Publications

detection of small round structured viruses in stool specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritis by electron microscopy and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	in testing 60 stool specimens small round structured virus (srsv) particles were detected in 35 (58%) specimens from all 17 outbreaks of gastroenteritis by electron microscopy (em), while srsv genes were found in 36 (60%) specimens from 15 outbreaks by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) by use of 2 primer pairs. specimens from 2 outbreaks were found srsv particles-positive by em but srsv genes-negative by rt-pcr. em remains the basic examination method for diagnosis of srsv ...	2000	10989693
molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with small round structured viruses in germany in 1997/98.	the molecular epidemiology of small round structured viruses (srsvs) in germany was studied using fecal specimens from 16 srsv-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in different parts of germany during 1997/1998 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and by sequencing of the orf1 and orf3 amplicons. the majority of the isolates clustered in one subtype and were closely related to published srsv sequences of genogroup ii.	2000	10795514
organization and expression of calicivirus genes.	the application of molecular techniques to the characterization of caliciviruses has resulted in an extensive database of sequence information. this information has led to the identification of 4 distinct genera. the human enteric caliciviruses have been assigned to 2 of these genera. this division is reflected not only in sequence diversity but in a fundamental difference in genome organization. complete genome sequences are now available for 5 enteric caliciviruses and demonstrate that human a ...	2000	10804143
direct inhibitory effect of rotavirus nsp4(114-135) peptide on the na(+)-d-glucose symporter of rabbit intestinal brush border membrane.	the direct effect of a rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein, nsp4, and certain related peptides on the sodium-coupled transport of d-glucose and of l-leucine was studied by using intestinal brush border membrane vesicles isolated from young rabbits. kinetic analyses revealed that the nsp4(114-135) peptide, which causes diarrhea in young rodents, is a specific, fully noncompetitive inhibitor of the na(+)-d-glucose symporter (sglt1). this interaction involves three peptide-binding sites per carrie ...	2000	11000215
norwalk virus vaccines: challenges and progress.	human caliciviruses (hucvs) are the major cause of outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis throughout the world. an increasing recognition of the clinical significance of these viruses as human pathogens causing foodborne and waterborne disease indicates that an effective vaccine would be useful. this article reviews the current challenges that exist for the development of a vaccine for the hucvs as well as the status of development of a candidate vaccine. hucvs are viruses that exhibit ...	2000	10804150
surveillance of viral gastroenteritis in japan: pediatric cases and outbreak incidents.	surveillance results from pediatric cases and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in japan are presented. in winter, both small round structured virus (srsv, or norwalk-like viruses) and rotavirus were detected from infants with gastroenteritis; however, in recent years, the prevailing time of srsv infection has preceded that of rotavirus infection. most nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks were related to srsv infection, and >60% of the outbreaks were caused by contaminated food. in small-size ...	2000	10804136
development of an immunomagnetic capture reverse transcription-pcr assay for the detection of norwalk virus.	norwalk virus (nv) is the prototype human virus of the family caliciviridae. a rapid immunomagnetic capture/reverse transcription-(imc/rt-)pcr assay was developed for the detection of nv. immunomagnetic capture (imc) utilizes paramagnetic beads coupled to a virus-specific antibody and allows separation of virus from contaminating materials and virus concentration in a single step. the detection limit of the developed assay was approximately 250-750 genomic equivalents/ml of 10% stool suspension. ...	2000	11011082
expression of recombinant capsid proteins of chitta virus, a genogroup ii norwalk virus, and development of an elisa to detect the viral antigen.	the second open reading frame (orf2) gene of the chitta virus (chv) was cloned to construct a recombinant baculovirus. the chv orf2 is predicted to encode a capsid protein of 535 amino acids (aa). chv showed a high aa identity in the capsid region with genogroup ii norwalk virus (nv) (65-85%), but a low aa identity with genogroup i nv (44-46%). phylogenetic analysis of the orf2 gene demonstrated that chv is genetically closely related to the hawaii virus included in genogroup ii nv. the recombin ...	2000	11021399
cold weather seasonality of gastroenteritis associated with norwalk-like viruses.	norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) are the most common cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults, but little is known about their seasonality. the lack of specific diagnostic tools impeded study of these viruses in the past, and surveys using electron microscopy often grouped nlvs with other unrelated viruses. a search of the scientific literature found eight surveys of gastroenteritis, which were conducted for at least 1 year, that specifically identified nlvs. unpublished data from labora ...	2000	10804139
widespread environmental contamination with norwalk-like viruses (nlv) detected in a prolonged hotel outbreak of gastroenteritis.	a protracted outbreak of norwalk-like virus (nlv)-associated gastroenteritis occurred in a large hotel in north-west england between january and may 1996. we investigated the pattern of environmental contamination with nlv in the hotel during and after the outbreak. in the ninth week, 144 environmental swabs taken from around the hotel were tested for nlv by nested rt-pcr. the sites were categorized according to the likelihood of direct contamination with vomit/faeces. the highest proportion of ...	2000	11057964
transmission of norwalk virus during football game.	during a college football game in florida, diarrhea and vomiting developed in many of the members of a north carolina team. the next day, similar symptoms developed in some of the players on the opposing team.	2000	11071673
