chromatography, was employed to isolate a trypsin inhibitor from albizzia kalkora seeds. the inhibitor, which had a molecular mass of 19,768.23 da, consisted of two disulfide-linked polypeptide chains with approximate molecular mass of 15.5 and 4.5 kda, respectively. it was stable from ph 2-12 for 24 h, whereas it was unstable either above 80 degrees c for 10 ...	2008	18368297
screening for antifeedant and larvicidal activity of plant extracts against helicoverpa armigera (hübner), sylepta derogata (f.) and anopheles stephensi (liston).	plant extracts, especially botanical insecticides, are currently studied more and more because of the possibility of their use in plant protection. biological activity of five solvent plant extracts were studied using fourth instar larvae of gram pod borer helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae), cotton leaf roller sylepta derogata (lepidoptera: pyralidae) and malaria vector anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). antifeedant and larvicidal activity of acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ...	2008	18679716
an insecticidal groel protein with chitin binding activity from xenorhabdus nematophila.	xenorhabdus nematophila secretes insecticidal proteins to kill its larval prey. we have isolated an approximately 58-kda groel homolog, secreted in the culture medium through outer membrane vesicles. the protein was orally insecticidal to the major crop pest helicoverpa armigera with an lc50 of approximately 3.6 microg/g diet. for optimal insecticidal activity all three domains of the protein, apical, intermediate, and equatorial, were necessary. the apical domain alone was able to bind to the l ...	2008	18667427
expression of v-cath gene from hearnpv in tobacco confers an antifeedant effect against helicoverpa armigera.	biotechnology solutions for insect control on crops largely depend on the expression of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins to kill pests. v-cath, a cathepsin l-like cysteine protease from baculoviruses, has been shown to play an essential role in host insect liquefaction. in this study, the v-cath gene from helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv) was cloned into the pbi121 binary vector under the control of camv35s promoter, and was expressed in tobacco via agrobacte ...	2008	18722486
functional studies of per os infectivity factors of helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus.	a combined functional investigation on the four per os infectivity factors (pifs) of helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv) was conducted in this study. hearnpv bacmids with deletions of p74 (ha20), pif1 (ha111), pif2 (ha132) and pif3 (ha98) were constructed individually by homologous recombination in escherichia coli cells. repaired bacmids with respective pifs were also constructed. western blot analyses revealed that all four pifs were structural components of ...	2008	18753243
proteomic analysis of the peritrophic matrix from the gut of the caterpillar, helicoverpa armigera.	the peritrophic matrix from the midgut of the caterpillar, helicovera armigera, was solubilized by treatment with anhydrous trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, apparently by depolymerisation of its chitin component. this allowed the efficient extraction of proteins in a technique that may be broadly applicable to the analysis of other structures containing chitin. gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides were used to identify the extracted proteins with gut-expressed cdna sequenc ...	2008	18760362
diet factors responsible for the change of the glucose oxidase activity in labial salivary glands of helicoverpa armigera.	we investigated the change of the glucose oxidase (gox) activity in labial salivary glands of helicoverpa armigera larvae fed with the artificial diet or host plant tobacco and the major factors responsible for such a change. throughout larval development, the labial salivary gox activities in caterpillars reared on the artificial diet were remarkably higher than those fed with the plant. after fifth-instar plant-fed caterpillars were transferred to the artificial diet, their labial salivary gox ...	2008	18481298
effectiveness of bacillus thuringiensis-transgenic chickpeas and the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae in controlling helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	the use of genetically modified (bt) crops expressing lepidopteran-specific cry proteins derived from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis is an effective method to control the polyphagous pest helicoverpa armigera. as h. armigera potentially develops resistance to cry proteins, bt crops should be regarded as one tool in integrated pest management. therefore, they should be compatible with biological control. bioassays were conducted to understand the interactions between a cry2aa-expressin ...	2008	18487396
diversity of aminopeptidases, derived from four lepidopteran gene duplications, and polycalins expressed in the midgut of helicoverpa armigera: identification of proteins binding the delta-endotoxin, cry1ac of bacillus thuringiensis.	helicoverpa armigera midgut proteins that bind the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) delta-endotoxin cry1ac were purified by affinity chromatography. sds-page showed that several proteins were eluted with n-acetylgalactosamine and no further proteins were detected after elution with urea. tandem mass spectral data for tryptic peptides initially indicated that the proteins resembled aminopeptidases (apns) from other lepidopterans and cdna sequences for seven apns were isolated from h. armigera through ...	2008	18549954
