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viral infection induces expression of novel phased micrornas from conserved cellular microrna precursors.rna silencing, mediated by small rnas including micrornas (mirnas) and small interfering rnas (sirnas), is a potent antiviral or antibacterial mechanism, besides regulating normal cellular gene expression critical for development and physiology. to gain insights into host small rna metabolism under infections by different viruses, we used solexa/illumina deep sequencing to characterize the small rna profiles of rice plants infected by two distinct viruses, rice dwarf virus (rdv, dsrna virus) and ...201121901091
Central role of dendritic cells in shaping the adaptive immune response during respiratory syncytial virus infection.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children. Premature infants, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly exhibit the highest risk for the development of severe RSV-induced disease. Murine studies demonstrate that CD8 T cells mediate RSV clearance from the lungs. Murine studies also indicate that the host immune response contributes to RSV-induced morbidity as T-cell depletion prevents the development of disease despite sustaine ...201121887154
seasonal variations in clostridium difficile infections are associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus activity independently of antibiotic prescriptions: a time series analysis in quebec, canada.seasonal variations in clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), with a higher incidence occurring during winter months, have been reported. although winter epidemics of respiratory viruses may be temporally associated with an increase in cdad morbidity, we hypothesized that this association is mainly due to increased antibiotic use for respiratory infections. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the two most frequent respiratory viruses (influenza virus and respirat ...201122106208
autophagy-mediated dendritic cell activation is essential for innate cytokine production and apc function with respiratory syncytial virus responses.the regulation of innate immune responses during viral infection is a crucial step to promote antiviral reactions. recent studies have drawn attention to a strong relationship of pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition with autophagy for activation of apc function. our initial observations indicated that autophagosomes formed in response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection of dendritic cells (dc). to further investigate whether rsv-induced dc activation and innate cytokine p ...201121911604
a respiratory syncytial virus isolate enables the testing of virucidal products.the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is known as a major cause of respiratory infections and nosocomial diseases. testing this virus is rather difficult due to the problems encountered in producing it at a high titer without using any purification method. a rsv isolate which replicates to high level on a hep-2 cell line with an infectious titer of at least 10(7)tcid(50)ml(-1) in culture supernatant fluids has been identified. thanks to this isolate, the virucidal effects of two products, a hand ...201122079427
high frequency of human bocavirus 1 dna in infants and adults with lower acute respiratory infection.human bocavirus (hbov) is a parvovirus with a possible etiological role in respiratory disease currently under investigation. we detected hbov1 in children and adults hospitalized with acute disease of the lower respiratory tract. hbov genome was detected by pcr in nasopharyngeal swabs collected from 75 patients aged 0-89 years old during 2010. hbov was found in 17/75 (22.7%) patients, 64.7% of them infants younger than 1 year old and 29.4% adults older than 30 years (the bimodal age distribu ...201122116985
Respiratory viruses in children with cystic fibrosis: viral detection and clinical findings.Please cite this paper as: Burns et al. (2011) Respiratory viruses in children with cystic fibrosis: viral detection and clinical findings. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00292.x. Background Viral detection from different respiratory sample types in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) is facilitated by available molecular methods, but optimum sampling strategies have not been identified. In addition, associations between viral detection and respiratory symp ...201121955319
protein kinase r is a novel mediator of cd40 signaling and plays a critical role in modulating immunoglobulin expression during respiratory syncytial virus infection.effective immunoglobulin responses play a vital role in protection against most pathogens. however, the molecular mediators and mechanisms responsible for signaling and selective expression of immunoglobulin types remain to be elucidated. previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that protein kinase r (pkr) plays a crucial role in ige responses to double-stranded rna (dsrna) in vitro. in this study, we show that pkr plays a critical role in igg expression both in vivo and in vitro. pk ...201121994357
respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization trends in infants with chronic lung disease of infancy, 1998-2008.infants with chronic lung disease of infancy (cldi) are at high risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) illness requiring hospitalization. palivizumab was first licensed in 1998 for the prevention of rsv disease in high-risk infants, including those with cldi. we performed a retrospective cohort study of all hospitalized children with cldi aged <2 years between 1998 and 2008 in the usa to determine trends in rates of hospitalizations due to rsv (rsvh) since the launch of palivizumab.201122003308
Non-invasive sample collection for respiratory virus testing by multiplex PCR.Identifying respiratory pathogens within populations is difficult because invasive sample collection, such as with nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA), is generally required. PCR technology could allow for non-invasive sampling methods.201121855405
respiratory hospitalizations and respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in special populations.palivizumab utilization, compliance, and outcomes were examined in infants with preexisting medical diseases within the canadian registry database (caress) to aid in developing guidelines for potential "at-risk" infants in the future. infants who received ≥1 dose of palivizumab during the 2006-2010 respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasons at 29 sites were recruited and utilization, compliance, and outcomes related to respiratory infection/illness (ri) events were collected monthly. hazard ratio ...201122203430
