Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| fundamental difference in the content of high-mannose carbohydrate in the hiv-1 and hiv-2 lineages. | the virus-encoded envelope proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) typically contain 26 to 30 sites for n-linked carbohydrate attachment. n-linked carbohydrate can be of three major types: high mannose, complex, or hybrid. the lectin proteins from galanthus nivalis (gna) and hippeastrum hybrid (hha), which specifically bind high-mannose carbohydrate, were found to potently inhibit the replication of a pathogenic cloned siv from rhesus macaques, sivm ... | 2010 | 20610711 |
| sensitivity of five rapid hiv tests on oral fluid or finger-stick whole blood: a real-time comparison in a healthcare setting. | health authorities in several countries recently recommended the expansion of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody testing, including the use of rapid tests. several hiv rapid tests are now licensed in europe but their sensitivity on total blood and/or oral fluid in routine healthcare settings is not known. | 2010 | 20657834 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis-b surface antigenaemia in hiv positive patients. | hepatitis b virus (hbv) co-infection with hiv is a potential and significant cause of mortality and morbidity in hiv-positive patients. | 2010 | 20665460 |
| endogenous cd317/tetherin limits replication of hiv-1 and murine leukemia virus in rodent cells and is resistant to antagonists from primate viruses. | human cd317 (bst-2/tetherin) is an intrinsic immunity factor that blocks the release of retroviruses, filoviruses, herpesviruses, and arenaviruses. it is unclear whether cd317 expressed endogenously in rodent cells has the capacity to interfere with the replication of the retroviral rodent pathogen murine leukemia virus (mlv) or, in the context of small-animal model development, contributes to the well-established late-phase restriction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). here, we sh ... | 2010 | 20702620 |
| iatrogenic transmission of human t cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and hepatitis c virus through parenteral treatment and chemoprophylaxis of sleeping sickness in colonial equatorial africa. | the simultaneous emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 group m and hiv-2 into human populations, circa 1921-1940, is attributed to urbanization and changes in sexual behavior. we hypothesized that the initial dissemination of hiv-1, before sexual transmission predominated, was facilitated by the administration, via reusable syringes and needles, of parenteral drugs against tropical diseases. as proxies for highly lethal hiv-1, we investigated risk factors for hepatitis c virus (hcv) ... | 2010 | 20735238 |
| mother-to-child transmission of hiv-2 infection from 1986 to 2007 in the anrs french perinatal cohort epf-co1. | management of pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 infection remains unclear because of its low prevalence and important differences from hiv-1. methods: pregnant women monoinfected with hiv-2 or hiv-1 and their infants enrolled in the prospective, national, multicenter french perinatal cohort between 1986 and 2007. | 2010 | 20804413 |
| trim5 suppresses cross-species transmission of a primate immunodeficiency virus and selects for emergence of resistant variants in the new species. | simian immunodeficiency viruses of sooty mangabeys (sivsm) are the source of multiple, successful cross-species transmissions, having given rise to hiv-2 in humans, sivmac in rhesus macaques, and sivstm in stump-tailed macaques. cellular assays and phylogenetic comparisons indirectly support a role for trim5alpha, the product of the trim5 gene, in suppressing interspecies transmission and emergence of retroviruses in nature. here, we investigate the in vivo role of trim5 directly, focusing on tr ... | 2010 | 20808775 |
| multiple sites in the n-terminal half of simian immunodeficiency virus capsid protein contribute to evasion from rhesus monkey trim5α-mediated restriction. | we previously reported that cynomolgus monkey (cm) trim5α could restrict human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) strains carrying a proline at the 120th position of the capsid protein (ca), but it failed to restrict those with a glutamine or an alanine. in contrast, rhesus monkey (rh) trim5α could restrict all hiv-2 strains tested but not simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from macaque (sivmac), despite its genetic similarity to hiv-2. | 2010 | 20825647 |
| seroprevalence of hepatitis b and c virus in hiv-1 and hiv-2 infected gambians. | the prevalence of hiv/hepatitis co-infection in sub-saharan africa is not well documented, while both hiv and hbv are endemic in this area. | 2010 | 20843322 |
| potent and broadly reactive hiv-2 neutralizing antibodies elicited by a vaccinia virus vector prime-c2v3c3 polypeptide boost immunization strategy. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection affects about 1 to 2 million individuals, the majority living in west africa, europe, and india. as for hiv-1, new strategies for the prevention of hiv-2 infection are needed. our aim was to produce new vaccine immunogens that elicit the production of broadly reactive hiv-2 neutralizing antibodies (nabs). native and truncated envelope proteins from the reference hiv-2ali isolate were expressed in vaccinia virus or in bacteria. this source iso ... | 2010 | 20844029 |
| a novel envelope mediated post entry restriction of murine leukaemia virus in human cells is ref1/trim5α independent. | 'intrinsic' resistance to retroviral infection was first recognised with the friend virus susceptibility gene (fv1), which determines susceptibility to murine leukaemia virus (mlv) infection in different murine species. similarly, the tripartite motif (trim) family of proteins determine lentiviral restriction in a primate host-species specific manner. for example rhesus trim5α (rhtrim5α) can potently restrict hiv-1 infection while human trim5α (hutrim5α) only has a mild effect on sivmac and hiv- ... | 2010 | 20929586 |
| screening of tanzanian medicinal plants against plasmodium falciparum and human immunodeficiency virus. | medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases in bunda district, tanzania, were screened for activity against plasmodium falciparum and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1, iiib strain) and type 2 (hiv-2, rod strain). antiplasmodial activity was observed for the 80 % meoh extract of ormocarpum kirkii (root; mic = 31.25 microg/ml), combretum adenogonium (leaves), euphorbia tirucalli (root), harrisonia abyssinica (root), rhynchosia sublobata (root), sesbania sesban (root), tithonia div ... | 2010 | 19653145 |
| changes in the level of apoptosis-related proteins in jurkat cells infected with hiv-1 versus hiv-2. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection-induced apoptosis of infected cd4 t cells as well as uninfected (bystander) cd4 t cells and other types of cells is a major factor in the pathogenesis of aids. clinically, hiv-2 patients have a higher cd4 cell count at the time of an aids diagnosis, and generally have longer survival after development of symptoms. the mortality after an aids diagnosis has been reported to be more influenced by cd4 cell count than hiv type. previous studies have shown ... | 2010 | 19841866 |