unusually high frequency of genes encoding vegetative insecticidal proteins in an australian bacillus thuringiensis collection.	of 188 australian bacillus thuringiensis strains screened for genes encoding soluble insecticidal proteins by polymerase chain reaction/restriction-length fragment polymorphism (rflp) analysis, 87% showed the presence of such genes. although 135 isolates (72%) produced an rflp pattern identical to that expected for vip3a genes, 29 isolates possessed a novel vip-like gene. the novel vip-like gene was cloned from b. thuringiensis isolate c81, and sequence analysis demonstrated that it was 94% iden ...	2008	18592309
use of a cry1ac-resistant line of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to detect novel insecticidal toxin genes in bacillus thuringiensis.	this paper describes a screening strategy incorporating resistant insect lines for discovery of new bacillus thuringiensis toxins against a background of known genes that would normally mask the activity of additional genes and the application of that strategy. a line of helicoverpa armigera with resistance to cry1ac (line isoc) was used to screen cry1ac-expressing strains of b. thuringiensis for additional toxins with activity against h. armigera. using this approach, a number of cry1ac-produci ...	2008	18592310
isolations of cry2ab resistance in australian populations of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) are allelic.	alleles conferring resistance to cry2ab toxin occur at a frequency of 0.0033 in australian populations of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), and it is evident that detectable levels of resistance predated the introduction of transgenic cotton expressing this toxin. from 2002 until 2006, 10 such resistant alleles were scored. here, we examine colonies established from five of the 10 isolates by using complementation tests to determine their genetic relationships. the results ...	2008	18613594
resistance allele frequency to bt cotton in field populations of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in china.	resistance evolution in target insects to bacillus thurningiensis (bt) cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., is a main threat to bt cotton technology. an increasing trend of population density of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) has been observed since 2001 in qiuxian county (hebei, china), where bt cotton has been planted dominantly since 1998. this region was selected in 2006 and 2007 for estimating frequency of gene alleles conferring resistance to bt cotton by screening the f1 ...	2008	18613597
responses of helicoverpa armigera to tomato plants previously infected by tomv or damaged by h. armigera.	we report the comparative inducing effects of a phytopathogen and a herbivorous arthropod on the performance of an herbivore. tomato, lycopersicon esculentum mill., was used as the test plant, and tomato mosaic virus (tomv) and corn earworm, helicoverpa armigera hübner, were used as the phytopathogen and herbivore, respectively. there were decreases in the efficiency of conversion of ingested food and efficiency of conversion of digested food when h. armigera was reared on tomato plants that had ...	2008	18286340
mapping the larval midgut lumen proteome of helicoverpa armigera, a generalist herbivorous insect.	the gut lumen is the primary site of digestion and detoxification and thus presents conditions hostile to most proteins. we used 2d-gel electrophoresis and ms/ms de novo peptide sequencing to identify the major proteins stable enough to persist in the midgut lumen of caterpillars of the cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera, a generalist herbivorous insect and a major crop pest worldwide. as expected, we found several enzymes responsible for digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. in ad ...	2008	18314941
oviposition deterrents from eggs of the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae): chemical identification and analysis by electroantennogram.	our previous results showed that an extract of the abdomens of mated females of the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera, deterred oviposition of conspecifics. in this paper, we found that the extract, in addition to reducing conspecifics' oviposition, could elicit strong electroantennogram responses from mated females. the eag elicitors mainly came from mature chorionated eggs in the ovarioles. laid eggs or their surface extract evoked similar eag responses. the main chemical components of the ...	2008	18316092
the complete nucleotide sequence of the type 5 helicoverpa armigera cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus genome.	the s1-6, s8, and s9 segments of the type 5 helicoverpa armigera cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (hacpv-5, chinese strain) were cloned and sequenced, completing the hacpv-5 genome. we found that each hacpv-5 segment exhibits the conserved terminal sequences aguu and uugc located at the 5' and 3' ends, respectively. we also analyzed the translation initiation codon of the hacpv-5 genome and compared it with the available cypovirus sequences in genbank. we postulated that the conserved purine at th ...	2008	18368473