multi-state outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis traced to fecal-contaminated oysters harvested in louisiana.	norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), or small round structured viruses, are known to cause acute gastroenteritis associated with eating contaminated shellfish. between 1993 and 1996, three oyster-related gastroenteritis outbreaks attributed to nlv occurred in louisiana. intensive trace-back and environmental investigations revealed that the overboard disposal of sewage by oyster harvesters into oyster-bed waters was the most likely source of contamination in at least two of the outbreaks. the small infe ...	2000	10804152
the impact of foodborne calicivirus disease: the minnesota experience.	the first outbreaks of norwalk virus gastroenteritis in minnesota were confirmed in 1982. since then, norwalk-like caliciviruses have been recognized to be the most common cause of foodborne disease outbreaks, accounting for 41% of all confirmed foodborne outbreaks in minnesota from 1981-1998. although laboratory confirmation of caliciviruses in stool samples was not attempted in most of these outbreaks, all conformed to epidemiologic criteria for defining outbreaks of norwalk virus. since 1996, ...	2000	10804138
mechanism of capsid assembly for an icosahedral plant virus.	capsids of spherical viruses share a common architecture: an icosahedral arrangement of identical proteins. we suggest that there may be a limited number of common assembly mechanisms for such viruses. previous assembly mechanisms were proposed on the basis of virion structure but were not rigorously tested. here we apply a rigorous analysis of assembly to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (ccmv), a typical, small, positive-strand rna virus. the atomic resolution structure of ccmv revealed an interl ...	2000	11080492
pcr detection of human enteric viruses in bathing areas, waste waters and human stools in southwestern france.	detection of human pathogenic viruses by molecular techniques might be suitable for identifying viral pollution in environmental waters and for improving diagnosis in patients. environmental samples were taken from bathing areas and sewage treatment plants in southwestern france. small volume samples (50 microl) were tested. five groups of enteric pathogenic viruses were studied: enteroviruses, norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), hepatitis a virus, rotaviruses and adenoviruses. moreover, human samples ...	2000	11081583
norwalk-like virus infection in military forces: epidemic potential, sporadic disease, and the future direction of prevention and control efforts.	the impact of norwalk-like virus (nlv) infection on military forces is evaluated in this report. nlvs were a major cause of both outbreaks and sporadic disease among crowded us ground troops in the 1991 war with iraq. nlvs also have been found to be a cause of acute gastroenteritis in other ground and shipboard deployments. four large outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis were investigated aboard us navy aircraft carriers between 1992 and 1997. in these outbreaks, nlvs were identified as the probab ...	2000	10804153
combined infection of norwalk-like virus and verotoxin-producing bacteria associated with a gastroenteritis outbreak.	detection of multiple pathogens, particularly a combination of viruses and bacteria, is infrequently documented in outbreaks of gastroenteritis. this paper reports the presence of norwalk-like virus (nlv) and enterohaemorrhagic verotoxin-producing escherichia coli in one individual, and nlv and verotoxin-producing aeromonas sobria in another individual, both part of a large gastroenteritis outbreak. the causes of gastroenteritis in such outbreaks may be more complex than previously thought.	1999	10892495
genomic diversity of "norwalk like viruses" (nlvs): pediatric infections in a brazilian shantytown.	"norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) are a common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in adults and children in developed countries. however, little is known about the role of nlvs in endemic pediatric gastroenteritis in developing countries. we sequenced genogroup i and ii nlv reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) products from an 81-nucleotide region of the viral rna polymerase gene to examine the molecular epidemiology of nlv infection in children younger than 5 years of age in fort ...	1999	10421412
immunoglobulin m antibody test to detect genogroup ii norwalk-like virus infection.	sera obtained from adult volunteers inoculated with genogroup ii norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), hawaii virus, and snow mountain virus and from patients involved in outbreaks of gastroenteritis were tested for genogroup ii nlv mexico virus-specific immunoglobulin m (igm) by use of a monoclonal antibody, recombinant mexico virus antigen (rmxv)-based igm capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). sera from genogroup i norwalk virus (nv)-inoculated volunteers and from patients involved in a ge ...	1999	10449486
seroepidemiological study of genogroup i and ii calicivirus infections in south and southern africa.	diarrhoea is associated with the daily death of between 180 and 200 children under the age of 5 years in south africa. until recently, many cases and outbreaks of diarrhoea were not associated with a known aetiologic agent. previous studies using baculovirus-expressed norwalk virus (nv) and mexico virus (mxv) capsid antigens have shown that human calicivirus infection is common in south africa. in this study, our surveillance was extended to different populations, as well as to four other southe ...	1999	10459161
[detection of norwalk and mexico viruses, two human caliciviruses in stools of chilean children].	human calciviruses (hucvs) cause diarrhea outbreaks associated with consumption of contaminated food and water. seroepidemiological studies in developing countries, suggest that hucvs can cause acute gastroenteritis in children.	1999	10451621
recombinant norwalk virus-like particles given orally to volunteers: phase i study.	norwalk virus (nv) is a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. the nv capsid is composed of a single protein that forms recombinant (rnv) virus-like particles (vlps). in mice, these vlps are immunogenic when administered orally without adjuvant, and they elicit serum immunoglobulin (ig) g and intestinal iga responses. the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of rnv vlps in healthy volunteers.	1999	10381908
from the centers for disease control and prevention. norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis in us army trainees--texas, 1998.		1999	10208132