| label-free electrochemical dna biosensor array for simultaneous detection of the hiv-1 and hiv-2 oligonucleotides incorporating different hairpin-dna probes and redox indicator. | a label-free electrochemical dna biosensor array was developed as a model system for simultaneous detection of multiplexed dnas using microlitres of sample. a novel multi-electrode array was comprised of six gold working electrodes and a gold auxiliary electrode, which were fabricated by gold sputtering technology, and a printed ag/agcl reference electrode was fabricated by screen-printing technology. the dna biosensor array for simultaneous detection of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) ol ... | 2010 | 19850463 |
| debio-025 inhibits hiv-1 by interfering with an early event in the replication cycle. | cyclophilin a is a peptidyl-propyl isomerase that binds the capsid (p24) protein of hiv-1 and facilitates replication. we report a cyclophilin inhibitor, a non-immunosuppressive cyclosporine analogue, debio-025, that is about 15-times more potent than cyclosporine a and less toxic resulting in a selectivity index of more than 300. it was equally active against virus strains that were resistant toward inhibitors of the viral entry, fusion, or reverse transcription while it was not inhibitory to h ... | 2010 | 19857522 |
| antiviral efficacy of the novel compound bit225 against hiv-1 release from human macrophages. | building on previous findings that amiloride analogues inhibit hiv-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (mdm), biotron limited has generated a library of over 300 small-molecule compounds with significant improvements in anti-hiv-1 activity. our lead compound, bit225, blocks vpu ion channel activity and also shows anti-hiv-1 activity, with a 50% effective concentration of 2.25+/-0.23 microm (mean+/-the standard error) and minimal in vitro toxicity (50% toxic concentration, 284 microm) i ... | 2010 | 19995924 |
| pradimicin s, a highly soluble nonpeptidic small-size carbohydrate-binding antibiotic, is an anti-hiv drug lead for both microbicidal and systemic use. | pradimicin s (prm-s) is a highly water-soluble, negatively charged derivative of the antibiotic pradimicin a (prm-a) in which the terminal xylose moiety has been replaced by 3-sulfated glucose. prm-s does not prevent human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) adsorption on cd4(+) t cells, but it blocks virus entry into its target cells. it inhibits a wide variety of hiv-1 laboratory strains and clinical isolates, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) in various cell culture systems (50% and 90% ... | 2010 | 20047920 |
| treatment preferences: impact of risk and benefit in decision-making. | understanding treatment preferences of seriously ill patients is complex. previous studies have shown a correlation between the burden and outcome of a treatment and the likelihood a patient will accept a given intervention. in this study the willingness to accept life sustaining treatment (walt) survey was used in a predominantly latino population receiving care at a large urban safety net hospital. eligible patients were cared for by one of four clinics: (1) human immunodeficiency virus (hiv); ... | 2010 | 20050792 |
| the importance of hiv antenatal screening programs for pregnant women. | to investigate retrospectively the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and 2 among pregnant women during a 10-year period. | 2010 | 20062902 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by triciribine involves the accessory protein nef. | triciribine (tcn) is a tricyclic nucleoside that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication by a unique mechanism not involving the inhibition of enzymes directly involved in viral replication. this activity requires the phosphorylation of tcn to its 5' monophosphate by intracellular adenosine kinase. new testing with a panel of hiv and simian immunodeficiency virus isolates, including low-passage-number clinical isolates and selected subgroups of hiv-1, multidrug resistant ... | 2010 | 20086149 |
| inhibition of hiv-1 replication by a bis-thiadiazolbenzene-1,2-diamine that chelates zinc ions from retroviral nucleocapsid zinc fingers. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nucleocapsid p7 (ncp7) protein holds two highly conserved "cchc" zinc finger domains that are required for several phases of viral replication. basic residues flank the zinc fingers, and both determinants are required for high-affinity binding to rna. several compounds were previously found to target ncp7 by reacting with the sulfhydryl group of cysteine residues from the zinc fingers. here, we have identified an n,n'-bis(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)benz ... | 2010 | 20124006 |
| low prevalence rate of indeterminate serological human immunodeficiency virus results among pregnant women from burkina faso, west africa. | rapid human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody tests have been adopted into national guidelines for hiv testing in many countries in sub-saharan africa. one goal of hiv rapid testing is to minimize the occurrence of indeterminate results. from january 2005 to december 2007, plasma (or serum) samples from pregnant women in bobo-dioulasso (burkina faso, west africa) were screened for hiv by using two rapid tests (the determine hiv1/2 test [abbott] and genie ii hiv-1/hiv-2 [bio-rad]) through a s ... | 2010 | 20129958 |
| lentiviral nef proteins utilize pak2-mediated deregulation of cofilin as a general strategy to interfere with actin remodeling. | nef is an accessory protein and pathogenicity factor of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) which elevates virus replication in vivo. we recently described for hiv type 1(sf2) (hiv-1(sf2)) the potent interference of nef with t-lymphocyte chemotaxis via its association with the cellular kinase pak2. mechanistic analysis revealed that this interaction results in deregulation of the actin-severing factor cofilin and thus blocks the chemokine-mediated actin rem ... | 2010 | 20147394 |
| performance evaluation of the new roche cobas ampliprep/cobas taqman hiv-1 test version 2.0 for quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 rna. | despite fda approval and ce marking of commercial tests, manufacturer-independent testing of the technical aspects of newly developed tests is important. to evaluate the analytical performance and explore the clinical applicability of the new roche cobas ampliprep cobas taqman hiv-1 test, version 2.0 (cap/ctm v2.0), platform comparison was performed with the roche cap/ctm test, version 2.0, the cobas amplicor hiv-1 monitor test, version 1.5 (cap/ca v1.5), the cobas ampliprep cobas taqman hiv-1 t ... | 2010 | 20164281 |
| anti-tetherin activities in vpu-expressing primate lentiviruses. | the anti-viral activity of the cellular restriction factor, bst-2/tetherin, was first observed as an ability to block the release of vpu-minus hiv-1 from the surface of infected cells. however, tetherin restriction is also counteracted by primate lentiviruses that do not express a vpu protein, where anti-tetherin functions are provided by either the env protein (hiv-2, sivtan) or the nef protein (sivsm/mac and sivagm). within the primate lentiviruses, vpu is also present in the genomes of sivcpz ... | 2010 | 20167081 |