Krüppel-like factor 6 regulates transforming growth factor-ß gene expression during human respiratory syncytial virus infection.Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with airway remodeling and subsequent asthma development. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF) plays a crucial role in asthma development. The mechanism regulating TGF gene expression during RSV infection is not known. Kruppel-like factor family of transcription factors are critical regulators of cellular/tissue homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) could function as a trans-activator of TGF gen ...201121849067
renal transplant with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (boop) attributable to tacrolimus and herpes simplex virus (hsv) pneumonia.background: solid organ transplants (sots) may be complicated by a wide variety of infectious and noninfectious pulmonary disorders. transplant patients receive immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection, but these drugs also predispose them to infection. because immunosuppressive therapy impairs t-lymphocyte function, ie, cell-mediated immunity, such therapy, not surprisingly, predisposes patients to intracellular pulmonary pathogens. community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in patients with sot us ...201121996615
a simplified immune suppression scheme leads to persistent micro-dystrophin expression in duchenne muscular dystrophy dogs.abstract highly abbreviated micro-dystrophin genes have been intensively studied for duchenne muscular dystrophy (dmd) gene therapy. following adeno-associated virus (aav) gene transfer, robust microgene expression is achieved in murine dmd models in the absence of immune suppression. interestingly, a recent study suggests that aav gene transfer in dystrophic dogs may require up to 18 weeks' immune suppression using a combination of three different immune-suppressive drugs (cyclosporine, mycop ...201121967249
rela ser276 phosphorylation-coupled lys310 acetylation controls transcriptional elongation of inflammatory cytokines in respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a negative-sense single-stranded rna virus responsible for lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in humans. in experimental models of rsv lrti, the actions of the nuclear factor κb (nf-κb) transcription factor mediate inflammation and pathology. we have shown that rsv replication induces a mitogen-and-stress-related kinase 1 (msk-1) pathway that activates nf-κb rela transcriptional activity by a process involving serine phosphorylation at serine (ser) re ...201121900162
equal virulence of rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in infants hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and rhinovirus (rv) are predominant viruses associated with lower respiratory tract infection in infants. we compared the symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection caused by rsv and rv in hospitalized infants. rv showed the same symptoms as rsv, so on clinical grounds, no difference can be made between these pathogens. no relation between polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold value and length of hospital stay was found.201121909047
Virological and clinical characterization of respiratory infections in children attending an emergency department during the first autumn-winter circulation of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus.Clin Microbiol Infect ABSTRACT: To characterize respiratory virus infections during the first autumn-winter season of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus (A/H1N1/2009) circulation, a prospective study in children attending a paediatric emergency department at the Sapienza University hospital, Rome, was conducted from November 2009 to March 2010. By means of both nasal washings and pharyngeal swabs, enrolled children were checked for 14 respiratory viruses. The majority of acute respiratory in ...201121923780
infections caused by rsv among children and adults during two epidemic seasons.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infections in young children, immunocompromised patients (children and adults), patients with chronic respiratory diseases and elderly people. reinfections occur throughout the life, but the severity of disease decreased with subsequent infection. the aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of rsv infections in two selected subpopulations: young children (below 5 y.) and adults with chronic respi ...201122184933
flavone c-glycosides from the leaves of lophatherum gracile and their in vitro antiviral activity.four new flavone c-glycosides, luteolin 6- c- α-l-arabinopyranosyl-7- o- β-d-glucopyranoside ( 1), apigenin 6- c- β-d-galactopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-l-arabinopyranoside ( 2), luteolin 6- c- β-d-galactopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-l-arabinopyranoside ( 3), and luteolin 6- c- β-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-l-arabinofuranoside ( 4), along with three known ones, were isolated from the leaves of lophatherum gracile. the structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensi ...201121870321
th17 cytokines are critical for respiratory syncytial virus-associated airway hyperreponsiveness through regulation by complement c3a and tachykinins.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is associated with serious lung disease in infants and immunocompromised individuals and is linked to development of asthma. in mice, acute rsv infection causes airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr), inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion. infected cells induce complement activation, producing the anaphylatoxin c3a. in this paper, we show rsv-infected wild-type mice produce th17 cytokines, a response not previously associated with viral infections. mice def ...201121918196
clinical and radiological features of respiratory syncytial virus in solid organ transplant recipients: a single-center experience.background: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections range from upper respiratory illness to severe lower respiratory disease. there is no universally accepted treatment for rsv in solid organ transplant (sot) recipients. methods: retrospective review of adult sot patients with rsv infections, between january 2007 and december 2009, in a single transplant center was performed. results: during the 3-year period, a total of 24 adults developed rsv infection, including 12 (50%) sot recipients ( ...201122093238
simultaneous mutations in multi-viral proteins are required for soybean mosaic virus to gain virulence on soybean genotypes carrying different r genes.genetic resistance is the most effective and sustainable approach to the control of plant pathogens that are a major constraint to agriculture worldwide. in soybean, three dominant r genes, i.e., rsv1, rsv3 and rsv4, have been identified and deployed against soybean mosaic virus (smv) with strain-specificities. molecular identification of virulent determinants of smv on these resistance genes will provide essential information for the proper utilization of these resistance genes to protect soybe ...201122140577