[clinical analysis on an outbreak of srsv-gastroenteritis with 644 patients emerged in shizuoka prefecture].	small round structured viruses (srsv) are the major cause of acute non-bacterial enterogastritis and have a characteristic of breaking out with mass victims as food poisoning. the outbreak usually occurs among school children from school lunches in japan. a case in adults is relatively rare. the srsv food poisoning with 644 adult victims carried through lunch box broke out, which may be the biggest number in adult cases in the world. this is the report describing its outlines, analytical result ...	1999	10356895
a new model system to study norwalk virus immunity.		1999	10381934
molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with small round-structured viruses in east anglia, united kingdom, during the 1996-1997 season.	during the winter season from november 1996 to may 1997, 550 fecal specimens were submitted from 94 outbreaks of gastroenteritis occurring in east anglia, united kingdom. these specimens were tested for the presence of small round-structured viruses (srsvs) by electron microscopy, reverse transcriptase pcr, or both methods. srsvs were shown to be associated with 64 of 94 (68%) of these outbreaks, of which 16 (25%) outbreaks occurred at a single location (southend) within the region. twenty-four ...	1999	9854068
the seroepidemiology of genogroup 1 and genogroup 2 norwalk-like viruses in italy.	southampton virus (sv) and lordsdale viruses (lv) are small round structured viruses characterised recently and belong to two separate genogroups. the capsid genes of these viruses were expressed in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses. both sv (genogroup 1) and lv (genogroup 2) capsid proteins self-assembled to form virus-like particles (vlps). the vlps were used in a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to screen for antibodies to sv and lv in 1,729 age-stratified human s ...	1999	10223553
identification of a distinct common strain of "norwalk-like viruses" having a global distribution.	"norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) are the most common cause of outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. during molecular surveillance of nlv strains from 152 outbreaks of gastroenteritis that occurred in the us between august 1993 and july 1997, we identified an nlv strain that predominated during the 1995-1996 season. the "95/96-us" strain caused 60 outbreaks in geographically distant locations within the us and was identified, by sequence comparisons, in an additional 7 countries on 5 continents ...	1999	10228052
[rotavirus and other gastroenteritis viruses].		1999	10635837
outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to drinking water contaminated by norwalk-like viruses.	heinävesi, a finnish municipality with a population of 4860 inhabitants, had an outbreak of gastroenteritis in march 1998. on the basis of an epidemiologic survey, an estimated 1700-3000 cases of acute gastroenteritis occurred during the outbreak. municipal water consumption was found to be associated with illness (risk ratio [rr]=3.5, 95% confidence interval, 3.11>rr>3.96). norwalk-like virus (nlv) genogroup ii (ggii) was identified in untreated water, treated water, and 4 tap water samples by ...	1999	10558930
open reading frame 1 of the norwalk-like virus camberwell: completion of sequence and expression in mammalian cells.	the orf1 sequence was determined for camberwell virus, a genogroup 2 norwalk-like virus, completing the full genome of 7,555 nucleotides. orf1 cdna was cloned into a simian virus 40-based expression vector, and the viral proteins synthesized following transfection into cos cells were analyzed. by using antisera directed against the helicase, protease, or polymerase regions, eight polypeptides ranging in size from 19 to 117 kda were detected by radioimmunoprecipitation. the cleavage sites determi ...	1999	10559373
detection of small round structured viruses in artificially contaminated water using filter adsorption and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.	the small round structured viruses (srsv) are common causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. fecally contaminated water is an important vehicle for transmission, but detection of srsv in environmental samples has been hampered by the lack of sensitive detection methods. the present work describes the detection of srsv in artificially contaminated deionized water and raw drinking water. srsv-containing fecal extracts were added to water and virus was recovered by filter adsorption-elution, followed ...	1999	10477074
detection and nucleotide sequence analysis of human caliciviruses (hucvs) from samples in non-bacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks in hokkaido, japan.	samples of feces and vomit collected from patients during 13 non-bacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks which occurred in hokkaido between 1995 and 1998 were examined by electron microscopy (em) and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for evidence of infection with human caliciviruses (hucvs). in 6 food-borne outbreaks, oysters were the probable source of infection, while the origin of hucvs was not found out for the other 7 outbreaks. one-hundred-eleven of 214 stool, vomit and ...	1999	10480550
x-ray crystallographic structure of the norwalk virus capsid.	norwalk virus, a noncultivatable human calicivirus, is the major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis in humans. the first x-ray structure of a calicivirus capsid, which consists of 180 copies of a single protein, has been determined by phase extension from a low-resolution electron microscopy structure. the capsid protein has a protruding (p) domain connected by a flexible hinge to a shell (s) domain that has a classical eight-stranded beta-sandwich motif. the structure of the p domain is unlike t ...	1999	10514371
a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of foodborne viruses.	a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method was developed for the simultaneous detection of the human enteroviruses, hepatitis a virus (hav) and norwalk virus (nv). poliovirus type 1 (pv1) was chosen as a model for the human enterovirus group. three different sets of primers were used to produce three size-specific amplicons of 435 bp, 270 bp, and 192 bp for pv1, nv, and hav, respectively. rt-pcr products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and amplicon ...	1999	10528729
foodborne diseases: seafood.		1999	10530590