| interaction of vpx and apolipoprotein b mrna-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 family member a (apobec3a) correlates with efficient lentivirus infection of monocytes. | the accessory protein vpx is encoded by lentiviruses of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and the simian immunodeficiency sivsm/sivmac lineage. it is packaged into virions and is indispensable in early steps of monocyte infection. hiv-1, which does not encode vpx, is not able to infect human monocytes, but vpx enables infection with hiv-1. the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. in this work, we focus on vpx-mediated intracellular postentry events as counteraction of ... | 2010 | 20178977 |
| microbial translocation correlates with the severity of both hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. | microbial translocation has been linked to systemic immune activation during human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 infection. here, we show that an elevated level of microbial translocation, measured as plasma lipopolysaccharide (lps) concentration, correlates with aids in both individuals infected with hiv type 1 and individuals infected with hiv type 2. lps concentration also correlates with cd4+ t cell count and viral load independently of hiv type. furthermore, elevated plasma lps concen ... | 2010 | 20199244 |
| a rapid and automated sample-to-result hiv load test for near-patient application. | current viral load tests for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) can only be performed in laboratory environments, require highly trained operators and expensive equipment, and have a turnaround time of several hours to days. the liat hiv quant assay proves that such nucleic acid testing can be performed rapidly and easily, allowing application at the point of care. | 2010 | 20225947 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(hydroxyimino)arylmethyl diarylpyrimidine analogues as potential non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against hiv. | a series of novel diarylpyrimidine analogues featuring a hydroxyiminomethyl group between the pyrimidine scaffold and the aryl wing i have been synthesized and tested in mt-4 cells culture as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). most of these new congeners exhibited moderate to excellent activity against wild-type virus with an ec(50) value ranging from 0.569microm to 0.005microm. 4-(4-((hydroxyimino) (3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)pyrimidin-2-ylam ... | 2010 | 20307984 |
| dipyridodiazepinone analogs as human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: an overview. | according to world health organization (who)/joint united nations programme on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) (unaids) report in 2007, 33.2 million people are living with hiv, 2.5 million ones have been newly infected with hiv, and 2.1 million ones died from aids, including 330,000 children. therefore, hiv/aids still remains a public health emergency and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. it is believed that reverse transcriptase (rt) is a cruc ... | 2010 | 20377515 |
| limelight on two hiv/siv accessory proteins in macrophage infection: is vpx overshadowing vpr? | hiv viruses encode a set of accessory proteins, which are important determinants of virulence due to their ability to manipulate the host cell physiology for the benefit of the virus. although these viral proteins are dispensable for viral growth in many in vitro cell culture systems, they influence the efficiency of viral replication in certain cell types. macrophages are early targets of hiv infection which play a major role in viral dissemination and persistence in the organism. this review f ... | 2010 | 20380700 |
| higher mortality in hiv-2/htlv-1 co-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea-bissau, west africa, compared to hiv-2-positive htlv-1-negative patients. | to investigate the effect of human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) on cd4 counts and mortality in tuberculosis (tb) patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). | 2010 | 20395161 |
| highly avid, oligoclonal, early-differentiated antigen-specific cd8+ t cells in chronic hiv-2 infection. | hiv-1-specific cd8(+) t cells are present in most hiv-1-infected people and play an important role in controlling viral replication, but the characteristics of an effective hiv-specific t-cell response are largely unknown. the majority of hiv-2-infected people behave as long-term non-progressors while those who progress to aids do so in a manner indistinguishable from hiv-1. a detailed study of hiv-2 infection may identify protective immune responses. robust gag p26-specific t-cell responses are ... | 2010 | 20411566 |
| syndecan-fc hybrid molecule as a potent in vitro microbicidal anti-hiv-1 agent. | in the absence of a vaccine, there is an urgent need for the development of safe and effective topical microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). in this study, we proposed to develop a novel class of microbicides using syndecan as the antiviral agent. specifically, we generated a soluble syndecan-fc hybrid molecule by fusing the ectodomain of syndecan-1 to the fc domain of a human igg. we then tested the syndecan-fc hybrid molecule for variou ... | 2010 | 20439611 |
| functional hiv-2- and sivsmmpbj- derived lentiviral vectors generated by a novel polymerase chain reaction-based approach. | lentiviral vectors allow stable gene transfer into nonreplicating cells and are increasingly used in clinical gene therapy approaches. vectors derived from different origins can show distinct target cell transduction properties. therefore, the construction of modern vector systems of different viral origin remains desirable. the generation of safe and efficient lentivirus-derived transfer vectors by gradual enhancing cloning steps is a time-consuming process that depends on the presence of suita ... | 2010 | 20440755 |
| ebola virus glycoprotein counteracts bst-2/tetherin restriction in a sequence-independent manner that does not require tetherin surface removal. | bst-2/tetherin is an interferon-inducible protein that restricts the release of enveloped viruses from the surface of infected cells by physically linking viral and cellular membranes. it is present at both the cell surface and in a perinuclear region, and viral anti-tetherin factors including hiv-1 vpu and hiv-2 env have been shown to decrease the cell surface population. to map the domains of human tetherin necessary for both virus restriction and sensitivity to viral anti-tetherin factors, we ... | 2010 | 20444895 |
| hiv-2 crf01_ab: first circulating recombinant form of hiv-2. | five hiv-2-seropositive cases were recently identified in japan, outside the hiv-2 endemic area of west africa. to clarify the molecular epidemiology of hiv-2 in japan, we analyzed sequences of these cases in detail. | 2010 | 20502347 |
| hiv-2 capsids distinguish high and low virus load patients in a west african community cohort. | hiv-2 causes aids similar to hiv-1, however a considerable proportion of hiv-2 infected patients show no disease and have low plasma virus load (vl). an analysis of hiv-2 capsid (p26) variation demonstrated that proline at p26 positions 119, 159 and 178 are more frequent in lower vl subjects while non-proline residues at all three sites are more frequent in subjects with high vl. in vitro replication levels of viruses bearing changes at the three sites suggested that these three residues influen ... | 2010 | 20510746 |