Effectiveness of palivizumab prophylaxis in infants and children in Florida.PURPOSE: Palivizumab effectiveness data on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are limited to trial settings and vary considerably between selected high-risk populations. This study aimed to evaluate effectiveness in a community-based sample. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study of children with =3?months Florida Medicaid fee-for-service eligibility between 1998 and 2004 who also had matching birth certificates. Children entered the cohort at the beginning of the RSV season, after a min ...201121919115
evaluation of protective efficacy of respiratory syncytial virus vaccine against a and b subgroup human isolates in korea.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a significant cause of upper and lower respiratory tract illness mainly in infants and young children worldwide. hrsv is divided into two subgroups, hrsv-a and hrsv-b, based on sequence variation within the g gene. despite its importance as a respiratory pathogen, there is currently no safe and effective vaccine for hrsv. in this study, we have detected and identified the hrsv by rt-pcr from nasopharyngeal aspirates of korean pediatric patients. intere ...201121915262
distinguishing characteristics between pandemic 2009-2010 influenza a (h1n1) and other viruses in patients hospitalized with respiratory illness.differences in clinical presentation and outcomes among patients infected with pandemic 2009 influenza a h1n1 (ph1n1) compared to other respiratory viruses have not been fully elucidated.201121949746
[a guinea pig model of respiratory syncytial virus infection for cough and its neurogenic inflammatory mechanism].to establish a guinea pig model of acute and postinfectious cough caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and investigate the role of neurogenic inflammation in its pathogenesis.201121914323
low neonatal toll-like receptor 4-mediated interleukin-10 production is associated with subsequent atopic dermatitis.atopic dermatitis (ad) and respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection (rsv lrti) are common diseases during early life. impaired th1-cell polarizing toll-like receptor (tlr) responses play an important role in the pathogenesis of both diseases. neonatal tlr-mediated production of th1-type cytokines is decreased at birth, but rapidly increases during the first month of life.201122092594
respiratory syncytial virus load, viral dynamics, and disease severity in previously healthy naturally infected children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease severity was thought to be a result of host immunopathology but alternatively may be driven by high-level viral replication. the relationships between rsv load, viral clearance dynamics, and disease severity have not been carefully evaluated.201121881113
in vitro inhibition of influenza virus infection by a crude extract from isatis indigotica root resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.isatis indigotica root (iir) has been widely used as a chinese medicinal herb to treat regular seasonal influenza over the long history of traditional chinese medicinal practice. however, its inhibitory activities against influenza virus infections along with the associated mechanisms have not been investigated comprehensively. in this study, the chemical nature, mode of action and in vitro anti-influenza activities of a crude extract ( ...201122179315
performance on a multipathogen external quality assessment (eqa) panel by different mono- and multiplex nucleic acid amplification tests.an external quality assessment (eqa) panel consisting of a total of 48 samples in broncho alveolar lavage (bal) or transport medium was prepared in collaboration with quality control for molecular diagnostics (qcmd) (www.qcmd.org). the panel was used to assess the proficiency of the 3 laboratories that would be responsible to examine the 6000 samples to be collected in the grace network of excellence (www.grace-lrti.org). the main objective was to decide on the best performing testing approach f ...201122170925
rna-dependent rna polymerase 6 of rice (oryza sativa) plays role in host defense against negative-strand rna virus, rice stripe virus.rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrs) from fungi, plants and some invertebrate animals play fundamental roles in antiviral defense. here, we investigated the role of rdr6 in the defense of economically important rice plants against a negative-strand rna virus (rice stripe virus, rsv) that causes enormous crop damage. in three independent transgenic lines (osrdr6as line a, b and c) in which osrdr6 transcription levels were reduced by 70-80% through antisense silencing, the infection and disease sy ...201122142475
five proteins of laodelphax striatellus are potentially involved in the interactions between rice stripe virus and vector.rice stripe virus (rsv) is the type member of the genus tenuivirus, which relies on the small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus fallén) for its transmission in a persistent, circulative-propagative manner. to be transmitted, virus must cross the midgut and salivary glands epithelial barriers in a transcytosis mechanism where vector receptors interact with virions, and as propagative virus, rsv need utilize host components to complete viral propagation in vector cells. at present, these m ...201122028913
airway ifn-γ production during rsv bronchiolitis is associated with eosinophilic inflammation.study objective: this study was designed to investigate the possible role of ifn-γ in eosinophil degranulation that occurs during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. methods: sixty-seven infants, 2-24 months old and hospitalized with their first episode of acute rsv bronchiolitis, were selected for this study. eosinophil-active cytokine and chemokine profiles in nasal lavage supernatants taken within ...201122160185
progress in understanding and controlling respiratory syncytial virus: still crazy after all these years.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects everyone worldwide early in life and is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in the pediatric population as well as in the elderly and in profoundly immunosuppressed individuals. rsv is an enveloped, nonsegmented negative-sense rna virus that is classified in family paramyxoviridae and is one of its more complex members. although the replicative cycle of rsv follows the general pattern of the param ...201121963675
use of data linkage to investigate the aetiology of acute lower respiratory infection hospitalisations in children.aim:  to document the aetiology of acute lower respiratory infection (alri) hospitalisations in western australian children by linking population-based laboratory data with hospital morbidity data. methods:  data from all alri hospitalisations and laboratory records related to respiratory pathogens between 2000 and 2005 were extracted and linked through a population-based record linkage system. the proportion of specimens that were positive for each respiratory viral or bacterial pathogen was do ...201122077532