a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis possibly related to the contamination of tap water by a small round structured virus.	small round structured viruses (srsvs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis in institutions and sensitive new molecular techniques allow rapid diagnosis and the establishment of control measures. in january 1999, a 10 day-long outbreak of gastroenteritis in a re-education ward, was reported by a hospital hygiene department. a potential common source of contamination was tap water. the stools of six patients with gastroenteritis and seven tap water samples from the hospital ward, were tested for ...	1999	10549314
molecular detection of norwalk-like caliciviruses in sewage.	in this study, norwalk-like virus (nlv) rna was detected by reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) in sewage water concentrates. sequence analysis of the rt-pcr products revealed identical sequences in stools of patients and related sewage samples. in 6 of 11 outbreak-unrelated follow-up samples, multiple nlv genotypes were present. levels as high as 10(7) rna-containing particles per liter were found. these data show that high loads of nlvs may be present in sewage and warrant further studies addre ...	1999	10584031
molecular characterization of a bovine enteric calicivirus: relationship to the norwalk-like viruses.	jena virus (jv) is a noncultivatable bovine enteric calicivirus associated with diarrhea in calves and was first described in jena, germany. the virus was serially passaged 11 times in colostrum-deprived newborn calves and caused diarrheal disease symptoms at each passage. the complete jv genome sequence was determined by using cdna made from partially purified virus obtained from a single stool sample. jv has a positive-sense single-stranded rna genome which is 7,338 nucleotides in length, excl ...	1999	9847396
the bovine newbury agent-2 is genetically more closely related to human srsvs than to animal caliciviruses.	the hypothesis that the enteric bovine calici-like virus newbury agent (na-2) belongs to the family caliciviridae was examined by genome sequence analysis. use of solid-phase immune electron microscopy allowed samples with good levels of virus to be identified and amplification of the genome was achieved by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. examination of a 216-amino-acid sequence in the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene and a 116-amino-acid sequence in the capsid gene showed that ...	1999	9927568
inactivation of feline calicivirus, a norwalk virus surrogate.	norwalk and norwalk virus-like particles (nvlps) [also known as small round structured viruses (srsvs)] are members of the family caliciviridae and are important causes of gastroenteritis in humans. little is known about their survival in the environment or the disinfection procedures necessary to remove them from contaminated settings. as nvlps cannot be grown in tissue culture, survival studies require the use of a closely related cultivable virus. this study assesses the survival of the surro ...	1999	9949965
recovery and detection of enterovirus, hepatitis a virus and norwalk virus in hardshell clams (mercenaria mercenaria) by rt-pcr methods.	a method for recovery of enteric viruses from hardshell clams (mercenaria mercenaria) has been developed and evaluated. seeded 50-g samples of clam tissue homogenates were processed by adsorption elution precipitation, two fluorocarbon extractions and peg precipitation. clam concentrates were assayed by infectivity and by rt-pcr after guanidinium isothiocyanate (git) extraction and/or an indirect immunomagnetic capture (ic) of the virus using paramagnetic beads. git extraction removed pcr inhibi ...	1999	10092141
a community outbreak of food-borne small round-structured virus gastroenteritis caused by a contaminated water supply.	in august 1994, 30 of 135 (23%) bakery plant employees and over 100 people from south wales and bristol in the united kingdom, were affected by an outbreak of gastroenteritis. epidemiological studies of employees and three community clusters found illness in employees to be associated with drinking cold water at the bakery (relative risk 3.3, 95%, ci 1.6-7.0), and in community cases with eating custard slices (relative risk 19.8, 95%, ci 2.9-135.1) from a variety of stores supplied by one partic ...	1999	10098798
health and safety concerns in fisheries and aquaculture.	only 10% of all foodborne illnesses in the united states are attributed to seafood, making seafood a relatively safe food commodity. the implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points guidelines should make seafood consumption even safer. concerns include closed-loop, indoor, water-recirculating production systems; harmful algal blooms in marine environments, which can cause paralytic, neurologic, amnesic, and diarrhetic shellfish poisonings and ciguatera fish poisoning; bacteria ...	1999	10329911
an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in a geriatric long-term-care facility: combined application of epidemiological and molecular diagnostic methods.	to assess possible transmission modes of, and risk factors for, gastroenteritis associated with norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) in a geriatric long-term-care facility.	1999	10349945
norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis in u.s. army trainees--texas, 1998.	during august 27-september 1, 1998, 99 (12%) of 835 soldiers in one unit at a u.s. army training center in el paso, texas, were hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis (age). their symptoms included acute onset of vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fever. review of medical center admission records for age during the previous year indicated that fewer than five cases occurred each month. this report describes the outbreak investigation initiated on august 30 by a u.s. army epidemiologic consu ...	1999	10220254
variation in orf3 of genogroup 2 norwalk-like viruses.	the nucleotide sequences of the 3'-terminal open reading frame (orf3) and 3' untranslated region (3'utr) were determined for four norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) belonging to genogroup 2. three of the viruses, isolated in 1995 and 1996, were closely related to mexico virus (92-93% nucleotide identity in orf3). the fourth virus, isolated in 1984, was unique, showing only 49-58% nucleotide identity with other nlvs. the variation in sequence of the 3'-terminal orf of nlvs was greater than that observed ...	1999	10416382