| influence of hla class i and hla-kir compound genotypes on hiv-2 infection and markers of disease progression in a manjako community in west africa. | overall, the time to aids after hiv-2 infection is longer than with hiv-1, and many individuals infected with hiv-2 virus remain healthy throughout their lives. multiple hla and kir gene products have been implicated in the control of hiv-1, but the effect of variation at these loci on hiv-2 disease is unknown. we show here for the first time that hla-b*1503 is associated significantly with poor prognosis after hiv-2 infection and that hla-b*0801 is associated with susceptibility to infection. i ... | 2010 | 20519398 |
| structure-activity analysis of vinylogous urea inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus-encoded ribonuclease h. | vinylogous ureas 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4h-cyclohepta[b]thiophene-3-carboxamide and n-[3-(aminocarbonyl)-4,5-dimethyl-2-thienyl]-2-furancarboxamide (compounds 1 and 2, respectively) were recently identified to be modestly potent inhibitors of the rnase h activity of hiv-1 and hiv-2 reverse transcriptase (rt). both compounds shared a 3-conh(2)-substituted thiophene ring but were otherwise structurally unrelated, which prevented a precise definition of the pharmacophore. we have therefore exam ... | 2010 | 20547794 |
| [current situation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and human t lymphotropic virus in spain]. | the spanish hiv-2 and htlv group was founded in 1989. since then, a total of 144 cases of htlv-1 and 717 cases of infection with htlv-2 have been reported. most patients infected with htlv-1 are immigrants from latin america and sub-saharan africa. a total of 34 patients had developed diseases associated with htlv-1: 21 tropical spastic paraparesis and 13 leukemias. the profile of patients infected with htlv-2 is of males, native spaniards, intravenous drug users and coinfected with hiv-1. the m ... | 2010 | 20570417 |
| semen-mediated enhancement of hiv infection is donor-dependent and correlates with the levels of sevi. | hiv-1 is usually transmitted in the presence of semen. we have shown that semen boosts hiv-1 infection and contains fragments of prostatic acid phosphatase (pap) forming amyloid aggregates termed sevi (semen-derived enhancer of viral infection) that promote virion attachment to target cells. despite its importance for the global spread of hiv-1, however, the effect of semen on virus infection is controversial. | 2010 | 20573198 |
| improving hiv-2 detection by a combination of serological and nucleic acid amplification test assays. | the ability to detect hiv-2 and to discriminate between hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections was evaluated in 46 serum samples from guinea-bissau (gb) and guinea-conakry (gc) using serological tests and commercial (hiv-1) and in-house (hiv-2) real-time pcr assays. samples were first identified as hiv-2 positive by genie i/ii assay in gb and gc. hiv positivity was detected in 44 of 46 samples by all screening and confirmatory assays. a diagnostic strategy based on inno-lia and hiv-1/2 rna detection assays ... | 2010 | 20573872 |
| cd4+ lymphocyte values and trends in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus and/or co-infected with hepatitis c virus in the gambia. | this study was undertaken to monitor the cd4+ lymphocyte count in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and/or co-infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv) and to compare this with the counts in normal individuals in the gambia. | 2009 | 20589139 |
| concentrated and linked epidemics of both hsv-2 and hiv-1/hiv-2 infections in senegal: public health impacts of the spread of hiv. | the objective of this article is to report seroprevalences on hiv and herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) in female sex workers (fsw) and in two sentinel populations of pregnant women living in senegal. serosurveys of hiv and hsv-2 were conducted in two unselected sentinel populations from dakar, senegal, and its provinces, including in 2003 only pregnant women and 2006 pregnant women and fsw. the population study involved 888 pregnant women and 604 fsw. in pregnant women, hiv and hsv-2 seroprevalenc ... | 2009 | 19875833 |
| emergence of multiclass drug-resistance in hiv-2 in antiretroviral-treated individuals in senegal: implications for hiv-2 treatment in resouce-limited west africa. | the efficacy of various antiretroviral (arv) therapy regimens for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection remains unclear. hiv-2 is intrinsically resistant to the nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and to enfuvirtide and may also be less susceptible than hiv-1 to some protease inhibitors (pis). however, the mutations in hiv-2 that confer arv resistance are not well characterized. | 2009 | 19143530 |
| hiv-1 exploits importin 7 to maximize nuclear import of its dna genome. | nuclear import of the hiv-1 reverse transcription complex (rtc) is critical for infection of non dividing cells, and importin 7 (imp7) has been implicated in this process. to further characterize the function of imp7 in hiv-1 replication we generated cell lines stably depleted for imp7 and used them in conjunction with infection, cellular fractionation and pull-down assays. | 2009 | 19193229 |
| characterization of hiv-2 chimeric viruses unable to use ccr5 and cxcr4 coreceptors. | we have previously shown the existence of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 isolates (mic97 and mjc97) unable to use major coreceptors to entry into peripheral blood mononuclear cells, including ccr5 and cxcr4. we have now created a set of chimeric viruses derived from hiv-2(rod), to study the contribution of env gene products in chemokine receptors usage and replication kinetics phenotype. the results obtained indicate that an env gene fragment, corresponding to the c1-c4 region of su ... | 2009 | 19200444 |
| prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2, hepatitis c and co-infection in the gambia. | in most west african countries, the distribution and risk factors for co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) is unknown despite the current hiv epidemic and evidence of increasing prevalence of hcv in the region. | 2009 | 19662739 |
| coinfection of ugandan red colobus (procolobus [piliocolobus] rufomitratus tephrosceles) with novel, divergent delta-, lenti-, and spumaretroviruses. | nonhuman primates host a plethora of potentially zoonotic microbes, with simian retroviruses receiving heightened attention due to their roles in the origins of human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2. however, incomplete taxonomic and geographic sampling of potential hosts, especially the african colobines, has left the full range of primate retrovirus diversity unexplored. blood samples collected from 31 wild-living red colobus monkeys (procolobus [piliocolobus] rufomitratus te ... | 2009 | 19692478 |
| web interface-supported transmission risk assessment and cost-effectiveness analysis of postdonation screening: a global model applied to ghana, thailand, and the netherlands. | the goal of our research was to actively involve decision makers in the economic assessment of screening strategies in their region. this study attempted to accomplish this by providing an easy-to-use web interface at http://www.bloodsafety.info that allows decision makers to adapt this model to local conditions. | 2009 | 19709093 |