transcriptional analysis and functional characterization of a gene pair encoding iron-regulated xenocin and immunity proteins of xenorhabdus nematophila.	we describe a two-gene cluster encoding a bacteriocin, xenocin, and the cognate immunity protein in the insect-pathogenic bacterium xenorhabdus nematophila, which infects and kills larval stages of the common crop pest helicoverpa armigera. the two genes, xcina and ximb, are present in the genome as a single transcriptional unit, which is regulated under sos conditions. the stress-inducible promoter was activated by mitomycin c, glucose, and fe(3+) depletion and at an elevated temperature when i ...	2008	18375563
assessment of the suitability of tinopal as an enhancing adjuvant in formulations of the insect pathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana (bals.) vuillemin.	biopesticides based on beauveria bassiana (bals.) vuillemin hold great promise for the management of a wide range of insect pests. the conidia in the biopesticide formulation require an adjuvant to protect them from photoinactivation by sunlight. the suitability of tinopal, an optical brightener used as sunscreen for baculovirus formulations, for use with b. bassiana was assessed. the aim was to study the effect of tinopal on the growth and photoprotection of b. bassiana, and its effect on the s ...	2008	18383501
new cell lines derived from the black cutworm, agrotis ipsilon, that support replication of the a. ipsilon multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus and several group i nucleopolyhedroviruses.	new cell lines were recently developed from the embryos of the black cutworm, agrotis ipsilon (lepidoptera: noctuidae). a primary culture was initiated from 4-day-old a. ipsilon eggs in excell420 medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum. this initial culture produced sufficient cell growth to allow subcultivation and eventually led to the establishment of eight distinct strains. two of these strains (aie1611t and aied6t) were selected for further characterization. extracts of these strains ...	2008	18395741
genetic basis of sex pheromone blend difference between helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and helicoverpa assulta (guenée) (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	the two closely related moth species, helicoverpa armigera and h. assulta, are sympatric in china. both species use a mixture of (z)-11-hexadecenal (z11-16:ald) and (z)-9-hexadecenal (z9-16:ald) as their sex pheromones but in widely different ratios. hybridization and backcrossing experiments between h. armigera and h. assulta were conducted and sex pheromone compositions of the parent species, their f(1) hybrids and backcrosses were compared to study the genetic basis of the production of their ...	2008	18405915
molecular cloning and characterization of hearm caspase-1 from helicoverpa armigera.	members of the caspase family play a central and evolutionary role in programmed cell death (pcd), which removes unwanted, damaged and dangerous cells during development to maintain homeostasis. in this paper, we describe the cloning and characterization of a caspase from the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera, named hearm caspase-1. the 1,350 bp full-length cdna contains an 885 bp open reading frame (orf) that encodes a hearm caspase-1 proenzyme of 294 amino acids. the deduced protein is hig ...	2008	17541728
molecular cloning and characterization of a c-type lectin from the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera.	c-type lectins participate in pathogen recognition and other defense responses in innate immunity as well as in cell-cell interactions. a new cdna encoding a 335-residue polypeptide containing two tandem c-type lectin domains was cloned from the haemocytes of helicoverpa armigera (ha-lectin). northern hybridizations revealed that the mrna of ha-lectin was expressed constitutively in haemocytes, and was up-regulated following injections of bacteria, yeast, or virus. ha-lectin expression was also ...	2008	17568670
disruption of ha_btr alters binding of bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin cry1ac to midgut bbmvs of helicoverpa armigera.	disruption of the ha_btr (a cadherin gene) is genetically linked to resistance to cry1ac delta-endotoxin of bacillus thuringiensis in the gybt strain of helicoverpa armigera. brush border membrane vesicles (bbmvs) prepared from midguts of both the cry1ac-resistant gybt strain (homozygous for a deletion knockout of ha_btr) and the susceptible gy strain (homozygous for the wild type of ha_btr) possessed saturable and specific binding ability to (125)i-cry1ac. the binding constant (k(d)) of the gy ...	2008	17681529
molecular characters and expression analysis of the gene encoding eclosion hormone from the asian corn borer, ostrinia furnacalis.	using rapid amplification of cdna ends (race), the cdna encoding eclosion hormone (eh) was cloned from the brain of ostrinia furnacalis. the full osf-eh cdna is 986 bp and contains a 267 bp open reading frame encoding an 88 amino acid preprohormone, which including a hydrophobic 26 amino acid signal peptide and a 62 amino acid mature peptide. the mature osf-eh shows high identity with manduca sexta (95.2%), helicoverpa armigera (91.9%) and bombyx mori (85.5%), but low identify with tribolium cas ...	2008	17852339