[detection of hav, srsv and astrovirus genomes from native oysters in chiba city, japan].	srsv, astrovirus in tvirus and hav genomes were detected by rt-pcr in naturally grown oysters (total 112) collected in chiba city bay, japan, through a year from april, 1997 to march, 1998 and genogroup was typed by sequencing. srsv positive products were detected by rt-pcr from 28 out of 112 oysters and all of them were grouped into g-ii by sequencing. the highest incidence was observed in february, 1998. furthermore, astrovirus positive products were detected sporadically from 15 out of 112 sa ...	1999	10423945
seafood-associated disease outbreaks in new york, 1980-1994.	seafood-associated disease outbreaks in new york were examined to describe their epidemiology and to identify areas for prevention and control efforts.	1999	10429753
outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by srsvs from 1987 to 1992 in kyushu, japan: four outbreaks associated with oyster consumption.	from 1987 to 1992, 18 outbreaks of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis occurred in kyushu district. the most common symptoms were diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and abdominal cramp. small round structured viruses (srsvs) were detected in 52 (44.8%) of 116 stool samples from 17 outbreaks by the electron microscopy (em) method, and a significant increase in the antibody level was noted in 42 (80.7%) of 52 paired serum samples from 12 outbreaks by the immune electron microscopy (iem) method and in 18 ( ...	1999	10204648
summer vomiting disease?		1999	10721376
shipboard impact of a probable norwalk virus outbreak from coastal japan.	norwalk virus has been implicated in shipboard diarrheal disease outbreaks throughout asia. a large outbreak of suspected norwalk virus was investigated on a u.s. naval aircraft carrier following the clinical recognition of 450 cases of gastroenteritis over a 2-week period (september 14-28, 1997) during coastal exercises. a random sampling of 44 cases from 450 personnel who sought medical attention was compared with 19 controls. junior enlisted sailors and marines comprised 97% of all cases. the ...	1999	10674667
norwalk-like virus and bacterial pathogens associated with cases of gastroenteritis onboard a us navy ship.	acute gastroenteritis is a potential cause of substantial morbidity in u.s. military personnel during deployment. this study investigated the microbial causes of diarrhea in u.s. troops on exercises in southeast asia aboard the u.s.s. germantown from march through may 1996. a total of 49 (7%) patients with diarrhea reported to sick call during a 3-month deployment involving 721 personnel. diarrheal samples from 49 patients were subjected to bacterial and parasitologic examination, but sufficient ...	1999	10674668
norwalk and "norwalk-like viruses" in epidemic gastroenteritis.	despite the lack of a cell culture or animal model system, the past decade has seen tremendous advances in our understanding of nlv. prior to 1990, the only nucleotide sequence information for caliciviruses was from viruses isolated from animals. there are now sequences available for more than 100 nlv isolates and more are rapidly accumulating. such information is being used for development of new and more sensitive diagnostic assays. the cdc, under the national food safety initiative and in coo ...	1999	10549432
virus survey in environmental waters in miyagi prefecture.		1999	10592906
confirmation of norwalk-like virus amplicons after rt-pcr by microplate hybridization and direct sequencing.	a large number of norwalk-like viruses (nlvs) have been identified from stool samples by rt-pcr by amplifying part of the polymerase-coding gene. a set of probes were selected based on sequence analysis of the viruses circulating in finland during the years 1996-97 for confirmation of the findings by hybridization. a microplate hybridization test, which provides a rapid semi-automatic detection for pcr products, was designed and compared with agarose gel electrophoresis. from the material of 210 ...	1999	10598090
expression and self-assembly of grimsby virus: antigenic distinction from norwalk and mexico viruses.	a cdna obtained from grimsby virus (grv), a norwalk-like virus, purified from a stool sample of a symptomatic adult associated with a gastroenteritis outbreak in the united kingdom, was used to obtain the complete nucleotide sequence of the second open reading frame (orf2). the orf2 sequence of grv predicts a capsid of 539 amino acids (aa) which exhibits aa identities of 96% to lordsdale virus, 67% to mexico virus (mxv), and 43% to norwalk virus (nv). the grv capsid protein was expressed in inse ...	1999	9874680
design and evaluation of a primer pair that detects both norwalk- and sapporo-like caliciviruses by rt-pcr.	a primer pair (p289/290) based on the rna polymerase sequence of 25 prototype and currently circulating strains of human caliciviruses (hucvs) was designed for the detection of both norwalk-like caliciviruses (nlvs) and sapporo-like caliciviruses (slvs) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). this primer pair produces rt-pcr products of 319 bp for nlvs and 331 bp for slvs. the usefulness of this primer pair was shown by its detection of prototype nlvs (norwalk, snow mountain ...	1999	10598092
prevalence of enteric viruses in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive patients in venezuela.	the prevalence of enteric viruses associated with gastroenteritis was determined in 125 stool samples from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), with or without diarrhea. diagnostic assays included enzyme immunoassays for the identification of rotavirus, adenovirus, and norwalk virus; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for atypical rotaviruses and picobirnaviruses and polymerase chain reaction for astrovirus. enteric viruses were detected in 6.4% (8 of 125) of the stools ...	1998	9661837
small round-structured (norwalk-like) viruses and classical human caliciviruses in southeastern australia, 1980-1996.	a total of 6,226 fecal samples collected from 1980 to 1996 in the australian states of victoria, new south wales, and tasmania from individuals with gastroenteritis were tested for small round-structured viruses (srsvs) and classical human caliciviruses (clhucvs) by electron microscopy. there were 223 samples positive for srsvs, and nine positive for clhucvs. srsvs were detected in individuals of all ages and were commonly associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in nursing homes and hospitals. ...	1998	9661841
detection of norwalk-like virus genes in the caecum contents of pigs.	norwalk-like virus genes were detected by rt-pcr in the caecum contents of pigs. positive pcr products were produced from four out of 1,117 samples by nested pcr using human srsv primers. nucleotide sequences between 4,561 and 4,852 numbered according to the norwalk virus genomic rna in the rna polymerase region were determined. between the norwalk virus sequence and the sequences detected in pigs, there was 58.2% to 59.9% sequence homology. the swine sequences were located on genogroup ii of hu ...	1998	9687878