| the phthalocyanine prototype derivative alcian blue is the first synthetic agent with selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity due to its gp120 glycan-binding potential. | alcian blue (ab), a phthalocyanine derivative, is able to prevent infection by a wide spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus strains in various cell types [t cells, (co)receptor-transfected cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells]. with the exception of herpes simplex virus, ab is inactive against a broad variety of other (dna and rna) viruses. time-of-addition studies show that ab prevents hiv-1 infection at the virus entry stage, ... | 2009 | 19721061 |
| inhibition of t-cell receptor-induced actin remodeling and relocalization of lck are evolutionarily conserved activities of lentiviral nef proteins. | nef, an important pathogenicity factor of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), elevates virus replication in vivo. among other activities, nef affects t-cell receptor (tcr) signaling via several mechanisms. for hiv-1 nef these include alteration of the organization and function of the immunological synapse (is) such as relocalization of the lck kinase, as well as early inhibition of tcr/cd3 complex (tcr-cd3)-mediated actin rearrangements and tyrosine phosph ... | 2009 | 19726522 |
| antagonism to and intracellular sequestration of human tetherin by the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoprotein. | tetherin (cd317/bst-2), an interferon-induced membrane protein, restricts the release of nascent retroviral particles from infected cell surfaces. while human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) encodes the accessory gene vpu to overcome the action of tetherin, the lineage of primate lentiviruses that gave rise to hiv-2 does not. it has been previously reported that the hiv-2 envelope glycoprotein has a vpu-like function in promoting virus release. here we demonstrate that the hiv-2 rod envelo ... | 2009 | 19740980 |
| the cdk inhibitor p21cip1/waf1 is induced by fcgammar activation and restricts the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and related primate lentiviruses in human macrophages. | macrophages are major targets of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). we have previously shown that aggregation of activating immunoglobulin g fc receptors (fcgammar) by immune complexes inhibits reverse transcript accumulation and integration of hiv-1 and related lentiviruses in monocyte-derived macrophages. here, we show that fcgammar-mediated restriction of hiv-1 is not due to enhanced degradation of incoming viral proteins or cdna and is associated to the induction of the cyclin-depe ... | 2009 | 19759136 |
| active site remodeling switches hiv specificity of antiretroviral trimcyp. | trimcyps are primate antiretroviral proteins that potently inhibit hiv replication. here we describe how rhesus macaque trimcyp (rhtc) has evolved to target and restrict hiv-2. we show that the ancestral cyclophilin a (cypa) domain of rhtc targets hiv-2 capsid with weak affinity, which is strongly increased in rhtc by two mutations (d66n and r69h) at the expense of hiv-1 binding. these mutations disrupt a constraining intramolecular interaction in cypa, triggering the complete restructuring (>16 ... | 2009 | 19767750 |
| molecular characterization of the env gene of two ccr5/cxcr4-independent human immunodeficiency 2 primary isolates. | human immunodeficiency virus 2 (hiv-2) infection is characterized by a slower disease progression and lower transmission rates. the molecular features that could be assigned as directly involved in this in vivo phenotype remain essentially unknown, and the importance of hiv-2 as a model to understand pathogenicity of hiv infection has been frequently underestimated. the early events of the hiv replication cycle involve the interaction between viral envelope glycoproteins and cellular receptors: ... | 2009 | 19774680 |
| downregulation of the t-cell receptor by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 nef does not protect against disease progression. | chronic immune activation is thought to play a major role in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) pathogenesis, but the relative contributions of multiple factors to immune activation are not known. one proposed mechanism to protect against immune activation is the ability of nef proteins from some hiv and simian immunodeficiency virus strains to downregulate the t-cell receptor (tcr)-cd3 complex of the infected cell, thereby reducing the potential for deleterious activation. hiv type 1 (hiv-1) ne ... | 2009 | 19812166 |
| biochemical and virological analysis of the 18-residue c-terminal tail of hiv-1 integrase. | the 18 residue tail abutting the sh3 fold that comprises the heart of the c-terminal domain is the only part of hiv-1 integrase yet to be visualized by structural biology. to ascertain the role of the tail region in integrase function and hiv-1 replication, a set of deletion mutants that successively lacked three amino acids was constructed and analyzed in a variety of biochemical and virus infection assays. hiv-1/2 chimers, which harbored the analogous 23-mer hiv-2 tail in place of the hiv-1 se ... | 2009 | 19840380 |
| the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx protein usurps the cul4a-ddb1 dcaf1 ubiquitin ligase to overcome a postentry block in macrophage infection. | the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) genomes encode several auxiliary proteins that have increasingly shown their importance in the virus-host relationship. one of these proteins, vpx, is unique to the hiv-2/sivsm lineage and is critical for viral replication in macrophages. the functional basis for this requirement, as well as the vpx mode of action, has remained unexplained, and it is all the more enigmatic that hiv type 1 (hiv-1), which has no vpx cou ... | 2009 | 19264781 |
| human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigens and rna in hiv-seronegative women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. | while investigating whether proteins retrieved by cervicovaginal lavages (cvl) from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) might correlate with risk of progression to invasive cervical cancer, we unexpectedly identified hiv gag and env glycoprotein in cvl from women with hiv-negative serology. hiv antigens were consistently identified by mass spectrometry (ms) in cvl from 4 women but were absent in cvl from the remaining 16 women. hiv serologies of all 20 patients were negative for ... | 2009 | 19292595 |
| high titer hiv-1 v3-specific antibodies with broad reactivity but low neutralizing potency in acute infection and following vaccination. | identifying the earliest neutralizing antibody specificities that are elicited following infection or vaccination by hiv-1 is an important objective of current hiv/aids vaccine research. we have shown previously that transplantation of hiv-1 v3 epitopes into an hiv-2 envelope (env) scaffold provides a sensitive and specific means to detect and quantify hiv-1 v3 epitope specific neutralizing antibodies (nabs) in human sera. here, we employ this hiv-2/hiv-1 v3 scaffolding strategy to study the kin ... | 2009 | 19298995 |