comparison of direct fluorescence assay and real-time rt-pcr as diagnostics for respiratory syncytial virus in young children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. early detection of rsv is critical to initiate proper care. two methods, the direct fluorescence assay (dfa) and the real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-rt-pcr), that are used for rsv detection were compared. a total of 451 nasopharyngeal aspirates from children 5 years of age or less were tested for rsv using both methods. the overall prevalence rate of the ...201122220181
viral etiology in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection.this study was performed to investigate the viral etiological agents, age distribution and clinical manifestations of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in hospitalized children. the viral etiology and clinical findings in 147 children (1 month to 5 years of age) hospitalized with acute lrti were evaluated. cell culture was used for isolation of influenza viruses and direct fluorescent antibody assay for parainfluenza viruses (pivs), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and adenoviruses (advs ...201122272450
prevalence of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis in infants presenting to the emergency department with bronchiolitis.the clinical presentation of bordetella pertussis can overlap with that of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and coinfection does occur, but management differs.201119062227
successful prevention of respiratory syncytial virus nosocomial transmission following an enhanced seasonal infection control program.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections can be serious in severely immunocompromised patients. use of a targeted infection control program (ticp) has been shown to reduce rsv nosocomial transmission. we evaluated the impact of an enhanced seasonal infection control program (esicp) vs standard ticp in a hematology-oncology ward. ticp was applied from 1999 to 2001 and esicp applied from 2001 to 2003. esicp consisted of strict isolation for all patients admitted on the ward during the rsv seas ...201120383207
changes in helper lymphocyte chemokine receptor expression and elevation of ip-10 during acute respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants.it is known that lymphopenia caused by apoptosis may occur during severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. however, further evidence about how t-cell subsets may be affected in infants during severe rsv bronchiolitis is needed to understand the mechanisms through which immunological memory may be altered. there is increasingly convincing evidence that rsv may be associated with the development of atopy and asthma. surrogates of th1, th2 and regulatory t-lymphocyte populations were mea ...201120561238
tslp from rsv-stimulated rat airway epithelial cells activates myeloid dendritic cells.the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a primary cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children, the elderly and in people who are immune suppressed, and is also the cause for the development of asthma primarily in infants. however, the immunological mechanisms by which rsv enhances allergic sensitization and asthma remain unclear. the aim of this study was to examine the influence of rsv-infected airway epithelial cells on the activation and functions of rat myeloid dendritic cells ( ...201120603637
detection of viruses via statistical gene expression analysis.we develop a new bayesian construction of the elastic net (enet), with variational bayesian analysis. this modeling framework is motivated by analysis of gene expression data for viruses, with a focus on h3n2 and h1n1 influenza, as well as rhino virus and rsv (respiratory syncytial virus). our objective is to understand the biological pathways responsible for the host response to such viruses, with the ultimate objective of developing a clinical test to distinguish subjects infected by such viru ...201120643599
correlation of viral load of respiratory pathogens and co-infections with disease severity in children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection.the clinical significance of viral load and co-infections in children with respiratory infections is not clear.201020646956
epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in a prospective cohort of infants and toddlers attending daycare.the epidemiology of respiratory tract infections (rtis) in a daycare cohort has not been explored using molecular techniques.201020650679
the cost effectiveness of palivizumab: a systematic review of the evidence.palivizumab is a prophylactic therapy shown to reduce the number of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-related hospitalizations but has a high acquisition cost. the objective was to systematically examine the cost effectiveness of palivizumab in defined infant groups and identify important cost and outcome determinants.201020653398
humoral response to the central unglycosylated region of the respiratory syncytial virus attachment protein.to characterize the humoral response to the unglycosylated central region of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) attachment (g) protein, we generated glutathione s-transferase (gst)-rsv g subdomains (central core (cc), residues 151-190; proximal central core (pcc), 151-172; and distal central core (dcc), 173-190) to screen paired sera from rsv subtype a- or b-infected adults in hospitalized or outpatient settings. following rsv infection, a >or=4-fold increase in homo- and heterosubtypic igg r ...201020655403
intrapatient variation of the respiratory syncytial virus attachment protein gene.intrapatient variability of the attachment (g) protein gene of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was examined using both population and single-genome sequencing. samples from three patients infected with a group b virus variant which has a 60-nucleotide duplication in the g protein gene were examined. these samples were chosen because occasional mixed sequence bases were observed. in a minority of rsv genomes from these patients considerable variability was found, including point mutations, inse ...201020660195
molecular quantification of respiratory syncytial virus in respiratory samples: reliable detection during the initial phase of infection.quantitative real-time pcr for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) rna is increasingly used to study the causal role of rsv in lower airway disease. the objective of our study was to evaluate variations in rsv rna loads at different steps in the rna quantification process: (i) variation in rsv rna load within one sample (step 1), (ii) variation in the load in samples from patients who were sampled twice on the same day (step 2), and (iii) variation in the load between simultaneous ...201020660210