norwalk virus infection in venezuela.	the presence of antibodies against norwalk virus (nv) was studied in sera from different venezuelan populations, using an enzyme immuno-assay (eia) based on recombinant nv protein. antibodies to nv were found in 47%-53% of urban subjects from caracas, 83% of rural subjects from the west of the country, and 73%-93% of amerindian subjects. the prevalences found in the rural and amerindian groups were significantly higher than that in the urban group. although about 50% of the children studied were ...	1998	9625917
prevalence of antibodies to the hawaii strain of human calicivirus as measured by a recombinant protein based immunoassay.	the evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay using recombinant hawaii virus-like particles (rhv-lps) with a panel of sera which had been screened previously for antibodies to norwalk virus (nv) and mexico virus (mxv) is described. the assay was also applied to study the epidemiology of hawaii virus. adult volunteers challenged with the prototype (genogroup ii, human calicivirus) hv developed significant igg responses (16-32 fold rises) following challenge whereas adults challenged or naturally infect ...	1998	9496372
detection of norwalk virus and other genogroup 1 human caliciviruses by a monoclonal antibody, recombinant-antigen-based immunoglobulin m capture enzyme immunoassay.	sera obtained from two groups of adult volunteers infected with norwalk virus (nv) and two groups of patients involved in two natural outbreaks were tested for nv-reactive immunoglobulin m (igm) by use of a monoclonal antibody, recombinant-antigen-based igm capture enzyme immunoassay (eia). no nv-reactive igm was detected in the preinoculation sera of 15 volunteers, and 14 of 15 showed nv-reactive antibodies postinfection with nv. all of the volunteers showed igg seroconversion to nv. in the out ...	1998	9542938
an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis on board a cruise liner.		1998	9604521
the role of environmental contamination with small round structured viruses in a hospital outbreak investigated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay.	in may 1994 an outbreak of vomiting and diarrhoea occurred in a 28-bed long-stay ward for the mentally infirm. the predominant symptoms were vomiting, diarrhoea, malaise and abdominal pain lasting for approximately 12 h in most cases. the attack rate was 62% (13/21) for patients and 46% (16/35) for staff members. infection control measures were implemented (containment of infectious individuals, hand hygiene among staff and environmental decontamination) and the ward was closed to admissions. af ...	1998	9617683
oral immunization with recombinant norwalk virus-like particles induces a systemic and mucosal immune response in mice.	recombinant norwalk virus-like particles (rnv vlps) produced in insect cells were evaluated as an oral immunogen in cd1 and balb/c mice by monitoring rnv-specific serum total and subclass immunoglobulin g (igg) and intestinal iga responses. dose and kinetics of response were evaluated in the presence and absence of the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (ct). rnv-specific serum igg and intestinal iga were detected in the absence of ct, and the number of responders was not significantly different fro ...	1998	9445035
an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of sandwiches: implications for the control of transmission by food handlers.	although food handlers are often implicated as the source of infection in outbreaks of food-borne viral gastroenteritis, little is known about the timing of infectivity in relation to illness. we investigated a gastroenteritis outbreak among employees of a manufacturing company and found an association (rr = 14.1, 95% ci = 2.0-97.3) between disease and eating sandwiches prepared by 6 food handlers, 1 of whom reported gastroenteritis which had subsided 4 days earlier. norwalk-like viruses were de ...	1998	10030711
feline calicivirus as a model system for heat inactivation studies of small round structured viruses in shellfish.	commercial heat treatment procedures for molluscan shellfish are based on data obtained for the inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) in cockles. however, the most frequently reported illness associated with consumption of bivalve molluscs is gastroenteritis caused by small round structured viruses (srsvs) of the norwalk group. conditions for inactivation of srsvs are unknown. in this study a feline calicivirus was used as a model for the srsv group and conditions for its heat inactivation det ...	1998	9825793
[outbreak of diarrhea due to srsv infection].		1998	9922671
molecular epidemiology of "norwalk-like viruses" in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the united states.	fecal specimens from 90 outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis reported to 33 state health departments from january 1996 to june 1997 were examined to determine the importance of and to characterize "norwalk-like viruses" (nlvs) in these outbreaks. nlvs were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in specimens from 86 (96%) of 90 outbreaks. outbreaks were most frequent in nursing homes and hospitals (43%), followed by restaurants or events with catered meals (26%); consump ...	1998	9815206
a viral gastroenteritis outbreak associated with person-to-person spread among hospital staff.	to identify the etiologic agent and risk factors associated with a hospital ward outbreak of gastroenteritis.	1998	9552183
homotypic and heterotypic igg and igm antibody responses in adults infected with small round structured viruses.	antibody responses to recombinant norwalk (rnv) and mexico (rmxv) viral capsid proteins were studied in 39 adults involved in outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with genogroup 2 small round structured viruses (srsvs). nineteen individuals were involved in outbreaks associated with mxv-like strains and 20 in outbreaks associated with four other genogroup 2 srsvs. igg antibodies were measured in acute and convalescent sera using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and igm was ...	1998	9557297