| dendritic cell differentiation and maturation in the presence of hiv type 2 envelope. | dendritic cells (dcs) are fundamental for the initiation of immune responses and are important players in aids immunopathogenesis. impairment of dc function may result from bystander effects of hiv-1 envelope proteins independently of direct hiv-1 infection. hiv-2 envelope proteins are thought to interact with a broader range of receptors than those of hiv-1, and have been shown to have t cell immunosuppressive properties mediated by monocytes. the effects of hiv-2 envelope on dc differentiation ... | 2009 | 19320568 |
| synthesis, antiviral and anticancer activity of some novel thioureas derived from n-(4-nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl)-methanesulfonamide. | due to a continuing effort to develop new antiviral agents, a series of 1-[4-(methanesulfonamido)-3-phenoxyphenyl]-3-alkyl/aryl thioureas 3a-i have been synthesized by the reaction of alkyl/aryl isothiocyanates with 4-amino-2-phenoxymethanesulfonanilide. these derivatives were structurally characterized by the use of spectral techniques and evaluated for their anticancer and antiviral activities. none of the tested compounds showed significant anticancer properties on a549 and l929 cell lines. a ... | 2009 | 19324473 |
| hiv diversity in venezuela: predominance of hiv type 1 subtype b and genomic characterization of non-b variants. | the aim of this study was the analysis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) diversity in venezuela, and the characterization of variants other than subtype b. a total of 425 hiv isolates, collected between 2003 and 2008, were analyzed. the sequence of at least one genomic region (pol, env, vif, or nef ) was available for all of them and at least two genomic regions were analyzed in 46% of them. from the 425 hiv isolates analyzed, 421 (99.1%) were classified as hiv-1 subtype b. the four non-subt ... | 2009 | 19327054 |
| the rna recognition mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 ncp8 is different from that of hiv-1 ncp7. | the nucleocapsid (nc) protein of hiv, which contains two cchc-type zinc fingers connected by a linker, is a multifunctional protein involved in many of the critical steps of the hiv life cycle. hiv-1 and hiv-2 contain nc proteins ncp7 and ncp8, respectively. the amino acid sequences of both nc proteins are 67% identical. for ncp7, the important elements for rna binding were found to be the first zinc finger flanked by the linker, as the minimal active domain, and the 3(10) helix in the n-terminu ... | 2009 | 19334676 |
| impact of a single amino acid in the variable region 2 of the old world monkey trim5alpha spry (b30.2) domain on anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 2 activity. | variable region 1 (v1) of the spry domain of trim5alpha is a major determinant for species-specific virus restriction in primates. we previously reported that a chimeric trim5alpha containing baboon v1 in the background of cynomolgus monkey trim5alpha showed potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) activity. since baboons are reportedly sensitive to hiv-2 infection, there was a discrepancy between the ability of baboon trim5alpha v1 to restrict hiv-2 and baboon sensitivity to hiv- ... | 2009 | 19342071 |
| host cell-specific effects of lentiviral accessory proteins on the eukaryotic cell cycle progression. | lentiviral accessory proteins are thought to play important roles in regulating the viral replication through modulation of host cell functions. for example, vpr of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) induces the cell cycle g2 arrest in a host cell-specific manner. similarly, hiv-2 vpr, but not vpx, has been shown to induce g2 arrest in primate cells. it has also been reported that orf-a of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) induces g2 arrest in a simian cell line. however, activities o ... | 2009 | 19344781 |
| antiretroviral drug resistance in hiv-2: three amino acid changes are sufficient for classwide nucleoside analogue resistance. | genotypic surveys suggest that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 evolve different sets of mutations in response to nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (nrtis). we used site-directed mutagenesis, culture-based phenotyping, and cell-free assays to determine the resistance profiles conferred by specific amino acid replacements in hiv-2 reverse transcriptase. although thymidine analogue mutations had no effect on zidovudine sensitivity, the addition of q151m together with ... | 2009 | 19358668 |
| [human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and type 2 infections in spain: an update]. | 2009 | 19361888 | |
| [analysis of genetic recombination between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2]. | it is estimated that one million people are dually infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-i (hiv-1) and type-ii (hiv-2) in west africa and parts of india. hiv-1 and hiv-2 use the same receptor and coreceptors for entry into cells, and thus target the same cell populations in the host. additionally, we first examined whether rnas from hiv-1 and hiv-2 can be copackaged into the same virion. therefore these properties suggest that in the dually infected population, it is likely that some c ... | 2009 | 19364034 |
| hiv-1 superinfection in an hiv-2-infected woman with subsequent control of hiv-1 plasma viremia. | a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)-infected woman experienced asymptomatic superinfection with hiv-1 subtype ag. she did not have cross-neutralizing autologous hiv-1 antibodies before and shortly after hiv-1 superinfection. this evidence supports a mechanism other than cross-neutralizing antibodies for the mild course of hiv-1 infection in this woman. | 2009 | 19382874 |
| dating the age of the siv lineages that gave rise to hiv-1 and hiv-2. | great strides have been made in understanding the evolutionary history of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and the zoonoses that gave rise to hiv-1 and hiv-2. what remains unknown is how long these sivs had been circulating in non-human primates before the transmissions to humans. here, we use relaxed molecular clock dating techniques to estimate the time of most recent common ancestor for the sivs infecting chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys, the reservoirs of hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively. the ... | 2009 | 19412344 |
| synthesis and studies of new 2-(coumarin-4-yloxy)-4,6-(substituted)-s-triazine derivatives as potential anti-hiv agents. | novel 2-(coumarin-4-yloxy)-4,6-(substituted)-s-triazine derivatives i. e., diaryltriazine (data) are reported as novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis), were synthesized and their activities against human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1 (iii-b), hiv-2 (rod), and the double rt mutant hiv-1 (k103n and y181c) were assessed. modifications at positions 4 and 6 of the coumarinyl-triazine scaffold generated interesting derivatives displaying good to moderate anti-hiv activity again ... | 2009 | 19415671 |