palivizumab use in preterm neonates.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in infants. palivizumab is an immunoprophylactic agent for rsv prevention in preterm infants and those with neonatal chronic lung disease. this study examines its use across neonatal units in ireland. a questionnaire was administered to one consultant neonatologist or paediatrician in each of the 20 maternity centres in ireland about their guidelines for palivizumab administration. there is variation in administration of pal ...201020666085
fatality rates in published reports of rsv hospitalizations among high-risk and otherwise healthy children.to review the fatalities among children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, and identify factors leading to a fatal outcome.201020666690
new insights for development of a safe and protective rsv vaccine.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and children <1 year old, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. there is currently no rsv vaccine. in the 1960s, a formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) vaccine trial led to exacerbated disease upon natural infection of vaccinees, including two deaths. the causes involved in the disastrous results of these vaccine trials are still unclear but they remain the engine for searching new ...201020671419
recombinant avian leukosis viruses of subgroup j isolated from field infected commercial layer chickens with hemangioma and myeloid leukosis possess an insertion in the e element.five isolates (js09gy2, js09gy3, js09gy4, js09gy5, and js09gy6) of avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j) were isolated from six infected commercial layer flocks displaying both hemangioma and myeloid leukosis (ml), which shared the same parental line, in china in 2009.201020676760
exhaled nitric oxide in acute respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.to investigate fractional exhaled nitric oxide (feno) levels in infants during acute respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis and during convalescence.201020679163
robust iga and igg-producing antibody forming cells in the diffuse-nalt and lungs of sendai virus-vaccinated cotton rats associate with rapid protection against human parainfluenza virus-type 1.sendai virus (sev), a natural mouse pathogen, shows considerable promise as a candidate vaccine for human parainfluenza virus-type 1 (hpiv-1), and also as a vaccine vector for other serious pathogens of infants including respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). in an effort to define correlates of immunity, we examined the virus-specific serum antibody of cotton rats inoculated intranasally (i.n.) with sev. virus-specific antibody forming cells (afcs) were also measured in the bone marrow, because the ...201020682364
epitope-specific regulatory cd4 t cells reduce virus-induced illness while preserving cd8 t-cell effector function at the site of infection.the role of epitope-specific regulatory cd4 t cells in modulating cd8 t-cell-mediated immunopathology during acute viral infection has not been well defined. in the murine model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, cd8 t cells play an important role in both viral clearance and immunopathology. we have previously characterized two rsv epitope-specific cd4 t-cell responses with distinct phenotypic properties. one of them, the ia(b)m(209)-specific subset, constitutively expresses foxp3 a ...201020686045
community-acquired respiratory infections in young children with congenital heart diseases in the palivizumab era: the spanish 4-season civic epidemiologic study.to investigate the epidemiology of acute respiratory tract infections (aris) in children younger than 24 months old with hemodynamically significant congenital heart diseases. primary aim: incidence of hospital admission due to ari. secondary aims: risk factors, etiologic agents, clinical outcomes, and usefulness of preventive measures.201020686437
respiratory syncytial virus and staphylococcus aureus coinfection in children hospitalized with pneumonia.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection might facilitate bacterial infection. we describe 5 patients with rsv among 30 children admitted to pediatric hospitals in atlanta between october 1, 2006 and april 30, 2007 with community-onset staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. rsv-s. aureus patients were younger and had less medical comorbidity than those without rsv.201020686440
structural features in the rous sarcoma virus rna stability element are necessary for sensing the correct termination codon.nonsense-mediated mrna decay (nmd) is an mrna quality control mechanism that selectively recognizes and targets for degradation mrnas containing premature termination codons. retroviral full-length rna is presented to the host translation machinery with characteristics rarely observed among host cell mrnas: a long 3' utr, retained introns, and multiple open reading frames. as a result, the viral rna is predicted to be recognized by the host nmd machinery and degraded. in the case of the rous sar ...201020687936
palivizumab prophylaxis in 'late preterm' newborns.in the last decades the preterm birth rate rose more than 20%, largely because of an increase among deliveries of 'late preterm' infants, i.e. those born at 34 to 36 weeks gestational age. late preterm infants are more susceptible to infection by pathogens, such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), possibly because of the immaturity of both the respiratory system and the immune system. as a consequence, similar risks of serious rsv illness have been observed in late preterm and preterm (born ≤ ...201020695756
expression and characterization of a multivalent human respiratory syncytial virus protein.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been recognized as one of the most common causes of severe respiratory tract infection in infants worldwide. as yet, a safe and effective vaccine has not been developed to protect humans from rsv. the f and g surface proteins have been widely investigated due to their potential to induce protective immunity. in addition, the m2 protein has been shown to be important in inducing a t-cell response. our project involved the cloning of the immunodominant regions ...201020608172
seasonal patterns of viral and bacterial infections among children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia in a tropical region.community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a common cause of morbidity among children. evidence on seasonality, especially on the frequency of viral and bacterial causative agents is scarce; such information may be useful in an era of changing climate conditions worldwide. to analyze the frequency of distinct infections, meteorological indicators and seasons in children hospitalized for cap in salvador, brazil, nasopharyngeal aspirate and blood were collected from 184 patients aged < 5 y over a 21-mo ...201020608763