transgenic cotton expressing synthesized scorpion insect toxin aahit gene confers enhanced resistance to cotton bollworm (heliothis armigera) larvae.	a synthetic scorpion hector insect toxin (aahit) gene, under the control of a camv35s promoter, was cloned into cotton via agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. southern blot analyses indicated that integration of the transgene varied from one to more than three estimated copies per genome; seven homozygous transgenic lines with one copy of the t-dna insert were then selected by pcr and southern blot analysis. aahit expression was from 0.02 to 0.43% of total soluble protein determin ...	2008	17939056
changes of inheritance mode and fitness in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) along with its resistance evolution to cry1ac toxin.	the changes of inheritance mode and fitness of resistance in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) along with its resistance evolution to cry1ac toxin were evaluated in the laboratory. the resistance levels reached 170.0-, 209.6- and 2893.3-fold, on selection of the field population in the 16th (btr-f(16)), 34th (btr-f(34)) and 87th (btr-f(87)) generation with artificial diet containing cry1ac toxin, respectively. as the resistance levels increased, more larvae feeding on the bt cotton expressing cry1ac ...	2008	17950749
degradation of the insecticidal toxin produced by bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki by extracellular proteases produced by chrysosporium sp.	some cry proteins produced by the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) or by transgenic bt plants persist in agricultural soils for an extended period of time, which may pose a hazard for nontarget soil organisms. the aims of our study were to screen for soil fungi capable of degrading the cry1ac toxin and to identify the mechanisms that lead to the inactivation of this protein.	2008	18028364
effects of helicoverpa armigera (noctuidae, lepidoptera) host stages on some developmental parameters of the uniparental endoparasitoid meteorus pulchricornis (braconidae, hymenoptera).	a single choice test was performed to examine developmental strategies in the uniparental endoparasitoid meteorus pulchricornis and its host, the cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera. the results support the dome-shaped model in which the fitness functions are 'dome-shaped' relative to size (and age) of host at parasitism. older and, hence, larger host larvae were simply not better hosts for the developing parasitoids. although parasitoid size (measured as cocoon weight and adult hind tibia leng ...	2008	18076779
plant cyclotides disrupt epithelial cells in the midgut of lepidopteran larvae.	several members of the rubiaceae and violaceae plant families produce a series of cyclotides or macrocyclic peptides of 28-37 aa with an embedded cystine knot. the cyclic peptide backbone together with the knotted and strongly braced structure confers exceptional chemical and biological stability that has attracted attention for potential pharmaceutical applications. cyclotides display a diverse range of biological activities, such as uterotonic action, anti-hiv activity, and neurotensin antagon ...	2008	18202177
bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin-binding and pore-forming activity in brush border membrane vesicles prepared from anterior and posterior midgut regions of lepidopteran larvae.	it is generally accepted that bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins insert into the apical membrane of the larval midgut after binding to specific receptors, and there is evidence that the distribution of binding molecules along the midgut is not uniform. by use of the voltage-sensitive dye disc(3)(5) and (125)i-labeled cry1ac, we have measured the effect of cry1ac in terms of permeabilization capacity and of binding parameters on brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) prepared from the anterior and ...	2008	18223107
identification of a hydrophobic domain of ha2 essential to morphogenesis of helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus.	the ha2 protein of the helicoverpa armigera single-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv) is a wasp homology protein capable of nucleating branched actin filaments in the presence of the arp2/3 complex in vitro. to determine the role of ha2 in the hearnpv life cycle, ha2 knockout and ha2 repair bacmids were constructed. transfection and infection analysis demonstrated that the ha2 null bacmid was unable to produce infectious budded virus (bv), while the repair bacmid rescued the defect. in ...	2008	18234795
cloning and characterization of a novel cry1a toxin from bacillus thuringiensis with high toxicity to the asian corn borer and other lepidopteran insects.	a novel cry1a was cloned from bacillus thuringiensis strain bt8 and expressed in the b. thuringiensis acrystalliferous mutant hd73(-). the gene, designated cry1ah1, encoded a protein with a molecular weight of 134 kda. reverse transcriptase-pcr and western blotting showed that cry1ah was expressed in the host strain bt8. the toxin expressed in hd73(-) exhibited high toxicity against lepidopteran larvae of ostrinia furnacalis, helicoverpa armigera, chilo suppressalis, and plutella xylostella. the ...	2008	18248430