| [iatrogenic cushing's syndrome, diabetes mellitus and secondary adrenal failure in a human immunodeficiency virus patient treated with ritonavir boosted atazanavir and fluticasone]. | ritonavir and atazanavir (atz) are protease inhibitors (pi) that inhibit the p450 3a4 cytochrome. they are used together to boost atz levels and reduce pill burden in human immunodeficiency virus infection, but association with medications metabolized by this cytochrome can cause serious adverse effects. several cases of cushing's syndrome have been reported when patients received inhaled therapy with fluticasone for asthma, sometimes complicated by secondary adrenal failure after stopping fluti ... | 2009 | 19419710 |
| virological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and in patients dually infected with hiv-1 and hiv-2 in the gambia and emergence of drug-resistant variants. | drug design, antiretroviral therapy (art), and drug resistance studies have focused almost exclusively on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), resulting in limited information for patients infected with hiv-2 and for those dually infected with hiv-1 and hiv-2. in this study, 20 patients, 12 infected with hiv-2 and 8 dually infected with hiv-1 and hiv-2, all treated with zidovudine (zdv), lamivudine (3tc), and lopinavir-ritonavir (lpv/r), were followed up longitudinally for about 3 years. ... | 2009 | 19420165 |
| species-specific activity of siv nef and hiv-1 vpu in overcoming restriction by tetherin/bst2. | tetherin, also known as bst2, cd317 or hm1.24, was recently identified as an interferon-inducible host-cell factor that interferes with the detachment of virus particles from infected cells. hiv-1 overcomes this restriction by expressing an accessory protein, vpu, which counteracts tetherin. since lentiviruses of the siv(smm/mac)/hiv-2 lineage do not have a vpu gene, this activity has likely been assumed by other viral gene products. we found that deletion of the siv(mac)239 nef gene significant ... | 2009 | 19436700 |
| presence of a multidrug-resistance mutation in an hiv-2 variant infecting a treatment-naive individual in caio, guinea bissau. | we report the possible transmission of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 2. a 66-year-old woman from rural guinea bissau who had no obvious antiretroviral exposure was found to harbor a variant with the multidrug-resistance mutation q151m. finding this mutation among a drug-naive population presents an important public health issue that needs to be addressed for treatment to be effective. | 2009 | 19438401 |
| a neutralization assay for hiv-2 based on measurement of provirus integration by duplex real-time pcr. | specific, effective and rapid neutralization assays are crucial for the development of an hiv vaccine based on the stimulation of neutralizing antibodies and the development of such an assay for the human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) is described. virus neutralization was measured as the reduction of provirus integration using a duplex real-time pcr with high efficiency (99.4%). this pcr uses primers and a probe specific for the proviral ltr. amplification and quantitative analysis of the ce ... | 2009 | 19442843 |
| antiretroviral drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | 2009 | 19470514 | |
| piecing together the structure of retroviral integrase, an important target in aids therapy. | integrase (in) is one of only three enzymes encoded in the genomes of all retroviruses, and is the one least characterized in structural terms. in catalyzes processing of the ends of a dna copy of the retroviral genome and its concerted insertion into the chromosome of the host cell. the protein consists of three domains, the central catalytic core domain flanked by the n-terminal and c-terminal domains, the latter being involved in dna binding. although the protein data bank contains a number o ... | 2009 | 19490099 |
| vpu directs the degradation of the human immunodeficiency virus restriction factor bst-2/tetherin via a {beta}trcp-dependent mechanism. | the primary roles attributed to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vpu protein are the degradation of the viral receptor cd4 and the enhancement of virion release. with regard to cd4 downregulation, vpu has been shown to act as an adapter linking cd4 with the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery via interaction with the f-box protein betatrcp. to identify additional cellular betatrcp-dependent vpu targets, we performed quantitative proteomics analyses using the plasma membrane fraction of ... | 2009 | 19515779 |
| [a case of hiv-1 infection that showed western blot analysis for hiv-1 negative after antiretroviral therapy]. | western blot (wb) is the most widely accepted confirmatory assay for detecting antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1). we report the case of an hiv-1 patient whose wb was negative for over two years. a 41-year-old japanese man with pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) and pulmonary tuberculosis referred in march 2005 was found to have positive hiv-1 elisa and hiv rna pcr, but hiv-1 wb with only two bands, at gp160 and p18, and no wb hiv-2 band. the cd4 count was 37/microl, and total im ... | 2009 | 19522309 |
| betulinic acid derivatives as human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) inhibitors. | we previously reported that [[n-[3beta-hydroxyllup-20(29)-en-28-oyl]-7-aminoheptyl]carbamoyl]methane (a43d, 4) was a potent hiv-1 entry inhibitor. however, 4 was inactive against hiv-2 virus, suggesting the structural requirements for targeting these two retroviruses are different. in this study, a series of new betulinic acid derivatives were synthesized, and some of them displayed selective anti-hiv-2 activity at nanomolar concentrations. in comparison to compounds with anti-hiv-1 activity, a ... | 2009 | 19526990 |
| transfusion safety on the african continent: an international quality control of virus testing in blood banks. | following world health organization recommendations that a quality control (qc) system be implemented in african blood centers, a pilot study of the performance of human immunodeficiency virus antibody (anti-hiv), hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), and hepatitis c virus antibody (anti-hcv) testing by several sub-saharan african blood centers was initiated. | 2009 | 19527479 |
| a patch of positively charged amino acids surrounding the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif slvx4yx9y motif influences its interaction with apobec3g. | the amino-terminal region of the vif molecule in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) contains a conserved slv/ix4yx9y motif that was first described in 1992, but the importance of this motif for vif function has not yet been examined. our characterization of the amino acids surrounding this motif in hiv-1 vif indicated that the region is critical for apobec3 suppression. in particular, amino acids k22, k26, y30, and y40 were found to be imp ... | 2009 | 19535450 |
| production, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of the hiv-2-neutralizing v3 loop-specific fab fragment 7c8. | 7c8 is a mouse monoclonal antibody that is specific for the third hypervariable loop (v3 loop) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) associated protein gp125. fab fragments of 7c8 effectively neutralize hiv-2. 7c8 was expressed and purified from a hybridoma cell line in order to establish the molecular basis underlying the specificity of the 7c8 antibody for the v3 loop as well as the specific role of the elongated third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (cdrh3). ... | 2009 | 19574645 |