economic results of a palivizumab seasonal prophylaxis using a cohorting software and vial sharing.respiratory syncytial virus is the most important pathogen in lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. in high-risk populations it may develop severe, sometimes fatal, lower respiratory tract infections. a proportion of these infants require admission to intensive care units due to the severity of the condition and the level of care needed. furthermore, we must consider the possible increased risk of asthma following rsv infection in infancy.201020609229
new genotypes within respiratory syncytial virus group b genotype ba in niigata, japan.phylogenetic analysis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) group b genotype ba strains from the 2002-2003 to 2009-2010 seasons collected in niigata, japan, revealed four distinct clusters, designated new ba genotypes ba7, ba8, ba9, and ba10. these new genotypes were not associated with large outbreaks in the community.201020610675
role of peroxiredoxin 1 and peroxiredoxin 4 in protection of respiratory syncytial virus-induced cysteinyl oxidation of nuclear cytoskeletal proteins.the respiratory epithelium plays a central role in innate immunity by secreting networks of inflammatory mediators in response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. previous proteomic studies focusing on the host cellular response to rsv indicated the existence of a nuclear heat shock response and cytoplasmic depletion of antioxidant proteins in model type ii-like airway epithelial cells. here, we increased the depth of nuclear proteomic interrogation by using fluorescence difference l ...201020610706
[recommendations for the use of palivizumab in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in late preterm infants (32(1) to 35(0) weeks of gestation)].late preterm infants (32(1) to 35(0) weeks gestation) aged less than 6 months at start of rsv station or discharged during this time may benefit from rsv monoclonal antibodies (palivizumab) administration to decrease the rates of rsv hospitalization. the spanish society of neonatology considers, based on flip2 results in spain, that palivizumab prophylaxis is strongly recommended if the "2 major risk factors" are present (chronological age less than 10 weeks at start of rsv season or being born ...201020621574
viral load drives disease in humans experimentally infected with respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of childhood lower respiratory infection, yet viable therapies are lacking. two major challenges have stalled antiviral development: ethical difficulties in performing pediatric proof-of-concept studies and the prevailing concept that the disease is immune-mediated rather than being driven by viral load.201020622030
virologically confirmed population-based burden of hospitalization caused by respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and parainfluenza viruses in children in hong kong.to determine virologically confirmed hospitalization rates associated with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), adenovirus, and parainfluenza viruses in hong kong children.201020622713
virological investigations in sudden unexpected deaths in infancy (sudi).previous studies have implicated viral infections in the pathogenesis of sudden unexpected death in infancy (sudi), and routine virological investigations are recommended by current sudi autopsy protocols. the aim of this study is to determine the role of post-mortem virology in establishing a cause of death. a retrospective review of 546 sudi autopsies was carried out as part of a larger series of >1,500 consecutive paediatric autopsies performed over a 10-year period, 1996-2005, in a single sp ...201020623342
the effect of respiratory syncytial virus on subsequent recurrent wheezing in atopic and nonatopic children.although respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in early life are followed by later airway hyperreactivity, it is unclear whether there is a causal relationship between this and an atopic diathesis.201020624638
respiratory virus-induced tlr7 activation controls il-17-associated increased mucus via il-23 regulation.the response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), negative strand ssrna virus, depends upon the ability to recognize specific pathogen-associated targets. in the current study, the role of tlr7 that recognizes ssrna was examined. using tlr7(-/-) mice, we found that the response to rsv infection in the lung was more pathogenic as assessed by significant increases in inflammation and mucus production. although there appeared to be no effect of tlr7 deficiency on type i ifn, the pathology was asso ...201020624950
fosfomycin suppresses rs-virus-induced streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells via the platelet-activating factor receptor.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) sometimes causes acute and severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. the platelet-activating factor (paf) receptor, which is a receptor for streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae, is upregulated by rsv infection in the pulmonary epithelial cell line a549. fosfomycin, an antimicrobial agent, significantly suppressed paf receptor induction by rsv infection at the mrna and cell surface expression levels. fosfomycin als ...201020629755
healthcare costs within a year of respiratory syncytial virus among medicaid infants.limited research exists on the economic impact of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory infection (rsv lri) among vulnerable infant populations. this study evaluated healthcare costs of full-term and late-preterm medicaid infants with rsv lri within 1 year of infection. medicaid administrative claims were used to conduct a retrospective study of infants born 2003-2005. full-term and late-preterm infants <1 year old were assigned to groups based on rsv lri and unspecified bronchiolitis/pn ...201020632403
identification of adenovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus by two kinds of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and a shell vial culture in pediatric patients with viral pneumonia.early identification of causative agents in lower respiratory infection of pediatric patients can reduce morbidity and prevent an overuse of antimicrobials. two kinds of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and a commercial shell vial viral culture were performed to identify causative agents in pediatric patients.201020635453