epidemiological study of prevalence of genogroup ii human calicivirus (mexico virus) infections in japan and southeast asia as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.	mexico virus (mxv) is a genogroup ii human calicivirus (hucv). we conducted an epidemiological study to determine the prevalence of mxv infection in infants and adults in japan and southeast asia by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) developed by using baculovirus-expressed recombinant mxv (rmxv) capsids. of 155 stool specimens obtained from children younger than 10 years old with acute clinical gastroenteritis (diarrhea and vomiting) associated with small, round-structured viruses in j ...	1998	9705378
virion concentration method for the detection of human enteric viruses in extracts of hard-shelled clams.	a method to extract and concentrate intact human enteric viruses from oyster extracts for detection using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was applied to hard-shelled clams (mercenaria mercenaria). fifty-gram clam samples were processed by an adsorption-elution-precipitation method and then seeded with 10(1) to 10(5) pfu to poliovirus 1 (pv1) and/or hepatitis a virus (hav). seeded viruses in extracts were purified by fluorocarbon (freon) extraction and concentrated by pol ...	1998	9709210
[viral contamination of food products: a poorly understood public health problem].	throughout the world there have been several epidemics of food-borne diseases (fbd) about which there is lack of sufficient information for public health institutions to take appropriate measures. this study was conducted for the purpose of contributing to the dissemination of information on these diseases and their etiologic agents, epidemiology, and control. the study was based on data from 61 sources, including review articles, reports of outbreaks, and databases. results reveal considerable ...	1998	9734216
an outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters.	nine members of a party of 24 people who attended a birthday party fell ill with gastroenteritis between one and three days later. a cohort study undertaken using a postal questionnaire showed that illness was associated with having eaten raw oysters. six of the cases had their stools examined and two were positive for small round structured virus. the illness was brief and none of the cases had consulted a general practitioner. had the cases not been part of a party they would not have been ide ...	1998	9718837
the use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to investigate environmental samples for the presence of enteroviruses.	molecular techniques developed for detection and diagnosis of enteric viruses have been adapted for use with water samples. although problems of interference and sensitivity remain, reliable and consistent methods should soon be available for the detection in water of enteroviruses, norwalk-like viruses, and rotavirus.	1998	9718844
surveillance of small round structured virus (srsv) infection in england and wales, 1990-5.	data from the national surveillance scheme for general outbreaks of intestinal disease, and the national laboratory reporting scheme were used to describe the epidemiology of small round structured virus (srsv) infections in england and wales. between 1990 and 1995, there were 7492 laboratory reports of srsv. rates of reported illness were highest among infants, young children and the elderly. during 1992-5, some 707 srsv outbreaks were reported. outbreaks in hospital wards and residential facil ...	1998	9747765
application of rt-pcr designed from the sequence of the local srsv strain to the screening in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks.	the yuri strain of small round structured virus (srsv) was cloned from a fecal specimen in which virus particles were observed by electron microscopy. the most common rt-pcr protocol in japan, however, using 35/36 and nv81/nv82/sm82 nested primer pairs, could not detect the srsv genome in this specimen. nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the yuri strain is genetically close to the genotype ii of srsv. a novel procedure using primer sets designed from the nucleotide sequenc ...	1998	9688078
antigenic structure of the capsid protein of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus.	rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) causes an important disease in rabbits. the virus capsid is composed of a single 60 kda protein. the capsid protein gene was cloned in escherichia coli using the pet3 system, and the antigenic structure of rhdv vp60 was dissected using 11 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and 12 overlapping fragments of the protein expressed in e. coli. two antigenic regions were found. ten out of the 11 mabs recognized different discontinuous epitopes in the most immunodomina ...	1998	9714238
prevalence of human calicivirus infections in kenya as determined by enzyme immunoassays for three genogroups of the virus.	an epidemiological survey on human calicivirus (hucv) infections and associated gastroenteritis in infants was conducted to clarify the prevalence of hucv infections in infants and adults in kenya. enzyme immunoassays (eias) for three genogroups of hucvs, norwalk virus (nv), mexico virus (mxv), and sapporo virus (sv), were used to detect antigen or antibody. we tested 1,431 stool samples obtained from children younger than 6 years old with acute gastroenteritis who visited outpatient clinics in ...	1998	9774557
general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in england and wales: 1995 and 1996.	one thousand nine hundred and nineteen general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in england and wales were reported to the phls communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) between 1 january 1995 and 31 december 1996, compared with 1073 in the previous two years. a minimum data set was received for 1568 (82%) of the 1919 outbreaks. over 40,000 people were affected and about 2% of those who were ill were admitted to hospital. seventy-one deaths were reported. the duration of outbreaks ...	1998	9782630
seroprevalence of norwalk virus and mexico virus in chilean individuals: assessment of independent risk factors for antibody acquisition.	norwalk virus (nv) and mexico (mx) virus represent distinct genetic clusters within the same genus of human caliciviruses (cvs), a major cause of diarrhea in adults. the magnitude and potential risk factors of human cv infection in populations from santiago and punta arenas, chile, were assessed. individuals (n = 1,864) gave a blood sample and answered a questionnaire during a household survey. sera were tested for antibody to nv and mx virus with use of recombinant capsid antigens. overall, nv ...	1998	9798035