improving the insecticidal activity by expression of a recombinant cry1ac gene with chitinase-encoding gene in acrystalliferous bacillus thuringiensis.	in order to improve the insecticidal activity, the chitinase gene from tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) endochitinase and the cry1ac gene from bacillus thuringiensis were cloned into the vector pht315 and designated as phuaccb5 plasmid. the constructed transcriptional fusion was attempted under the control of the native cry1ac promoter. plasmid phuaccb5 was introduced into b. thuringiensis acrystalliferous by electroporation. analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and w ...	2008	18259812
expression of mel gene improves the uv resistance of bacillus thuringiensis.	to improve ultraviolet (uv) resistance of bacillus thuringiensis for increasing the duration of the bt product applied in the field, a genetically engineered strain bt td841 that produced both melanin and cry1a protein was constructed, and its uv resistance was evaluated in the laboratory.	2008	18266703
the f protein of helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus can be substituted functionally with its homologue from spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus.	f proteins of group ii nucleopolyhedroviruses (npvs) are envelope fusion proteins essential for virus entry and egress. an f-null helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid npv (hearnpv) bacmid, habacdeltaf, was constructed. this bacmid could not produce infectious budded virus (bv) when transfected into hzam1 cells, showing that f protein is essential for cell-to-cell transmission of bvs. when habacdeltaf was pseudotyped with the homologous f protein (habacdeltaf-haf, positive control) or with th ...	2008	18272771
type 1 fimbriae of insecticidal bacterium xenorhabdus nematophila is necessary for growth and colonization of its symbiotic host nematode steinernema carpocapsiae.	xenorhabdus nematophila produces type 1 fimbriae on the surface of phase i cells. fimbriae mediate recognition and adhesion of the bacteria to its target cell. to investigate the role of fimbriae in the biology of x. nematophila, we have produced a fimbrial mutant strain by insertional inactivation of the mrxa gene, encoding the structural subunit of type 1 fimbriae. phenotypic characterization of the mutant revealed loss of fimbriae on the cell surface. cell surface characteristics like dye abs ...	2008	18279345
characterization of the cry1ac17 gene from an indigenous strain of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae.	an indigenously isolated strain of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kenyae exhibited toxicity against lepidopteran as well as dipteran insects. the lepidopteran active cry1ac protoxin gene coding sequence of 3.5 kb from this strain was cloned into vector pet28a(+). however, it could not be expressed in commonly used escherichia coli expression hosts, bl21(de3) and bl21(de3)plyss. this gene is classified as cry1ac17 in the b. thuringiensis toxic nomenclature database. the coding sequence of this gen ...	2008	18795364
reproductive biology of two nontarget insect species, aphis gossypii (homoptera: aphididae) and orius sauteri (hemiptera: anthocoridae), on bt and non-bt cotton cultivars.	transgenic bt cotton, engineered to continuously produce activated delta-endotoxins of the soil bacteria bacillus thuringiensis, holds great promise in controlling helicoverpa armigera and other lepidopteran pests. however, it also may impact the invertebrate community, which needs to be clarified. the effects of bt cotton on two nontarget insects, aphis gossypii and orius sauteri, were assessed under semifield and laboratory conditions. mean total duration of nymphal stages of a. gossypii was s ...	2008	18801270
suppression of cotton bollworm in multiple crops in china in areas with bt toxin-containing cotton.	transgenic cotton that has been engineered to produce insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and so to resist the pest cotton bollworm (helicoverpa armigera) has been widely planted in asia. analysis of the population dynamics of h. armigera from 1992 to 2007 in china indicated that a marked decrease in regional outbreaks of this pest in multiple crops was associated with the planting of bt cotton. the study area included six provinces in northern china with an annual total of 3 mi ...	2008	18801998
solubilization, activation, and insecticidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis serovar thompsoni hd542 crystal proteins.	cry15aa protein, produced by bacillus thuringiensis serovar thompsoni hd542 in a crystal together with a 40-kda accompanying protein, is one of a small group of nontypical, less well-studied members of the cry family of insecticidal proteins and may provide an alternative for the more commonly used cry proteins in insect pest management. in this paper, we describe the characterization of the cry15aa and 40-kda protein's biochemical and insecticidal properties and the mode of action. both protein ...	2008	18836017