foxp3+ cd4 regulatory t cells limit pulmonary immunopathology by modulating the cd8 t cell response during respiratory syncytial virus infection.regulatory foxp3(+) cd4 t cells (tregs) prevent spontaneous inflammation in the lungs, inhibit allergic and asthmatic responses, and contribute to tolerance to inhaled allergens. additionally, tregs have previously been shown to suppress the cd8 t cell response during persistent virus infections. however, little is known concerning the role that tregs play in modulating the adaptive immune response during acute respiratory virus infections. we show following acute respiratory syncytial virus (rs ...201020639494
viral colonization in intubated patients: initial pathogen pattern and follow-up.colonization of the lower respiratory tract is an independent risk factor for ventilator-associated pneumonia. little is known about the frequency of viral colonization on intubation and during mechanical ventilation.201020565492
antiviral biflavonoids from radix wikstroemiae (liaogewanggen).abstract:201020565950
cpg methylation modulates tissue-specific expression of a transgene in chickens.the use of genetically modified germ cells is an ideal system to induce transgenesis in birds; the primordial germ cell (pgc) is the most promising candidate for this system. in the present study, we confirmed the practical application of this system using lentivirus-transduced chicken gonadal pgcs (gpgcs). embryonic gonads were collected from 5.5-d old korean oge chickens (black feathers). the gpgc population was enriched (magnetic-activated cell sorting technique) and then they were transduced ...201020570335
cd25+ natural regulatory t cells are critical in limiting innate and adaptive immunity and resolving disease following respiratory syncytial virus infection.regulatory cd4(+) t cells have been shown to be important in limiting immune responses, but their role in respiratory viral infections has received little attention. here we observed that following respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, cd4(+) foxp3(+) cd25(+) natural regulatory t-cell numbers increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung, mediastinal lymph nodes, and spleen. the depletion of cd25(+) natural regulatory t cells prior to rsv infection led to enhanced weight loss with d ...201020573822
toll-like receptor 4 asp299gly polymorphism in respiratory syncytial virus epidemics.the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) antigen serves as ligand for toll-like receptor (tlr) 4 that is a transmembrane signaling receptor in macrophages and dendritic cells. according to current evidence single nucleotide polymorphism involving amino acid 299 influences the susceptibility to severe rsv infections. the asp299gly allele has been shown to influence the tlr4-mediated signaling causing conformational change in the extracellular domain that recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patt ...201020575099
asthma and allergy patterns over 18 years after severe rsv bronchiolitis in the first year of life.an increased prevalence of asthma/recurrent wheeze (rw), clinical allergy and allergic sensitisation up to age 13&emsp14;years has previously been reported in subjects hospitalised with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in their first year of life compared with matched controls. a study was undertaken to examine whether these features persist into early adulthood, to report longitudinal wheeze and allergy patterns, and to see how large and small airway function relates to rsv infec ...201020581410
acute lower respiratory tract infections by human metapneumovirus in children in southwest china: a 2-year study.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has been reported to cause both upper and lower respiratory tract diseases in susceptible populations, particularly in children and the elderly. in this study, we describe a hospital-based epidemiological study of hmpv in patients presenting to a children's hospital and show the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with hmpv infection in china, retrospectively. specimens were collected over a 2-year period from children hospitalized with acute lower re ...201020583291
the distinguishing features of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus.acute respiratory tract infections (rtis) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a member of the metapneumovirus genus within the pneumovirinae subfamily of the paramyxoviridae family. though hmpv was only discovered in 2001, a large body of work has already shown that it is the aetiologic agent of a substantial proportion of upper and lower rtis across all age groups in both healthy and immunocompromised hosts throughout the world. rsv, also a ...201020586081
hairpin dna-functionalized gold colloids for the imaging of mrna in live cells.a strategy is presented for the live cell imaging of messenger rna using hairpin dna-functionalized gold nanoparticles (haunp). haunp improve upon technologies for studying rna trafficking by their efficient internalization within live cells without transfection reagents, improved resistance to dnase degradation, low cytotoxicity, and the incorporation of hairpin dna molecular beacons to confer high specificity and sensitivity to the target mrna sequence. furthermore, the targeted nanoparticle-b ...201020586450
respiratory syncitial virus in children with acute respiratory infections.to study the nutritional status of children with respiratory syncitial virus infection.201020589473
gene expression differences in lungs of mice during secondary immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection.vaccine-induced immunity has been shown to alter the course of a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection both in murine models and in humans. to elucidate which mechanisms underlie the effect of vaccine-induced immunity on the course of rsv infection, transcription profiles in the lungs of rsv-infected mice were examined by microarray analysis. three models were used: rsv reinfection as a model for natural immunity, rsv challenge after formalin-inactivated rsv vaccination as a model for vacc ...201020592085
prophylactic treatment with a g glycoprotein monoclonal antibody reduces pulmonary inflammation in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-challenged naive and formalin-inactivated rsv-immunized balb/c mice.we examined whether prophylactically administered anti-respiratory syncytial virus (anti-rsv) g monoclonal antibody (mab) would decrease the pulmonary inflammation associated with primary rsv infection and formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv)-enhanced disease in mice. mab 131-2g administration 1 day prior to primary infection reduced the pulmonary inflammatory response and the level of rsv replication. further, intact or f(ab')(2) forms of mab 131-2g administered 1 day prior to infection in fi-rsv- ...201020592094
respiratory syncytial virus-positive bronchiolitis in hospitalized infants is associated with thrombocytosis.secondary thrombocytosis is associated with a variety of clinical conditions, one of which is lower respiratory tract infection. however, reports on thrombocytosis induced by viral infections are scarce.201020450128