| dynamics of raltegravir resistance profile in an hiv type 2-infected patient. | the evolutionary dynamics of ral resistance in the hiv-2 virus were examined through population and clonal sequence analysis of the in from baseline, during treatment, and after stopping ral therapy. the treatment failure of an ral regimen in the hiv-2 patient studied was associated with the emergence of mutations via the n155h resistance pathway and subsequent switching to the y143c mutational route. this study has also identified four novel secondary mutations, q91r, s147g, a153g, and m183i, n ... | 2009 | 19618998 |
| mutation n155h in hiv-2 integrase confers high phenotypic resistance to raltegravir and impairs replication capacity. | raltegravir has been shown to be active against wildtype hiv-2 with a phenotypic susceptibility similar to hiv-1. due to the recent introduction of these novel inhibitors, information on the selection of resistance mutations and its phenotypic effect in this population is scarce. | 2009 | 19625211 |
| increased mortality and aids-like immunopathology in wild chimpanzees infected with sivcpz. | african primates are naturally infected with over 40 different simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs), two of which have crossed the species barrier and generated human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2). unlike the human viruses, however, sivs do not generally cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in their natural hosts. here we show that sivcpz, the immediate precursor of hiv-1, is pathogenic in free-ranging chimpanzees. by following 94 members of two habituated c ... | 2009 | 19626114 |
| modification of a loop sequence between alpha-helices 6 and 7 of virus capsid (ca) protein in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) derivative that has simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac239) vif and ca alpha-helices 4 and 5 loop improves replication in cynomolgus monkey cells. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) productively infects only humans and chimpanzees but not cynomolgus or rhesus monkeys while simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from macaque (sivmac) readily establishes infection in those monkeys. several hiv-1 and sivmac chimeric viruses have been constructed in order to develop an animal model for hiv-1 infection. construction of an hiv-1 derivative which contains sequences of a sivmac239 loop between alpha-helices 4 and 5 (l4/5) of capsid protei ... | 2009 | 19650891 |
| the pharmacologic management of insomnia in patients with hiv. | insomnia is common in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seropositive populations. some studies have estimated as many as 70% of hiv patients experience insomnia at some point during their illness. insomnia has been linked to reduced quality of life as well as treatment non-adherence in these patients. however, there has been very limited research on the treatment of insomnia in this setting. lacking treatment trials, we carried out a review of the available literature relevant to the pharmacolo ... | 2009 | 19960648 |
| antiviral activity of the interferon-induced cellular protein bst-2/tetherin. | pathogenic microorganisms encode proteins that antagonize specific aspects of innate or adaptive immunity. just as the study of the hiv-1 accessory protein vif led to the identification of cellular cytidine deaminases as host defense proteins, the study of hiv-1 vpu recently led to the discovery of the interferon-induced transmembrane protein bst-2 (cd317; tetherin) as a novel component of the innate defense against enveloped viruses. bst-2 is an unusually structured protein that restricts the r ... | 2009 | 19929170 |
| diagnosis of dual human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 infections in a resource-limited setting. | the presence of dual hiv-1/hiv-2 infection in ghana and the different drug requirements for the treatment of hiv-1 and hiv-2 presents difficulties for the treatment of dual infections with both viruses. | 2009 | 21644411 |
| [hiv genetic diversity and its consequences]. | human immunodeficiency viruses hiv-1 and hiv-2 are the results of multi-interspecies transmissions from simian virus to humans. hiv-1 viruses are very divergent and are classified in three groups: m, n and o. the group m is subdivided in nine subtypes and numerous circulating recombinant forms. in 1996, protease inhibitors and haart disposal have modified the prognostic of the hiv infection. however, one of the major problems is the emergence of antiretroviral resistance. a major advance from th ... | 2009 | 18511216 |
| grl-02031, a novel nonpeptidic protease inhibitor (pi) containing a stereochemically defined fused cyclopentanyltetrahydrofuran potent against multi-pi-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro. | we generated a novel nonpeptidic protease inhibitor (pi), grl-02031, by incorporating a stereochemically defined fused cyclopentanyltetrahydrofuran (cp-thf) which exerted potent activity against a wide spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolates, including multidrug-resistant hiv-1 variants. grl-02031 was highly potent against laboratory hiv-1 strains and primary clinical isolates, including subtypes a, b, c, and e (50% effective concentration [ec(50)] range, 0.015 to 0.038 ... | 2009 | 18955518 |
| randomization and in vivo selection reveal a ggrg motif essential for packaging human immunodeficiency virus type 2 rna. | the packaging signal (psi) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is present in the 5' noncoding region of rna and contains a 10-nucleotide palindrome (pal; 5'-392-ggagugcucc) located upstream of the dimerization signal stem-loop 1 (sl1). pal has been shown to be functionally important in vitro and in vivo. we previously showed that the 3' side of pal (gcucc-3') is involved in base-pairing interactions with a sequence downstream of sl1 to make an extended sl1, which is important for repl ... | 2009 | 18971263 |
| neurological morbidity among human t-lymphotropic-virus-type-1-infected individuals in a rural west african population. | community-based neurological data about human t lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) morbidity in sub-saharan africa are scarce. | 2009 | 18977823 |
| comparison of the analytical and operational performance of two viral nucleic acid test blood screening systems: procleix tigris and cobas s 201. | the operational and analytical performance of two automated triplex hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) nucleic acid test (nat) systems were compared in four screening laboratories of the french blood service. | 2009 | 19000230 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2)/hiv-1 envelope chimeras detect high titers of broadly reactive hiv-1 v3-specific antibodies in human plasma. | deciphering antibody specificities that constrain human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope (env) diversity, limit virus replication, and contribute to neutralization breadth and potency is an important goal of current hiv/aids vaccine research. transplantation of discrete hiv-1 neutralizing epitopes into hiv-2 scaffolds may provide a sensitive, biologically functional context by which to quantify specific antibody reactivities even in complex sera. here, we describe a novel hiv-2 pro ... | 2009 | 19019969 |