specific binding of bacillus thuringiensis cry2a insecticidal proteins to a common site in the midgut of helicoverpa species.	for a long time, it has been assumed that the mode of action of cry2a toxins was unique and different from that of other three-domain cry toxins due to their apparent nonspecific and unsaturable binding to an unlimited number of receptors. however, based on the homology of the tertiary structure among three-domain cry toxins, similar modes of action for all of them are expected. to confirm this hypothesis, binding assays were carried out with (125)i-labeled cry2ab. saturation assays showed that ...	2008	18931285
a homolog of the vaccinia virus d13l rifampicin resistance gene is in the entomopoxvirus of the parasitic wasp, diachasmimorpha longicaudata.	the parasitic wasp, diachasmimorpha longicaudata (ashmead) (hymenoptera: braconidae), introduces an entomopoxvirus (dlepv) into its caribbean fruit fly host, anastrepha suspensa. (loew) (diptera: tephritidae), during oviposition. dlepv has a 250-300 kb unipartite dsdna genome, that replicates in the cytoplasm of the host's hemocytes, and inhibits the host's encapsulation response. the putative proteins encoded by several dlepv genes are highly homologous with those of poxviruses, while others ap ...	2008	20345294
myc2 differentially modulates diverse jasmonate-dependent functions in arabidopsis.	the arabidopsis thaliana basic helix-loop-helix leu zipper transcription factor (tf) myc2/jin1 differentially regulates jasmonate (ja)-responsive pathogen defense (e.g., pdf1.2) and wound response (e.g., vsp) genes. in this study, genome-wide transcriptional profiling of wild type and mutant myc2/jin1 plants followed by functional analyses has revealed new roles for myc2 in the modulation of diverse ja functions. we found that myc2 negatively regulates trp and trp-derived secondary metabolism su ...	2007	17616737
identification and expression profile of a putative basement membrane protein gene in the midgut of helicoverpa armigera.	the midgut undergoes histolysis and remodeling during the larval to adult transition in holometabolous insects, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not well understood.	2007	17597546
identification of genes differentially expressed during larval molting and metamorphosis of helicoverpa armigera.	larval molting and metamorphosis are important physiological processes in the life cycle of the holometabolous insect. we used suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) to identify genes differentially expressed during larval molting and metamorphosis.	2007	17588272
proteomics analysis of helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus identified two new occlusion-derived virus-associated proteins, ha44 and ha100.	sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to analyze the structural proteins of the occlusion-derived virus (odv) of helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv), a group ii npv. twenty-three structural proteins of hearnpv odv were identified, 21 of which have been reported previously as structural proteins or odv-associated proteins in other baculoviruses. these include polyhedrin, p78/83, p49, odv-e18, odv-ec27, odv-e56 ...	2007	17581982
characterization and expression of a cecropin-like gene from helicoverpa armigera.	a cdna encoding a cecropin-like antibacterial peptide was obtained by rt-pcr from cotton budworm (helicoverpa armigera). the cloned cdna consists of 773 nucleotides with a 192 bp open reading frame encoding a peptide of 63 aa, which is comprised of a 21 aa signal peptide and a 42 amino acids mature peptide. the amino acid sequence of the mature peptide is highly similar to those d-type cecropins. the peptide was named as hacd. rt-pcr revealed that the transcript of hacd gene was inducible and co ...	2007	17900955
effect of different additives on the persistence and insecticidal activity of native strains of bacillus thuringiensis.	the persistence and insecticidal activity of native strains of bacillus thuringiensis was evaluated in formulations containing different additives such as arrow-root powder, carboxy methyl cellulose (cmc), gum acacia, non-food grade (nfg) starch, and soluble starch. persistence of b. thuringiensis varied with different additives used in the formulations. among the different additives used, nfg starch provided maximum protection to b. thuringiensis and native strain 42 showed maximum persistence ...	2007	23100638
effects of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins on developmental and reproductive characteristics of the predator orius albidipennis (hemiptera: anthocoridae) under laboratory conditions.	the effects of cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) (bt) on the anthocorid orius albidipennis reuter were studied under laboratory conditions. tritrophic experiments were performed, in which orius nymphs were fed helicoverpa armigera (hübner) larvae reared on a diet with cry1ac, cry1ab, or cry2ab toxins at different concentrations (0, 1, and 10 microg/ml), when supplemented with ephestia kuehniella zeller eggs. in complementary experiments, the bt cry1ac toxin was directly fed to or ...	2007	18284750
frequency of alleles conferring resistance to the bt toxins cry1ac and cry2ab in australian populations of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is an important lepidopteran pest of cotton (gossypium spp.) in australia and the old world. from 2002, f2 screens were used to examine the frequency of resistance alleles in australian populations of h. armigera to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crylac and cry2ab, the two insecticidal proteins present in the transgenic cotton bollgard ii. at that time, ingard (expressing cry1ac) cotton had been grown in australia for seven seasons, and bollgar ...	2007	18232402