breastfeeding is associated with the production of type i interferon in infants infected with influenza virus.breast milk-mediated protection against respiratory viruses is well established. however, protective mechanisms are unclear. type i interferons (ifn) mediate host defence against respiratory viruses, particularly influenza virus. the relationship among type i ifn, respiratory viral infections and breastfeeding has not been explored.201020456265
incidence and morbidity of human metapneumovirus and other community-acquired respiratory viruses in lung transplant recipients.to determine the role of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) in respiratory tract infections (rtis) of lung transplant recipients, 60 patients were prospectively enrolled in this study spanning from september 2005 to november 2007. community-acquired respiratory viruses (carvs) were identified by polymerase chain reaction and tissue culture in respiratory secretions. of 112 rtis, 51 were associated with > or =1 carv, including 7 hmpv, 13 respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), 19 parainfluenza virus 1, 2, o ...201020456714
massively parallel pyrosequencing-based transcriptome analyses of small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus), a vector insect transmitting rice stripe virus (rsv).the small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus) is an important agricultural pest that not only damages rice plants by sap-sucking, but also acts as a vector that transmits rice stripe virus (rsv), which can cause even more serious yield loss. despite being a model organism for studying entomology, population biology, plant protection, molecular interactions among plants, viruses and insects, only a few genomic sequences are available for this species. to investigate its transcriptome and d ...201020462456
multicenter study of clinical performance of the 3m rapid detection rsv test.this multicenter study evaluated the clinical performance of the 3m rapid detection rsv test (3mrsv) compared to a composite reference standard of r-mix culture and direct specimen immunofluorescence for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the performance of the binaxnow rsv test was also evaluated using this reference standard. in a secondary analysis, discordant results were arbitrated using the gen-probe/prodesse proflu+ reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assay. subjects were stra ...201020463154
withdrawn: ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and is responsible for many hospitalizations annually. ribavirin is approved for treatment of these infections, but its use is controversial because of questions about its efficacy, concerns about occupational exposure, and its high cost.201020464715
styrylbenzimidazoles. synthesis and biological activity - part 3.as a follow up of an anti-flaviviridae project, a new series of variously substituted 2-styryl-benzimidazoles were synthesized and tested in vitro for biological activity. compounds were tested in cell-based assays against viruses representative of: i) two of the three genera of the flaviviridae family, i.e. pestiviruses and flaviviruses; ii) other rna virus families, such as retroviridae, picornaviridae, paramyxoviridae, rhabdoviridae and reoviridae; iii) two dna virus families (herpesviridae a ...201020470249
quantitative proteome profiling of respiratory virus-infected lung epithelial cells.respiratory virus infections are among the primary causes of morbidity and mortality in humans. influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), parainfluenza (piv) and human metapneumovirus (hmpv) are major causes of respiratory illness in humans. especially young children and the elderly are susceptible to infections with these viruses. in this study we aim to gain detailed insight into the molecular pathogenesis of respiratory virus infections by studying the protein expression profiles of ...201020470912
evidence that the polymerase of respiratory syncytial virus initiates rna replication in a nontemplated fashion.rna virus polymerases must initiate replicative rna synthesis with extremely high accuracy to maintain their genome termini and to avoid generating defective genomes. for the single-stranded negative-sense rna viruses, it is not known how this accuracy is achieved. to investigate this question, mutations were introduced into the 3' terminal base of a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) template, and the rna products were examined to determine the impact of the mutation. to perform the assay, rna r ...201020479224
pharmacotherapy of respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus is the most common cause of severe lower respiratory disease in infants and young children. its importance as a pathogen in the elderly and in the immunocompromised is becoming more clearly understood. rsv infection in infancy may lead to chronic lung disease ion later life. newer forms of therapy are needed. this review will discuss the status of many types of compounds that interfere with rsv infection, including antibodies, inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (i ...201020493773
[clinical consensus on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection prophylaxis and the use of palivizumab in paediatric cardiology.].following the results of the civic study, the secpcc proposes to revise its recommendations for the prevention of rsv, taking into account the new evidence, as well as the preventive experience of paediatric cardiologists. for this purpose a structured method of professional consensus has been chosen.201020493788
neuronal nitric oxide synthase within paraventricular nucleus: blood pressure and baroreflex in two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats.the renin-angiotensin system is activated in the early phase of two-kidney, one-clip (2k-1c) hypertension. the paraventricular nucleus (pvn) integrates inputs regulating sympathetic outflow. the pvn receives inputs from plasma angiotensin ii via projections from circumventricular organs and from renal afferent nerves transmitted via the nucleus tractus solitarii. nitric oxide within the pvn may exert a sympathoinhibitory effect. these studies tested whether decreasing endogenous nitric oxide by ...201020494920
viral etiology of severe pneumonia among kenyan infants and children.pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood death in sub-saharan africa. comparative estimates of the contribution of causative pathogens to the burden of disease are essential for targeted vaccine development.201020501927
outpatient rsv lower respiratory infections among high-risk infants and other pediatric populations.to identify the frequency of outpatient, non-hospitalized visits for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infection (lri) among children and high-risk infants.201020503283
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