distribution of norwalk virus within shellfish following bioaccumulation and subsequent depuration by detection using rt-pcr.	consumption of raw bivalve mollusks contaminated with pathogens from human feces continues to present a human health risk. the purpose of this study was to monitor the uptake, localization, and removal of norwalk virus (nv) in shellfish (oyster and clam) tissues by analyzing virus distribution in selected dissected tissues. live shellfish were allowed to bioaccumulate different input titers of nv for time periods from 4 to 24 h. in some experiments, depuration by shellfish that bioaccumulated nv ...	1998	9874348
[detection of small round structured virus from oysters by rt-pcr].		1998	9916423
[rotavirus and other viruses of diarrhea].	rotaviruses represent 80% of recognized viral etiologies and 140 million cases of diarrhea per year. they strike young children with similar frequency throughout the world, but the mortality rate is high in developing countries only, with some 870,000 deaths per year (who, 1997). rotaviruses belong to the family of reoviridae; they are segmented bicatenary rna viruses, which explains their genetic variability, the presence of mixed infections, the establishment for some time already of a molecul ...	1998	10078381
use of heat release and an internal rna standard control in reverse transcription-pcr detection of norwalk virus from stool samples.	norwalk virus (nv) and the norwalk-like viruses are important human pathogens that cause epidemic acute viral gastroenteritis. current techniques used to recover nv from clinical samples involve multistep viral extraction and elution procedures with subsequent viral detection by reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr). in this study, a simple method using heat to recover viral rna from 45 stool samples was compared to a conventional viral rna extraction technique, with subsequent analysis by rt-pcr. ...	1997	9003630
prevalence of antibodies to human caliciviruses (hucvs) in kuwait established by elisa using baculovirus-expressed capsid antigens representing two genogroups of hucvs.	baculovirus recombinant-expressed antigens of norwalk viruses (rnv) and a mexico strain (rmx) of the snow mountain serogroup of human caliciviruses (hucvs) were used in enzyme immunoassays to study the antibody prevalence among the kuwaiti population and foreign workers employed in kuwait. the antibody titers in 16 different age groups which ranged from neonates to centenarians were investigated by testing eight different dilutions of each serum (1:200-1:25,600). the results indicate that nv inf ...	1997	9021541
molecular characterization of morphologically typical human calicivirus sapporo.	human calicivirus sapporo (sv) has typical calicivirus morphology and causes acute gastroenteritis in children. the nucleotide sequence of 3.2 kb of the 3' end of sv was determined from a cloned cdna. the 3' end of the sv genome is predicted to encode the rna-dependent rna polymerase region, the capsid protein and two small open reading frames. the nonstructural and capsid protein coding sequences in the sv genome are fused in a single open reading frame. the organization of these proteins in th ...	1997	9672617
possible prolonged environmental survival of small round structured viruses.		1997	9152829
[acute gastroenteritis caused by small round viruses].		1997	9153863
sequence analysis of srsv in fecal specimens from an epidemic of infantile gastroenteritis, october to december 1995, japan.	from october to december in 1995, an epidemic of infantile gastroenteritis occurred all over japan except in hokkaido and okinawa prefectures. the number of infected infants and young children was estimated to be over 5 million cases [editorial, iasr 1996]. the stool specimens from patients were examined for the presence of small round structured viruses (srsvs) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nucleotide sequencing of parts of the rna-dependent rna polymerase regi ...	1997	9260683
expression and self-assembly of recombinant capsid protein from the antigenically distinct hawaii human calicivirus.	the norwalk and hawaii viruses are antigenically distinct members of the family caliciviridae and are considered to be important etiologic agents of epidemic gastroenteritis, with most studies focusing on the role of norwalk virus. to further investigate the importance of hawaii virus, hawaii virus-like particles (vlps) were produced by expression of its capsid protein in the baculovirus system and these vlps were used as the antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that was efficient in ...	1997	9196224
outbreak of small round structured virus gastroenteritis arose after kitchen assistant vomited.	a wedding reception at a north yorkshire hotel was followed by an explosive outbreak of gastroenteritis. the attack rate among the 111 guests was 50% and vomiting was a predominant feature. the results of laboratory and epidemiological investigations were consistent with a common source outbreak of small round structured virus (srsv) infection genotype ii. the source of the outbreak was traced to a kitchen assistant who suddenly became ill on the eve of the reception and vomited into a sink used ...	1997	9219424
outbreak of viral gastroenteritis due to a contaminated well. international consequences.	small round-structured viruses (srsvs) are known to cause viral gastroenteritis, but until now have not been confirmed in the implicated vehicle in outbreaks.	1997	9268277
rt-pcr detection of rna viruses in stool specimens.		1997	9343674
mixed genogroup srsv infections among a party of canoeists exposed to contaminated recreational water.	samples of faeces collected from a party of canoeists involved in a gastroenteritis outbreak were examined by electron microscopy and rt-pcr for evidence of infection with srsvs. a broadly reactive primer pair was used to detect srsvs followed by application of genogroup-specific primers to srsv-positive specimens. exposure data were collected by means of a questionnaire. srsvs were detected in 1/4 specimens examined by em and 3/4 by rt-pcr. genogrouping, and sequencing of pcr products revealed ...	1997	9260692
water-related disease in florida: continuing threats require vigilance.		1997	9360354
an outbreak of norwalk virus gastroenteritis following consumption of oysters.	in august 1996, an outbreak of norwalk virus gastroenteritis occurred among south-east queensland and northern new south wales residents over a four week period. ninety-two of the 97 cases detected were confirmed as having consumed raw oysters within three days prior to developing the illness. no other food items or beverages were significantly associated with the illness. environmental investigations indicated the terranora broadwater, tweed heads as the origin of the contaminated oysters. howe ...	1997	9375446