evaluation of fungal culture filtrate containing chitinase as a biocontrol agent against helicoverpa armigera.	to evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of culture filtrate containing chitinase from trichoderma harzianum against heliothis.	2007	17953595
functional analysis of polyphenol oxidases by antisense/sense technology.	polyphenol oxidases (ppos) catalyze the oxidation of phenolics to quinones, the secondary reactions of which lead to oxidative browning and postharvest losses of many fruits and vegetables. ppos are ubiquitous in angiosperms, are inducible by both biotic and abiotic stresses, and have been implicated in several physiological processes including plant defense against pathogens and insects, the mehler reaction, photoreduction of molecular oxygen by psi, regulation of plastidic oxygen levels, auron ...	2007	17960074
baculovirus envelope fusion proteins f and gp64 exploit distinct receptors to gain entry into cultured insect cells.	group ii nucleopolyhedroviruses (npvs), e.g. helicoverpa armigera (hear) npv and spodoptera exigua (se) mnpv (multiple npv), lack a gp64-like protein that is present in group i npvs, e.g. autographa californica (ac)mnpv, but have an unrelated envelope fusion protein named f. three acmnpv viruses were constructed by introducing acmnpv gp64, hearnpv f or semnpv f genes, respectively, into a gp64-negative acmnpv bacmid. sf21 cells were incubated with different amounts of inactivated budded virus to ...	2007	18024899
deletion of a helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus gene encoding a virion structural protein (orf107) increases the budded virion titre and reduces in vivo infectivity.	the open reading frame ha107 of helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (hearnpv) encodes a putative protein of 51 kda with homologues in a few group ii npvs and a granulovirus. ha107 was transcribed as polyadenylated transcripts in infected hzam1 insect cells. the transcripts were initiated at two distinct locations, one upstream of ha106 (superoxide dismutase gene, sod) and the second upstream of ha107. by western blot analysis, two forms of the ha107 protein were detecte ...	2007	18024900
identification of vip3a-type genes from bacillus thuringiensis strains and characterization of a novel vip3a-type gene.	to search for novel vip3a proteins for controlling insect pests.	2007	17868317
diverse forms of pin-ii family proteinase inhibitors from capsicum annuum adversely affect the growth and development of helicoverpa armigera.	novel forms of pin-ii type proteinase inhibitor (pis) cdnas (canpis) having three or four inhibitory repeat domains (ird) were isolated from the developing green fruits of capsicum annuum. deduced amino acid (aa) sequences of the canpis showed up to 15% sequence divergence among each other or reported inhibitors (canpi-1af039398, canpi-2af221097). amino acid sequence analysis of these canpis revealed that three ird pis have trypsin inhibitory sites, while four ird canpis have both trypsin and ch ...	2007	17870253
genetic transformation of chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) with insecticidal crystal protein gene using particle gun bombardment.	here, we report the establishment of an efficient particle gun bombardment mediated genetic transformation in chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) using cryiac gene of bacillus thuringiensis. explants were bombarded with recombinant plasmids engineered for the expression of cryiac transgene in plants and stable transformants regenerated in presence of benzyladenine, kinetin and kanamycin. transformation frequency showed dependence on explant type, cultivars, plasmids, helium pressure and microcarrier t ...	2007	17205334
knockdown of aminopeptidase-n from helicoverpa armigera larvae and in transfected sf21 cells by rna interference reveals its functional interaction with bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein cry1ac.	aminopeptidase-n (apn) and cadherin proteins located at the midgut epithelium of helicoverpa armigera have been implicated as receptors for the cry1a subfamily of insecticidal proteins of bacillus thuringiensis. ligand blot analysis with heterologously expressed and purified h. armigera bt receptor with three closely related cry1a proteins tentatively identified haapn1 as an interacting ligand. however, to date there is no direct evidence of apn being a functional receptor to cry1ac in h. armige ...	2007	17213205
efficacy of various pyrethroid structures against a highly metabolically resistant isogenic strain of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) from china.	resistance to pyrethroids and other types of insecticides in helicoverpa armigera (hübner) has been documented in many countries. the isolation of specific resistance mechanisms in isogenic strains is an optimal approach to investigate cross-resistance pattern, and to validate resistance breaking pyrethroids. in this study an isogenic metabolic resistance cmr strain was successfully isolated from a field pyrethroid-resistant population of h. armigera. with this strain, cross-resistance among 19 ...	2007	17685437
[expression and insecticidal activity of a novel gene cry2ab4 from bacillus thuringiensis strain b-pr-88].	the full length cry2ab gene was cloned by pcr-rflp method from bt strain b-pr-88, which was isolated in china with high toxicity to the lepidopteran insect pests. nucleic acid sequence analysis showed that this gene was 1902 base pairs encoding 633 amino acids. this cry gene was named cry2ab4 as a novel gene by bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxin nomenclature committee. the full open reading frame sequence of the cry2ab4 gene was amplified with a pair of pcr primers l2ab5/l2ab3 designed accor ...	2007	17822035
mutated cadherin alleles from a field population of helicoverpa armigera confer resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry1ac.	the cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera is the major insect pest targeted by cotton genetically engineered to produce the bacillus thuringiensis toxin (transgenic bt cotton) in the old world. the evolution of this pest's resistance to b. thuringiensis toxins is the main threat to the long-term effectiveness of transgenic bt cotton. a deletion mutation allele (r(1)) of a cadherin gene (ha_btr) was previously identified as genetically linked with cry1ac resistance in a laboratory-selected strain ...	2007	17827322
variation in susceptibility of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and helicoverpa punctigera (wallengren) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in australia to two bacillus thuringiensis toxins.	intra-specific variation in susceptibility of helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and helicoverpa punctigera (wallengren) in australia to the cry1ac and cry2ab delta-endotoxins from bacillus thuringiensis (berliner) (bt) was determined to establish a baseline for monitoring changes that might occur with the use of bt cotton. strains of h. armigera and h. punctigera were established from populations collected primarily from commercial farms throughout the australian cotton belts. strains were evaluated ...	2007	17049552
effects of larval host plants on over-wintering preparedness and survival of the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera (hübner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	laboratory colonies of cotton bollworm larvae, helicoverpa armigera, kept at 20 degrees c under a photoperiod of l:d=10:14 were fed on five host plants (cotton, corn, kidney bean, tobacco and tomato) and an artificial diet (control) to determine the effects of larval host quality on survival and pupal over-wintering preparedness. a separate experiment showed that diapausing pupae weighed more and contained greater nutrient stores than did non-diapausing pupae. diapausing pupae reared on differen ...	2007	17597144
resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry2ab in a strain of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in australia.	transgenic cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., expressing the crylac and cry2ab genes from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) berliner variety kurstaki in a pyramid (bollgard ii) was widely planted for the first time in australia during the 2004-2005 growing season. before the first commercial bollgard ii crops, limited amounts of cotton expressing only the crylac gene (ingard) was grown for seven seasons. no field failures due to resistance to crylac toxin were observed during that period and a monitoring ...	2007	17598553
mating compatibility among helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) occurring on selected host plants and bt cotton survivors.	helicoverpa armigera (hiibner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is a well-known polyphagous insect pest. mating compatibility among the insects occurring on different host plants is essential for free gene flow among populations. we tested the extent of crossability and fecundity of the insects that survived on bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton with those occurring on pigeon pea, cajanus cajun (l.) millsp., non-bt cotton, gossypium hirsutum l.; sunflower, helianthus annuus; sorghum, sorghum bicolor l. ...	2007	17598554
cross-resistance studies of cry1ac-resistant strains of helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) to cry2ab.	bioassays and binding tests between cry toxins (crylaa, crylab, crylac, and cry2ab) and brush-border membrane vesicles (bbmvs) from larvae of a bacillus thurningiensis (bt)-susceptible (96s) and two crylac-resistant strains (btr and lfr10) were conducted for investigating cross-resistance of crylac-resistant strains to cry2ab in helicoverpa armigera (hiibner) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). the resistance ratio (rr) values of the btr and lfr10 strains to crylac and cry2ab were 2,971- and 1.1-fold and ...	2007	17598555
acute, sublethal and combination effects of azadirachtin and bacillus thuringiensis toxins on helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) larvae.	the efficacy of neem (1500 ppm azadirachtin (ai)), delfin wg, a biological insecticide based on selected strain of bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) subspecies kurstaki, and cry1ac protein, either individually or in combination, were examined against first to fourth instar helicoverpa armigera (hübner) larvae. using an oral administration method, various growth inhibitory concentrations (ec) and lethal concentrations (lc) were determined for each bioagent. combinations of sublethal concentrat ...	2007	17645816